And I beheld when I opened the sixth seal, there was a great earthquake. On 24 August 2014, there was a strong and power Earthquake, which rocked Napa, California at 3.20 A.M. The Earthquake was a magnitude 6.0 on the Richter scale, one was killed, 200 injured and there was $1 Billion in property damage. On 29^th April 2014, the sun became black as sackcloth of hair, as there was a solar eclipse; and the moon became as blood on 15^th of April and on the 8^th of October. And the stars of then Heaven fell to the Earth during the Leonid meteor shower, which took place before dawn on 18 November 2014, and the sky was filled with shooting stars, pouring down like rain. The first recorded meteor shower was in China 10 August 36 A.D. In England and Germany, beginning in the first half of the 19^th century, these meteors were called the “Tears of St. Lawrence,” named for the saint, whose feast day is on the 10^th of August, the date of his martyrdom. And in the year 258 A.D. under Roman Emperor Valerian, Lawrence was put to death by burning. According to the legend, the meteors were his flaming tears. And in 1839, Adolphe Quetelet and American Edward Herrick confirmed that meteor shows have an annual rhythm. Meteors are residue of particles of material (now known as meteoroid streams) from old comets, distributed along their orbits. Since the year 902, the most spectacular Leonid showers had been observed to occur at intervals of 33 or 34 years—in 902, 967, 1037, 1202, and 1366.

Some have considered the larger part of mankind in the light of actors, as personating characters no more than their own, and to which they have no better title that the player hath to be in earnest thought the king or emperor who he represents. Thus the hypocrite may be said to be a player; and indeed the Greeks called them both by one and the same name.  On 12 November, 1799, a certain Professor Thomas of Nashville, Tennessee, who was yanked out of bed, when an alarming blaze of the brightest fireballs lighting up his dark room. It was the most sublime vision I have ever had, reported Professor Thomas of Nashville, Tennessee. A planter in South Carolina awoke to the desperate cries of slaves, who were hollering and screaming like they lost their minds, on his and two nearby plantations; “Oh, my God, the World is in flames!” Dashing outside, the planter did not know whether to be more amazed, by the celestial performance, or by the crowd, level to the ground, imploring God to save them and the World. Another eyewitness, Mr. Strickland reported, “Two fireballs were half as bright as the Moon and several hundred of these gorgeous stars were visible at once…leaving a long streak of flame in their tracks.”

A few other witnesses reported that the meteors feel as thick as snowflakes. In Boston, a number of meteors equivalent to half the number of snowflakes, in a storm, was estimated to have hit the ground. Some estimate that 240,000 meteors fell to Earth, during the incredible nine hours even, essentially the entire night.  In New York, at a rate of 10,000 falls per hour, meteors as bright as the moon fell to Earth. Historian R.M. Devens declared the meteor storm of 13 November 1833, one of the 100 most memorable events in the entire history of the United States happened, in the great meter shower, one of the most extensive and wonderful displays of falling stars was seen. A number of scientist, including Denison Olmsted, professor of physics at Yale College, observed the phenomenon as well. Such observations confirmed Alexander von Humboldt’s impression, that the meteors all came from the same  point in the sky, in the constellation Leo (hence the name Leonids). It was also confirmed that the Leonids moved through the sky along with the sky along with the constellation, participating in the sky’s apparent diurnal rotation. There was another storm, as predicted on 13 November 1866, it was gorgeous. Meteors are also known to contain valuable and precious metals and diamonds.

Nonetheless, one of the most impressive meteor strikes happened 15 February 2013, at about 9.20 A.M. when a meteor, which looked as large as the moon, streaked through the daytime sky, above Russia, before exploding with a flash and sonic boom, that shattered glass windows, and left about 1,000 people injured. NASA said this was actually a tiny asteroids, and had a blast the equivalent to 300,000 tons of TNT. This kind of event only happens once every 100 years.  On this day, 3,000 buildings were damaged, and 20,000 emergency workers were on the streets to help anyone in need. To surround anything, however monstrous or ridiculous, with an air of mystery, is to invest it with a secret charm, and power of attraction which to the crowd is irresistible. False priests, false prophets, false doctors, false patriots, false prodigies of every kind, veiling their proceedings in mystery, have always addressed themselves at an immense advantage to the popular credulity, and have been, perhaps, more indebted to that resource in gaining and keeping for a time the upper hand of Truth and Common Sense, than to any half-dozen items in the whole catalogue of imposture.  The Bible describes several distinct signs that will happen prior to the return of our savior. The Sun shall be darken, and the moon shall not give her light, and the stars of the Heaven shall fall, and the powers in Heaven shall be shaken. And then shall they see the Son of Man coming, in the clouds with great power and glory, reports Mark 13.24-26.

People who like any society better than none are, in general, those who know least how to enjoy it. The humblest painter of real life, if he could have his desire, would select a picturesque background for his figures; but events have an inexorable fashion of choosing their own landscape. Adolph Heilbron rose from obscurity to the highest position in the young man could wish to reach. He was a self-educated man and secured his own start in life—by being determined, self-reliant, and was willing to work for advantages, which other boys secured through inheritance. Adolph Heilbron was a founding member of the City of Sacramento, and one of the wealthiest men in the superior state of California. He had a significant amount of mental and physical power and displayed unlimited possibilities. Nothing was too great to master. It has been proven over and over, throughout time and history, success is bound eventually to crown the endeavor of those who have the ambition to put forth their best efforts, and the will of manliness to preserve therein.

Adolph Heilbron was born in Hanover, Germany, 18 January 1833, and was a member of the German Lutheran Church. He went to school and became employed at his father’s store.  Adolph Heilbron arrived in America, at the young age of 19, and lived in Manhattan, New York, for 56 days, and then moved to the town of St. Louis, Missouri, where his older brother August was living, and started working. In 1854, Adolph Heilbron passed through New Orleans and arrived in San Francisco, California and then moved to Eldorado County, where in connection with two other young men, he began prospecting for gold and silver. The guys were successful in the mining business. However, in 1856, Adolph Heilbron moved Sacramento, California, USA. Adolph Heilbron and his brother Louis Heilbron opened a butcher shop, in an alley of 3^rd and N Street in Sacramento, California. Change is precious for its own sake, and a great experience transforms, in 1860, Mr. Heilbron married Miss Augusta Schaar, a native of Hamburg, Germany, and they had four lovely children.

