Nothing is quite as funny as the unintended humour of reality. Many lines of inquiry have demonstrated that that range of characteristics that are associated with creative productivity in a human being is very wide. These characteristics fall into almost all categories into which personal traits have been divided for purpose of study—abilities, interests, drives, temperament, and so on. To limit our discussion to scientific productivity, it is clear to start with that there are great variations in the amount of curiosity possessed by different people. Curiosity appears to be a basic drive. I suspect it may vary consistently with gender, on either a biological or a cultural basis, but we have as yet no idea how to measure such drives. No one becomes a scientist without a better-than-average amount of curiosity, regardless of whether one was born with it, was brought up in a stimulating environment, or just did not have it severely inhibited. Intelligence and creativity are not identical, but intelligence does play a role in scientific creativity—rather more than it may play in some other forms of creativity. In general, one my summarize by saying that the minimum intelligence required for creative production in science is considerably better than average, but that, given this, other variables contribute more to a variance in performance. #RandolphHarris 1 of 23
It must also be noted that special abilities (numerical, spatial, verbal, and so on) play somewhat different roles in different scientific fields, but that ability must in no case be below average. A cultural anthropologist, for example, as little need for great facility with numbers. An experimental physicist, on the other hand, does require facility with number, although one need not have great facility with words. A number of studies have contributed to the picture of the personality patterns of productive scientists, and it is rather striking that quite different kinds of investigations have produced closely similar results. These can be briefly summarized in six different groups, as follows: 1. Truly creative scientists seek experience and action and are independent and self-sufficient with regard to perception, cognition, and behaviour. These findings have been expressed in various studies in such terms as the following: they are more observant than others and value this quality; they are more independent with respect to cognition and value judgments; they have high dominance; they have high autonomy; they are Bohemian or radical; they are not subject to group standards. 2. They have a preference for apparent but resolvable disorder and for an aesthetic ordering of forms of experience. #RandolphHarris 2 of 23
They have high tolerance for ambiguity, but they also like to put an end to it in their own way—and in their own time. 3. They have strong egos (whether this derives from or is responsible for their independence and their tolerance for ambiguity is a moot question). This ego strength permits them to regress to preconscious states with certainty that they will return from these states. They have less compulsive superegos than others. They are capable of disciplined management of means leading to significant experience. They have no feeling of guilt about the independence of thought and action mentioned above. They have strong control of their impulses. 4. Their interpersonal relations are generally of low intensity. They are reported to be ungregarious, not talkative (this does not apply to social scientists), and rather asocial. There is an apparent tendency to femininity in highly original men, and to masculinity in highly original women, but this may be a cultural interpretation of the generally increased sensitivity of the men and the intellectual capacity and interest of the women. They dislike interpersonal controversy in any form and are especially sensitive to interpersonal aggression. 5. They show much stronger preoccupation with things and ideas than with people. #RandolphHarris 3 of 23
They dislike introversive and affect-associated preoccupations, expect in connection with their own research. 6. They like to take the calculated risk, but it must involve nature, not people, and must not depend on simple luck. How do these personality characteristics relate to the creative process in science? An open attitude toward experience makes possible accumulation of experience with relatively little compartmentalization; independence of perception, cognition, and behaviour permit greater than average reordering of this accumulated experience (the behavioural eccentricities so often noted are consistent with this). The strong liking for turning disorder into order carries such individuals through the searching period which their tolerance for ambiguity permits them to enter. The strong egos, as noted, permit regression to prelogical forms of thought without serious fear of failure to get back to logical ones. Preoccupation with things and ideas rather tan with people is obviously characteristic of natural scientists, and even some of some social scientists. This characteristic is not directly related to creativity. I think, but rater to the content of it. I need not add tat such statements as these are generalizations and that any individual case may be an exception. #RandolphHarris 4 of 23
