Outside the kingdom of the Lord there is no nation which is greater than any other. God and history will remember your judgment. Many writers hold that fair equality of opportunity would have grave consequences. They believe that some sort of hierarchical social structure and a governing class with pervasive hereditary features are essential for public good. Political power should be exercised by humans experienced in, and educated from childhood to assume, the constitutional traditions of their society, humans whose ambitions are moderated by the privileges and amenities of their assured position. Otherwise the stakes become too high and those lacking in culture and conviction contend with one another to control the power of the states for their narrow ends. Thus it is believed that the great families of the ruling stratum contribute by the wisdom of their political rule to the general welfare from generation to generation. And restrictions on equality of opportunity such as primogeniture are essential to insure a landed class especially suited to political rule in virtue of its independence from the state, the quest for profit, and manifold contingencies of civil society. #RandolphHarris 1 of 22

Privileged family and property arrangements prepare those favoured by them to take a clearer view of the universal interest for the benefit of the whole society. Of course, one need not favour anything like a rigidly stratified system; one may maintain to the contrary that it is essential for the vigour of the governing class that persons of unusual talents should be able to make their way into it and be fully accepted. However, this proviso is compatible with denying the principle of fair opportunity. Now to be consistent with the priority of fair opportunity over the difference principle, it is not enough to argue that the whole of society including the least favoured benefit from certain restrictions on equality of opportunity. We must also clam that the attempt to eliminate these inequalities would so interfere wit the social system and the operations of the economy that in the long run anyway the opportunities of the disadvantaged would be even more limited. The priority of fair opportunity, as in the parallel case of the priority of liberty, means that we must appeal to the chances given to those with the lesser opportunity. We must hold that a wider range of more desirable alternatives is open to them than otherwise would be the case. #RandolphHarris 2 of 22

The less definite claim that all of society benefits suffices only when circumstances justify giving up the lexical ordering and moving to an intuitive balancing of fair opportunity against social and economic benefits. These circumstances may or may not require us to abandon the lexical ordering of the principles of justice as well. The two orderings may come into play at different times. I shall not pursue these complications further. We should however note that although the internal life and culture of the culture of the family influence, perhaps as much as anything else, a child’s motivation and one’s capacity to gain from education, and so in turn one’s life prospects, these effects are not necessarily inconsistent with fair equality opportunity. Even in a well-ordered society that satisfies the two principles of justice, the family may be a barrier to equal chances between individuals. For as I have defined it, the second principle only requires equal life prospects in all sectors of society for those similarly endowed and motivated. If there are variations among families in the same sector in how they shape the child’s aspirations, then while fair equality of opportunity may obtain between sectors, equal chances between individuals will not. #RandolphHarris 3 of 22

This possibility raises the questions as to how far the notion of equality of opportunity can be carried out; but I defer comment on this until later. I shall only remark here that following the difference principle and the priority rules it suggests reduces the urgency to achieve perfect equality of opportunity. I shall not examine whether there are sound arguments overriding the principle of fair equality of opportunity in favour of a hierarchical class structure. These matters are not part of the theory of justice. The relevant point is that while such contentions may sometimes appear self-serving and hypocritical, they have the right form when they exemplify the general conception of justice as it is to be interpreted in the light of the difference principle and the lexical ordering to which it tends. Infringements of fair equality of opportunity are not justified by a greater sum of advantages enjoyed by others or by society as a whole. If these inequalities were removed, the claim (whether correct or not) must be that the opportunities of the least favoured sectors of the community would be still more limited. One is to hold that they are not unjust, since the conditions for achieving the full realization of the principles of justice do not exist. #RandolphHarris 4 of 22

Having noted these cases of priority, each person is to have an equal right to the most extensive total system of equal basic liberties compatible with a similar system of liberty for all. Social and economic inequalities are to be arranged so that they are both: to the greatest benefit of the least advantaged, consistent with the just saving principle, and attached to offices and positions open to all under conditions of fair and equality of opportunity. Frist Priority Rule (The Priority of Liberty)—the principles of justice are to be ranked in lexical order and therefore liberty can be restricted only for the sake of liberty. There are two cases: a less extensive liberty must strengthen the total system of liberty shared by all; a less than equal liberty must be acceptable to those with lesser liberty. Second Priority Rule (The Priority of Justice over Efficiency and Welfare)—the second principle of justice is lexically prior to the principle of efficiency and to that of maximizing the sum of advantages; and fair opportunity is prior to the difference principle. There are two cases: an inequality of opportunity must enhance the opportunity of those with the lesser opportunity; and excessive rate of saving must on balance mitigate the burden of those bearing this hardship. #RandolphHarris 5 of 22