Money is the locomotive power of all things.  In 1874 the Helibron brothers, Adolph and Louis formed a corporation, in San Francisco, California called Poly Heilbron & Company, they were a wholesale dealer in meats, and in 1874, the brothers leased a grant of land, in Tulare, California and in Fresno, California, which was on the Kings River, known as the Rancho Laguna de Tache, comprising over forty-four thousand acres.  The brothers were hardworking, industrious, and economical, and were able to rapidly expand their business and into cultivating livestock, land investments, and other prosperous financial adventures. Adolph Helibron had a wildflower stock farm, in Fresno, California and were breeding the celebrated Durham and Hereford cattle. Character is not cut in marble—it is something solid and unalterable. It is something living and changing, Adolph Heilbron decided to become a Sacramento Sheriff and tax collector, in 1879, and held two terms.

Hospitality is one of the first Christian duties, each bitter cup must be drained in the hope that the next might be sweeter.  In 1881, Adolph Heilbron hired architect Nathaniel Goodell, who also designed the California governor’s mansion, to construct and Italiante mansion. At the time, it only cost $10,000.00 to build. The Heilbron descendants occupied the mansion until 1953. It was then purchased and restored by San Diego Federal Savings and Loan, in 1974.This historical mansion symbolizes the emergence of Sacramento, California, from the Gold Rush Town to the Center of Agriculture and Transportation, in the Sacramento Valley.  However, After World War II, most of the magnificent homes, in this neighborhood, were torn down and replaced with government office buildings. The Helibron house was lucky to escape the bulldozer, and have been dedicated by the Native Sons of the Golden West, James M. Smith—Grand President 16 May 1981. The Heilbron mansion still stands on the corner of O and 7^th street, at 704 O street, Sacramento, California; around the corner from the Stanford Mansion, and is now on the National Reference of Historical Properties, which means it can never be torn down or changed.  The mansion is four levels and very impressive.

First of all things in the World, a man must be a man—with all the grace and vigor and, if possible, all the beauty of the body. Then he must be a gentleman—with all the grace, the vigor, and the good taste of the mind. And then with both of these—no matter what his creed, his religion, his superstitions, and doctrines—with both of these he must try to love a beautiful life of the spirit.  Adolph Heilbron was that mam. Being an excellent businessman, of great resources and energy, Mr. Heilbron cofounded the Germnia Building and Loan Association, in 1876, and was President, until 1887, when he resigned to take a sabbatical to Europe. For 18 months, Adolph was able to visit his old home, family and friends. In 1890, Adolph Heilbron became the President of Buffalo Brewery, located in Sacramento, California at 21st, 22nd, Q and R streets. There is no influence at the same time so powerful and so singular as that of individual character. It arises as often from the weakness of the character as from its strength.  Adolph Heilbron had a devout mind, though he was perhaps impatient of devout words, and his tenderness lay very close to his reverence, so that one could hardly be stirred without the other.

Adolph Heilbron, while serving as President of Buffalo Brewery, went on to become one of the incorporators of the Capital Telephone and Telegraph Company, serving on the board of directors. He also was director of the California State Bank, and was director of San Joaquin Ice and Creamery Company, one of the largest institutions of the kind in the State of California. The mind of Adolph Heilbron was multifaceted. To whatever he had his time and attention to, was a successful adventure. Money commonly purifies the spirit, as wine quenches thirst; and therefore, it is wise to commit all our concerns to keep of those who have most of it. He was a generous man. Adolph Heilbron was a member of the Masons, Knights Templar, Shriners, Elks, Odd Fellows, and the Sacramento Turn-Verein.  He was also Vice President of the California National Bank; Director of the San Francisco Life Insurance Company of Sacramento, and a well-known investor in California. He also manufactured tobacco. With money in the pocket, one is at home anywhere, his treasure was a law maker.  In 1913,  after being ill for a month, Adolph Heilbron died in his mansion, which is now a state park, and  located at 704 O Street in, Sacramento, California.

Neither a borrower nor a lender be; For loan oft loses both itself and friend, and borrowing dulls the edge of husbandry. A large number of people converted to Protestantism throughout Europe. Like Lutheranism, it recruited most successfully among the privileged classes of merchants, landowners, lawyers and the nobility and among the rising middle class of the master artisans and shopkeepers. Sixteenth century monarchs initially regarded attacks on the Catholic Church with horror. However, many local princes adopted some version of the reformed faith. The most important monarch to break with Catholicism was Henry VIII of England. When he saw the Baroque grandeur of Blenheim Place, the magnificent gift of a grateful sovereign to the triumphant Marlborough, George III remarked that he had nothing to equal this. He had a point. When he came to the throne in 1760, the British royal residences were fairly few and in general considerably less ornate. The old Place of Westminster, with its surviving Medieval Great Hall, after the disastrous fire of 1512, the royal residence had ceased to be spectacular. The tower of London, begun by Wiliam the Conqueror, in 1078, and lived in by various Medieval Sovereigns, no longer had a proper royal court by early Stuart times. James VI of Scotland inherited the throne of England upon the death of Queen Elizabeth, becoming James I of England and founding the Stuart period. The Stuart period of British history usually refers to the period between 1603 and 1714 and sometimes from 1371 in Scotland. This coincides with the rule of the House of Stuart, whose first monarch was James VI of Scotland. This period ended with the death of Queen Anne and the accession of George I from the House of Hanover. The Stuart period was plugged by internal and religious strife, and a large-scale Civil War.  Although William the Conqueror’s other stronghold, on the Thames at Windsor, had been notably developed by Henry II (who built the royal lodgings in the Upper Ward), Edward IV (who built St George’s Chapel), Elizabeth I (who built a long gallery) and, above all, by Charles II (who reconstructed the Sovereign Apartments in magnificent style, with carvings by Gringling Gibbons and ceilings painted by Verrio), the castle had been neglected by the first two Georges. Eltham Palace in Kent, favourite residence of several Medieval kings, had fallen out of favour from, the time of Henry VIII.

