If students could take a stand against taking a stand, they would be much better off. We are in the act of discovering ourselves, not what we have been instructed to discover by the culture. It was an archaic level that pre-philosophical humans lived and experience the World. They were entirely in the grip of their emptions. All passions that made their blood boil and their heart pound, that accelerated their breathing or took their breath away, that “turned one’s bowels to water” – all this was a manifestation of the “soul.” Therefore they localized the soul in the region of the diaphragm (in Greek phren, which also means mind) and the heart. It was only with the first philosophers that the seat of reason began to be assigned to the head. There are still people today whose “thoughts” are localized principally in the belly, and some “think” with their hearts. Pueblo Indians believe, “only madmen think with their hearts.” On this level consciousness is essentially passion and the experience of oneness. Yet, serene and tragic at once, it was just this archaic being who, having started to think, invented that dichotomy of the discovery of pairs of opposites, the division into odd and even, above and below, good and evil. #RandolphHarris 1 of 25

It was the work of the old Pythagoreans, and it was their doctrine of moral responsibility and the grace metaphysical consequences of sin that gradually, in the course of the centuries, percolated through t all strata of the population, chiefly owning to the spread of the Orphic and Pythagorean mysteries. Plato even used the parable of the white and black horses to illustrate the intractability and polarity of the human psyche, and, still earlier, the mysteries proclaimed the doctrine of the good rewarded in the Hereafter and of the wicked punished in hell. These teachings cannot be dismissed as the mystical humbug of the “backwoods” philosophers, as Nietzsche claimed, or as so much sectarian cannot, for already in the sixth century B.C. Pythagorreanism was something like a state religion throughout Graecia Magna. Also, the ideas underlying its mysteries never died out, but underwent a philosophical renaissance in the second century B.C, when they exercised the strongest influence on the Alexandrian World of thought. Their collision with Old Testament prophecy then led to what one called the beginnings of Christianity as World religion. #RandolphHarris 2 of 25

From Hellenistic syncretism there now arose a classification of humans into types which were entirely alien to the “humoral” psychology of Greek medicine. In the philosophical sense, it established gradations between the Parmenidean poles of light and darkness, of above and below. It classified humans into hylikoi, psychikoi, and pneumatikoi—material, psychic, and spiritual beings. This classification is not, of course, a scientific formulation of similarities and dissimilarities; it is a critical system of values based not on the behaviour and outward appearance of humans as a phenotype, but on definitions of an ethical, mystical, and philosophic kind. Although it is not exactly a “Chrisitan” conception it nevertheless forms an integral part of early Christianity at the time of St. Paul. Its very existence is incontrovertible proof of the split that had occurred in the original unity of a human as a being entirely in the grip of one’s emotions. Before this, one was merely alive and there, the plaything of experience, incapable of any reflective analysis concerning one’s origin and destination. #RandolphHarris 3 of 25

Now, suddenly, humans found themselves confronted by three fateful factors and endowed with body, soul, and spirit, to each of which one had moral obligations. Presumably it was already decided at birth whether one would pass one’s life in the hylic or pneumatic states, or in the indeterminate center between the two. The ingrained dichotomy of the Greek mind has now become acute, with the result that the accent shifted significantly to the psychic and spiritual, which was unavoidably split off from the hylic realm of the body. All the highest and ultimate goals lay in human’s moral destination, in a spiritual, supramundane end-state, and the separation of the hylic realm broadened into a cleavage between World and spirit. Thus the original, suave wisdom expressed in the Pythagorean pairs of opposites became a passionate moral conflict. Nothing, however, is so apt to challenge our self-awareness and alertness at being at war with oneself. One can hardly think of any other or more effective means of waking humanity out of the irresponsible and innocent half-sleep of the primitive mentality and bringing it to a state of conscious responsibility. #RandolphHarris 4 of 25

