It is indisputable that the being whose capacities of enjoyment are low, has the greatest chance of having them fully satisfied; and a highly endowed being will always feel that any happiness which one can look for, as the World is constituted, is imperfect. However, one can learn to bear its imperfections, if they are at all bearable; and they will not make one envy the being who is indeed unconscious of the imperfections, but only because one feels not at all the good which those imperfections qualify. It is better to be a human being dissatisfied than a pig satisfied; better to be Sokrates dissatisfied than a fool satisfied. And if the fool, or the pig, is of a different opinion, it is only because they only know their own side of the question. The principle of utility is the foundation of the present work; it will be proper therefore at the outset to give an explicit and determinate account of what is meant by it. By the principle of utility is meant that which approves or disapproves of every action whatsoever, according to the tendency which it appears to have to augment or diminish the happiness of the party whose interest is in question: or, what is the same thing in other words, to promote or to oppose that happiness. I say of every action whatsoever; and therefore not only of every action of a private individual, but of every measure of government. #RandolphHarris 1 of 24
By utility is meant that property in any object, whereby it tends to produce benefit, advantage, pleasure, good, or happiness, (all this in the present case comes to the same thing) or (what comes again to the same thing) to prevent the happening of mischief, pain, evil, or unhappiness to the party whose interest is considered: if that party be the community in general, then the happiness of the community: if a particular individual, then the happiness of that individual. The interest of the community is one of the most general expressions that can occur in the phraseology of morals: no wonder that the meaning of it is often lost. When it has a meaning, it is this. The community is a fictitious body, composed of the individual persons who are considered as constituting as it were its members. The interest of the community then is, what?—the some of the interests of the several members who compose it. It is in vain to talk of the interest of the community, without understanding what is the interest of the individual. A thing is said to promote the interest, or to be for the interest, of an individual, when it tends to add to the sum total of one’s pleasures: or, what comes to the same thing, to diminish the sum total of one’s pains. #RandolphHarris 2 of 24
An action then may be said to be conformable to the principle of utility, or, for shortness sake, to utility, (meaning with respect to the community at large) when the tendency it had to augment the happiness of the community is greater than any it has to diminish it. A measure of government (which is but a particular kind of action, performed by a particular person or persons) may be said to be conformable to or dietated by the principle of utility, or, for shortness sake, to utility, (meaning with respect to the community at large) when the tendency it has to augment the happiness of the community is greater than any it has to diminish it. A measure of government (which is but a particular kind of action, performed by a particular person or persons) may be said to be conformable to or dietated by the principle of utility, when in like manner the tendency which it has to augment the happiness of the community is greater than any which it has to diminish it. When an action, or in particular a measure of government, is suppose by a human to be conformable to the principle of utility, it may be convenient, for purposes of discourse, to imagine a kind of law or dictate, called a law or dictate of utility: and to speak of the action in question, as being conformable to such law or dictate. #RandolphHarris 3 of 24
A human may be said to be a partisan of the principle of utility, when the approbation or disapprobation one annexes to any action, or to any measure, is determined by and proportioned to the tendency which one conceives it to have to augment or to diminish the happiness of the community: or in other words, to its conformity or unconformable to the laws or dictates of utility. Of an action that is conformable to the principle of utility one may always say either that it is one that ought to be done, or at least that it is not one that ought not to be done. One may say also, that it is right it should be done; at least that it is not wrong it should be done: that it is a right action; at least that it is not a wrong action. When thus interpreted, the words ought, and right and wrong, and others of that stamp, have a meaning: when otherwise, they have none. Cases Unmeet for Punishment: The general object which all laws have, or ought to have, in common, is to augment the total happiness of the community; and therefore, in the first place, to exclude, as far as may be, every thing that tends to subtract from that happiness: in other words, to exclude mischief. However, all punishment is mischief: all punishment in itself is evil. Upon the principle of utility, if it ought at all to be admitted, it ought only to be admitted in as far as it promises to exclude some greater evil. #RandolphHarris 4 of 24