Greenwich, the palace for which Henry VIII had forsaken Eltham, remained a royal residence only until the end of the seventeenth century. Henry VIII, the founder of the British Navy, spent large sums in making the riverside Greenwich a pleasant, perfect and princely palace. Later the first of the Stuart kings in England, James I (VI of Scotland), gave it to his queen, Anne of Denmark, as a peace-offering after he had scolded her too severely for accidentally shooting his favourite hound. The queen then commissioned Indigo Jones to build her a miniature palace bridging the public road from London to Woolwich, which separated the main palace from its park. Before the Queen’s House, as it came to be known, was finished, Anne of Denmark was dead, but it was completed and furnished for her daughter-in-law, Queen Henrietta Maria, wife of Charles I. With its perfect Classical proportions, Ionic loggia, painted ceilings by Jakob Jordaens and Orazio Gentileschi, its gilded decoration and bust of Charles I by Bernini, it must have been the most elegant and sophisticated house of its time in England—a testimony to Charles I’s exquisite taste and love of the arts. The English Civil Wars took place, during the reign of Charles I, the second Stuart monarch. The war ended in victory for the Parliamentarians.  When he stepped out onto the scaffold, Charles I was executed in 1649, he fell through one of the upper windows of the Banqueting-House.  After this conflict, the line of Stuart monarchs was temporarily displaced by the Commonwealth of England. Their rule lasted from 1649 to 1660. Oliver Cromwell ruled directly from 1653 to 1658. After Oliver Cromwell’s death, the Commonwealth fell apart. The Convention Parliament welcomed Charles II, son of Charles I, to return from war and become King. This event was known as the English Restoration.

After restoration in the year 1660, the widowed Henrietta Maria returned to the Queen’s house, and Jones’s nephew, John Webb, was employed to enlarge it. Charles II also commissioned John Webb to rebuild the main palace, the architect produced designs for a palace which, in its final form, was one of the grandest architectural concepts of the Renaissance, enclosing seven courtyards including a Persian Court and covering an area twice the size of the Escorial, but which, unfortunately for posterity, was far beyond the exchequer of both James and Charles I. With the outbreak of the Civil War, the scheme was finally dropped. This was unfinished at the time of his death in 1685. Ten years later Greenwich was given to the Royal High-rises for Seamen. Mary II, however, insisted that the view to the river, from the Queen’s House, should not be obscured, and so the Royal High-rises were finally built in the form of twin palaces, flaking the much smaller Queen’s House in the Centre. After being used for various purposes, the Queen’s House has recently been beautifully restored and redecorated. Apart from his works at Greenwich and Windsor, Charles II’s most ambitious project was at Winchesters, which, after his experience of the London mob during the Exclusion crisis, he contemplated making his capital. Here, Wren began to build him a palace that would have outdone Hampton Court, as the English Versailles. It was to have had colonnades and cupolas, high enough for the king to see his warships riding at Spithead; it would have been approached by a street 200 feet broad leading from Winchester Cathedral, lined on each side with noblemen’s houses. The palace was just about to be roofed when Charles’s death put a stop to the whole scheme; in the nineteenth century, the surviving buildings were made into barracks.

Sixteenth-century monarchs initially regarded attacks on the Catholic Church with horror. However, many local princes adopted some versions of the reformed faith. The most important monarch to break with Catholicism was Henry VIII of England. When Pope Clement VII refused him permission to divorce and remarry, Henry declared himself head of a Protestant (Anglican) Church that steered a middle course between the radicalism of Geneva and the Catholicism of Rome.  Although the Anglican Church retained many Catholic features, it moved further in a Protestant direction under Henry’s son Edward. However, when Mary, Henry’s older Catholic daughter, came to throne, she vowed to reinstate her mother’s religion by suppressing Protestants. Her policy created Protestant martyrs, and many were relieved when she died in 1558, bringing Henry’s younger Protestant daughter, Elizabeth, to the throne. From 1492 to 1518, Spanish and Portuguese explorers opened up vast parts of Asia, and the Americas to European knowledge. Yet, during this age of exploration, only modest attempts at settlement were made, mostly by the Spanish, on the Caribbean islands of Cuba, Puerto Rico, and Hispaniola. The three decades after 1518, however, became an age of conquest. In some of the bloodiest chapters, in recorded history, the Spanish nearly exterminated the native peoples, of the Caribbean islands, toppled and plundered the great inland empires of the Aztecs and Incas in Mexico and Peru, discovered fabulous silver mines, and built a westward oceanic trade of enormous importance to all Europe. The consequences of this short era of conquest proved to be immense for the entire World. Portugal, meanwhile, restricted by one of the most significant lines ever drawn on a map, concentrated mostly on building an eastward oceanic trade to southeastern Asia. In 1493, to settle a dispute, the pope had demarcated Spanish and Portuguese spheres of exploration in the Atlantic. Drawing a north-south line 100 leagues (about 300 miles) west of the Azores, the pope confined Portugal to the European side of the line. One year later, in the Treaty of Tordesillas, Portugal obtained Spanish agreement to move the line 270 leagues farther west. Nobody knew, at the time, that a large part of South America, as yet undiscovered by Europeans, bulged east of the new demarcation line and therefore fell within the Portuguese sphere. In time, Portugal would develop this region, called Brazil, into one of the most profitable areas of the New World.