This process is called cultural development. It is, at any rate, a development of human’s powers of discrimination and capacity for judgment, and of consciousness in general. With the increase of knowledge and enhanced critical faculties the foundations were laid for the whole subsequent development of the human mind in terms of intellectual achievement. The particular mental product that far surpassed all the achievements of the ancient World was science. It closed the rift between humans and nature in the sense that, although humans were separated from nature, science enabled them to find their rightful place again in the natural order. One’s special metaphysical position, however, had to be jettisoned—so far as it was not secured by belief in the traditional religion—whence arose the notorious conflict between “faith and knowledge.” At all events, science brought about a splendid rehabilitation of matter, and in this respect materialism may even by regarded as an act of historical justice. However, one absolutely essential field of experience, the human psyche itself, remained for a very long time the preserve of metaphysics, although increasingly serious attempts were made after the Enlightenment to open it up to scientific investigation. #RandolphHarris 5 of 25

The scientific investigations began, tentatively, with the sense perceptions, and gradually ventured into the domain of associations. This line of research paved the way for experimental psychology, and it culminated in the “physiological psychology” of Wundt. A more descriptive kind of psychology, with the medical people soon made contact, developed in France. Its chief exponents were Taine, Ribot, and Janet. It was characteristics of this scientific approach that it broke down the psyche into particular mechanisms or processes. In the face of these attempts, there were some who advocated what we today would call a “holistic” approach—the systematic observation of the psyche as a whole. It seems as if this trend originated in a certain type of biography, more particularly this kind that an earlier age, which also had its good points, used to describe as “curious lives.” In this connection I think of Justinus Kerner and his Seeress of Prevorst, and the case of the elder Blumhardt and his medium Gottliebin Dittus. To be historically fair, however, I should not forget the Medieval Acta Santorum. #RandolphHarris 6 of 25

The World-Idea contains so many combinations of pattern and characteristic that the possibility of living human creatures duplicating one another during the same historic epoch is non-existent. There is no thing or person, no creature or object, which has not its individual place in the cosmic pattern. Such is one item of this revelation. Each item in the World-Idea is unique: nowhere is there another precisely like it. The characteristics of a natural thing which it shares in common with similar thins in its category are not alone: there are others which belong solely to it alone, for Nature produces no two things wholly alike. Differences in function exist throughout Nature—variety is everywhere—but this need not imply difference in status. Every imaginable kind of human comes sometime somewhere to birth. No one else has a self like yours. It is unique. Be it creature or plant, it seeks expression for those attributes of which its form is both symbol and meaning. The amazing uniqueness of each human being’s body extends not only to its measurements and its movements but also to its psychic aura; there is not one which is not special, different in some way or to some degree. #RandolphHarris 7 of 25

No two persons have the same appearance. Now, if we could examine them, the same minds. Not only are no two creatures alike, but no creature ever has two experiences which are alike. Plant several seeds from the same plant. They will not grow up into identical plants but into individually different ones, no two roots, stems, or branches being alike. What is the reason why each human is unique? This solitariness is true not only of the body but also of the mind. No other human in this World is like me. The true answer to the question is also the only possible one. The Infinite World-Mind manifests itself in an infinite variety of forms in the attempt to express its own infinitude. However, since every form is necessarily limited, full success is necessarily impossible. The process of creation will be an eternal one. No two humans are ever alike, no two hands are ever the same. The Infinite Being tries to express itself in infinite individuality, just as it tries to reproduce itself in infinitely varied degrees of consciousness. Each human is unique because the Infinite Mind has an infinite number of diverse ways in which to express itself. #RandolphHarris 8 of 25

