Many of the problems being faced in America can be linked to a tendency to avoid confrontation of chronic social problems. This avoiding tendency often comes as a surprise to people from other nations, who tend to think of Americans as pragmatic and down-to-earth. In many social situations, a particular main involvement will be seen as an intrinsic part of the social occasion in which the situation occurs, and will be defined as preferential if not obligatory. At a card playing party, for example, participants may be expected to focus their attention on cards, justifying this allocation of involvement by reference to the nature of the social occasion. As suggested, we can therefore speak of occasioned main involvements. The significance of maintaining an occasioned main involvement can be seen, in relief, by examining what happens when an individual is insufficiently knowing to “catch” the meaning of what is going on. At such times he will have great difficulty in sustaining attention and hence proper involvement within the situation. This is problem is faced by international students in a classroom lecture or by persons not British at a cricket match. Similarly, when an amateur examining his car engine to determine why his car has stalled feels uncomfortable under the gaze of the other passengers, this discomfort may arise not only because he has cased them an inconvenience and is demonstrating incompetence, but also because he must act involved in his task and may not know enough about motors to become sincerely caught up in examining one for failings. #RandolphHarris 1 of 21

Insufficient experience is not the only cause of such a predicament. When guests at a small occasion of sociability are momentarily left by their host to their own devices, a similar problem occurs: expecting to be guaranteed sociable interaction, they may find nothing available as a legitimate main involvement and hence no means of being at ease. Interestingly enough, if an individual is insufficiently schooled in a subject matter to participate in it from within, as it were, and attempts to compensate for his alienation by wearing exactly the right clothes, employing exactly the right equipment, or assuming exactly the right stance, those around him may say that he is “overinvolved in the situation.” In fact, however, it might be more accurate to say that he is insufficiently involved in the occasioned main involvement and overdependent on selected signs of being at one with this activity. In this way we might try to account for the slight uneasiness caused others by a woman not closely related to the deceased who appears at the funeral in a very modish, very complete, black ensemble. The main involvement sustained by an individual within a social situation can express his apparent purpose in being present; and obligation to have an appropriate main involvement is an obligation to have a particular purpose. As suggested, however, there are social situations in which those present do have a purpose, even an obligator one, that does not in itself require or even allow a main involvement, for example, when an individual in a vehicle of public transportation sits or stands while awaiting his destination. At such times the individual may sustain quite absorbing main involvements which are patently subordinated to a dominant involvement that cannot yet occur. #RandolphHarris 2 of 21

Whether an occasioned main involvement is prescribed or not, the participant in a social gathering—at least in a middle-class gathering—may be obliged to sustain at least a certain minimal main involvement to avoid the appearance of being utterly disengaged. This is one reason why waiting rooms, club cars, and passenger airplanes in our society often are supplied by management with emergency supplies such as magazines and newspapers, which serve as minimal involvements that can be given weight (when there is nothing but waiting to do) yet can be immediately discarded when one’s turn or destination arrives. Newspapers, in particular, play an important role here, providing a portable source of involvement, which can be brought forth whenever an individual feels he ought to have an involvement but does not. In our society meals provide an interesting problem in involvement allocation. In public restaurants eating is defined as the dominating involvement, and yet it is also seen as something that perhaps ought not to engage very much of the individual’s attention. Often, therefore, subordinate involvements will be sought out to drain off some unusable involvement capacity. Thus, when an individual finds he must eat alone without the cover of conversation with an eating partner, he may bring along a newspaper or a magazine as a substitute companion. Interestingly enough, should the individual read from a scholarly tome in these situations, he may be considered too absorbed for public propriety, too distracted from the dominating activity, and incidentally too little available in the situation at large should he suddenly be called upon to direct his attention to something. #RandolphHarris 3 of 21

It may be added that pocket books, serious though they may be in content, tend to scout this ruling because of their appearance and cost; this may be one reason for their popularity. And should he have nothing to read, he may elect to sit at the counter and, by having a quick and simple meal, exhibit that some of his involvement is lodged in other affairs to which he is rushing. Facing away from the gathering and toward the counter, he can correct for his exposure in the situation by being located at its edges if not outside it. Interestingly enough, there are situations in which certain minor involvements are explicitly demanded, the implication being that the occasion is not important enough to justify a complete absorption in the occasioned main involvement. In Shetland Isle, young women participating in evening family conversation were sometimes obliged to knit at the same time, this side involvement being an important source of household income. Similarly, in one convent we learn that nuns understood that: You came to the recreation with your workbag…In the bag you carried the work your hand must do while you sat in the circle, for no hands might lie idly folded in the lap. The work, moreover, had to be something manual like darning or knitting. It could not be anything self-absorbing like letter-writing, sketching or reading which would take your attention from the sisters sitting around you. These illustrations of the balance required between main and side involvements may seem to touch on trivial aspects of behavior, but there are circumstances in which the seriousness of the issue becomes very evident. For example, a constant complaint of patients on the admission wards of mental hospitals is that there is literally nothing to do. #RandolphHarris 4 of 21

Not only does the medical treatment that would seem to constitute the occasioned involvement fail to materialize, but all the usual safety devices for providing subordinate involvements, previously mentioned, may be unavailable, or, if available, may have to be relied upon for a greater period of time than they were apparently designed to manage. Here, improper management of involvement within the situation must be displayed in just those circumstances where its observation by others may be very threatening. The patient, in short, is forced to act oddly just at a time and in a place where the one thing uppermost in his mind may be to demonstrate that he is normal. Should the patient take strong exception to his circumstances, he may be shifted to a “seclusion room,” where, quite literally, there may be nothing at all available to provide an acceptable main focus of attention. Alone in a stripped room, it will be nearly impossible for him to act suitably engaged and hence nearly impossible to act sane, and so the patient may try to cover up the judas-hole in the cell door in order to prevent passers-by from transforming a private predicament into a social situation. Failure to sustain a required degree and kind of main involvement does not occur merely because of a lack of appreciative understanding of what is going on or because of an impoverished environment. While present in a gathering, the individual may find that his concerns and interest lie outside it, being the kind that can be satisfied within an actual social situation but not the current one. The expressed impatience that may result, the sense of straining at the situation’s bonds, is something everyone has witnessed and displayed. #RandolphHarris 5 of 21

Common, too, are those conditions that lead an individual to say he is bored and to feel phlegmatic and affectless to engage in a suitable main involvement. It is worth commenting on another possibility, namely, that an individual can apparently feel too anxious and excited to participate properly. Whatever the acceptable main involvements available in the situation, the individual may find himself too agitated to give the required part of himself up to any of them. The kind of preoccupation has been memorialized for us in the expectant father cartoon. Persons who fidget and pace approach this condition; and in mental hospitals, manic patients realize it. One of the most poignant mental hospital scenes is that of a patient too excited or distraught to settle into what is available in the situation, yet desperately attempting to do so. Thus, one famous ex-patient, describing his efforts to control himself during periods of excitement, records: “I have often felt this [unhealthy mental excitement] and felt also that it could be often controlled by a determined exercise of the will. Often I have risen and walked firmly through the room or field, holding myself in as I would rein in a horse which was striving to break away in spite of curb-chain, bridle, or bit.” Sometimes the patient gives the impression that he knows he cannot hope to contain himself in the situation and is now concerned merely with giving others some impression of being properly present. In Central Hospital I observed one patient who would walk from one end of the day-room to the other, where there was a doorway leading out to the porch, bravely attempting to give the impression that there was something on the porch he had to see to, and then, without entering the porch, retrace his steps and repeat the cycle. #RandolphHarris 6 of 21

Another patient, a young psychotic woman, with the incredibly rapid tempo of a patient with motor excitement, seemed to attempt to squeeze herself back into the situation by dumping one ashtray into another, one bowl of water into another, one plate of food into another, apparently in the vain hope that it would look as though she were doing something acceptable and meaningful. Another, in repeatedly leaving her cafeteria seat, going to the doorway, and then coming back, would try to cover this anxious action by keeping on her face the studied look of someone who had to be somewhere at a particular time. There are many social situations where individuals can be found who affect to be caught up in the occasioned proceedings but who in fact have their own special business to pursue and hence their own allocation of involvement. The phrase “to mix with the crowd” tends to be reserved for criminals, detectives, reporters, and other heroes of dissimulation, but the process is in actuality quite a common one. Thus, in some urban public libraries, the staff and the local people without homes may reach a tacit understanding that dozing is permissible as long as the dozer first draws out a book and props it up in front of his head. In Central Hospital an interesting example of this dissimulation occurred in regard to well-liked attendants who would participate in the organized recreational activity of the parole patients and be quite fully accepted by the patients while doing so. Yet when a fight occurred among the patients at these times, or an attempted escape, the attendant often seemed to be on the scene even before some of the patients present realized anything untoward had happened. #RandolphHarris 7 of 21