Within single generation of Christopher Columbus’s death, in 1506, Spanish conquistadores explored, claimed, and conquered most of South America (except Brazil), Central America, and the southern parts of North America from Florida to California. Led by audacious explorers and military leaders, and usually accompanied by enslaved Africans, they established the authority of Spain and Catholicism over an area that dwarfed their homeland in size and population. They were motived by politics, growing pride of nation and the dreams of personal enrichment. We came here, explained one Spanish foot soldier in Cortes’s legion, to serve God and the king, and also to get rich. The plan of Tenchtitlan, later Mexico City, is from the Latin edition of Cortes’s “Second Letter,” on his conquest of the Aztecs. Cortes’s account was widely published in Europe, where Germans, French, and English were astounded to hear of such an extraordinary Aztec metropolis with floating gardens, causeways, and monumental architecture.  The Hearst Church was established and founded by William Randolph Hearst’s mother, Phoebe Hearst. In two bold and bloody strokes, the Spanish overwhelmed the ancient civilizations of the Aztecs and Incas. In 1519, Hernando Cortes set out with 600 soldiers from costal Veracruz and marched over rugged mountains to attack Tenochtitlan (modern day Mexico City), the capital of Montezuma’s Aztec empire. At its height, centuries before, the ancient city in the Valley of Mexico had contained perhaps 200,000 people. However, in 1521, following two years of tense relations between the Spanish and the Aztecs, it fell before Cortes’s assault. The Spanish use of horses and firearms provided an important advantage; so did a murderous smallpox epidemic in 1520 that felled thousands of Aztecs. The alliance of dissident natives oppressed by Montezuma’s tyranny was also indispensable in overthrowing the Aztec ruler. From the Valley of Mexico, the Spanish extended their dominion over the Mayan people of the Yucatan and Guatemala in the next few decades.

In the second conquest, the intrepid Francisco Pizarro, marching from Panama through the jungles of Ecuador and into the towering mountains of Peru with a mere 168 men, most of them not even soldiers, toppled the Inca Empire. Like the Aztecs, the populous Incas lived in a highly organized social system. However, also like the Aztecs, they were riddled by smallpox and weakened by violent internal divisions. This ensured Pizarro’s success in capturing their capital at Cuzco in 1533. From there, Spanish soldiers marched farther afield, plundering other gold-and silver-rich Inca cities. Further expeditions into Chile, New Granda (Colombia), Argentina, and Bolivia in the 1530s and 1540s brought under Spanish control an empire larger than any in the Western World since the fall of Rome. By 1550, Spain had overwhelmed the major centers of native population throughout the Caribbean, Mexico, Central America, and the west coast of South America. Spanish ships carried gold, silver, dyewoods, and sugar east across the Atlantic and transported African slaves, colonizers, and finished goods west. In a brief half century, Spain had exploited the advanced in geographical knowledge and marine technology made by its Portuguese rivals and brought into harsh but profitable contact with each other the people of three continents. The triracial character of the Americas was already firmly established by the years 1600, African, European and Indians from the New World. For nearly a century after Christopher Columbus’s voyages, Spain enjoyed almost unchallenged dominion over the fabulous hemisphere newly revealed to Europeans, and avaricious buccaneers, of various nations, snapped at the heels of homeward-bound Spanish treasure fleets, with cargoes of sliver, but this was only considered a nuisance. France made gestures of contesting Spanish or Portuguese control by planting small settlements in Brazil and Florida in the mid-sixteenth century, but they were quickly wiped out. England remained island-bound until the 1580s. Until the seventeenth century, only Portugal, which staked out important claims in Brazil, in the 1520s, challenged Spanish dominations of New World.

Spanish conquest of major areas of the Americas set in motion tow of the far-reaching processes in modern history. The Columbian Exchange: Tlatoc, the Aztec rain god, hold a corn plant, one of the most important American contributions to the Columbian exchange, reports the Library of Congress. Maize and pineapple were among the Native American plants that expanded and enriched the European diet, reports the New York Public Library, Astor, Lenox, and Tilden Foundations. Among the animals European settlers brought to the Americas were long-haired steer. Descendants of these still survive today on Sable Island, off the coast of Nova Scotia. Europeans also brought barley, wheat, rice, citrus fruits, sugar cane, horses, pigs, sheep, goats, oxen, coffee, and bananas. As part of  bilateral trade, corn, potatoes, yams, beans, squash, peppers, tomatoes, tobacco, manioc, peanuts, pumpkins, pineapples, cacao, turkeys, guinea pigs, llamas, and alpacas were taken to Europe. However, with globalization comes prosperity, but there is also a negative side to the bilateral trade, as disease were also exchanged, Europe sent to American smallpox, measles, bubonic plague, influenza, typhus, diphtheria, and scarlet fever. Conversely, America transmitted hepatitis, yaws, and syphilis to Europe.

Aztec victims of smallpox, contracted during Cortes’s invasion of Tenochtitlan, in the 1520s, the sores were so terrible that the victims could not lay face down,…nor move from one side to the other. And when they tried to move even a little, they cried out in agony, reports the Bibluoteca Medices Laurenziana. Spanish contacts with the natives of the Caribbean basin, central Mexico, and Peru in the early sixteenth century triggered the most dramatic and disastrous population decline ever recorded in the history of the World, at that time. The population of the Americas, on the eve of European arrival had grown to an estimated 50 to 60 million or more. In some areas, such as central Mexico, the highlands of Peru, and certain Caribbean islands, population density exceeded that of most of Europe. However, they were less populous than the people of the Americas, the European colonizers had one extraordinary biological advantage over the Native Americans, Europeans were members of a population that had for centuries been exposed to nearly every lethal parasite that infects humans on an epidemic scales in the temperate zone. Therefore, over the centuries, Europeans had built up immunities to these diseases. Such biological defenses did not eliminate smallpox, measles, diphtheria, and other afflictions, but they limited their deadly power. In contrast, the people of the Americans had been geographically isolated from these diseases and kept no domesticated animals that were the host of most diseases. Arriving Europeans therefore unknowingly encountered a huge component of the human race that was utterly defenseless against the domesticated infections the explorers, traders, and settlers carried inside of their bodies. The results on Hispaniola were catastrophic. When Christopher Columbus arrived, a population of nearly one million people had existed, but by the year 1530, only a few thousand survivors were left. And in Central Mexico, there were about fifteen million inhabitants before Cortes’s arrival; seven million were felled by murderous microbes within fifteen years.  Demographic disaster also struck the populous Inca peoples of the Peruvian Andes, even racing ahead of Pizarro’s conquistadores. Smallpox spread over the people as great destruction, and old Spanish priest reported, in the 1520s. There was great havoc, Very many died of it. They could not stir, they could not change position, nor lay on one side, nor face down, nor on their backs. And if they stirred, much did they cry out…And very may starved; there was death from hunger, none could take care of the sick, this was worse than the Ebola epidemic.