We can take the manifestations of the psyche as expressions of its intrinsic being, and try to establish certain conformity types. When one begins as a young doctor, one’s head is still full of clinical pictures and diagnoses. In the course of the years, impressions of quite another kind accumulate. One is struck by the enormous diversity of human individuals, by the chaotic profusion of individual cases, the special circumstances of whose lives and whose special characters produce clinical pictures that, even supposing one still felt any desire to do so, can be squeezed into the straitjacket of a diagnosis only by force. The fact that the disturbance can be given such and such a name appears completely irrelevant beside the overwhelming impression one has that all clinical pictures are so many mimetic or histrionic demonstrations of certain character traits. The pathological problem upon which everything turns has virtually nothing to do with the clinical picture, but is essentially an expression of character. Even the complexes, the “nuclear elements” of a neurosis, are beside the point, being mere concomitants of a certain characterological disposition. This can be seen most easily in the relation of the patient to one’s paternal family. #RandolphHarris 9 of 25

One is, let us say, one of four siblings, is neither the eldest nor the youngest, has had the same education and conditioning as other. Yet one is sick and they are sound. The anamnesis shows that a whole series of influences to which the others were exposed as well as one, and from which indeed they all suffered, had a pathological effect on one alone—at least to all appearances. In reality these influences were not aetiological factors in one’s case either, but prove to be false explanation. The real cause of the influences emanating from the environment. By comparing many such cases it gradually became clear to me that there must be two fundamentally different general attitudes which would divide human beings into two groups—provided the whole of humanity consisted of highly differentiated individual. Since this is obviously not the case, one can only say that this difference of attitude becomes plainly observable only when we are confronted with a comparatively well-differentiated personality; in other words, it becomes of practical importance only after a certain degree of differentiation has been reached. #RandolphHarris 10 of 25

 Pathological cases of this kind are almost always people who deviate from the familial type and, in consequence, no longer find sufficient security in their inherited instinctual foundation. Weak instincts are one of the prime causes of the development of an habitual one-sided attitude, though in the last resort it is conditioned or reinforced by heredity. I have called these two fundamentally different attitudes extraversion and introversion. Extraversion is characterized by interest in the external object, responsiveness, and a ready acceptance of external happenings, a desire to influence and be influenced by event, a need to join in and get “with it,” the capacity to endure bustle and noise of every kin, and actually find them enjoyable, constant attention to the surrounding World, the cultivation of friends and acquaintances, none too carefully selected, and finally by the great importance attached to the figure one cuts, and hence by a strong tendency to make a show of oneself. Accordingly, the extravert’s philosophy of life and one’s ethics are as a rule of a highly collective nature with a strong streak of altruism, and one’s conscience is in large measure dependent on public opinion. #RandolphHarris 11 of 25

Moral misgivings arise mainly when “other people know.” One’s religious convictions are determined, so to speak, by majority vote. The actual subject, the extravert as a subjective entity, is, so far as possible, shrouded in darkness. One hides it from oneself under veils of unconsciousness. This disinclination to submit one’s own motives to critical examination is very pronounced. One has no secrets one has not long since shared with others. Should something unmentionable nevertheless befall one, one prefers to forget it. Anything that might tarnish the parade of optimism and positivism is avoided. Whatever one thinks, intends, and does is displayed with conviction and warmth. The psychic life of this type of person is enacted, as it were, outside oneself, in the environment. One lives in and through other; all self-communings give one the creeps. Danger lurk there which are better drowned out by noise. If one should ever have a “complex,” one finds refuge in the social whirl and allows oneself to be assured serval times a day that everything is in order. Provided one is not too much of a busy-body, too pushing, and too superficial, one can be a distinctly useful member of the community. #RandolphHarris 12 of 25

Introversion, on the other hand, being directed not to the object but to the subject, and not being oriented by the object, is not easy to put into perspective. The introvert is not forthcoming, one is as though in continual retreat before the object. One holds aloof from external happenings, does not join in, has a distinct dislike of society as soon as one finds oneself among too many people. In a large gathering one feel lonely and lost. The more crowded it is, the greater becomes one’s resistance. One is not in the least “with it, and has no love of enthusiastic get-togethers. One is not a good mixer. What one does, one does in one’s own way, barricading oneself against influences from the outside. One is apt to appear awkward, often seeming inhibited, and it frequently happens that, by a certain brusqueness of manner, or by one’s glum unapproachability, or some kind of malapropism, one causes unwitting offence to people. One’s better qualities one keeps to oneself, and generally does everything one can to dissemble them. One is easily mistrustful, self-willed, often suffers from inferiority feelings and for this reason is also envious. #RandolphHarris 13 of 25