General Conception: All primary goods—liberty and opportunity, income and wealth, and the bases of self-respect are to be distributed equally unless an unequal distribution of any or all of these goods is to the advantage of the least favoured. By way of comment, these principles and priority rules are no doubt incomplete. Other modifications will surely have to be made, but I shall not further complicate the statement of the principles. It suffices to observe that when we come to nonideal theory, we do not fall back straightway upon the general conception of justice. The lexical ordering of the two principles, and the valuations that this ordering implies, suggest priority rules which seem to be reasonable enough in many cases. By various examples I have tried to illustrate how these rules can be used and to indicate their plausibility. Thus the ranking of the principles of justice in ideal theory reflects back and guides the application of these principles to nonideal situations. It identifies with limitations need to be dealt with first. The drawback of the general conception of justice is that it lacks the definite structure of the two principles in serial order. In more extreme and tangled instances of nonideal theory there may be no alternative to it. #RandolphHarris 6 of 22

At some point the priority of rules for nonideal cases will fail; and indeed, we may be able to find no satisfactory answer at all. However, we must try to postpone the day of reckoning as long as possible, and try to arrange society so that it never comes. Sometimes old political cronies have the hardest time, for they cannot figure out why a conservative Republican would go against President Donald Trump. “Trump,” once officer hold shrugs, sighing in resignation, “well, he has just gone radical, that is all.” Gone radical. What a great term for it. Unfortunately, “radical” has taken on unpleasant, even nasty connotations in modern times. It suggests something un-American, like the violent protesters in 2020 who had riots all over America, for months on end, leading to the loss of many lives and hundreds of millions of dollars in destruction. These fiery-eyed extremists were upset and wanted their voices to be heard. However, the word “radical” comes from the Latin radix meaning “the root” or “the fundamental.” So it simply means going back to the original source or “getting to the root of things.” Indeed, in a World where values are being shaped by the fleeting fantasies of secular humanism, it is radical to stand for the fundamental truth of God, to go to the “root,” the Word of God. #RandolphHarris 7 of 22

Love can forbear, and Love can forgive…but Love can never be reconciled to an unlovely object…He can never therefore be reconciled to your sin, because sin itself is incapable of being altered; but He may be reconciled to your person, because that may be restored. Believers today have many ancestral radicals in their family tree. In fact, the kingdom of God is full of them. John Wesley passionately argued that there could be “no holiness but social holiness….[and] to turn [Christianity] into a solitary religion is to destroy it.” Dr. Wesley was branded a radical for his famed St. Mary’s speech, an angry, but accurate denunciation of one’s fellow Oxford faculty members for their weak-kneed faith (he was never invited to speak there again). Later he captured the essence of radical holiness when he wrote: “Making an open stand against all the ungodliness and unrighteousness, which overspreads our land as a flood, is one of the noblest ways of confessing Christ in the face of His enemies.” Also, Dr. William Wilberforce has had a profound impact on my Christian life. That is why I refer so consistently to his radical stand for Christ in his culture and why I quote so often from a letter written by John Wesley to Wilberforce—then a recent convert. Dr. Wesley, who was to die only days later, commissioned Dr. Wilberforce to lead the radical campaign against slavery. #RandolphHarris 8 of 22

 I have carried this excerpt from Dr. Wesley’s letter in my Bible for the past seven years: “Unless the Divine Power has raised you up to be as Athanasius, contra mundum, I see not how you can go through your glorious enterprise in opposing that execrable villainy which is the scandal of religion, of England, and of human nature. Unless God has raised you up for this very thing, you will be worn out by the opposition of humans and devils, but if God be for you, who can be against you? Are all of them together stronger than God? Oh, be not weary in well doing. Go on, in the name of God and in the power of His might, till even American slavery, the vilest that ever saw the sun, shall vanish away before it.” Dr. Wilberforce took his stand, at first but a single, lonely voice against a business that was the mainstay of the lucrative West Indies trade, employing some 5,500 sailors and 160 ships worth 6,000,000 pounds sterling a year. For twenty years the radical Dr. Wilberforce, later joined by a small group of Christian friends known as the Clapham Sect, fought the economic and political might of the British Empire. In the end, righteousness prevailed, and for the next half century a mighty revival swept across England and the New World. Contra mundum. Against the World. Radicals. Radical stands do, however, lead us into the briar patch of thorny questions about the Christian’s role in government and politics. #RandolphHarris 9 of 22