I left the, and opened the door and went out onto the rear balcony. The breeze had picked up. The banana trees were dancing against the brick walls. I could see the white roses in the dark. An illicit fire burnt inside me.  The rose of Mary had, and the lily of the valleys, I whispered. Thou art all fair, my love, there is no spot in thee. How reverently the wind received these strange words.  After her husband’s death, Mary Cury Tressider resided in the upper floor of the Ahwahnee (gaping mouth). Following her demise, the guests feel Mary’s loving presence and sometimes see her shadowy form.  Some claim to see people, who appear out of nowhere, but when security comes they vanish. One guest counted fifty-seven dogs that they set to fighting under the windows, where he held services. The clergy, bigots, and hypocrites, stirred up the people, he charged. Ever after, the need to win converts and support institutions led to competition: free enterprise had come to the World of religion. Such terrifying sickness led to many natives to believe that their gods had failed them, and this belief left them ready to acknowledge the greater power if the Christian God that Spanish priests proclaimed. Long with the fresh accent on a personal experience, the voluntary spirit, and the freedom of choice that followed itineracy, the new movements left a legacy of competition for souls. There was a need for religion, polygamy was very common, celibacy was needed much more. Some complained that the wrong directions, being given to worshipers,  would cause them to lose their way, on the path to church services, and contended that once they stole the key to God’s meeting house.  Sometimes the critics poured whiskey to get his people drunk before worship. They used to hire lawless ruffians to insult him—which they did, telling him they wanted no one like him among them. In most areas where Europeans intruded in the hemisphere, for the next three centauries, the catastrophe repeated itself.  Whether Protestant or Catholic, whether French, English, Spanish, or Dutch, whether male or female, every new comer from the Old World participated accidentally in the spread of disease that typically eliminated, within a few generations, at least 66 percent of the native population. Millions of Native Americans, who never saw European, died of European diseases, which swept like a flash flood, through the densely populated regions. The enslavement and brutal treatment of the native people intensified the lethal effect of European diseases. After their spectacular conquests of the Incas and Aztecs, the Spanish enslaved thousands of native people and assigned them to work regimens that severely weakened their resistance to disease. Some priests like Bartolome de Las Casas waged lifelong campaigns to reduce the exploitation of the Indians, but they had only limited power to control the actions of their colonizing compatriots.

Silver, Sugar, and their consequences; the small amount of gold that Christopher Columbus brought to the household, from his explorations of the West Indies, raised hopes that this metal, which along with silver formed the standard of wealth in Europe, might be found in the transatlantic paradise. Some gold was gleaned from, the Caribbean islands and later from Colombia, Brazil, and Peru. However, though men pursued it fanatically to the far corners of the hemisphere, more than three centuries would pass before they found gold in windfall quantities on the North American Pacific slope and in the Yukon. It was silver that proved most abundant—so plenteous, in fact, that when bonanza strikes were made in Bolivia in 1545 and then in northern Mexico in the next decade, much of Spain’s New World enterprise focused on its extraction. The Spanish empire in America, for most of the sixteenth century, was a vast mining community. Native and African slaves provided the first labor supply for the mines. The Spaniards permitted the highly organized Indian societies to maintain control of their own communities, but exacted from them huge labor drafts, for mining. By imposing themselves at a highly stratified social order that had previously been organized around tributary labor, the Spanish enriched themselves beyond the dreams of even the most visionary explorers. At Potosi, in Bolivia, 58,000 workers labored at elevations of up to 13,000 feet to extract the precious metal from a fabulous Sugarloaf Mountain of silver, the town’s population reached 120,000 by 1570, making it larger than any in Spain, at the time. Thousands of other workers toiled in the mines of Zacatecas, Taxco, and Guanajuato. By 1660, they had scooped up more than 7 million pounds of sliver from the Americas, tripling the entire European supply.  In the 200 years after Christopher Columbus’s voyages, the population of England more than doubled, while declining wages created increasing pressure to move to the Americans.

The massive flow of bullion from the Americas to Europe triggered profound changes. It financed further conquests and settlement in Spain’s American empire, spurred long-distance trading in luxury items such as skills and spiced from the Far East, and capitalized agriculture development in the New World of sugar, coffee, cacao, and indigo. The bland diet of Europeans gradually changed as items such as sugar and spices, previously luxury articles for the wealthy, became accessible to ordinary people. The enormous increase of sliver in circulation in Europe after the mid-sixteenth century also caused a price revolution. As the supply of silver increased faster than the volume of goods and services that Europeans could produce, the value of metal declined. Put differently, prices rose. Between 1550 and 1600, they doubled in many parts of Europe and then rose another 50 percent in the next half century. Land-owing farmers got more for their produce, and merchants thrived on the increased circulation of goods, However, artisans, labors, and landless agricultural workers ( the vast majority of the population) suffered because their wages did not keep pace with rising prices. Skilled artisans, lamented one of the first English immigrants to America, live in such a low condition as is little better than beggary. Overall, the price revolution brought a major redistribution of wealth and increased the number of people in Western Europe living at the margins of society. It thus built up the pressure to emigrate to the Americas, Europe’s new frontier. At the same time, rising prices stimulated commercial development. Expansion overseas fed expansion at home and intensified changes toward capitalist modes of production already under way in the sixteenth century. While the Spaniards organized their overseas empire around the extraction of sliver from the highlands of Mexico, Bolivia, and Peru, the Portuguese staked their future on sugar production in the lowlands of Brazil. Spanish colonial agriculture supplied the huge mining centers, but the Portuguese, adapting techniques of cultivation worked out earlier on their Atlantic islands, produced sugar for the export market.