We may go farther, however, and generalize differences among humans who follow different branches of science. That a human chooses to become a scientist and succeeds means that one has the temperament and personality as well as the ability and opportunity to do so. The branch of science one chooses, even the specific problems one chooses and the way one work on them, are intimately related to what one is and to one’s deepest needs. The more deeply engaged one is, the more profoundly is this true. To understand what one does, one must try to know what one’s work means to one. The chances are that one does not know or care to know. Indeed, one does not need to know. We do. In many ways the social scientist differs from the natural scientist in terms of personality and motivation. It has been found, for example, that social scientists are more interested in interpersonal relationships, while physical are less so. The apparent coldness, remoteness and objectivity of the physical scientists, however, might be related to the commonly accepted notion of science as a purely impersonal thing. If so, it would be interesting to speculate what possible effects a humanization of science might have upon the personality dynamics of future scientists. #RandolphHarris 5 of 23
Now we ask, What does a will or heart look like that has been transformed into Christlikeness? How is it to be characterized? Jesus said of himself—and of course he is always the pattern—“He who sent Me is wit Me; He has not left Me alone, for I always do the things that are pleasing to Him” (John 8.29). And Paul has this to say: “I have been crucified with Christ; and it is no longer I who live, but Christ lives in me; and the life which I now live in the flesh I live by faith of the Son of God, who loved me, and delivered Himself up for me” (Galatians 2.20). We also recall John Calvin’s words: “The only haven of safety is to have no other will, no other wisdom, than to follow the Lord wherever he leads. Let this, then, be the first step, to abandon ourselves, and devote the whole energy of our minds to the service of God.” So we have the answer to our question: Single-minded and joyous devotion to God and his will, to what Gd wants for us—and to service to him and to others because of him—is what the will transformed into Christlikeness looks like. That is the outcome of Christian spiritual formation with reference to the will, heart, or spirit. And when it has become the governing response of every dimension of our being, this outcome becomes our character. Then we can truly be said to have “put on Christ.” #RandolphHarris 6 of 23
However, how far this is from the usual human will and character we hardly need say! Instead of being simple and transparent through a constant and coherent devotion to God, the usual human will and character we hardly need say! Instead of being simple and transparent through a constant and coherent devotion to God, the usual human will is a place of chaotic duplicity and confusion if not darkness, because it is the playing field of pride and fear and lack of confidence in God, shrouded in layer of destructive habits. We recall that our will (heart, spirit) is that dimension of our being by which we become an underivative presence and source in the World. What comes from it comes from nothing else but us. This radical creativity is what makes the individual person absolutely unique and irreplaceable, and therefore an “end in itself,” not just “another one of a certain kind.” In other words, it is what prevents a person from being a mere thing. Let us try to put this in other words, hoping thereby to make clearer something that really is very hard to grasp. Will is the ability to originate or refrain from originating something: an act or a thing. It brings things into existence. Sticks and stones do not have that ability. Will is the capacity for radical and underivative origination of events and things. #RandolphHarris 7 of 23
Therefore, will is the core of what and what we are as individuals, for what arises from it is from us alone. It is that aspect of personality in virtue of which we have a likeness to God or are “in His image.” We are created to be creators—of good. Our consents and non-consents are the measure of our worth as humans…the only strictly underivative and original contribution which we make to the World. And our will is simply our capacity for “consents” and “non-consents.” It is the core of our nonphysical being. It is, strictly speaking, our spirit—the human spirit, not divine—though it comes directly from God and it meant to be in his keeping through our trust in him. It is the nature of the spiritual to be self-determined. Such self-determination is absolute or unrestricted in God (“I AM THAT I AM.” Exodus 3.14. “For as the Father hath life in himself; so hat he given to the Son to have life in himself.” John 5.26). However, it is very limited, though still very real, in humans. Its primary exercise in the human, as we have already noted, is the power to select what we think on and how intently we will focus on it—from which our other decisions and actions then more or less directly flow. #RandolphHarris 8 of 23
Functionally, the will is the executive center of the human self. From it the whole self or life is meant to be directed and organized, and mist be if it is to be directed or organized at all. This is why we recognize the will to be the same as the biblical “heart” or center. It is also clear, then, that will is not the same thing as character, but character does develop from it, as specific willing become habitual and, to some extent, “automatic.” Character is revealed most of all in what we feel and do without thinking. However, to a lesser extent it is revealed in what we repent of after thinking and what we then do as a result of repenting. Thought, feeling, and will give rise to character. One is to keep the Ideal ever before one’s eyes, and to recognize that it overlimns the personality of the master. The picture of the Ideal is held in one’s subconscious mind all the time and become the pattern to be imitated, the invisible Master to be followed with faith and with love. It is affiliation to Christ, not propinquity to his body, that will bring these benefits. It will not be until a late stage that one will wake up to the realization that the real giver of Grace, the real helper along this path, the real master is not the incarnated master outside but God who is inside of one’s own heart. #RandolphHarris 9 of 23