First comes the issue of evil disobedience. When it directs them contrary to God’s law, many Christians must disobey their government. Yet Scripture plainly commands us to obey civil laws and to be in subjection to governing authorities. Is not this a clear conflict? No. However, to resolve it requires understanding a major biblical purpose of government. The origin of government goes back to humanity’s first sin, when to keep rebellions Adam and Eve away from the Tree of Life, Gd stationed an angel with flaming sword at the entrance to the Garden; this was, so to speak, the first officer on the beat. Thereafter the Bible makes clear that government was established as God’s means for restraining human’s sin. Avaricious as it is by nature, government has today strayed far from its biblical purposes; it is hard to imagine how subsidizing college professors or controlling tobacco crops, laudable though such ventures may seem, can be considered as necessary for preserving order and maintaining justice. So the Christian, when weighing one’s biblical responsibility toward governments, may draw ethical distinctions between a government’s exercise of a clear biblical mandate and the exercise of some illegitimate function. God’s people are enjoined to submit to those in authority not because governments are inherently sanctified, but because the alterative is anarchy. In its sinfulness, humanity would quickly destroy itself. #RandolphHarris 10 of 22

Government, then, is biblically ordained for the purpose of preserving order, but, as Francis Schaeffer writes, “God has ordained that State as a delegated authority; it is not autonomous.” So when government violates what God clearly commands, it exceeds its authority. At that point, the Christian is no longer bound to be in submission, but can be compelled to open and active disobedience. Dr. Carl Henry sums up the Christian duty: “If a government puts itself above the norms of civilized society, it can be disobeyed and challenged in view of the revealed will of God; if it otherwise requires what conscience disallows, one should inform government and be ready to take the consequences.” John Knox, the great Scottish lawyer and theologian, advocated Christian revolution under such circumstances—to the shock of the Christian World of the sixteenth century. Furthermore, the Bible provides clear precedence for civil disobediences. Moses’ parents are cited approvingly for their decision to hide their child from Egyptian officials, as are Daniel and his friends for their refusal to bow before the statue of Nebuchadnezzar. In the days following Pentecost, Peter and John defied the orders of the Sanhedrin, the Jewish governing body, who ordered the disciples to stop speaking of Jesus. #RandolphHarris 11 of 22

Most cases are not this clear-cut; of course, and therefore the Christian response can never be made lightly or automatically. Only after seeking every other remedy, after prayer, consultation with Christian brothers and sisters, and a thorough search of Scripture should civil disobedience be employed. The second thorny question is whether man and women who seek to be faithful to Christ can serve in public office. My answer is yes. For if Christ is not only truth, but the truth of life and all creation, then Christians belong in the political arena, just as they belong in all legitimate fields and activities, that “the blessings of God might show forth in every area of life,” to quote the great Puritan pastor Dr. Cotton Mather. Indeed, it is the Christian’s duty to see that God’s standards of righteousness are upheld in the governing process. This may be accomplished from within the structures themselves or from the outside by organizing public pressure to influence the system. Or, it may have to be done as President Trump did by taking a stand in open defiance of the system. This, then, leads us to the third and perhaps the thorniest questions: can Christians be vigorous advocates for justice and morality without destroying the separation of church and state? The New Testament is clear: there is to be no merger of church and state until Christ returns and the kingdoms of this World become “the kingdom of our Lord and of his Christ.” #RandolphHarris 12 of 22

However, we can make our country the Kingdom of God and wrap Christianity in our national flag. This is one nation under God, indivisible, with liberty and justice for all. Yet, keep in mind that Christianity’s goal is not power, but justice. We are to seek to make the institutions of power just, without being corrupted by the process necessary to do this. It requires a delicate balance, and Deity is our role model: God in His sheer power could have crushed Satan in his revolt by the use of that sufficient power. However, because of God’s character, justice came before the use of power alone. Therefore Christ died that justice, rooted in what God is, would be the solution…Christ’s example, because of who He is, is our standard, our rule, or measure. Therefore power is not first, but justice is first in society and law. All my life I sought money, power, success because they were the keys to life—or so I thought—to security. I was influenced, like most people of the 2020 pandemic and those of the Great Depression, by memories of breadlines and parents worrying whether there would be enough money for food, mortgage, rent, transportation, medical bills, water and electricity. The vision of the American dream drove this immigrant’s great, great grandson and I believed with determination, education, and hard work I could become successful. #RandolphHarris 13 of 22