Whereas the Spanish mining operations rested primarily on the backs of the native labor force, the low land Portuguese sugar planters scattered the indigenous people and replaced them with platoons of African slaves. By 1570, this regimented work force was producing nearly 6 million pounds of sugar annually. However, the 1630s, output had risen to 32 million pounds per year. High in calories, but low in protein, the sweet drug food revolutionized the tastes of millions of Europeans and caused the oceanic transport of millions of African slaves to the coast of Brazil and later to Colombia, Ecuador, and Peru.  From Brazil, sugar production jumped to the island-speckled Caribbean.  Here, in the early seventeenth century, England, Holland, and France challenged Spain and Portugal for the riches of the New World. Once they secured a foothold in the West Indies, Spain’s enemies stood at the gates of the Hispanic New World Empire. This ushered in a long period of conflict beyond the line—where European treaties had no force. Through contraband trading with Spanish settlements, piratical attacks on Spanish treasure fleets, and outright seizure of Spanish-controlled islands, the Dutch, French, and English in the seventeenth century gradually sapped the strength of the first European empire outside of Europe. Most are unaware, but William Clark romanticizes gang labor in the sugar fields of the British West Indies by decorously clothing men and women in trousers, jackets, and skirts.  In reality, enslaved Africans worked seminaked under the punishing sun. However, this depiction accurately reflects the use of female labor in the holing, planting, and harvesting of sugar cane.

 

 

She smiled, a broad and hopeful smile. Tell me about America. Still, I pretended not to understand How to explain? I stumbled for an excuse. It has all been said. Maybe the wrong things have been said. Great reforms must be gradual. It is easier to tear down than to build up. What revolutions may occur in a short space of time to overthrow the best form plans for happiness, no one ever thought of turning a sword into a sponge. When things are at worst, they will mend. The many people of African, who were to supply at least 66 percent of all the immigrants, who crossed the ocean to the Western Hemisphere, in the three centuries after Europeans began colonizing there, came from a rich diversity of cultures; however, many of them shared certain ways of life that differentiated them from Europeans. As in Europe, the family was the basic unit of social organization. Unlike Europe, however, African societies were organized in a variety of kinship and political systems.   In many African societies, as in many Native American ones, the family was matrilineal. Property rights and political inheritance descended through the mother rather than the father. West Africans believed in a supreme creator of the cosmos and in an assortment of lesser deities associated with natural forces such as rain, fertility, and animal life.

 Because these deities could intervene in human affairs, they were elaborately honored. Also, like most North African (Egyptian) and North American Indian societies, the people of West Africa held that spirits dwelt in the trees, rocks, and rivers around them, and hence, they exercised care in the treatment of these natural objects. In Africa and Europe, ancestors were also worshipped, for they mediated between the Creator and the living Earth. Because those who are in Heaven played such an important role for living, relatives held elaborate funeral rites to ensure the proper entrance of deceased relative into the spiritual World. The more ancient an ancestor, the greater was this person’s power to affect the living; thus the ancient ones were devoutly worshipped. Deep family loyalty and regard for family lineage flowed naturally from this ancestor worship. The increase of manners from barbarity to good breeding is as imperceptible as the hand of a clock. Our misdeeds do not change us. Social organization in much of West Africa, by the time the Europeans arrived, was as elaborate as in fifteenth-century Europe. At the upper echelons of society stood the nobility and the priests, usually men of advanced age. Beneath the, were the great masses of people. Most of them were famers, craftsmen, lawyers, doctors, merchants, teachers, and artist. Most of society resided workers. As in ancient Greece and Rome, they were immigrants—political prisoners, citizen, or sometimes individuals who sold themselves into servitude to satisfy a debt. Indentured servants cooked for the royals, and kept peace in the Kingdom of Ghana.

Nevertheless, as members of the community, they were entitled to protection under the law and allowed the privileges of education, marriage, and parenthood.  Their servile condition was not permanent, nor was it an automatic process inherited by their children, as would be the fate of Africans enslaved in the Americas.  The restless love of change, which forms so legitimate a portion of our original nature, it is more useful capacity to be able to foretell the actions of people in any circumstances, from their character, then to judge of their characters from their actions.  The rebirth of Western Europe, which began around A.D. 1000, owed much to a revival of long-distance trading from Italian ports, on the Mediterranean, and the rediscovery of ancient knowledge that these contracts permitted. The once might cities of the Roman Empire had stagnated for centuries, but now Venice, Genoa, and other Italian ports began trading with people facing Adriatic, the Baltic, and the North Sea. These new contracts brought wealth and power to the Italian commercial cities, which gradually evolved into merchant-dominated city-states that freed themselves from the rule of feudal lords in control of the surrounding countryside. While merchants led the emerging city-states, Western Europe’s mediaeval system was gradually weakening. For centuries, feudal lords, not kings, had exercised the normal powers of the state—the power to tax, wage war, and administer the law. In the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries, however, kings began to reassert their political authority and to undertake efforts to unify their realms.

One of their primary goals was to curb the power of the great lords, who dominated entire regions, and to force lesser nobles into dependence on and obedience to the crown. The Black Death (bubonic plague) that devastated Western Europe and African in 1348 and 1349, promoted the unification the unification of old realms into early modern states. The plague killed one-third of the population, a blow from which Europe did not recover demographically for centuries.  In Spain, the bloody expulsion of the Muslims and the Jews, in 1492 strengthened the monarchy’s hold, but regional cultures and leaders remained strong. Whatever, in Truth, makes a man’s heart warmer, and his soul purer, is a belief not a knowledge.  The stars of the Heaven are not t marked distances, there is a concealed regularity, order and proportion in al that affects. The mind remains cold where there is nothing that surprises and comes unexpectedly upon. Good fences preserve good neighbors.  The eye is hurt by what it is not accustomed to see. Our minds, like our bodies, are in continual flux; something is hourly lost, and something acquired. I seemed to feel a new man inside my old new skin, and I longed for a new World. Quickly printed and distributed throughout Europe, Christopher Columbus’s report brought him financing between 1494 and 1504 for three vast expeditions to explore newfound land. The second voyage, carrying over 1,200 Spanish slaves, in 17 ships, initiated the first contact between Europeans and Native Americans, so Spanish people are originally Native Americans, and not truly Caucasian Europeans.