At such moments some patients became a little disillusioned, realizing that the attendant’s participation was in part merely a show, that his spirit had not been caught up by the occasion, and that all along he had been alertly standing guard. It is in cases such as these, when the show of proper involvement is given away, that we obtain a clear outline of the constraints that are unusually unfelt and invisible. Now, while it is important for people to like it, it does not mean that we have to desperately seek their approval. However, it is crucial to be likeable. Other than being civil and treating people with respect, another way to show you care for them is to remember their names. Also, when doing business with other people, it may be a good idea to find out his or her complete name and some facts about his or her family, business and political opinions. Fix all these facts well into your mind as part of the picture, and the next time you met that person, inquire after the family, and ask about yacht and polo match. You will develop a following! One would do well to discover early in life that the average person is more interested in his or her own name than in all the other names on Earth put together. Remember that name and call it easily, and you have paid a subtle and very effective compliment. However, forget it or misspell it—and you have placed yourself at a sharp disadvantage. For example, I once organized a public-speaking course in Paris and sent form letters to all the American residents in the city. French typists with apparently little knowledge of English filled in the names and naturally they made blunders. One man, the manager of a large America bank in Paris, wrote me a scathing rebuke because his name had been misspelled. #RandolphHarris 8 of 21

The bigger a corporation becomes, the colder they become. One way to warm it up is to remember people’s names, and even if you are having a series of bad days, try to be nice and make it seem that your life is perfect. When an executive says he or she cannot remember names, it usually means he or she cannot remember a significant pat of one’s business and is operating on quicksand. People love personalized treatment, it makes them feel special and important. People are so proud of their names that they strive to perpetuate them at any cost. President Donald Trump built towers and hotels, William Randolph Hearst built castles and mansion, Sarah L. Winchester built one of the largest in most unique Queen Anne Victorian mansion in the World. Libraries and museums owe their richest collections to people who cannot bear to think that their names might perish from the memory of the race. The New York Public Library has its Astor and Lenox collections. The Metropolitan Museum perpetuates the names of Benjamin Altman and J. P. Morgan. And nearly every church is beautified by art-glass windows commemorating the names of the donors who contributed large sums of money for this honor. Most people do not remember their names, for the simple reason that they do not take the time and energy necessary to concentrate and repeat and fix names indelibly in their minds. They make excuses for themselves; they are too busy. However, remembering a name could make a person feel you are sincere and they are important to you and that could land you a huge account at work. #RandolphHarris 9 of 21

One time I had to meet with a client for an open house, and the event was to be catered. This particular client had an allergy to egg products and was interested in purchasing several homes as investment properties that he would rent out to his family. So, we made sure to remove any items that had eggs in them from the menu. He was so impressed that we took the time to accommodate his special needs that wrote a note to the manager and told him, “Your staff knows a lot about the fine art of handling people.” Later he signed the deal. Half the time we are introduced to a stranger, we chat a few minutes and cannot even remember his or her name by the time we say goodbye. One of the first lessons a politician learns is this: “To recall a voter’s name is statesmanship. To forget it is oblivion.” If you do not hear the name distinctly, say, “So sorry. I did not get the name clearly.” Then, if it is an unusual name, as them, “How is it spelled?” During the conversation, take the trouble to repeat the name several times, and try to associate it in your mind with the person’s features, expression, and general appearance. If the person is someone extremely important, leave a note of their name in your mobile phone. All this takes time, but good manners are made up of petty sacrifices. The importance of remembering and using names is not just the prerogative of kings and corporate executives. It works for all of us. Sometimes if you remember a person’s name, smile at them, and then tell them what you want, you may get a little extra roast beef on your sandwich. We should always be aware of the magic contained in a name and realize that this single item is wholly and completely owned by the person with whom we are dealing…and nobody else. #RandolphHarris 10 of 21

The name sets the individual apart; it makes one unique among all others. The information we are imparting or the request we are making takes on a special importance when we approach the situation with the name of the individual. From the waitress to the senior executive, the name will work magic as we deal with others. Remember that a person’s name is to that person the sweetest and most important sound in any language. In contemporary life the book of experience is filled with blank and mysterious pages. Conceptual spaces are used by the agents themselves to make distinctions. Accompanying these distinctions there are usually boundaries. Movement in a conceptual space is not free of restriction. An agent in a hereditary caste system cannot simply pick up and move to another cast. Nor can an employee just move to a better-paying job at will. The barriers to movement are part of what defines the “location.” Supervisory jobs that pay more have specific qualifications and may be subject to a competitive selection process. Castes are defined by socially maintained rules of entry and exit. Conceptual barriers are among the most extraordinary human inventions for accomplishing goals. There are clan identities, club, and fraternity membership criteria, citizenship rules, ethnic groupings, religious affiliations, and a host of other socially defined categories with hard boundaries. These conceptual barriers place much more refined filters on patterns of interaction. Because they are conceptual rather than physical, their effects on interactions can be much more selective. Clan identity may dictate one kind of restriction on material interactions (such as marrying within your religion), another kind of restriction on commercial ones (such as borrowing money from outside the clan), and none at all on relations such as who can be employed. #RandolphHarris 11 of 21

Moreover, the members of the clan may be dispersed in space. Although no physical boundary could effectively contain all the members and only the members, the concept of the clan can contain them and structure their interactions with each other and with other agent types. Interaction determined simply by coresidence within a common physical region cannot be so finely differentiated by types of agents. This is an enormous advantage for conceptual barriers as a means of shaping interaction patterns. As always, there are disadvantages. Conceptual barriers, like their physical counterparts, can be causes of underexploration because they restrict interactions to homogeneous and familiar pools of other agents. Members of commercia firms often find that they have fallen into a pattern of talking about the business only with other members of the firm. The opportunities for learning about markets not being served are diminished when this happens. Arguments for diversity of religious and cultural types in public institutions often make the underexploration point, that there is much to be leaned from interactions that are more heterogeneous. It is against these revolutionary changes in our uses of time, space, and knowledge that another unanticipated historical event is unfolding—the resurgence, as we have seen, of what we have termed prosuming. We know that in ancient times our ancestors fed, clothed and sheltered themselves long before the invention of money. They produced what they needed to consume. We also know that gradually, over the millennia, people prosumed less and relied more on money and markets. The common assumption of those who bothered to think about this was that prosuming would continue to diminish—that people creating unpaid value outside the market would shrivel into irrelevancy. #RandolphHarris 12 of 21

Yet exactly the opposite is happening. While shrinking in its First Wave forms, prosuming is rapidly expanding in new, Third Wave ways. It is producing more economic value, feeding more “free lunch” into the money economy and doing so through more channels. It is actually increasing productivity in the money sector and, as the World Wide Web and Linux have shown, it is challenging some of the biggest and most powerful governments and corporations in the World. Prosuming could even, ultimately, transform the ways in which we deal with problems like unemployment. Since the Great Depression of the 1930s and the rise of Keynesian economics, part of the textbook solution for unemployment has been the injection of public funds into the money economy to stimulate consumer demand, and, through that, make jobs. The reasonable assumption was that if a million workers were out of jobs, the creation of a million jobs would solve the problem. In a knowledge-intensive economy, however, that assumption is false. First, the United States of America and other countries no longer even know how many unemployed there are, or what that terms means when so many people combine their “job” with self-employment and/or create unpaid value by prosuming. More important, even creating five million jobless workers lack the particular knowledge or skill sets required by the new labor market. The problem of unemployment thus becomes qualitative rather than merely quantitative. Nor is conventional retraining as useful as it sounds, since, by the time new skills are learned, the economy’s knowledge requirements may well have shifted again. In short, unemployment in knowledge economies is different from that in assembly-line economies. It is structural. #RandolphHarris 13 of 21

The largely overlooked reality is that even the unemployed are employed. They are busy, as all of us are, creating unpaid value. This is yet another reason to reexamine the entire relationship of money and non-money sectors of the wealth system—the two lobes, as it were, of the brain-based economies of tomorrow. New, more powerful technologies will increase prosumer productivity. How can that be used more effectively to stimulate the money economy? Are there better ways to channel value back and forth between these two parts of wealth system? Are Linus and the Web the only models? Are there ways to remunerate the unremunerated for their contributions—perhaps with computer-assisted, multi-participant barter systems or even new “paracurrencies” of one kind or another? A generation ago, mosaics had a different structure. Typically, they looked like pyramids or wheel-and-spoke arrangements. A big company was surrounded by a ring of suppliers and distributors. The giant dominated the other firms in its grouping, dealers and suppliers alike serving essentially as it satellites. Customers and labor unions were also weak in comparison with the jumbo company. It goes without saying that large firms today still carry tremendous clout. However, things are rapidly changing. First, suppliers today are no longer just selling goods or services. They are also supplying critical information and, conversely, sucking information out of the buyer’s data bases. They are, as the buzzword has it, “partnering” with their clients. #RandolphHarris 14 of 21

Many corporations are able to rely on an independent network of third-party business partners—independent software developers, makers of peripheral equipment, dealers, and retailers….Some critical wrongly assert that such arrangements have led to the emergence of the “hollow corporation,” a vulnerable shell whose survival is dependent on outside companies. However, it is believed that this mosaic arrangement permits corporations to be lean, fleet, and adaptive, and that especially in times of crisis it is the “partners” who help corporations pull through. In fact, for every dollar of revenue in the catalyst company, the external infrastructure may generate three to four additional dollars of sales…Of far greater import is the enhanced flexibility to turn change and chaos into opportunity. In the past, companies often mouthed the rhetoric of partnership. Today they are finding themselves thrust into it. By tracing information patterns in a power-mosaic, we gain a clue to where real power and productivity lie. For example, communication flows might be densest between a parts supplier and manufacturer (or more accurately between a specific unit of each). The shipping operation of one and the stock-intake operation of the other form, in effect, a single organic unit—a key relationship. The fact that for accounting purposes, or for financial reasons, one is part of Company A and the other a part of Company B is increasingly divorced from the productive reality. In fact, the people in each of these departments may have more common interest in and loyalty to this relationship than to their own companies. #RandolphHarris 15 of 21