One’s apprehensiveness of the object is not due to fear, but to the fact that is seems to one negative, demanding, overpowering or even menacing. One therefore suspects all kinds of bad motives, has an everlasting fear of making a fool of oneself, is usually very touchy and surrounds oneself with a barbed wire entanglement so dense and impenetrable that finally oneself would rather do anything than sit behind it. One confronts the World with an elaborate defensive system compounded of scrupulosity, pedantry, frugality, cautiousness, painful conscientiousness, stiff-lipped rectitude, politeness, and open-eyed distrust. One’s picture of the World lacks rosy hues, as one is over-critical and finds a hair in every soup. Under normal conditions one is pessimistic and worried, because the World and human beings are not in the least good but crush one, so one never feels accepted and taken to their heart. Yet one oneself does not accept the World either, at any rate not outright, for everything has first to be judged by one’s own critical standards. Finally only those things are accepted which, for various subjective reasons, one can turn one’s own account. For one self-communings are a pleasure. #RandolphHarris 14 of 25

One’s own World is a safe habour, a carefully tended and walled-in garden, closed to the public and hidden from prying eyes. One’s own company is the best. One feels at home in one’s World, where the only changes are made by oneself. One’s best work is done with one’s own resources, on one’s own initiative, and in one’s own way. If ever one succeeds, after long and often wearisome struggles, in assimilating something alien to oneself, one is capable of turning it to excellent account. Crowds, majority views, public opinion, popular enthusiasm never convince one of anything, but merely makes one creep still deeper into one’s shell. Only when safety is guaranteed, and one can lay aside one’s defensive distrust, one’s relations with other people become warm. All too often one cannot, and consequently the number of friends and acquaintances is very restricted. Thus the psychic life of this type is played out wholly within. Should any difficulties and conflicts arise in this inner World, all doors and windows are shut tight. The introvert shuts oneself up with one’s complexes until one ends in complete isolation. #RandolphHarris 15 of 25

In spite of these peculiarities the introvert is by no means a social loss. One’s retreat into oneself is not a final renunciation of the World, but a such for quietude, where along it is possible for one to make one’s contribution to the life of the community. This type of person is the victim of numerous misunderstandings—not unjustly, for one actually invites them. Nor can one be acquitted of the charge of taking a secret delight in mystification, and that being misunderstood gives one a certain satisfaction, since it reaffirms one’s pessimistic outlook. That being so, it is easy to see why one is accused of being cold, proud, obstinate, selfish, conceited, cranky, and what not, and why one is constantly admonished that devotion to the goals of society, clubbableness, imperturbable urbanity, and selfless trust in the powers-that-be are true virtues and the marks of a sound and vigorous life. The introvert is well enough aware that such virtues exist, and that somewhere, perhaps—only not in one’s circle of acquaintances—there are divinely inspired people who enjoy undiluted possession of these ideal qualities. #RandolphHarris 16 of 25

However, one’s self-criticism and one’s awareness of one’s own motives have long since disabused one of the illusion that one oneself would be capable of such virtues; and one’s mistrustful gaze, sharpened by anxiety, constantly enables one to detect on one’s fellow humans a finely clothed fool trying to pretend to be something one is not. The World and humans are for one a disturbance and a danger, affording no valid standard by which one could ultimately orient oneself. What alone is valid for one is one’s subjective World, which one sometimes believes, in moments of delusion, to be the objective one. If it were certain beyond a doubt that only one objective World existed, we could easily charge these people with the worst kind of subjectivism, indeed with morbid individualism. However, this truth, if such it be, is not axiomatic; it is merely a half truth, the other half of which is the fact that the World also is as it is seen by human beings, and in the last resort by the individual. There is simply no World at all without the knowing subject. This, be it never so small and inconspicuous, is always the other pier supporting the bridge of the phenomenal World. #RandolphHarris 17 of 25