 The true Europeans are Germans, British, French, Russians, Norwegians and the Swedish.  Italians and Spanish are a mixture of European, Native American and Africans, they are Mediterranean people.   Nonetheless, in an ominous display of what was to come, Christopher Columbus’s men captured some 1,600 Tainos on Hispaniola and carried 550 of them back to Spain as slaves, in 1495. Tragically, only 350 survived the stormy voyage to Spain. Here began the Atlantic slave trade that would alter the history of the World, through it began in the reverse direction of what would soon become its dominant flow. Although at the time his discoveries seemed less significant than the Portuguese exploits in the South Atlantic, Christopher Columbus led Spain to the threshold of a mighty empire. He repeated few rewards, however, dying unnoticed and penniless in 1506. To the end, Christopher Columbus believed that he had found the water route to Asia. The expansions of Spain and Portugal, into new areas of the World, profoundly affected patterns of economic activity, in Europe, and its commercial center now shifted away from the ports of the Mediterranean to the Atlantic ports facing the New World (America). The new World also beckoned as a field of political contest. The heavily populated Americas offered millions of potential Christian converts. However, the Catholic-Protestant division, within Christianity, complicated Christian dreams of converting the heathen continent of America. The people of Western Europe, at precisely the time they were unlocking the secrets of the New Worlds, to the East and West, in the sixteenth century, were being torn by administrative divisions, which magnified the era’s national rivalries.

 At the heart of Europe’s political strife was a continental movement to cleanse the House of God of corrupt practices and return it to the purer ways of the ancient Christianity, as practiced by the early Christians. While criticism of the Worldliness of the Catholic Church mounted during the Renaissance, a German holy man, Martin Luther, became the first to break successfully with Rome and initiate a Protestant Reformation of theology and practice. As Protestant sects multiplied, a Catholic Reformation grew up within the church, and the two groups began a long battle for the souls of Europeans. Martin Luther was preparing for a legal career, in 1505, when a bolt of lightning nearly struck him during a violent thunderstorm. Trembling with fear, Martin Luther promised to men a man of God and good faith, he believed that salvation came through an inward faith, or grace that God conferred on those he chose. People who are always unhappy and spreading gossip, hardship, and hatred are kin of the Devil, not God. Good works, Martin Luther, believed, did not earn grace, but were only the external evidence of grace won through faith. Martin Luther’s demand for reform soon inspired Germans of all classes.  Martin Luther attacked the clergy for luxurious living and urged celibate (Do Not have sex before marriage or your soul will likely be tormented on Earth) prelates to marry.

 Martin Luther also railed against the detestable tyranny of the clergy over the laity and called for priesthood of all believers. He urged people to seek faith individually by reading the Bible, which he translated into German and made widely available for the first time, for the public, free of charge and in print. This was a ringing appeal to every Christian and every American, and everyone on the planet to form a direct, personal relationship with God. Human beings are becoming too depraved to know or alter this predestination, God has saved a few souls at random, before creation, and dammed the rest because he predicted that they would never be worth anything of value, but good Christians must struggle to believe in their hearts and minds that they are saved by their thoughts and actions. Free will, people choose to be good or bad. Remakes the corrupt World around you and follow God’s will, communities of saints must control the states, not the other way around. Focus on fine-tuned system of self-discipline and social control. The critics of God, however, a council of 12 members, drove people away from the church. They stripped the House of God of its rigidly disciplined daily life, and the appeal to the sense– by removing images, tearing down ornate Castles of God, breaking art glass windows, silencing the music, putting out the good aroma of incense, and vandalizing the colorful clerical vestments.

 They were greedy buccaneers, trying to overthrow religion and the government and combine the two. That is why America has a separation of Church and state, they do not want religious political leaders acting as God.  The inexorable law of human souls, which we prepare ourselves for sudden deeds, by reiterated choice of good or evil, which gradually determines character, and when you find me a virtuous jockey, I will find you a benevolent wise man because good company upon the road makes always the shortest cut. Little souls will find another out, and mingle, as well as like great ones. Keeping witty company sharpeneth the apprehension. People of fortune choose their company. Every object is best viewed by contrast. Comparison is touchstone of truth. Her hand was so close to mine now that we are almost touching. We strive for perfection, it is not about what you did in the past, but what you are currently doing. The talk surely did help, I glanced at her, she was smiling, not with pity, but with compassion, curiosity. I felt something crack inside of me. So intense, so profound was the feeling, I felt as if I had been burned. And in that very moment, somehow there was promise that there was an entire life to be lived if I could only take a chance. I can still recall the sense of possibility that came over me then, a kind of lightness. Every sinew, every muscle, every vein in my body seemed suddenly to vibrate, to be alive.

 

 

Men typically pursue honor in order to assure themselves of their own worth. However, a society which derogates women produces envious mothers, who produce narcissistic males, who are prone to derogate women. Maternal revenge, also known as penis envy, is an attitude justified by several considerations. If women are derogated in a society, it seems reasonable to assume that their resentment would focus on differentiating sexual characteristics. This behavior would be particularly accentuated in a society, in which male exhibitionism was encouraged and female exhibitionism prohibited. The female child sometimes assumes that her brother is a far more important and valued being than herself. In the past, vicious and wronged females, uses to focus on the aggressor and they would do their best to get feminine revenge, which is designed to render the male victim impotent. However, now days, women who have been wronged will often times target innocent, harmless men, because there is less of a chance that these men will try to get revenge, after a woman ruins their life. By attacking an innocent man, some of these women feel they have achieved justice and helped to restore balance in the World. Whatever, in Truth, makes a man’s heart warmer, and his soul purer, is a belief not knowledge.