What the living God does for one is only to arouse one’s sleeping intuition and awaken one’s latent aspiration, to give one the initial impetus and staring to guidance on the new quest, to point out the obstructions to advancement in one’s individual character and to help one deal with them. What one feels about God’s power may be true but it is a sign of one’s elementary state that one places it outside oneself. The true meaning of God to the disciple’s understanding should be as the presence and force, the revelation and voice of one’s own inmost spiritual being. Let us be more concerned with the quest of right principles rather than impressive persons, for this will put our attitudes to all events on the right plane. Because tis simple truism was forgotten most of the religious and mystical movements have gone astray. The proper attitude is to regard God as the higher power, so that the veneration and devotion proffered are directed towards that power. We must learn to look in our own heart, mind, body, and soul for God because that is where we find the Lord. Why not go to the direct source? God is the ultimate spiritual guide whom we are to revere and the real spiritual helper on whom we are to rely. #RandolphHarris 10 of 23
When disciples follow a teacher, what is it that they really follow? Suppose the teacher advocated cruelty, and preached selfishness—would the disciples still continue to follow one? Obviously, they would not. This is because their own inward feeling would reject the teaching. It shows that they are really following the teacher within themselves, the voice of God. It is God within them which makes them seek out and respond to a true teacher, for one is really an outward spiritual guide and we all can use guidance at times. However, only in our inner being can we meet and know God. Those who interest themselves in personalities take the wrong path. A teacher’s ideas are the best part of one. Let students take them and not trouble themselves about one’s appearance, career, traits, and habits. God alone is eternal. The truth of enunciations is n other than the truth of the intellect. For an enunciation resides intellect, and in speech. Now according as it is in the intellect it has truth of itself: but according as it is in speech, it is called in the enunciable truth, according as it signifies some truth of the intellect, not on account of any truth residing in the enunciation, as though in a subject. If no intellect were eternal, no truth would be eternal. #RandolphHarris 11 of 23
Now because the only divine intellect is eternal, in it alone truth has eternity. Nr does it follow from this that anything else but God is eternal; since the truth of the divine intellect is God Himself, as shown already. The nature of a circle, and the fact that two and three make five, have eternity in the mind of God. That something is always and everywhere, can be understood in two ways. In one way, as having itself the power of extension to all time and to all places, as it belongs to God to be everywhere and always. In the other way as not having in itself determination to any place or time, as primary matter is said to be one, no because it has one form, but by the absence of all distinguishing form. In this manner all universals are said to be everywhere and always, in so far as universals are independent of place and time. It does not, however, follow from this that they are eternal, expect in an intellect, if one exists that is eternal. That which now is, was future, before it (actually) was; because it was in its cause that it would be. Hence, if the cause were removed, that thing’s coming to be was not future. However, the first cause is alone eternal. Hence it does not follow that it was always true that what not is would be, expect in so far as its future being was in the sempiternal cause; and God alone is such a cause. #RandolphHarris 12 of 23
Because our intellect us not eternal, neither is the truth of enunciable propositions which are formed by us, eternal, but it has a beginning in time. Now before such truth existed, it was not true to say that such a truth did exist, expect by reason of the divine intellect, wherein alone truth is eternal. However, it is true now to say that that truth did not then exist; and this is true only by reason of the truth that is not in our intellect; and not by reason of any truth in the things. For this is truth concerning not-being; and not-being has not truth of itself, but only so far as our intellect apprehends it. Hence it is true to say that truth did not exist, in so far as we apprehend its not-being as preceding its being. The Christian affirmation is that the Trinitarian structure which can be shown to exist in the mind of a human and in all one’s works is, in fact, the integral structure of the Universe, and corresponds, not by pictorial imagery, but by necessary uniformity of substance, with the nature of God, in whom all that is exists. To think secularly is to think within a frame of reference bounded by the limits of our life on Earth: it is to keep one’s calculations rooted in this-Worldly criteria. #RandolphHarris 13 of 23