At Matsushita in Japan the partnering process has been formalized into something called “high productivity through investment of total wisdom.” Matsushita meets with its subcontractors at an early stage of product’s design and asks them to help improve it, in order to shorten time lags and get the product to market faster. Kozaburo Sikata, chairman of Kyoei-kai, the association of Matsushita subcontractors, expects this system to become standard practice. Sharing previously unshared information at the start is not something Matsushita does out of the goodness of its heart, but because competition demands it. And one can be sure that, as big as Matsushita is, its executives listen carefully when its 324 organized suppliers speak. Beyond this, suppliers these days are not just linked electronically to the big company, like spokes to a wheel-hub; they are, and increasingly will be, linked to one another a well, which means they are in far stronger position to form coalitions when necessary to apply pressure on the big firm. There is still another reason why the emerging mosaics no longer necessarily consist of dominators and dominated. With the breakup of the monolithic corporation into profit centers smaller and often weaker than themselves. The size of the parent firm, once a major factor, is increasingly irrelevant. It is, therefore, no longer sensible, as power shifts from monoliths to mosaics, to take for granted that giant firms dominate the mosaics of which they are a part. #RandolphHarris 16 of 21

Indeed, the large firm is also pressured from the other side, by customers who are increasingly organized into “users councils.” Ostensibly these groups are in business to exchange technical data. In reality, they are a new form of consumer lobby. Proliferating rapidly and arming themselves with high-powered legal, technical, and other expertise, users’ organizations represent countervailing power, and can often compel their supplier firms, regardless of size, to meet their demands. Such groups are especially active in the computer field, where, for example, users of VAX and Lotus software are organized. IBM customers are organized into many groups, joined in a single international council that represents some 10,000 companies, including some of the biggest in the World. IBM now boasts that it listens to its users. It better. Members of these groups may at one and the same time be customers, competitors, and joint venturers. Business life is becoming confusingly poly-relational. The idea, therefore, that few monolithic giants will command the economy of the future is simple-minded. In the new there is always an admixture of the old, and this is true of the protean counterculture now burgeoning in the United States of America. For over sixty years, the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) sought a credible deterrence to any Russian attempt to invade Western Europe. A conventional defense by NATO forces was not likely to succeed. A primary component of the NATO deterrence was based on the U.S.A. nuclear forces. Yet, a nuclear response would be devastating for the whole World. How could this work? #RandolphHarris 17 of 21

The Russians have the first move. If they do not attack, we have the status quo; score move. If they attack, we have the status quo; score this 0 for each side. If they attack and NAO attempts a conventional defense, suppose the Russians have the payoff 1 and the United States of America has -1. A nuclear response gives -100 to each side. In this game, the Russians look ahead and forecast that their aggression will not bring forth a nuclear response. It is not in the U.S.A. interest after the fact. Thus attacking will give them the payoff 1; not attacking, 0. Therefore they will attack. If you think this is an unlikely scenario, the European members of NATO thought it all too likely that the United States of America would desert them in their time of need in just this way. They wanted the United States of America to commit credibly to a nuclear response. Let us leave aside the issues of credibility for now and examine the mechanics of how such a threat could work. Now the United States of America has the first move, namely the response rule it puts in place. The pertinent rule is the threat: “If the Russians attack Western Europe, our response will be nuclear.” If the United States of America does not make the threat, the rest of the game unfolds as before. With the threat in place, the choice of a conventional defense no longer exists. Once the U.S.A. threat is in place, the Russians loo ahead and recognize that aggression will meet a nuclear response and result in a Russian payoff of -100. They prefer the status quo, and so do not invade. #RandolphHarris 18 of 21

Now the United States of America in its first move looks ahead to all this and sees that its payoff is 0 with the threat and 1 without. Therefore U.S.A. interests dictate making the threat. Once again, observe that the U.S.A. response rule requires doing something that is not the best response after the fact. Therein lies the strategic purpose: by credibly altering the Russians’ perception of the U.S.A. response after the fact, the United States of America can change “the fact” –namely, the Russian decision whether or not to invade Western Europe. The rule must be in place before the other party has already taken the action you want to influence. After the fact, neither an unconditional move nor threats and promises have any relevance. This first move must be either observed or inferred by the rival, or else you cannot use it for strategic effect. In the film Dr. Strangelove, the Russians install their sure deterrent, the doomsday device, on a Friday, but delay telling the Americas until Monday. Over the weekend, U.S.A. Air Force General Jack D. Ripper orders his squadron of planes to launch a nuclear attack. The deterrent fails by being unobservable. Observability is not as straightforward as it seems. One need not actually observe the other person’s actions if the action can be inferred from the consequence. If I am allergic to shellfish, I can tell that you cooked with shrimp even if I did not actually observe you in the kitchen. Just as your unconditional move must be observable if it is to influence your rival, his actions must be observable if you are to influence them by threats or promises. Otherwise you cannot check his compliance, and he knows this. #RandolphHarris 19 of 21

Now that you have seen how credible unconditional moves and threats have their effects, you will be able to analyze most simple situations of this kind without drawing a game tree in all its detail. A verbal argument will usually suffice. If ever it does not, and you doubt if the prose has covered all the cases correctly, you can always check the reasoning by drawing an outline. We can make war on poverty but shrink from the extensive readjustments required to stop breeding it. The body is a type of workyard. Molecular machines do the daily work of the body. When we chew and swallow, muscles drive our motions. Muscle fibers contain bundles of molecular fibers that shorten by sliding past one another. In the stomach and intestines, the molecular machines we call digestive enzymes break down the complex molecules in foods, forming smaller molecules for use as fuel or as building blocks. Molecules to the bloodstream. Meanwhile, in the lungs, molecular storage devices called hemoglobin molecules pick up oxygen. Driven by molecular fibers, the heart pumps blood laden with fuel and oxygen to cells. In the muscles, fuel and oxygen drive contraction based on sliding molecular fibers. In the brain, they drive the molecular pumps that charge nerve cells for action. In the liver, they drive molecular machines that build and break down a whole host of molecules. And so the story continues. The body is also a construction site. In growing, healing, and renewing tissue, the body is a construction site. Cells take building materials from the bloodstream. Molecular machinery programmed by the cell’s genes uses these materials to build biological structures: to lay down bone and collagen, to build whole new cells, to renew skin, and to heal wounds. #RandolphHarris 20 of 21

With the exception of tooth fillings and other artificial implants, everything in the human body is constructed by molecular machines. These molecular machines build molecules, including more molecular machines. They clear away structures that are old or out of place, sometimes using machinery like digestive enzymes to take structures apart. During tissue construction, whole cells move about, amoebalike: extending part of themselves forward, attaching, pulling their material along, and letting go of the former attachment site behind them. Individual cells contain a dynamic pattern of molecules made of components that can break down but can also be replaced. Some molecular machines in the cell specialize in digesting molecules that show signs of damage, allowing them to be replaced by fresh molecules made according to genetic instructions. Components inside cells form their complex patterns by self-assembly, that is, by sticking to the proper partners. Failures in construction increase as we age. Teeth wear and crack and are not replaced; hair follicles stop working; skin sages and wrinkles. The eye’s shape becomes more rigid, ruining close vision. Younger bodies can knit together broken bones quickly, making them stronger than before, but osteoporosis can make older bones so fragile that they break under minor stress. Sometimes construction is botched from the beginning due to a missing or defective genetic code. In hemophilia, bleeding fails to stop due to the lack of blood-clotting factor. Construction muscle tissue is disrupted in 1 in 3,300 male births by muscular dystrophy, in which muscle are gradually replaced by scar tissue and fat; the molecule “dystrophin” is missing. Sickle-cell anemia results from abnormal hemoglobin molecules. Paraplegics and quadriplegics know that some parts of the body do not heal well. The spinal cord is an extreme—and extremely serious—case, but scarring and improper regrowth of tissues result from many accidents. If tissues always regrew properly, injury would do no permanent physical damage. #RandolphHarris 21 of 21

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A knowledge worth understanding is not less important than a teacher worth seeking. Subordinate involvements—side and main—express, by definition, at least a surface respect for what is agreed should be the controlling business at hand, however demanding they may be in fact. It is implied that such subordinate involvements ought to catch only the individual’s lesser and unimportant self. It is understandable, then, that when an individual wishes to give weight to these subordinate activities one will conceal and cover them with a show of their being merely distractions. It is also understandable that these involvements will be a constant threat to obligatory behavior, ever ready to absorb more of the individual’s concern that is felt proper. This is especially the case with involvements, defined and described as “minor” in everyday terms, will never be entirely prohibited in the situation, and hence a few will always be available as beginning points for defection. The idiom of subordinate involvements differs widely from one cultural group to another. Even between the English and American patterns we find a difference, as Dickens reminds us in his British response to an American custom: “As Washington may be called the headquarters of tobacco-tincture salvia, the time is come when I must confess, without any disguise, that the prevalence of those two odious practices of chewing and expectorating began about this time to be anything but agreeable, and soon became most offensive and sickening. In all the public places of America this filthy custom is recognized. #RandolphHarris 1 of 21