It is plain, therefore, that in the following cases punishment ought not to be inflicted. Where it is groundless: where there is no mischief for it to prevent; that act not being mischievous upon the whole. Where it must be inefficacious: where it cannot act so as to prevent the mischief. Where it is unprofitable, or too expensive: where the mischief it would produce would be greater than what it prevented. Where it is needless: where the mischief may be prevented, or cease of itself, without it: that is, at a cheaper rate. Cases in which punishment is groundless: There are, where there has never been any mischief: where no mischief has been produced to any body by the act in question. Of this number are those in which the act was such as might, on some occasions, be mischievous or disagreeable, but the person whose interest it concerns gave one’s consent to the performance of it. This consent, provided it be free, and fairly obtained, is the best proof that can be produced, that, to the person who gives it, no mischief, at least no immediate mischief, upon the whole, is done. For no human can be so good a judge as the human oneself, what it is gives one pleasure or displeasure. Where the mischief was outweighed: although a mischief was produced by that act, yet the same act was necessary to the production of a benefit which was of greater value than the mischief. #RandolphHarris 5 of 24
This many be the case with any thing that is done in the way of precaution against instant calamity, as also with any thing that is done in the exercise of the way of precaution against instant calamity, as also with any thing that is doe in the exercise of the several sorts of powers necessary to be established in every community, to wit, domestic, judicial, military, and supreme. Where there is a certainty of an adequate compensation: and that in all cases where the offence can be committed. This suppose two things: First of all, that the offence is such as admis of an adequate compensation: Secondly, that such a compensation is sure to be forthcoming. Of these suppositions, the latter will be found to be a merely ideal one: a supposition that cannot, in the universality here given to it, be verified by fact. It cannot, therefore, in practice be numbered amongst the grounds of absolute impunity. It may, however, be admitted as a ground for an abatement of that punishment, which other considerations, standing by themselves, would seem to dictate. Cases in which punishment must be inefficacious: There are, where the penal provision is not established until after the act is done. Such are the cases, of an ex-post-facto law; where the legislator oneself appoints not a punishment till after the act is done. #RandolphHarris 6 of 24
The second case is of a sentence beyond the law; where the judge, of one’s own authority, appoints a punishment which the legislator had not appointed. Where the penal provision, though established, is not conveyed to the notice of the person on whom it seems intended that it should operate. Such is the cause where the law has omitted to employ any of the expedient which are necessary, to make sure that every person whatsoever, who is within the reach of law, be apprized of all the cases whatsoever, in which (being in the station of life one is in) one can be subject to the penalties of the law. Where the penal provision, though it were conveyed to a human’s notice, could produce no effect on one, with respect to the preventing one from engaging in any act of the sort in question. Such is the case, in extreme infancy; where a person has not yet attained that state or disposition of mind in which the prospects of evils so distant as those which are held forth by the law, has the effect of influencing one’s conduct. In insanity; where the person, if one has attained to that disposition, has since been deprived of it through the influence of some permanent though unseen cause. In intoxication; where one has been deprived of it by the transient influence of a visible cause: such as the use of wine, or opium, or other drugs, that in this manner or on the nervous system: which condition is indeed neither more nor less than a temporary insanity produced by an assignable cause. #RandolphHarris 7 of 24
Where the pen provision (although, being conveyed to the party’s notice, it might very well prevent one’s engaging in acts of the sort in question, provided one knew that it related to those acts) could not have this effect, with regard to the individual act one is about to engage in: to wit, because one know not that it is of the number of those which the penal provision related. This may happen: In the cause of unintentionality; where one intends not to engage, and thereby knows not that one is about to engage, in the act in which eventually one is about to engage. In the case of unconsciousness; where, although one may know that one is about to engage in the act itself, yet, from not knowing all the material circumstances attending it, one knows not of the tendency it had to produce that mischief, in contemplation of which it has been made penal in most instances. In the case of missupposal; where, although one may know of the tendency the act has to produce that degree of mischief, one supposes it, though mistakenly, to be attended with some circumstance, or set of circumstances, which, if it had been attended with, it would either not have been productive of that mischief, or have been productive of such a greater degree of good, as had determined the legislator in such a case not to make it penal. #RandolphHarris 8 of 24