To think Christianly is to accept all things with the mind as related, directly or indirectly, to human’s eternal destiny as the redeemed and chosen by God. It is important to see that apologetics is not an activity reserved for philosophers who also happen to be religious believers. Much that passes as philosophy of religion is really apologetics as practiced by individuals who reject tenets of religious belief. I do not say this to be critical of philosophers of religion who may also happen to be atheists. Philosophers who reject the Christian religion do not suddenly become, by virtue of this fact alone, more objective or rational or open-minded than philosophers who are Christians or Jews. Of course, we must wholeheartedly agree that without a saving relationship with Jesus Christ all is lost. However, we must not mistakenly reason that one’s relationship with Christ minimizes the importance of His Church. Yet this is precisely what multitudes of evangelicals assume and act out. Church attendance is infected with a malaise of conditional loyalty which has produced an army of ecclesiastical hitchhikers. #RandolphHarris 14 of 23
The hitchhiker’s thumb says, “You buy the Ultimate Driving Machine, pay for repairs and upkeep and insurance, fill the car with gas—and I will ride with you. However, if you have an accident, you are on your own! And I will probably sue.” So it is with the credo of so many of today’s church attenders: “You go to the meetings and serve on the boards and committees, you grapple with the issues and do the work of the church and pay the bills—and I will come along for the ride. However, if things do not suit me, I will criticize and complain and probably bail out—my thumb is always out for a better ride.” This putative loyalty is fueled by a consumer ethos—a “McChristian” mentality—which picks and chooses here and there to fill one’s ecclesiastical shopping list. There are hitchhikers wo attend one church for the preaching, send their children to a second church for its dynamic youth program, and go to a third church’s small group. Church hitchhikers have a telling vocabulary: “I go to” or “I attend,” but never “I belong to” or “I am a member.” The average adult thinks that belonging to a church is good for other people, but represents unnecessary bondage and baggage for oneself. #RandolphHarris 15 of 23
So today, in the twenty first century, we have a phenomenon unthinkable in any other century: churchless Christians. There is a vast heard of professed Christians who exist as nomadic hitchhikers without accountability, without discipline, without discipleship, living apart from the regular benefits of the ordinances. They have God as their Father, but reject the Church as mother and as a result are incomplete and stunted. The tragedy is compounded because statistics indicate that humans are far less committed to the Church than they used to be—inevitably producing a shriveled leadership. As to why the Church has fallen on such hard times, historians tell us that an overemphasis on the “invisible” Body of Christ by evangelical leaders produced an implicit disregard for the visible Church. However, membership in an invisible Church without participation in its local expression is never contemplated in the New Testament. Another reason for the de-churching of many Christians is historic individualism of evangelical Christianity and the grass-root American impulse against authority. #RandolphHarris 16 of 23
The natural inclination is to think that one needs only an individual relationship with Christ and needs no other authority. Such thinking produces Christian Lone Rangers who demonstrate their authenticity by riding not to church, but out to the badlands, reference Bible in hand, to do battle single-handedly with the outlaw World. Such a cavalier disregard for the doctrine of the Church is eccentric, to say the least. It disregards not only Scripture, but the consensus of the doctors of the Church. St. Augustine in his Enchiridion holds up to the visible Church saying: “For outside the church they [one’s sins] have no remission. For it is the Church in particular which has received the earnest, the Holy Spirit, apart from whom no sins receive remission.” Augustine could not conceive of one being regenerated yet consciously separated from the visible Church. “The deserter of the Church,” he said, “cannot be in Christ, since one is not among Christ’s members.” Martin Luther similarly stated, “Outside this Christian Church there is no salvation or forgiveness of sins, but everlasting death and damnation; even though there may be a magnificent appearance of holiness.” #RandolphHarris 17 of 23
John Calvin echoed Cyprian’s though that the evidence of having God as your Father is having the Church as your mother. In fact, he subtitled chapter 1 of book 4 of his Institutes “The True Church with Which as Mother of All the Godly We Must Keep Unity.” And in his commentary on Ephesians he wrote, “The Church is the common mother of all the godly, which bears, nourishes, and governs in the Lord both kings and commoners; and this is done by the ministry. Those who neglect or despise this order want to be wiser than Christ. Woe to their pride.” The Swiss Second Helvetic Confession put the idea even more forcefully: For as there was no salvation outside Noah’s ark when the World perished in the flood; so we believe that there is no certain salvation outside Christ, who offers himself to be enjoyed by the elect in the Church; and hence we teach that those who wish to live ought not to be separated from the true Church of Christ. (Chapter 27). Finally, the Westminster Confession refers to “The visible church out of which there is no ordinary possibility of salvation” (Chapter 25.2). #RandolphHarris 18 of 23