 In the courts of law the judge has his spittoon, the crier has his, the witness has his, and the prisoner has his; while the jurymen and spectators are provided for, are so many people who in the course of nature must desire to spit incessantly. In the hospitals the students of medicine are requested, by notices upon the wall, to eject their tobacco juice into the boxes provided for that purpose, and not to discolor the stairs. In public buildings visitors are implored, through the same agency, to squirt the essence of their quids, or “plugs,” as I have heard them called by gentlemen learned in this kind of sweetmeat, into the national spittoons, and not about the bases of the marble columns. But in some part this custom is inseparably mixed up with every meal and morning called, and with all the transactions of social life.” Dickens said in 1842, of course, what many Americans would say now, so it should be apparent that involvement idiom can change through time within the same nation. Thus, some signs, such as whittling, taking snuff, or toying with one’s key chain, are largely passing out of currency as part of the available vocabulary; others, such as spinning, have disappeared altogether in our American society; others, such as keeping an ear cocked to the radio or phonograph, have come into being within living memory; still others, such as smoking, have changed their meaning and have ceased to connote the degree of situational license they once did. #RandolphHarris 2 of 21

Different social groupings, too, will have different subordinate involvements available to them. At Central Hospital, for example, during breaks in the rehearsal for the patient stage production, a few of the middle-class female patients would “doodle” with the entire body by means of practice ballet movements; this idiom was not available to the lower-class females present. In our society, knitting is a subordinate involvement ordinarily prohibited to men, just as pipe smoking is to women. And, as in all matters of involvement allocation, age-grade differences in permissible subordinate involvements are very marked. In many America movie houses, for example, there is a daily and weekly cycle of civic order, the day, and especially Saturday and Sunday afternoons, being defined as a time when a wide range of subordinate involvement is tolerated, while the other times are defined as occasions when few subordinate involvements are allowed. In Chicago, there are, in fact, movies houses that specialize in the kind of social order maintained by children: The theater is characterized as showing old films. Only little kids can be enthralled by dated pictures. Therefore the theater is classified as for little kids. Since it is not a place to be taken seriously, it can serve as a kind of indoor recreation hall for the older children, a place where they can devote more attention to each other than to the screen. #RandolphHarris 3 of 21

Similarly, it may be permissible for a child on the street to such his thumb, or lick a sucker, or inflate chewing-gum bubbles until they burst, or draw a stick long a fence, or fully interrupt his main line of activity to take a stone from his show. However, the adult mental patients in Central Hospital who were observed conducting themselves in some of these ways were felt by staff to be acting “symptomatically.” For any specific class of social gatherings, we may expect to find regulations concerning the kinds of subordinate involvement that will be tolerated. As has been suggested, this selection seems to be based on an assessment of the amount of one’s attention and self that would be absorbed through these activities and the amount, therefore, that would be left over for the dominating involvement. For example, it is reported that, during a group therapy session conducted by and for the staff of a child residential treatment center, it was considered acceptable for a participating member of the staff to hold a cat on her lap; to give the animal more than occasional parts, however, was felt to be a sign of withdrawal from the session. As with other aspects of involvement structure, there is an ecology regarding subordinate involvement. It has been said, for example, that between the wars in London there were districts such as Bond Street where a lady did not walk while holding anything more than gloves, a leash, or a walking umbrella, and where similar restrictions applied to gentlemen. A small parcel carried under the arm was not comme il faut, for such an involvement in visible muscular activity apparently implied a threat to the kind of finished poised appearance deemed proper. #RandolphHarris 4 of 21

From this extreme, a continuum could be traced in the same city to places where people properly went about struggling under shoulder harness or heavy objects such as boxes or large tools. In those peasant societies where persons are used to working all through the waking hours, instead of during a special time of day as in our society, a very great amount of side involvement seems to be tolerated and even enjoined, at least from the point of view of our own involvement idiom. For example, we are told of South American Indians: It is held to be typical of Indian women to be occupied with spinning while walking along the road, while selling in the market, and while gossiping with each other, and men are similarly seen engaging in some braiding or cording work, or even spinning, as they walk. Prohibitionary rules about subordinate involvements, unlike many other kinds of involvement regulation, are frequently made quite explicit. The settings of many gatherings present posted rules, for example, about not smoking or not chewing gum. In disciplinary settings such as jails, these rules can extend to the prohibition of talk during meals. In some convents these rules may even govern the “conduct of the eyes” during meditation and prayers, so that the act of merely looking around the room may constitute an unacceptable subordinate involvement. Nuns are apparently trained to maintain greater withdrawal from the situation at large than laity, this being an important part of their socialization into their calling and a brake upon quick adaptation to the secular World should they leave the sisterhood. #RandolphHarris 5 of 21

There are interesting historical changes in regard to permissible and impermissible subordinate involvements in particular situations. In many university classrooms in the last two decades, for example, knitting and smoking have become permissible, signifying, perhaps, a downgrading of the dignity of the occasion and an upgrading of the status of the students relative to the faculty. A somewhat similar change in idiom and involvement rulings can be found among American adolescents. This group seems to have greater license in regard to informal conduct in public places than it has a generation ago. At the same time, the vogue of the portable transistor radio has guaranteed a source of absorbing subordinate involvement that can be carried into a multitude of different situations. Given the fact that a subordinate involvement provides a diversion of self from a dominant involvement, even if this diversion is felt to be a minor kind, we may expect that when a dominant involvement seems to threaten the security of an individual and one’s self-control within the situation, one may initiate or affect a subordinate involvement in order to show that one is in command of one’s circumstances. Tactful persons who are sources of threat may initiate this defense for one: their offering one a cup of coffee, is an example. The easiness expressed by drinking coffee can be balanced by the tremor an individual may display in obtaining a cup adding cream and drinking the coffee. Thinking ahead, one may not know whether drinking coffee or not drinking coffee is the safer course. #RandolphHarris 6 of 21

At a dinner party in New York, one of the guests, a woman who had inherited money, was eager to make a pleasing impression on everyone. She had squandered a modest fortune on sables, diamonds and pearls. However, she had not done anything whatever about her face. It radiated sourness and selfishness. She did not realize what everyone knows: namely, that the expression one wears on one’s face is far more important than the clothes one wears on one’s back. Paris Hilton’s smile is worth a million dollars. For Hilton’s personality, her charm, her ability to make people like her, are almost wholly responsible for her extraordinary success; and one of the most delightful factors in her personality is her captivating smile. Actions speak louder than words, and a smile says, “I like you. You make me happy. I am glad to see you.” That is why babies are so popular. They are so glad to see us that they cannot hold back their joy. So, naturally, we are gad to see them. Have you ever been in a doctor’s waiting room and looked around at all the glum faces waiting impatiently to be seen? Well, on a typical winter day, the waiting room was full of patients waiting to have their checkups. No one was talking to anyone else, and all were probably thinking of a dozen other things they would rather be doing than “wasting time” sitting in that office. He told me of our classes: “There were six or seven patients waiting when a young woman walked in with a nine-month-old baby. #RandolphHarris 7 of 21

“As luck would have it, she sat down next to a gentleman who was more than a little distraught about the long wait for service. Then next thing he knew, the baby just looked up at him with a great big smile that is so characteristic of babies. What did that gentleman do? Just what you and I would do, of course; he smiled back at the baby. Soon he struck up a conversation with the woman about her baby and his grandchildren, and soon the entire reception room joined in, and the boredom and tension were converted into a pleasant and enjoyable experience.” An insincere grin? No. That does not fool anybody. We know it is mechanical and we resent it. I am talking about a real smile, a heartwarming smile, a smile that comes from within, the kind of smile that will bring a good prince in the marketplace. People who smile tend to manage, teach, and sell more effectively, and to raise happier children. There is far more information in a smile than a frown. That is why encouragement is a much more effective teaching device than punishment. The effect of a smile is powerful—even when it is unseen. Telephone companies throughout the United States of America have a program called “phone power” which is offered to employees who use the telephone for selling their services or products. In this program they suggest that you smile when talking on the phone. Your “smile” comes through your voice. While many companies think that sarcasm and rudeness are great ways to run a business, other have different ideas. #RandolphHarris 8 of 21

When an executive from a computer science firm was looking for a new career, he was asked by the hiring manager why he chose their company over others, seeing how highly qualified he was. He said, “It was because managers in the other companies spoke on the phone in a cold, businesslike manner, which made me feel like just another business transaction. Your voice sounded as if you were glad to hear from me…that you really wanted me to be part of your organization.” People rarely succeed at anything unless they are having fun doing it. There are people who succeed at work because they love what they do. Whereas others, who do not enjoy what they are doing, lose motivation, they grow dull and unimaginative, and they fail. You must have a good time meeting people if you expect them to have a good time meeting you. If your goal is to set out to annoy or try to control someone, likely you will succeed in turning them off and you will make them want to avoid you because being in your presence will likely make them feel unwell. However, even if people are truly seeking help and come to you with complaints or grievances, be sure to treat them in a cheerful manner. Smile as you listen to them and adjustments will be accomplished much easier. Smiles bring in the dollars, many dollars every day. For instance, if a supermarket loses a customer because their employees are odd, consider this. The average single adult male spends between $250 to $500 a month on food. So, if he stops shopping at your store, you lose about the same amount. If he talks to his friends, who have all had unpleasant experiences, your store could lose thousands of dollars every month. #RandolphHarris 9 of 21