Where, though the penal clause might exercise a full and prevailing influence, were it to act alone, yet by the predominant influence of some opposite cause upon the will, it must necessarily be ineffectual; because the evil which one sets oneself about to undergo, in the case of one’s not engaging in the act, is so great, that the evil denounced by the penal clause, in case of one’s engaging in it, cannot appear greater. This may happen: In the case of physical danger; where the evil is such as appears likely to be brought about by the unassisted powers of nature. In the case of a threatened mischief; where it is such as appears likely to be brought about through the intentional and conscious agency of humans. Where (though the penal clause may exert a full and prevailing influence over the will of the party) yet one’s physical faculties (owing to the predominant influence of some physical cause) are not in a condition to follow the determination of the will: insomuch that the act is absolutely involuntary. Such is the case of physical compulsion or restraint, by whatever means brought about; where the human’s hand, for instance, is pushed against some object which one’s will disposes one not to touch; or tied down from touching some object which one’s will disposes one to touch. #RandolphHarris 9 of 24
Cases where punishment is unprofitable: These are, where, on the one hand, the nature of the offence, on the other hand, that of the punishment, are, in the ordinary state of things, such, that when compared together, the evil of the latter will turn our to be greater than that of the former. Now the evil of punishment divides itself into four branches, by which so many different sets of persons are affected. First of all, the evil of coercion or restraint: or the pain which it gives a human not to be able to do the act, whatever it be, which by the apprehension of the punishment one is deterred from doing. This is felt by those by whom the law is observed. Secondly, the evil of apprehension: or the pain which a human, who has exposed oneself to punishment, feels at the thoughts of undergoing it. This is felt by those by whom the law has been broken, and who feel themselves in danger of its being executed upon them. Third, the evil of sufferance: or the pain which a person feels, in virtue of the punishment itself, from the time when one begins to undergo it. This is felt by those by whom the law is broken, and upon who it actually to be executed. Forth, the pain of sympathy, and other derivative evils resulting to the persons who are in connection with the several classes of original sufferers just mentioned. #RandolphHarris 10 of 24
Now of these four lots of evil, the first will be greater or less, according to the nature of the act from which the party is restrained: the second and third according to the nature of the punishment which stands annexed to that offence. On the other hand, as to the evil of the offence, this will also, of course, be greater or less, according to the nature of each offence. The proportion between the one evil and the other will therefore be different in the case of each particular offense. The cases, therefore, where punishment is unprofitable on this ground, can by n other means be discovered, than by an examination of each particular offence; which is what will be the business of the body of the work. Where, although in the ordinary state of things, the evil resulting from the punishment is not greater than the benefit which is likely to result from the force with which it operates, during the same space of time, towards the excluding the evil of the offences, yet it may have been rendered so by the influence of some occasional circumstances. In the number of these circumstance may be: For one, the multitude of delinquents at a particular juncture; being such as would increase, beyond the ordinary measure, the quantum of the second and third lots, and thereby also of a part of the fourth lot, in the evil of punishment. #RandolphHarris 11 of 24
Secondly, the extraordinary value of the services of some one delinquent; in the case where the effect of the punishment would be to deprive the community of the benefit of those services. The displeasure of the people; that is, of an indefinite number of the members of the same community, in cases where (owing to the influence of some occasional incident) they happen to conceive, that the offence or the offender ought not to be punished at all, or at least ought not to be punished in the way in question. Forth, the displeasure of foreign powers; that is, of the governing body, or a considerable number of the members of some foreign community or communities, with which the community in question is connected. Cases where punishment in needless: These are, where the purpose of putting an end to the practice my be attained as effectually at a cheaper rate: by instruction, for instance, as well as by terror: by informing the understanding, as well as by exercising an immediate influence on the will. This seems to be the case with respect to all those offences which consist in the disseminating pernicious principles in matters of duty; of whatever kind the duty be; whether political, or moral, or religious. And this, whether such principles be disseminated under, or even without, a sincere persuasion of the being beneficial. #RandolphHarris 12 of 24