And nothing is more flattering, to the pride and the hopes of man, than the belief in a future state.  There is a common derision, which jaded women adhere to, they believe that even at a young age, that the small boy’s narcissism is so centered in the genitals, as men are always preoccupied with penis size and potency. The adjective castrating (physically or verbally) has come to be applied popularly, to women, who ridicule or disparage male pretensions. The women who have an unpleasant disposition, also like to aggravate tensions between the sexes, in an effort to form an aversion to the male sex, so that they can injure his pride, and make him doubt himself, until he becomes a hopeless failure or commits subside. And be honest, not all men are bad, and yes, they are proud of their genital organs, to men, it is something to be honored. These women are most careful to avoid touching or even mentioning the penis, but they tend to carelessly cress the male’s buttocks. They also take an excessive interest in the child’s defecatory acts. As a result, the young man is thus forced into a new orientation of his libido. Either it is transferred from the genital to the anal zone, or the young man is impelled towards a member of his own sex—his father, in the first instance—to whom he fees himself bound, by a bond, which is quite comprehensible to us.

At the same time, the young man becomes distrustful of women, and later on, they may constantly be ready to criticize, very severely, the perceived weakness of the female sex, as no one protected them, they feel unsafe around women, and know that men may hurt them, but are less likely to try and physically or figuratively castrate them. And psychologically, these young men will usually have great control of their bowls, but may struggle over bladder control, as a child. In ancient Greece, this is process of infibulation, is conceivably the reason many Greeks centered their erotic interest in the buttocks to an unusual extent, forming homosexual attachments. When young man’s phallic exhibitionism is rejected by women, instead of negative cathecting an organ that seems worthless, the boy negatively cathects his entire body, as if it were a penis. Basically, predatory women latch on to good men, at a young age, and torture them because they (the women) have been hurt, so they inflict the pain on good guys to the point that the man grows up feeling dejected and worthless and generally uneasy around most women.  There have been studied done on women (mothers or sisters) who are so domineering, that they make their son’s or brothers perform (pretend to be happy and loving and like life is perfect) for guest, on every possible occasion, and they treat the young man’s body as their own property, for example giving him frequent enemas.

The patient, who was terrified of women, and in particular of the vagina, was absorbed in homosexual fantasies involving young blonde men, without pubic hair. Women think of these men as an extension of themselves, as her penis. The aggressive, mocking and sneering way, in which women treat these young men, led to a passive homosexual orientation toward the father (or men who look like their fathers), since every approach to a woman meant there was something evil or sexual in nature awaiting them. These men felt like they were being used and could not defend themselves against the sexual tension that women put off. Since bitter women’s hostility is focused on the phallus, her displeasure is avoided by generalizing phallic narcissism to the male body. Furthermore, the young man’s separation from women is problematic—both desperately desired and as desperately feared (straight pornography is better than homosexual pornography, however, some men are not comfortable watching women have sex, because of how they have been treated and the things that have been said, so some men see heterosexual pornography as an assault on women, and it is a total turn off) and the whole-body orientation expressed both of these feelings: his body is integral, intact, yet simply a part of hers.

Therefore, a young man may become obsessed with Greek and Victorian architecture and culture because of displacement of exhibitionistic tendencies, from the genitals to the whole body, is expressed in Greek sculpture, particularly in representations of Heracles, with a small de-emphasized penis and his intense concentration on secondary sexual characteristics. The connections between these various components produces a young man who could be celibate (as he is confused and has been abused), one who is misogynistic (distrust or hatred toward women), may lead to homosexuality, and an attraction to men who look like his father. These women are part of a homosexual pattern, and they process young men and turn them gay. Otherwise, if these men try to fight who they have become, it may drive them to mental illnesses, such as schizophrenia.  Schizophrenia is what experts call the double blind. A double blind is said to occur when a mother, or one acting as mother, deals with ambivalent feelings, by explicitly or covertly directing the child to respond to two contradictory ideas (you are a man, you are supposed to be strong, yet you are weak and inferior to women, and pushing him for failure to do either. And calling this man gay, a female, or a dog, even before he figures out what he wants, is even more detrimental.

These damaged women are basically telling boys , “You must be a strong and adult male, treat me as a woman, and by your conspicuous male achievements, express my own aspirations. You must not aspire to maleness nor flaunt your masculinity before me nor remind me that I am a woman. You must not desert me nor dispute my authority, nor find any contradictions in my demands.” In essence, these women have become the third-party God, from the Bible, evil, jealous, vindictive and wanting to be fear, but viewed as benevolent. The bonding with men is not just sexual, in nature, these young men may really be looking for love and acceptance and cannot find that with women, or are rejected by some good women, which is their right, so they turn to men and are often times confused and view homosexual sex as love. And this is why a lot of homosexual young men, who do not express themselves have schizophrenic tendencies.  Schizophrenia is the commonest psychotic reaction, and there are many forms of it. In general, schizophrenia involves withdrawal from reality, disturbances in thinking, and emotional distortion or flatness (things look two-dimensional, rather real).

The person has one personality, but it is badly disorganized, and not very much in contact with reality. Reality becomes too painful for the individual to deal with. The result is silliness, laughter, and bizarre or obscene behavior. Alone with withdraw, social isolation, and odd behavior. For this to occur there must have been destructive unconscious impulses toward male children that were very strong. However, the male child was thus of vital importance to the wife—her principal source of prestige and validation, which caused the female children to view themselves as an economic liability or social burden (i.e., guarding their chastity), of which they were, in any case, only a temporary member, which makes the female children become callous and disparaging toward their brother because not only is her perceived as a favorite, but he also still has his virtue. Nonetheless, women are important, they are supposed to marry well, to keep the family wealthy, not steal from the family and give the money to an outsider she chooses to marry.  Yet, the mother-daughter bond was not enough to keep these women from hating their brother, probably because they have gender issues and have a male mind program, not one of a female. Human beliefs, like all other natural growths, elude the barriers of a system.