Sometimes it is important for us to eliminate criticism from our system. Be sure to give appreciation and praise now instead of condemnation. Stop talking about what you want. Take the time to see the other person’s viewpoint. And these things will literally revolutionize your life. You will be a totally different person, a happier person, a richer person, richer in friendships and happiness—the only things that matter much after all. You do no feel like smiling? Them what? Two things. First, force yourself to smile. Act as if you were already happy, and that will tend to make you happy. Actions seems to follow feeling, but really action and feeling go together; and by regulating the action, which is under the more direct control of the will, we can indirectly regulate the feeling, which is not. Thus the sovereign voluntary path to cheerfulness, if your cheerfulness be lost, is to sit up cheerfully and to act and speak as if cheerfulness were already there. Everybody in the World is seeking happiness—and there is one sure way to find it. That is by controlling your thoughts. Happiness does not depend on outward conditions. It depends on inner conditions. It is not what you have or who you are or where you are or what you are doing that makes you happy or unhappy. It is what you think about it. For example, two people may be in the same place, doing the same thing; both may have about an equal amount of money and prestige—and yet one may be miserable and the other happy. Why? Because of a different mental attitude. #RandolphHarris 10 of 21

I have seen many happy faces among the less affluent toiling with their primitive tools in the devastating heat of Sacramento as I have seen in air-conditioned offices in New York, London, Tokyo, Beijing and Shanghai. Most people are as happy as they make up their minds to be. Working all by oneself in a closed-off room in an office not only is lonely, but it denies one the opportunity of making friends with other employees in the company. Some people envy the shared comradeship of other people at their jobs because they hear their chatter and laughter, and they shyly look away when they pass the in-crowd. However, if you want people to come to you, you have to show an interest in them.  Smile and say, “Hello,” and ask them, “How are you doing?” and you will be surprised. Smiles and hellos will be returned, the hallway will seem brighter, the job friendlier. Acquaintanceships develop and some ripen into friendships. (But I also recommend to remember, these are people you work with and they are not your family. You may want to keep your personal business to yourself, they could be trying to pry and make you look unstable so they could get you fired.) People also need to remember boundaries. You will find others do not see you the same way you think they may. Especially with “group-think,” or “pack mentality,” others may not mentally be in the same space as you and your group and so they may find you intrusive behavior and oversharing a bit offsetting. And people strongly dislike it when you cyberstalk them and think you know them. It is a big way to scare a person and turn them off. #RandolphHarris 11 of 21

Keep your mind on the great splendid things you would like to do, and then, as the days go flying away, you will find yourself unconsciously seizing upon the opportunities that are required for the fulfillment of your desire, just as fish swing with the tide. Picture in your mind the able, earnest, useful person you desire to be, and the thought you hold is hourly transforming you into that particular individual…Thought is supreme. Preserve a right mental attitude—the attitude of courage, frankness, and good cheer. To think righteously is to create. All things come through desire and every sincere prayer is answered. We become like that on which our hearts are fixed. Your smile is like the sun breaking through the clouds. The flesh of a smile can be a memory that lasts forever. We can see examples of barriers to interaction that have been erected all through our social World. These include city walls, national borders, prisons, monasteries, private clubs, computers that are deliberately isolated from outside networks, and middle schools that isolate those facing the onset of adolescence from others who are either younger or older. The essential effect of a barrier to movement is to make some agents more proximate—more likely to interact with each other—and other less. Direct changes in physical space are the most obvious ways to accomplish this: walks and moats. #RandolphHarris 12 of 21

However, one can also alter technology moving through physical space. Not maintaining a road between two villages reduces the traffic between them. “Grounding” teenagers by taking away their mobile phones and Internet access increases their interactions within the household and decreases their interactions beyond it. All these devices have opposites, of course. For walls, moats, bad road maintenance, and grounding we can substitute doors, bridges, good maintenance, and car privileges. Time can also be altered by controlling the technology for moving through it. Writing is a way of interacting with the future (as well as across space). Destroying written records is a way of depriving heretics of interactions with future agents. Reading is technology of interacting with the past as well as with distant places. Preventing agents from learning to read can alter activation of agents by blocking interactions over time. Many earlier information technology “advances” can be understood as reducing barriers to interactions across space and/or time. The technology of writing had this effect. In turn, it was greatly advanced by printing with moveable type. This dramatically reduced the costs of the pattern of interaction in which the idea of one source are communicated to many recipients across time periods and distances that were previously prohibitive. Other “broadcast” media, such as radio and television, have this one-to-many property as well. These technologies made major contributions to the formation of the large nation-states that dominated nineteenth- and twentieth-century World politics. Especially when controlled by central authorities, they had enormous power to make diverse and dispersed populations more homogeneous in their knowledge, loyalties, and even language. #RandolphHarris 13 of 21

A major limitation of imposing and removing barriers and of other simple manipulations or proximity and activation is their imprecise selectivity. Crude physical boundaries rarely cluster together all the agents who would benefit and only those agents. Technological interventions that remove barriers often increase both wanted and unwanted interactions—as the World Wide Web brings us close both to groups we admire and to groups we despise. Two further classes of mechanism for modifying interactions patterns are extensions of the basic barrier approach that achieve greater selectivity. They involve barriers that are conceptual rather than physical and barriers that are “semi-permeable.” Watching a new civilization encroach on an old one inescapably calls for comparisons between the two. Those who have benefited from the past, or who have come to terms with it, form a nostalgia brigade, praising or romanticizing yesterday and contrasting it with the as-yet-ill-formed, incomplete tomorrow. Suffer from the death of the familiar, future-shocked by the pace of change, millions in the West are watching the remnants of their industrial economies decay. Worried about jobs and watching Asia rise, they—especially the young—are bombarded by dystopian images of the future in films, TV series, games and online messages. Media-manufactured stars are presented as role models in the form of models, musicians, and athletes. They hear religious assurances that the end is nigh. And they are showered by apocalyptic messages from a vast, once-progressive environmental movement whose dominant slogan has become “Live your best life.” #RandolphHarris 14 of 21

Yet the period ahead is about to explode with surprises of all kinds that will escape the either-or dichotomy of good versus bad. And the biggest surprise of all may be that the revolutionary wealth system and civilization described here will, despite everything, open enormous opportunities for billions of us to live better, healthier, longer and more socially useful lives. We have emphasized that emerging wealth system cannot be understood within the framework of conventional economics, and that, to even glimpse its future, we need to look at the deep fundamentals that lie behind all wealth creation from the ancient past to today—and tomorrow. As we have seen, these include types of work, division of labor, exchange systems, energy supplies, a particular family structure and a characteristic physical environment. However, the deep fundamentals most unexamined, yet among the most relevant to our future, are time, space, and knowledge—each of which could easily justify a library of its own. It is clear that the everyday sound-bite economics that is the subject of so much chatter in Econo-Land focuses on only a tiny fraction of economic reality. Indeed, given the constraints of a single report, even our attempt to expand the common view of what is involved in wealth creation provides a far-from-complete picture. We have shown why millions today feel excruciatingly time-squeezed both at work and at home—how we are irregularizing our daily schedules and how companies steal our time and impose on us an unpaid “third job.” #RandolphHarris 15 of 21

We have seen how we are changing the rates at which items are put up for sale and then withdrawn. And we have show how, by synchronizing some of our activities, we necessarily de-synchronize others at unknown cost. We are revolutionizing the time component of wealth. That revolution is paralleled by dramtic shifts in the spatial location of wealth and of the enterprises and technologies that produce it. And we have seen why, even if all of today’s anti-globalists packed their knapsacks and went home, we could expect economic integration to slow while other dimensions of global integration speed up—another case of de-synchronization as changes in time and space interact. Only when all these changes are viewed against the backdrop of revolution in the knowledge system, however, can we glimpse the full transformatory power of what is happening today. These developments do not affect just the economy, and business cannot just install a “knowledge-management system” and move on. Today’s changes affect how we all make decisions, right down to the very truth and/or lies on which we base them. We are living through a period when our long-standing criteria for separating truth from falsehood are themselves under fire. And the branch of knowledge most necessary for economic advance—science—is under widespread attack. Science, as suggested earlier, is in more trouble than most suspect. It is in a crisis that goes far beyond immediate issues like the decline in financing for basic research. Science survives by the grace of its host culture. And that culture is turning hostile, as seen in the growing attack on evolution by creationists (a battle once though tot have ended with the Scopes trial in 1925) and the so-called intelligent-design movement. #RandolphHarris 16 of 21