I say, even without: for though in such a case it is not instruction that can prevent the writer from endeavouring to inculcate one’s principles, yet it may the readers from adopting them: without which, one’s endeavouring to inculcate them will do not harm. In such a cause, the sovereign will commonly have little need to take an active part: if it be the interest of one individual to inculcate principles that are pernicious, it will as surely be the interest of others individuals to expose them. However, if the sovereign must needs take a part in the controversy, the pen is the proper weapon to combat error with, not the sword. Of the Proportion Between Punishments and Offences: We have seen that the general object of all laws is to prevent mischief; that is to say, when it is worthwhile; but that, where there are no other means of doing this than punishment, there are four cases which it is not worthwhile. Wen it is worthwhile, there are four subordinate designs or objects, which, in the curse of one’s endeavours to compass, as far as may be, that one general object, a legislator, whose views are governed by the principle of utility, comes naturally to propose to oneself. One’s first, most extensive, and most eligible object, is to prevent, in as far as it is possible, and worthwhile, all sorts of offences whatsoever: in other words, so to manage, that no offence whatsoever may be committed. #RandolphHarris 13 of 24
However, if a human must needs commit an offence of some kind or other, the next object is to induce one to commit an offence less mischievous, rather, than one more mischievous: in other words, to choose always the least mischievous, of two offences that will either of them suit one’s purpose. When a person has resolved upon a particular offence, the next object is to dispose one to do no more mischief than is necessary to one’s purpose: in other words, to do as little mischief as is consistent with the benefit one as in view. The last object is, whatever the mischief be, which it is proposed to prevent, to prevent it at as cheap a rate as possible. Subservient to these four objects, or purposes, must be the rules or canons by which the proportion of punishments to offences is to be governed. Also, keep in mind that as we are discussing the law now and, in the future, that these are just theories and actual application in your country, state, city or jurisdiction may be different. When speaking of law, many people like to look towards God for his grace. Paul was not the first of the biblical writers to tell of the sufficiency of God’s grace. Jeremiah, a prophet of God who endured much hardship and affliction could say, “I remember my affliction and my wandering, the bitterness and the gall. #RandolphHarris 14 of 24
“I well remember them, and my soul is downcast within me. Yet this I call to mind and therefore I have hope: Because of the LORD’s great love we are not consumed, for his compassions never fail. They are new every morning; great is your faithfulness,” reports Lamentations 3.19-23. Even Job, in the midst of suffering and despair, when he acknowledged he could not find God anywhere, could still say, “Bu if I go to the east, he is not there; if I go to the west, I do not find him. When he is at work in the north, I do not see him; when he turns to the south, I catch n glimpse of him. But he knows the way that I take; when he has tested me, I will come forth as gold,” reports Job 23.8-10. Perhaps the most frequent and dramatic utterances of the sufficiency of God’s grace in the midst of human frailty and affliction occurs in the psalms. Consider, for example, David’s testimony in Psalms 13: How long, O LORD? Will you forget me forever? How long will you hide your face from me? How long must I wrestle with my thoughts and every day have sorrow in my heart? How long will my enemy triumph over me? Look on me and answer, O LORD my God. Give light to my eyes, or I will sleep in death; my enemy will say, “I have overcome him,” and my foes will rejoice when I fall. However, I trust in your unfailing love; my heart rejoices in your salvation. I will sing to the LORD, for he has been good to me. #RandolphHarris 15 of 24
In this psalm, David recounted his experience of passing from the depths of despair to the heights of rejoicing. What enabled him to make such a dramatic transition? Although God’s grace is not explicitly mentioned, we may be sure it was indeed the grace of God at work in him. Asaph, another of the psalmists, experienced a different kind of thorn. He compared his experience as a Godly man with that of the wicked and became discouraged. He said, “For I envied the arrogant when I saw the prosperity of the wicked. This is what the wicked are like—always carefree, they increase in wealth. Surely in vain have I kept my heart pure; in vain have I washed my hands in innocence,” reports Psalm 73.3,12-13. However, then he discovered the grace of God and could say, “Yet I am always with you; you hold me by my right hand. My flesh and my heart may fail, but God is the strength of my heart and my portion forever,” reports Psalm 73.23 and 26. The testimonies of God’s power made perfect in human weakness do not end with the completion of the canon of Scripture Down through the centuries men and women of God have experienced and borne witness to the sufficiency of His grace. When the burdens grow greater, God gives more grace. When the labours increase, God sends more grace. #RandolphHarris 16 of 24