So we conclude that church hitchhikers, ecclesiastical wanderers, spiritual Long Rangers, Christian who disdain membership, and aberrations in the history of the Christian Church and are in grievous error. “Verily, verily, I say that I would that ye should do alms unto the poor; but take heed that ye do not your alms before humans to be seen of them; otherwise ye have no reward of your Father who is in Heaven. Therefore, when ye shall do your alms do not sound a trumpet before you, as you will hypocrites do in the synagogues and in the streets, that they may have glory of humans. Verily I say unto you, they have their reward. However, when thou doest alms let not thy left hand know what thy right hand doeth; that thine alms may be in secret; and thy Father who seeth in secret, himself shall reward thee openly. And when thou prayest thou shalt not do as the hypocrites, for they love to pray, standing in the synagogues and in the corners of the streets, that they may be seen of humans. Verily I say unto you, they have their reward. However, thou, when thou priest, enter into thy closet, and when thou hast shut thy door, pray to thy Father who is in secret; and thy Father, who seeth in secret, shall reward thee openly. #RandolphHarris 19 of 23
“However, when ye pray, use not vain repetitions, as the heathen, for they think that they shall be heard for their much speaking. Be not ye therefore like unto them, for your Father knoweth what things ye have need of before ye ask him. After this manner therefore pray ye: our Father who art in Heaven, hallowed by thy name. Thy will be done on Earth as it is in Heaven. And forgive us our debts, as we forgive our debtors. And lead us not into temptation, but deliver us from evil. For thine is the kingdom, and the power, and the glory, forever. Amen. For, if ye forgive humans their trespasses your Heavenly Father will also forgive you; however, if ye forgive not humans their trespasses neither your Heavenly Father will forgive your trespasses. Moreover, when ye fast be not as the hypocrites, of a sad countenance, for they disfigure their faces that they may appear unto humans to fast. Verily I say unto you, they have their reward. However, thou, when thou fastest, anoint thy head, and wash thy face; that thou appear not unto humans to fast, but unto thy Father, who is in secret; and thy Father, who seeth in secret, shall reward thee openly. Lay not up for yourselves treasures upon Earth, where moth and rust doth corrupt, and thieves break through and steal. #RandolphHarris 20 of 23
“However, lay up for yourselves treasures in Heaven, where neither moth nor rust doth corrupt, and were thieves do not break through not steal. For where your treasure is, there will your heart be also. The light of the body is the eye; if, therefore, thine eye be single, thy whole body shall be full of light. However, if thine eye be evil, thy whole body shall be full of darkness. If, therefore, the light that is in thee be darkness, how great is that darkness! No human can serve two masters; for either one will hate one and love the other, or else one will hold to the one and despise the other. Ye cannot serve God and Mammon. And now it came to pass that when Jesus had spoken these words he looked upon the twelve who he had chosen, and said unto the: Remember the words which I have spoken. For behold, ye are they whom I have chosen to minister unto this people. Therefore I say unto you, take no thought for your life, what ye shall eat, or what ye shall drink; nor yet for your body, what ye shall put on. #RandolphHarris 21 of 23
“Is not the life more than meat, and the body more than raiment? Behold the fowls of the air, for they sow not, neither do they reap nor gather into barns; yet your Heavenly Father feedeth them. Are ye not much better than they? Which of you by taking thought can add one cubit unto one’s stature? And why take ye thought for raiment? Consider the lilies of the field how they grow; they toil not, neither do they spin; and yet I say unto you, that even Solomon, in all his glory, was not arrayed like one of these. Wherefore, if God so clothe the grass of the field, which today is, and tomorrow is cast into the oven, even so will he clothe you, if ye are not of little faith. Therefore take no thought, saying, What shall we Eat? or, What shall we drink? or Wherewithal shall we be clothed? For your Heavenly Father knowth that ye have need of all these things. However, seek ye first the kingdom of God and his righteousness, and all these things shall be added unto you. Take therefore no thought for the morrow, for the morrow shall take thought for the things of itself. Sufficient is the day unto the evil thereof,” reports 3 Nephi 13.1-34. Bright youth, newly born, I pray to you. A fresh day has been given to me; may I be worthy of the gift. #RandolphHarris 22 of 23
I stand in the morning and face east and greet the Sun and a new day. O Lord our God, please be gracious unto Thy people Israel and accept their prayer. Please restore the worship to Thy sanctuary and receive in love and favour the supplication of Israel. May the worship of Thy people be ever acceptable unto Thee. O may our eyes witness Thy return to Zion. Blessed art Thou, O Lord, who restores Thy divine presence unto Zion. We thankfully acknowledge Thee, O Lord our God, our fathers’ God to all eternity. Our Rock art Thou, our Shield that saves through every generation. We give Thee thanks and we declare Thy praise for all Thy tender care. Our lives we trust into Thy wonders and Thy miracles are daily with us, evening morn and noon. O Thou who art all-good, whose mercies never fail us, Compassionate One, whose lovingkindness never cease, we ever hope in Thee. For all this, Thy name, O our King, shall be blessed and exalted for ever and ever. May all the living do homage unto Thee forever and praise Thy name in truth, O God, who art our salvation and our help. Blessed be Thou, O Lord, Beneficent One, unto whom our thanks are due. #RandolphHarris 23 of 23
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Randolph Harris II International 