Science now faces a blinding dust storm of subjectivism—fed by fading postmodernism and flourishing New Age “spiritualism.” Its influence is also undercut by cases of corruption linking scientists t pharmaceutical firms and other industries, by repeated media portrayals of science as evil, by fear of oncoming biological breakthroughs that threaten traditional definitions of humanity. More important, science method itself is under attach by “truth managers” who prefer decisions based on other criteria, from mystical revelation to political or religious authority. The ongoing battle over truth is part of the transformation in our relationship to the deep fundamental of knowledge. Our bodies are filled with intricate, active molecular structures. When those structures are damaged, health suffers. Modern medicine can affect the workings of the body in many ways, but from a molecular viewpoint it remains crude indeed. Molecular manufacturing can construct a range of medical instruments and devices with far greater abilities. The body is an enormously complex World of molecules. With nanotechnology to help, we can learn to repair it. To understand what nanotechnology can do for medicine, we need a picture of the body from a molecular perspective. The human body can be seen as a workyard, construction site, and battleground for molecular machines. It works remarkably well, using systems so complex that medical science still does not understand many of them. Failures, though, are too common. #RandolphHarris 17 of 21

In the bustling city of Atlanta, Georgia, the single largest enterprise employs some 37,000 workers. This mainstay of the economy has a payroll of over $1.5 billion a year. Its key facilities occupy 2.2 million square feet of space. This massive service enterprise is not, however, a company or corporation. It is the Atlanta airport. It is a giant mosaic consisting of scores of separate organizations—everything from airlines, caterer, cargo handlers, and car rental firms to government agencies like the Federal Aviation Administration, the Post Office, and the Consumer Service. Employees belong to many different unions, from the Air Line Pilots Association to the Machinists and Teamsters. That the Atlanta airport creates wealth is not doubted by hotelkeepers, restaurants, real estate interests, auto dealers, and others in the city, not to mention the 56,000 other employees in Atlanta whose jobs are indirectly generated by the airport operations. Little of this wealth results from the effort of any individual firm or agency. The wealth flowing from this meta-mosaic is precisely a function of relationships—the interdependence and coordination of all of them. Like advanced computerized data bases, the Atlanta airport is “relational.” Though relationships have always been important in the creation of wealth—being implied in the very concept of the division of labor—they become far more important as the number and diversity of “players” in the mosaic system increase. As this number rises arithmetically, relationships increase combinatorially. #RandolphHarris 18 of 21

Moreover, these relationships can no longer be based on simple command, in which one participant imposes behavior on the others. Because of interdependence, the players increasingly rely on consensus, explicit or otherwise, which takes account of the interests of many. As knowledge itself is organized relationally or in hyper-media form—meaning that it can be constantly reconfigured—organization, too, must become hyper-flexible. This is why an economy of small, interacting firms forming themselves into temporary mosaics is more adaptive and ultimately more productive than one built around a few rigid monoliths. The common feature to all threats and promises is the: the response rule commits you to actions that you would not take in its absence. If the rule merely says you will do what is best at the time, this is as if there is no rule. There is no change in others’ expectations about your future actions and hence no influence of the rule. Still, there is an informational role for stating what will happen without a rule; these statements are called warnings and assurances. When it is in your interest to carry out a “threat,” we call this a warning. For example, if the president warns he will veto a bill not to his liking, this is simply an indication of his intensions. It would be a threat if he were willing to sign the bill, but strategically committed to veto it in order to induce Congress to offer something even better. #RandolphHarris 19 of 21

A warning is used to inform others of the effect of their actions. A parent who warns a child that a stove-top is hot, makes a statement of fact, not strategy. When it is in your interest to carry out a “promise,” we call this an assurance. A child who ignores the warning that the stove-top is hot and gets burned assures the parent that he will not do this again. We emphasize this distinction for a reason. Threats and promises are truly strategic moves, whereas warnings and assurances play more of an informational role. Warnings or assurances do not change your response rule in order to influence another party. Instead, you are simply informing them of how you will want to respond based on their actions. In stark contrast, the sole purpose of a threat is to change your response rule away from what will be best when the time comes. This is done not to inform but to manipulate. Because threats and promises indicate that you will act against your own interest, there is an issue of credibility. After others have moved, you have an incentive to break your threat or promise. A commitment is needed to ensure credibility. An unconditional move is a response rule in which you move first and your action is fixed. Threats and promises arise when you move second. They are conditional moves because the response dictated by the rule depends on what the other wise does. #RandolphHarris 20 of 21

A strategic move is always a preemptive action. The response rule must be in place before the other side moves. That means that whatever strategic move is made, the game should be analyzed as one with sequential moves. When you are intransigent, others respond to your unconditional action. With threats and promises, you first lay down a response rule, then others move and you respond according to your response rule. As a result, commitment to an action or response rule transforms an otherwise simultaneous-move game into a sequential-move game. Although the payoffs remain unchanged, a game played with simultaneous moves in one case and sequential moves in another can have dramatically different outcomes. The different outcomes are due to the different rules of play. All human beings differ in some respects and in mind as well as in body. Each is unique. Each needs to find one’s own individual path. For in each aspirant there exists a certain direction, tendency, capacity, attribute, or gift alone which line the possibility of his spiritual development can open up more quickly, freely, and easily than along any other. It is on this line that one should concentrate more effort and so take advantage of what Nature has given one. However, to detect and recognize what is one’s best potentiality requires exploration and search, not only by one’s ordinary faculties but also and especially by one’s more sensitive and intuitive ones. It will not be found all at once but only after much groping around and feeling one’s way. Time is needed because this hidden possibility does not exist at the surface level. #RandolphHarris 21 of 21

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Great spirits now on Earth are sojourning; he of the cloud, the cataract, the lake, who on Helvellyn’s summit, wide awake, catches his freshness from Archangel’s wing: he of the rose, the violet, the spring, the social smile, the chain for Freedom’s sake: And lo!—whose steadfastness would never take a meaner sound than Raphael’s whispering. And other spirits there are standing apart upon the forehead of the age to come; these, these will give the World another heart, and other pulses. Hear ye not the hum of mighty workings?–Listen awhile ye nations, and be dumb. By John Keats

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There are as many ways to the union with the Overself as there are human beings. The orthodox, the conventional, and the traditional ways can claim exclusiveness or monopoly only by imperiling truth. Involvement refers to the capacity of an individual to give, or withhold from giving, one’s concerted attention to some activity at hand—a solitary task, a conversation, a collaborative work effort. It implies a certain admitted closeness between the individual and the object of involvement, a certain overt engrossment on the part of the one who is involved. Involvement in an activity is taken to express the purpose or aim of the actor. To discuss involvement, we can begin with common-sense distinctions institutionalized in our American society and presumably in others. Men and animals have a capacity to divide their attention into main and side involvements. A main involvement is one that absorbs the major part of an individual’s attention and interest, visibly forming the principal current determinant of one’s actions. A side involvement is an activity that an individual can carry on in an abstracted fashion without threatening or confusing simultaneous maintenance of a main involvement. Whether momentary or continuous, simple or complicated, these side activities appear to constitute a kind of fuguelike dissociation of minor muscular activity from the main line of an individual’s actions. Humming while working and knitting while listening are examples. Along with the distinction between main and side involvements, we must make another that can easily be confused with the first. We must distinguish between dominant and subordinate involvements. #RandolphHarris 1 of 18

A dominating involvement is one he is ready to recognize; a subordinate involvement is one he is allowed to sustain only to the degree, and during the time, that his attention is patently not required by the involvement that dominates him. Subordinate involvements are sustained in a muted, modulated, and intermittent fashion, expressing in their style a continuous regard and deference for the official, dominating activity at hand. Thus, while waiting to see an official, an individual may converse with a friend, read a magazine, or doodle with a pencil, sustaining these engrossing claims on attention only until his turn is called, when he is obliged to put aside his time-passing activity even though it is unfinished. Typically, it is expected that a main involvement will be a dominating one and a side involvement a subordinate one, as when a worker smokes a cigarette unthinkingly but only when and where the job allows. This relationship, however, is by no means invariable. Many dominating involvements, such as work tasks, can be sustained automatically and unthinkingly for long periods, allowing the individual to devote his main focus of attention to pursuits and talking about sports or business, which, however involving, will be put aside when the task requires attention. A telegrapher, for example, can tap out messages while sustaining a conversational byplay with a fellow worker. Once we see that an undemanding but socially dominating activity can be sustained while the individual’s main focus of attention is temporarily drawn to another issues, we can go on to see that while thus engaged he can sustain additional side involvements, like praying, which are themselves subordinated to the temporary and unofficial main involvement. #RandolphHarris 2 of 18

We should also see that claims upon the individual can suddenly change, and that what had been a dominant involvement can suddenly be demoted in status and become subordinated to a new source of involvement now considered properly to be the one of first priority. In our society, it is recognized that certain activities are to be carried on only as main and dominating involvements; many social ceremonies are instances. It is also recognized that certain other activities are to be carried on only as side involvements and subordinate ones, as, for example, chewing gun. (These slight involvements are not to be accorded main attention even when no main involvement is required.) Within these limits, however, what is defined as a dominating involvement at one time be defined as subordinate at another. Thus, on the job, the drinking of a cup of coffee may be a subordinate involvement; during official coffee breaks, it may be the dominating activity. Did you know that you may be about to make more friends in two months by becoming interested in other people than you typically can in two years by trying to get other people interested in you? Yet I know and you know people who blunder through life trying to wigwag other people into becoming interested in them. Of course, it does not work. People are not interested in you. They are not interested in me. They are interested in themselves—morning, noon, and after dinner. The New York Telephone Company made a detailed study of telephone conversations to find out which word is the most frequently used. You have guessed it: it is the personal pronoun “I.” “I.” “I.” It was used 3,900 times in 500 telephone conversations. “I.” “I.” “I.” I.” #RandolphHarris 3 of 18