To added afflictions God adds his mercy, to multiplied trails, His peace. When we have exhausted our store of endurance, when our strength has failed ere the day is half done; when we reach the end of our hoarded resources, our Father’s full giving is only begun. God’s love has no limits, His grace has no measure, His power has no boundary known unto humans; for out of God’s infinite riches in Jesus, He gives, and gives, and gives again. I urge you to contemplate these words slowly, reflectively, and prayerfully. Apply its message to your own burdens, afflictions, and trials. Ask God to make its truth real to you in your particular situations. “And now it came to pass that Alma, who had fled from the servants of king Noah, repented of his sins and iniquities, and went about privately among the people, and began to teach the words of Abinadi—yea, concerning that which was to come, and also concerning the resurrection of the dead, and the redemption of the people, which was to be brought to pass through the power, and sufferings, and death of Christ, and his resurrection and ascension into Heaven. And as many as would hear his word he did teach. And he taught them privately, that it might not come to the knowledge of the king. And many did believe his words. #RandolphHarris 17 of 24
“And it came to pass that as many as did believe him did go forth to a place which was called Mormon, having received its name from the king, being in the borders of the land having been infested, by times or at seasons, by wild beasts. Now, there was in Mormon a fountain of pure water, and Alma resorted thither, there being near the water a thicket of small trees, where he did hide himself in the daytime from the searches of the kind. And it came to pass that as many as believed him went thither to hear his words. And it came to pass after many days there were a goodly number gathered together at the place of Mormon, to hear the words of Alma. Yea, all were gathered together at that believed on his word, to hear him. And he did teach them, and did preach unto them repentance, and redemption, and faith on Lord. And it came to pass that he aid unto them: Behold, here are the waters of Mormon (for thus were they called) and now, as ye are desirous to come into the fold of God, and to be called his people, and are willing to bear one another’s burdens that they may be light; yea, and are willing to mourn with those that mourn; yea, and comfort those that stand in need of comfort, and to stand as witnesses of God at all times, and in all things, and in all places that ye may be in, even until death, that ye may be redeemed of God, and be numbered with those of the first resurrection that ye may have eternal life. #RandolphHarris 18 of 24
“Now I say unto you, if this be the desire of your hearts, what have you against being baptized in the name of the Lord, as a witness before him that ye have entered into a covenant with him, that ye will serve him and keep his commandments, that he may pour out his Spirit more abundantly upon you? And now it came pass that Alma took Helam, he being one of the firs, and went and stood forth in the water, and cried, saying: O Lord, pour out thy Spirit upon thy servant, that he may do this work with holiness of heart. And when he had said these words, the Spirit of the Lord was upon him, and he said: Helam, I baptize thee, having authority from the Almighty God, as a testimony that ye have entered into a covenant to serve him until you are dead as to the mortal body; and may the Spirit of the Lord be poured out upon you; and may he grant unto you eternal life, through redemption of Christ, whom one has prepared from the foundation of the World. And after Alma had said these words, both Alma and Helam were buried in the water; and they arose and came forth out of the water rejoicing, being filled with the Spirit. And again, Alma took another, and went forth a second time into the water, and baptized him according to first, only he did not bury himself again in the water. #RandolphHarris 19 of 24
“And after this manner he did baptize every one that went forth to the place of Mormon; and they were in number about two hundred and four souls; yea, and they were baptized in the waters of Mormon, and were filled with the grace of God. And they were called the church of God, or the church of Christ, from that time forward. And it came to pass that whosoever was baptized by the power and authority from God, ordained priests; even one priest to every fifty of their number did he ordain to preach unto them, and to teach them concerning the things pertaining to the kingdom of God. And he commanded them that they should teach nothing save it were the things which he had taught, and which had been spoken by the mouth of the holy prophets. Yea, even he commanded them that they should preach nothing save it were repentance and faith on the Lord, who had redeemed his people. And he commanded them there should be no contention one with another, but that they should look forward with one eye, having one faith and one baptism, having their hearts knit together in unity and in love one towards another. And thus he commanded them to preach. And thus they became the children of God. #RandolphHarris 20 of 24