This appeal to the subject therefore has the same validity as the appeal to the so-called objective World, for it is grounded on psychic reality itself. However, this is a reality with its own peculiar laws which are not of a secondary nature. The two attitudes, extraversion and introversion, are opposing modes that make themselves felt not least in the history of human thought. For the extravert the object is interesting and attractive a priori, as is the subject, or psychic reality, for the introvert. We could therefore use the expression “numinal accent” for this fact, by which I mean that for the extravert the quality of positive significance and value attaches primarily to the object, so that it plays the predominant, determining, and decisive role in all psychic processes from the start, just as the subject does for the introvert. However, the numina accent does not decide only between subject and object; it also selects the conscious function of which the individual makes the principle use. I distinguish four functions: thinking, feeling, sensation, and intuition. The essential function of sensation is to establish that something exists, thinking tells us what it means, feeling what is value is, and intuition surmises whence it comes and whither it goes. #RandolphHarris 18 of 25

When it is thus made central to human life, the human body is betrayed in its own nature. It is created for spiritual life in the kingdom of God and to be honoured—indeed, glorified—in that context. However, when take out of that context and made the central focus of human experience and endeavour, it is betrayed—robbed of the spiritual resources meant to sustain its life and proper functioning—and in turn it then betrays those who center their life on it. The sense of this betrayal is what lies at the heart of youth worship in Western societies. It also is the source of the fear, shame, disgust, and even the anger directed at above average weight, old age (or just gaining), and death and dying that dominate our culture. An outlook focused entirely on the body finds the body’s failure and cessation to be, of course, the ultimate insult from which there is no recovery. If you want to understand Western life and culture, you have to understand this. The same mis-location of the body explains many other intractable problems now facing much of our World: the glamourizing of pleasures of the flesh, how to deal with unplanned families, eating disorders, and the racial and other discriminations. #RandolphHarris 19 of 25

All these cultural issues are rooted in taking the body—our own or that of others—to be the person and thereby depriving ourselves of the spiritual perspective on the person, which alone can enable us to cherish the body and its central role in our life. Body hatred also comes from disappointment about our future with it, even from outright fear of the body—of what it is going to do to us. Not accepting God as God puts un in his place, I have noted, and leaves us with nothing to trust and worship but out body and its natural powers. The frenzy over physical attractiveness that we see all around us today and the despair over its loss—eventually, in aging and death, for everyone—are the main characteristics of the contemporary climate of life. However, that only illustrates, once more, that to be carnally minded—that is, obsessed with the merely natural—is death indeed. We should now be able to see the truth of this in everything we view or read in today’s World. However, by contrast, to be spiritually minded—that is, to be Focused on our nature as spiritual beings and our place in God’s eternal life and kingdom. “The mind of the sinful human is death, but the mind controlled by the Spirit is life and peace,” reports Romans 8.6. Then the body is beautified and beatified in its proper place. #RandolphHarris 20 of 25

By an act of faith we may accept the religious belief in creation, that God brought the Universe to be, and it was. “And the Lord commanded the brother of Jared to go down out of the mount from the presence of the Lord, and write the things which he had seen; and they were forbidden to come unto the children of men until after the he should be lifted up upon the cross; and for this cause did king Mosiah keep them, that they should not come unto the World until after Christ should show himself unto his people. And after Christ truly has showed himself unto his people he commanded that they should be made manifest. And now, after that, they have all dwindled in unbelief; and there is none save it be the Lamanites, and they have rejected the gospel of Christ; therefore I am commanded that I should hide them up again in the Earth. Behold, I have written upon these plated the very things which the brother of Jared saw; and there never were greater things made manifest than those which were made manifest uno the brother of Jared. Wherefore the Lord hath commanded me to write them; and I have written them. #RandolphHarris 21 of 25