When you see a group photograph that you are in, whose picture do you look for first? If we merely try to impress people and get people interested in us, we will never have many true, sincere friends. Friends, real friend, are not made that way. Napoleon tried it, and in his last meeting with Josephine he said: “Josephine, I have been as fortunate as any man ever was on this Earth; and yet, at this hour, you are the only person in the World on whom I can reply.” And historians doubt whether he could rely even on her. It is the individual who is not interested in his fellow men who has the greatest difficulties in life and provides the greatest injury to others. It is from among such individuals that all human failures spring. Remember, if you want to be successful in any career, you have to be interested in people. Some of the most successful people even fake emotions. They really put their personality across the footlights. They know human nature. Everything they do, every gesture, every intonation of one’s voice, every lifting of an eyebrow is carefully rehearsed in advance, and their actions are timed to split seconds. However, in addition to that, these individuals have a genuine interest in people. They do not look at others and say, “They are all crazy. They are all trash. They are a bunch of suckers, a bunch of hicks; I will fool them all right.” The method of successful people is much different. Every time they come across another human being, they say: “I am grateful because these people are amongst me. They make it possible for me to make my living in a very agreeable way. I am going to give them the very best I possibly can.” #RandolphHarris 4 of 18

Some successful people tell themselves “I love these people, I love these people,” over and over before they leave the house each day. Ridiculous? Absurd? You are privileged to think anything you like. This just has been a tendency of some of the most successful people. Taking up a hobby is another way to meet people. Do not take up a hobby just to get to know someone. Take up a hobby you like and be truly interested in it, and then expand your area of interest into groups of people who have the same interest. Eventually, by sustaining an interest in other people, you will create a new life for yourself. One can win attention and time and cooperation of even the most sought-after people by becoming genuinely interested in them. If we want to make friends, let us put ourselves out to do things for other people—things that require time, energy, unselfishness and thoughtfulness. For instance, remembering people’s birthday can be a good way to show that you are interested in them. If we want to make friends, let us greet people with animation and enthusiasm. When somebody calls you on the telephone use the same psychology. “Say, “Hello” in tones the bespeak how pleased you are to have the person call. Many companies train their telephone operators to greet all callers in a tone of voice that radiates interest and enthusiasm. The caller feels the company is concerned about them. Let us remember that when we answer the telephone later today. Showing a genuine interest in other not only wins friends for you, but may develop in its customers a loyalty to your company. When tend to be interested in others when they have an altruistic interest in us.  #RandolphHarris 5 of 18

A show of interest, as with every other principle of human relations, must be sincere. It must pay off not only for the person showing the interest, but for the person receiving the attention. It is a two-way street—both parties benefit. Sometimes when people go above and beyond that call of duty to make a customer comfortable, by having dinner with them and stay after hours to sooth their fears and concerns and talk to them, this may be away to win a new buyer, and they will never forget you. They will always remember the warmth and tenderness of a stranger who made getting through the feelings of fear, frustration and loneliness possible. If you want others to like you, if you want to develop real friendships, if you want to help others at the same time as you help yourself, keep this principle in mind: Become genuinely interested in other people. It is useful to examine a fundamental property of gents, the fact that they are located in space and time. When they interact, they are either co-located, or they interact via technology which is itself located. So interactions also can be said to be located. “I heard about it at the town square.” “Please call me at my daytime phone number.” “He bought it from a mail-order catalog house.” It follows that the movement of agents in physical space and time changes their proximity, and this in turn affects their ease of interaction. (I will be in my office tomorrow morning. Can you drop by then?”) Moreover, actions that alter possibilities for movement in space and time will alter proximity. (“I cannot make the 10 A.M. meeting, because the airline we are required to use does not have an early flight.”) #RandolphHarris 6 of 18

So far, we are considering how interaction patters are affected by physical time and space: the coordinates of latitude, longitude, altitude, and Greenwich mean tie that a precise global positioning device can read out. Indeed, the Information Revolution will bring many more artifacts into our futures designed to “know where they are” in space-time. Already most cars and computers and your telephone can obtain their location by means of global positioning signals from satellites. Your strategies, and theirs, can take their locations into account, thereby changing patterns of interactions. While our discussion began from the idea of physical space, we can use the idea as an analogy and talk about the location of agents and interactions in conceptual spaces as well. For example, an organization chart provides a map of conceptual space. A person may be appointed director of purchasing. This is a definite location in a company’s hierarchy of job responsibilities. It places the occupant of the job “near” the people who do purchasing, in the sense that these people are likely to interact with the director. Their proximity is increased. They may be nearby in organizational space even if the purchasing officers are distributed around the World and do not have offices at the headquarters where the director sits. At the same time, the organizational structure may place the director “far” from someone working in marketing, although that office is just one floor down in the headquarters building. The logic of their two roles in the business may make them less likely to interact. #RandolphHarris 7 of 18

The weekly senior staff meeting in this purchasing organization is thus a location in conceptual space and time. Moving up the organizational job hierarchy is a movement in conceptual space and corresponds to changes in interaction patterns. The patterns can change even when the promoted people keep their old offices (and hence their locations in physical space). Indeed, one useful way of thinking about organizations is as deliberately designed conceptual spaces that will “organize” the interactions of agents toward some ends. The conceptual spaces of organizations are familiar, and therefore they make good examples. However, there are many other conceptual spaces that locate and organize agent interactions. All that is required is that the concepts convey a sense of multiple categories that can be the “locations,” that agents in the population can be members of different categories (and thus have different “locations”), and that the “locations” convey something about the likelihood that agents will interact. A social system of castes, or classes, or statuses can serve as a conceptual space. It seems poignantly clear that agents labeled “untouchables” may be restricted in their patterns of interacting even with those who are quite nearby in physical space. To give one more example, while nations may be thought of as regions of space-time in which agents are located, nationalities are conceptual categories. Israeli and Arab nationals living in New York City may systematically avoid each other even though they live only a few blocks apart. #RandolphHarris 8 of 18

We have stressed that interactions are located in both space and time. However, we must reiterate an additional point about time: in Complex Adaptive Systems the sequential ordering of events can have huge effects. A change that increases proximity, that makes two agents more likely to interact, means that on average the interaction will occur sooner. If it takes place before events that it would otherwise have followed, it may change the character of likelihood of those events. The system can have an entirely different history as a result. It is also important to know what a response rule it. One of the things people want in life is an unconditional strategic advantage so they are able to seize the initiative in a business deal and move first. Even when you do not actually move first, you can achieve a similar strategic advantage through a commitment to a response rule. The response rule prescribes your action as a response to the others’ move. Although you act as a follower, the commitment to the response move must be in place before others make their moves. A parent telling a child “No dessert unless you eat your spinach” is establishing such a response rule. Of course this rule must be in place and clearly communicated before the child feeds its spinach to the dog. Response rules fall under two broad categories: threats and promises. A threat is a response rule that punishes others who fail to cooperate with you. There are compellent threats, as when a terrorist hijacks a plane and establishes a response rule that the passengers will be killed if his demands are rejected, and there are deterrent threats, as when the United States of America threatens that it will response with nuclear weapons if it is attacked. #RandolphHarris 9 of 18

A compellent threat is designed to prevent someone from taking an action. The two threats share a common feature: both sides will suffer if the threat has to be carried out. The secondary category of response rules is promises. This is an offer to reward someone who cooperates with you. In search of a witness, a prosecutor promises one defendant a more lenient sentence if he turns state’s evidence against his codefendants. Again there can be compellent and deterrent promises. A compellent promise is designed to induce someone to take a favorable action, such as turning state’s evidence. A deterrent promise is designed to prevent someone from taking an unfavorable action, such as when mobsters promise the witness they will take care of him if he keeps his mouth shut. The two promises also share a common feature: once the action is taken (or not taken), there is an incentive to go back on one’s word. Sometimes the distinctions between threats and promises are blurred. A friend was mugged in Sacramento City with the following promise: If you “lend” me one thousand dollars, I promise I won’t hurt you. More relevant was the mugger’s implicit threat tht if our friend did not lend him the money, he would be hurt. As this story suggests, the distinction between a threat and a promise depends only on what you call the status quo. The traditional mugger threatens to hurt you if you do not give him some money. If you do not, he starts hurting you, making that the new status quo, and promises to stop once you give him money. A compellent threat is just like a deterrent promise with a change of status quo; likewise, a deterrent threat and a compellent promise differ only in their status quo. #RandolphHarris 10 of 18