Money and property were the keys to the kingdom where I could lock the door against poverty, want, fear, and insecurity. Law school only deepened my convictions about the importance of private property. (In the post-war era, property courses in law school outnumbered courses about individual rights by at least 4 to 1; there were, incidentally, no courses on ethics. Then, I discovered that practicing law like most businesses: the most desirable clients were those able to play the most. So I began to spend my time almost exclusively with corporate executives or individuals with resources. I became convinced that law—justice, that is—functioned to protect the individual’s property and to act as the ultimate arbitrator in a mercantile society. Thus I saw my mission to be one of using my persuasive abilities in Congress or in the courts on behalf of those whose economic interests I represented (and by whom, not incidentally, I was very well paid). Justice was, in short, the sum of the riles and policies I tried to shape. When I moved into politics, my task was not really any different, expect my clients became the politicians I served, the political convictions I had formed, the party platform, and those whose campaign contributions or influence could get them through the most imposing security of the White House gates. I guess 6 January 2021 changed all that.  #RandolphHarris 14 of 22

I used to scoff at the protestors who could not get through those gates. “Law is not made in the street but in the halls of government,” was a favourite expression of President Trump. A nice way of saying that justice was determined by those of us who controlled the levers of political power. Ultimately, of course, I saw justice as the instrument for removing from society, and punishing, those who refused or were unable to live by the rules people like myself made. To be sure I had fundamental convictions about individual liberty and, as a student of Dr. Locke and Dr. Jefferson, believed deeply in human’s inalienable rights and the preservation of individual freedoms. However, my basis for judgment (as well as the causes and individuals I fought for) was almost entirely subjective, hence dangerously vulnerable to every whim and passion. The brighter I became, the more dangerous I was; the more power I acquired, the more power, or as some might say witchcraft, acquired me. For me, my view of life was through such narrow openings as the elegantly draped windows of McMansions, and my vistas were of lush green laws, a forest of trees, manicured bushes, beautiful roses and flowers and proud edifices housing the corridors of power. #RandolphHarris 15 of 22

However, I started to see a breakdown of power when the media and social media was able to censor the president, but no one sensors the reporters spewing lies like an erupting volcano in Hawaii. Yet, it is in the breakdown of power rather than in its triumph that humans may discern its true nature and in awareness of their own inadequacy when confronted with such a breakdown that they can best understand who and what they are. I met a man, a former small-town bank president doing three years for a first offense conviction of $3,000.00 tax fraud. So deep were the wounds of years of fruitless appeals that his face was drawn and gaunt. He was the first flesh-and-blood casualty I met of the great economic wars targeting the wealth, rich, famous, and up-and-coming. I thought, he must have ran afoul of one of those quirks or loopholes engineered in the Internal Revenue Code. I also met a filling station owner, he was doing six months for having cashed a customer’s $84 check which was later proved to be stolen. First offense, too. His harsh sentence was the result of some ambitious prosecutor making a name for himself and a judge with a mean streak and a reputation for impulsiveness and senility. #RandolphHarris 16 of 22

A moon-faced African American bloke with doleful eyes came to talk with me, insisting he did not know what his sentence was. Certainly he was playing dumb to win my sympathy and legal assistance, I brushed him aside. Some days later, to my astonishment, I discovered he was sincere. A court-appointed lawyer had given him twenty minutes, persuaded him to plead guilty to a charge of knowingly purchasing stolen property, and marched him terrified and handcuffed before a judge who mumbled something about not knowing anything about the case, four years to life and cracked the gavel with that sound no defendant ever forgets, then laughed about winning. This young man, who had never been in jail before, had spent the next thirty days fending for his life, crouched in the corner of a holding cell jail. For weeks after arriving at the prison, he cowered like a dog who had been beaten. These men were not exceptions. Most of those in the prison were poor; of if they had had any money, it had been wiped out by their enormous trial costs. I had seen such despair and suffering, that I began to see through the eyes of the powerless. A young blonde mother, and her two platinum blonde boys had their mansion foreclosed on because their father never returned from work. Aaliyah’s plane crashed killing her and nine others, and just days later the Twin Towers in New York were knocked down, killings over 3,300 people. #RandolphHarris 17 of 22

I began to understand why God views society not through the princes of power, but through the eyes of the sick and needy, the oppressed and downtrodden. I began to realize why in demanding justice God spoke not through the easily corrupted kings, but through peasant prophets who in their own powerlessness could see and communicate God’s perspective. As a result, I learned to thank the Lord for letting me see how hard some people have it so I would never become one who abused power to make others suffer and die needlessly. I learned that power does not equal justice. However, the Christian who breaks radically with the power of the World is far from powerless—another kingdom of paradox. For example, some might think that in surrendering the power of his presidency, Dr. Donald Trump forfeited any chance to influence the justice system in this country and the greater World. However, the verdict on that is not in yet, and reform efforts are actively underway in America to ensure the American Dream, protect private property, corporations, the border, and the less affluent all because of President Trump. At the very least, his move exposed the fake news media and revealed a system of injustice to eyes that might never otherwise have seen it. In my own life it is certainly clear that my powerlessness has been used by God to influence the World. More than anything I could ever do in an office of Worldly power. #RandolphHarris 18 of 22