“And he commanded me that I should seal them up; and he also hath commanded that I should seal up the interpretation therefore; wherefore I have sealed up the interpreters, according to the commandments of the Lord. For the Lord said unto me: They shall not go forth unto the Gentiles until the day that they shall repent of their iniquity, and become clean before the Lord. And in that day that they shall exercise faith in me, saith the Lord, even as the brother of Jared did, that they may become sanctified in me, then will I manifest unto them the things which the brother of Jared saw, even to the unfolding unto them all my revelations, saith Jesus Christ, the Son of God, the Father of the Heavens and of the Earth, and all things that in them are. And one that will contend against the word of the Lord, let one be accursed; and one that shall deny these things, let one be accursed; for unto them will I show no greater things, saith Jesus Christ; for I am one who speaketh. And at my command the Heavens are opened and shut; and at my word the Earth shall shake; and at my command the inhabitants thereof shall pass away, even so as by fire. #RandolphHarris 22 of 25

“And one that believeth not my words believeth not my disciples; and if it so be that I do not speak, judge ye; for ye shall know that it is I that speaketh, at the last day. However, one that believeth these things which I have spoken, one will I visit with the manifestations of my Spirit, and one shall know and bear record. For because of my Spirit one shall know that these things are true; for it persuadeth humans to so good. And whatsoever thing persuadeth human to do good is of me; for good cometh of none save it be of me. I am the same that leadeth humans to all good; one that will not believe my words will not believe me—that I am; and one that will not believe me will not believe the Father who sent me. For behold, I am the Father, I am the light, and the life, and the truth of the World. Come unto me, O ye Gentiles, and I will show you the greater things, the knowledge which is hid up because of unbelief. Come unto me, O ye house of Israel, and it shall be made manifest unto you how great things the Father hath laid up for you, from the foundation of the World; and it hath not come unto you, because of unbelief. #RandolphHarris 23 of 25

 “Behold, when ye shall rend that veil of unbelief which doth cause you to remain in your awful state of wickedness, and hardness of heart, and blindness of mind, then shall the great and marvelous things which have been hid up from the foundation of the World from you—yea, when ye shall call upon the Father in my name, with a broken heart and a contrite spirit, then shall ye know that the Father hath remembered the covenant which he made unto your father, O house of Israel. And then shall my revelations which I have caused to be written by my servant John be unfolded in the eyes of all the people. Remember, when ye see these things, ye shall know that they shall be made manifest in very deed. Therefore, when ye shall receive this record ye may know that the work of the Father has commenced upon all the face of the land. Therefore, repent all ye ends of the Earth, and come unto me, and believe in my gospel, and be baptized in my name; for one that believeth and is baptized shall be saved; but one that believeth not shall be damned; and signs shall follow them that believe in my name. #RandolphHarris 24 of 25

 “And blessed is one that is fond faithful unto my name at the last day, for one shall be lifted up to dwell in the kingdom prepared for one for the foundation of the World. And behold it is I that hath spoken it. Amen,” reports Ether 4.1-19. I pour out praise to the King of Heaven, the Father of Wonders, shining tonight. The aura the it forms guides your grace to me as you look down. Please accept my prayers as a thank you for all that you give so freely. Happy is the human whom Thou dost discipline, O Lord, and teachest out of Thy law; that Thou mayest give one rest from the days of evil, until the pit be digged for the wicked. For the Lord will not cast off His people, neither will He forsake His inheritance. For righteousness shall be again vindicated, and there is hope for the upright in heart. Who will rise up for me against the evil doers? Who will stand up for me against the workers of iniquity? Had the Lord not been my help, my soul would have dwelt in the silence of death. When I thought, “My foot slips,” Thy mercy, O Lord, did hold me up. When depressing thoughts upset me, Thy comfort delights my soul. #RandolphHarris 25 of 25

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