The same forces help account for today’s surprising population explosion of small business in general, which moves us still further from the economy of monoliths. Small and medium-sized firms have won recognition as the new centers of employment, innovation, and economic dynamism. The small business entrepreneur is the new hero (and often heroine) of the economy. In France, reports the Financial Times business support schemes have been jettisoned for programs more likely to help the small business.” The United Kingdom provides subsidized management consulting services to increase small business organizational efficiency. In the United States of America, Inc. magazine, which measures the activity of the one hundred top small businesses, reports an average five-year growth rate that “approaches the incomprehensible—high enough to astonish (us) and to stagger (the companies that experience it).” In place of an economy dominated by a handful of giant monoliths, therefore, we are creating a super-symbolic economy made up of small operating units, some of which may, for accounting and financial reasons, be encapsuled inside large businesses. An economy built of boutiques, rather than behemoths (though some of the boutiques remain inside the belly of a behemoth). This many-shaped, multi-mosaic economy requires entirely new forms of coordination, which explains the ceaseless split-up and formation of so-called strategic alliances and other new arrangements. #RandolphHarris 11 of 18

Kenichi Ohmae, brilliant head of the McKinsey office in Tokyo, has called attention to the growth of triangular joint ventures involving companies or parts of companies in all three—Japan, the United States of America, and Europe. Such “trilateral consortia,” he writes, “are being formed in nearly every area of leading edge industry including biotechnology, computers, robots, semiconductors, jet engines, nuclear power, carbon fibers, and other new materials.” These are manufacturing mosaics, and they are redrawing business boundaries in ways that will redefine national boundaries as well. In Germany, BMW speaks of the networking of companies based on alliances, partnerships, agreements, research and technical cooperation. They have entered into hundreds of such arrangements. Competitive position will no longer be dependent solely on internal resources, but on the pattern of relationships with outside units. Like data bases, success is increasingly relational. And, significantly, the new relations of production are not dresses in an old-fashioned data case. They are fluid and freeform as hyper-media. The new mosaic organization of companies and the economy thus begins to reflect (and promote) changes in the organization of knowledge itself. To understand power in the business World of tomorrow, therefore, forget the fantasies of near-total concentration, a World dominated by a few mega-firms. Think, instead, about power-mosaics. #RandolphHarris 12 of 18

Waxing pessimistic is one of the easiest ways to masquerade as wise. And there is plenty to be pessimistic about. However, permanent pessimism is a substitute for thought. No pessimist ever discovered the secrets of the stars, or sailed to an uncharted land, or opened a new Heaven to the human spirit. Nor has pessimism ever won any battle. As we move deeper into the twenty-first century, the list of potential horrors is seemingly endless: War between China and the United States of America; a 1930-style global crash has already thrown millions into the streets and wiped out decades of economic advance; terrorist attacks unleashing nuclear weapons is a fear, anthrax, chlorine gas or a cyber-assault on critical business and government computer networks; disastrous water shortages from Mexico City and Iran to South Africa; armed batters between rival Non-Governmental Organizations; new diseases at the nano level; the spread of mind-control technologies; the death of privacy; intensified religious fanaticism and violence; human cloning; combinations and convergences of these—and that is before we even get to earthquakes, tsunamis, deforestation and global warming. All of these are worth worrying about. However, much of today’s pessimism is fashionable—exactly as it was when the industrial revolution was sweeping over Europe and horrifying its opponents in the early to mid-1800s. From their fear and rage against modernity, with its growing secularism and rationality, came the romantic pessimism expressed in the poetry of Lord Byron and Heinrich Heine, the music of Richard Wagner and Schopenhauer’s philosophy of pessimismus. #RandolphHarris 13 of 18

Not to forget the anarchist philosopher Max Stirner, who translated Adam Smith into German and was, if anyone, an expert on pessimism. Stirner’s mother suffering from an illness. His first wife died giving birth to a stillborn baby. He invested a subsequent wife’s fortune and lost it. At which point, he lost her as well. In many parts of the World, native species have been driven to extinction by rats, pigs, and other imported species, and others are endangered and fighting for their lives. Biological controls—fighting fire with fire—have advantages: organisms are small, selective, and inexpensive. These advantages will eventually be shared by devices made using molecular manufacturing, which avoid the disadvantages of importing and releasing yet more uncontrollable, breeding, spreading species. Alan Liss spoke of using nanotechnological devices to help restore ecosystems at a chemical level. A similar idea can be applied at a biological level. The challenge—and it is huge—would be to develop insect-size or even microbe-size devices that could serve as selective, mobile, mechanical flyswatters or weed pullers. These could do what biological controls do, but would be unable to replicate and spread. Let us call devices of this sort “ecosystem protectors.” They could keep aggressive imported species out, saving native species from extinction. To a human being or an ordinary organism, an ecosystem protector would seem like just one more of the many billions of different kinds of bugs and microbes in the ecosystem—small things going about their business, with no tendency to bite. #RandolphHarris 14 of 18

They might be detectable, but only if you sorted through a lot of dirt and looked at it through a microscope, because they would not be very common. They would have just one purpose: to notice when they bumped into a member of an imported species on the “not welcome here” list, and then either to eliminate it or to ensure, at least, that it could not reproduce. Natural organisms are often very finicky about which species they attack. These ecosystem protectors could be equally finicky about which species they approach, and then, before attacking, could do a DNA analysis to be sure. It would be simplest (especially in the beginning while we are still learning) to limit each kind of defender to monitoring only one imported species. Each unit of a particular kind of ecosystem-defender device would be identical, built with precision by a special-purpose molecular-manufacturing setup. Each would last for a certain time, then break down. Each kind can be tested in a terrarium, then a greenhouse, then a trial outdoors ecosystem, keeping an eye on their effects at each stage until one gains the confidence for a larger-scale use. “Larger scale” could still be quite limited, if they are not designed to travel very far. This built-in obsolescence limits both how long each device can operate and how far it can move: getting control of the structure of matter includes making nanomachines work where they are wanted and not work elsewhere. #RandolphHarris 15 of 18

The agricultural industry today manufactures and distributes many thousands of tons of poisonous chemicals to be sprayed on the land, typically in an attempt to eliminate one or a few species of insect. Ecosystem protectors could also be used to protect these agricultural monocultures, field by field, with far less harm to the environment than today’s methods. They could likewise be used in the special ecosystems of intensive greenhouse agriculture. Unlike chemicals sprayed into the environment, these ecosystem protectors would be precisely limited in time, space, and effect. They neither contaminate the ground water nor poison bees and ladybugs. In order to weed out imported organisms and bring an ecosystem back to its natural balance, ecosystem protectors would not have to be very common—only common enough for a typical imported organism to encounter one once in a lifetime, before reproducing. Even so, as the ecosystem protectors wear our and stop working, they would present a small-scale problem of solid-waste disposal. With the exercise of some clever design, all the machinery of the ecosystem protectors might be made of reasonably durable yet biodegradable materials or (at worst) material no more harmful than bits of grit and humus in the soil. So their remains would be like the shells of diatoms, or bits of lignin from wood, or like peculiar particles of clay or sand. #RandolphHarris 16 of 18

Alternatively, we might develop other mobile nanomachines to find and collect or break down their remains. This strategy starts to look like setting up a parallel ecosystem of mobile machines, a process that could be extended to supplement the natural cleansing processes of nature in many ways. Each step in this direction will require caution, but not paranoia: there need be no toxic chemicals here, no new creatures to spread and run wild. Missteps will have the great virtue of being reversible. If we decide that we do not like the effects of some particular variety of ecosystem protector or cleanup machine, we could simply stop manufacturing that kind. We could even retrieve those that had already been made and dispersed in the environment, since their exact number is known, along with which patch of ground each is patrolling. If the making and monitoring of ecosystem protectors seems a lot of trouble to go to just to weed out nonnative species, consider this example of the environmental destruction such species can cause. Sometimes before World War II, a South African species of fire ant was accidentally imported into the United States of America. Today, infested areas can have up to five hundred or these ants per square foot. The National Audubon Society—a strong opponent of irresponsible use of pesticides—had to resort to spraying its refuge islands near Corpus Christi when they found these ants destroying over half the hatchlings of the brown pelican, an endangered species. #RandolphHarris 17 of 18

In Texas, it has been shown that the new ants are killing off native ant species—reducing biodiversity. The USDA’s Sanford Porter states that due to them, “Texas may be in the midst of a genuine biological revolution.” The ants are heading west, and have established a beachhead in California. Without ecosystem protectors or something much like them, ecologies around the World will continue to be threatened by unnatural invasion. Our species opened the new invasion routes, and it is our responsibility to protect native species made newly vulnerable by them. Today, most people are far from the land, tied up in turning the wheels of twentieth-century industry. In the years to come, those wheels will be replaced by molecular systems that do most of their turning by themselves. The pressure to destroy the land will be less. Time available to help heal the land will be greater. Surely, more energy will flow in this direction. To mend ruined landscapes will require skill and effort. Ecosystem defenders can do flyswatting and weed-pulling jobs no humans ever could, but there will also be jobs of shaping, planting, and nurturing. The land has been torn by machines guided by hasty hands, almost overnight. It can gradually be restored by patient hands, whether bare, gloved, or guiding machines able to reshape a ravaged mountain without turning the soil. The green wealth that can be brought by nanotechnology has raised high hopes among some environmentalists. It would tend to promote a sense of the unity and balance of nature and of our own human position within that dynamic and evolving balance. Perhaps people will learn to value nature more deeply when they can see it more clearly, with eyes unclouded by grief and guilt. #RandolphHarris 18 of 18

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