“And he commanded them that they should observe the sabbath day, and keep it holy, and also everyday they should give thanks to the Lord their God. And he also commanded them that the priests whom he had ordained should labour with their own hands for their support. And there was one day in every week that was set apart that they should gather themselves together to teach the people and to worship the Lord their God, and also, as often as it was in their power, to assemble themselves together. And the priests were not to depend upon the people for their support. And there was one day in every week that was set apart that they should gather themselves together to teach the people for their support; bot for their labour they were to receive the grace of God, that they might wax strong in the Spirit, having the knowledge of God, that, they might teach with the power of authority from God. And again Alma commanded that the people of the church should impart of their substance, everyone according to that which one had; if one have more abundantly one should impart more abundantly; and of one that had but little, but little should be required; and to one that had not should be given. And thus they should impart of their substance of their own free will and good desires towards God, and to those priests that stood in need, yea, and to every needy naked soul. #RandolphHarris 21 of 24
“And this he said unto them, having been commanded of God; and they did walk uprightly before God, imparting to one another both temporally and spiritually according to their needs and their wants. And now it came to pass that all this was done in Mormon, yea, by the waters of Mormon, in the forest of Mormon, how beautiful are they to the eyes of them who there came to the knowledge of their Redeemer; yea, and how blessed are they, for they shall sing to his praise forever. And these things were done in the borders of the land, that they might not come to the knowledge of the king. However, behold, it came to pass that the king, having discovered a movement among the people, sent his servants to watch them. Therefore on that day that they were assembling themselves together to hear the word of the Lord they were discovered unto the king. And now the king said that Alma was stirring up the people, sent his servants to watch them. Therefore on the day that they were assembling themselves together to hear the word of the Lord they were discovered unto the king. And now the king said that Alma was stirring up the people to rebellion against him; therefore he sent his army to destroy them. #RandolphHarris 22 of 24
“And it came to pass that Alma and the people of the Lord were apprised of the coming of the king’s army; therefore they took their tents and their families and departed into the wilderness. And they were in number about four hundred and fifty souls” reports Mosiah 18.1-35. O Maker and Upholder of all things, day and night are thine; they are also mine from Thee—the night to rid me of the cares of the day, to refresh my weary body, to renew my natural strength; the day to summon me to new activities, to give me opportunity to glorify Thee, to serve my generation, to acquire knowledge, holiness, eternal life. However, one day above all days is made especially for Thy honour and my improvement; the sabbath reminds me of Thy rest from creation, of the resurrection of my Saviour, of one’s entering into repose. Thy house is mine, but I am unworthy to meet Thee there, and am unfit for spiritual service. When I enter it I come before Thee as a sinner, condemned by conscience and Thy word, for I am still in the body and in the wilderness, ignorant, weak, in danger, and in need of Thine assistance. However, encouraged by Thy all-sufficient grace let me go to Thy house with a lively hope of meeting thee, knowing that there Thou wilt come to me and give me peace. #RandolphHarris 23 of 24
My soul is drawn out to Thee in longing desires for Thy presence in the sanctuary, at the table, where all are entertained on a feast of good things; please let before the broken elements, emblems of Thy dying love, cry to Thee with broken heart for grace and forgiveness. I long for that blissful communion of Thy people in Thy eternal house in the perfect kingdom; these are they that follow the Lamb; may I be of their company! We beseech Thee, O Lord, please be gracious to our times; that both national quietness and Christian devotion may be duly maintained by Thy bounty; through Jesus Christ our Lord. Almighty and everlasting God, we pray Thee to crush the force of our enemies; that we may be able to celebrate Thy holy service with undisturbed minds; through Jesus Christ our Lord. We beseech Thee, O Lord, let the invincible defence of Thy power be the bulwark of Thy faithful people; that they, being ever devoted to Thee with pious affection, may both be freed from the assault of enemies, and continually preserve in Thy grace; through Jesus Christ our Lord. O God, the Maker of the Universe, by Whose command the course of the World proceeds; be present, in Thy goodness, to our prayers, and please vouchsafe in our times the tranquility of peace; that we may with unceasing exultation rejoice in giving praise to Thy mercy; through Jesus Christ our Lord. #RandolphHarris 24 of 24
This #PlumasRanch private master suite includes plenty of light and sitting room with a spectacular bath. The kitchen overlooks a breakfast area with sliding glass doors that open to a large rear porch. There are also 3-4 bedroom and a game room provide plenty of living space for a large family. There is also a two car garage.
Plumas #Riverside has homes ready for move-in! Check out floor plans and more on our website. Link in bio. https://cresleigh.com/cresleigh-riverside-at-plumas-ranch/
Randolph Harris II International Institute 