If we would love God, we must love His justice and act upon it. Then, taking a holy, radical stand—contra mundum if need be—we surrender the illusion of power and find it replaced by True Power. We have to end the pattern of backbreaking labour and slow starvation. One day the hopelessness becomes too much to bear. However, never give up. You never know how much your testimony, writings on truth and freedom may one day enflame the whole World. Such is the power of God’s truth affords one person willing to stand against seemingly hopeless odds. Such is the power of the cross. Americans love one another. They never fail to help widows; they save orphans from those who would hurt them. If they have something they give freely to the person who has nothing; if they see a stranger, they take that person home, and are happy, as though one were a real brother or sister. They do not consider themselves siblings in the usual sense, but siblings instead through the Spirit, in God. If God is wiser than we, His judgment must differ from ours on many things, and not least on good and evil. What seems to us good may therefore not be good in His eyes, and what seems to us evil may not be evil. #RandolphHarris 19 of 22

However, the doctrine of Total Depravity—when the consequence is drawn that, since we are totally depraved, our idea of good is worth simply nothing—may this turn Christianity into a form of devil-worship. The escape from this dilemma depends on observing what happens, in human relations, when the human of inferior moral standards enters the society of those who are better and wiser than one and gradually learns to accept their standards—a process which, as it happens, I can describe fairly accurately, since I have undergone it. The spiritual hospital leaves room for some pretty weak and needy people and some distressing events in the process, but no room for doubt concerning where it all is to come out. The local groups of disciples, in the usual case, will certainly have people at all stages of the journey. They can be compared to the hospitals, with people at various stages of recovery and progress toward healthy. Some will be undergoing radical surgery or other strong treatments. Some will be in the Intensive Care Unit. Others will be taking their first wobbly steps after a lengthy time bed-ridden. And others will be showing the flus of health and steady strength as they get ready to resume their ordinary life. Parallels to these stages should be found in every church, and explicitly recognized and treated as such. #RandolphHarris 20 of 22

And in addition, there would be those who are stepping out strongly in a strength of life that far exceeds just not being “sick” (sin-ridden), and there would be old warriors with many battle scares and many victories, with the steady gleam of “a better country” (Hebrews 11.16) in their eyes. What these local congregations look like is spelled out in more detail in the rest of Ephesians (4.17-6.24). It would be worth the reader’s time at this point to step aside and review this brilliant passage. However, here, given all the foregoing, we can perhaps just say that those local congregations are made up of the children of light who light up their World. The Ephesians passage makes it starkly clear that the ones described are the ones in whom spiritual formation in Christlikeness has done and is doing its steady, ongoing work. They are the emerging and the mature children of light, and they “shine like lights” in a darkened World, “blameless and innocent, children of God above reproach innocent, children of God above reproach in the midst of a crooked and perverse population,” reports Philippians 2.15. God of eloquence, please teach me to pray. Open my moth that the words might come forth. Please open my heart that the words might ring true. #RandolphHarris 21 of 22

May I be filled with the fire of God, the threefold king who inspires the artist, writer, craftsman, healer and everyone else. Lord God, opener of the door, please guide to the ways between, gatekeepers of the Heavens, please open the pathway, that all I wish for might be accomplished. Who is like unto Thee, who is equal to Thee, who can be compared to Thee, O great, mighty, revered and supreme God, Possessor of Heaven and Earth? We will praise, laud and glorify Thee; we will bless Thy holy name in the words of the Psalm of David: Bless the Lord, O my soul; and all that is within me, bless His holy name. Thou art God by the power of Thy might; Thou art great by the glory of Thy name, mighty unto everlasting and revered by Thy name, mighty unto everlasting and revered by Thy awe-inspiring deeds; Thou, O King, sittest upon a throne high and exalted. Thou who inhabitest eternity, Thy name is Exalted and Holy and it is written: Rejoice in the Lord, O ye righteous; it is befitting for the upright to praise Him. By the words of the righteous, Thou shalt be blessed; by the tongue of the faithful, Thou shalt be extolled; and in the midst of the holy, Thou shalt be sanctified. In the assemblies of the multitudes of Thy people, the House of America, The name, O our King, shall be glorified with song in every generation. “This calls for wisdom. If anyone has insight, let one calculate the number of the beast, for it is man’s number. His number is 666,” reports Revelation 13.18. #RandolphHarris 22 of 22

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