To expect truth to come from thinking signifies that we mistake the need to think with the urge to know. Undeserved inequalities call for redress; and since inequalities of birth and natural endowment are undeserved, these inequalities are to be somehow compensated for. Thus the principle holds that in order to treat all persons equally, to provide genuine equality of opportunity, society must give more attention to those with fewer native assets and to those born into less favourable social positions. The idea is to redress the bias of contingencies in the direction of equality. In pursuit of this principle greater resources might be spent on the education of the less rather than more intelligent, at least over a certain time of life, say the earlier years of school. Now the principle of redress has not to my knowledge been proposed as the sole criterion of justice, as the single aim of the social order. It is plausible as most such principles are only as a prima facie principle, one that is to be weighed in the balance with others. For example, we are to weigh it against the principle to improve the average standard of life, or to advance the common good. However, whatever other principles we hold, the claims of redress are to be taken into account. It is thought to represent one of the elements in our conception of justice. #RandolphHarris 1 of 22

Now the difference principle is not of course the principle of redress. It does not require society to try to even out inherent limitations as if all were expected to compete on a fair basis in the same race. However, the difference principle would allocate resources in education, say, so as to improve the long-term expectation of the least favoured. If this end is attained by giving more attention to the better endowed, it is permissible; otherwise not. And in making this decision, the value of education should not be assessed solely in terms of economic efficiency and social welfare. Equally if not more important is the role of education in enabling a person to enjoy the culture of one’s society and to take part in its affairs, and in this way to provide for each individual a secure sense of one’s own worth. Thus although the difference principle is not the same as that of redress, it does achieve some of the intent of the latter principle. It transforms the aims of the basic structure so that the total scheme of institutions no longer emphasizes social efficiency and technocratic values. We see then that the difference principle represents, in effect, an agreement to regard the distribution of natural talents as a common asset and to share in the benefits of this distribution whatever it turns out to be. #RandolphHarris 2 of 22

Those who have been favoured by nature, whoever they are, may gain from their good fortune only on terms that improve the situation of those who have lost out. The naturally advantaged are not to gain merely because they are more gifted, but only to cover the costs of training and education and for using their endowments in way that help the less fortunate as well. No one deserves one’s greater natural capacity nor merits a more favourable starting place in society. However, it does not follow that one should eliminate these distinctions. There is another way to deal with them. The basic structure can be arranged so that these contingencies work for the good of the least fortunate. Thus we are led to the difference principle if we wish to set up the social system so that no one gains or loses from one’s arbitrary place in the distribution of natural assets or one’s initial position in society without giving or receiving compensating advantages in return. In view of these remarks we may reject the contention that ordering of institutions is always defective because the distribution of natural talents and the contingencies of social circumstance are unjust, and this injustice must inevitably carry over to human arrangements. #RandolphHarris 3 of 22

Occasionally this reflection is offered as an excuse for ignoring injustice, as if the refusal to acquiesce in injustice is on a par with being unable to accept death. The natural distribution is neither just nor unjust; nor is it unjust that persons are born into society at some particular position. These are simply natural facts. What is just and unjust is the way that institutions deal with these facts. Aristocratic and caste societies are unjust because they make these contingencies the ascriptive basis for belonging to more or less enclosed and privileged social classes. The basic structure of these societies incorporates the arbitrariness found in nature. However, there is no necessity for humans to resign themselves to these contingencies. The social system is not an unchangeable order beyond human control but a pattern of human action. In justice as fairness humans agree to share one another’s fate. In designing institutions, only when doing so is for the common benefit, they undertake to avail themselves of the accidents of nature and social circumstance. The two principles are a fair way of meeting the arbitrariness of fortune; and while no doubt imperfect in other ways, the institutions which satisfy these principles are unjust. #RandolphHarris 4 of 22

A further point is that the difference principle expresses a conception or reciprocity. It is a principle of mutual benefit. We have seen that, at least when chain connection holds, each representative human can accept the basic structure as designed to advance one’s interests. The social order can be justified to everyone and in particular to those who are least favoured; and in this sense it is egalitarian. However, it seems necessary to consider in an intuitive way how the condition of mutual benefit is satisfied. Consider any two representative humans A and B, and let B be the one who is less favoured. Actually, since we are most interested in the comparison with the least favoured human, let us assume that B is this individual. Now B can accept A’s being better off since A’s advantages have been gained in ways that improve B’s prospects. If A were not allowed one’s better position, B would be even worse off than one is. The difficulty is to show that A has no grounds for complaint. Perhaps one is required to have less than one might since one’s having more would result in some loss to B. Now what can be said to the more favoured human? To being with, it is clear that the well-being of each depends on a scheme of social cooperation without which no one could have a satisfactory life. #RandolphHarris 5 of 22

Secondly, we can ask for the willing cooperation of everyone only if the terms of the scheme are reasonable. The difference principle, then, seems to be a fair basis on which those better endowed, or more fortunate in their social circumstances, could expect others to collaborate with them when some workable arrangement is a necessary condition of the good of all. There is a natural inclination to object that those better situated deserve their greater advantages whether or not they are to the benefit of others. At this point it is necessary to be clear about the notion of desert. It is perfectly true that given a just system of cooperation as a scheme of public rules and the expectations set up by it, those who, with the prospect of improving their condition, have done what the system announces that it will reward are entitled to their advantages. In this sense the more fortunate have a claim to their better situation; their claims are legitimate expectations established by social institutions, and the community is obligated to meet them. However, this sense of desert presupposes the existence of the cooperative scheme; it is irrelevant to the question whether in the first place the scheme is to be designed in accordance with the difference principle. #RandolphHarris 6 of 22

Perhaps some will think that the person with greater natural endowments deserves those assets and the superior character that made their development possible. Because one is more worthy in this sense, one deserves the greater advantages that one could achieve with them. This view, however, is surely incorrect. It seems to be one of fixed point of our considered judgments that no one deserves one’s place in the distribution of native endowments, any more than one deserves one’s initial starting place in society. The assertion that a human deserves one’s initial starting place in society. The assertion that a human deserves the superior character that enables one to make the effort to cultivate one’s abilities is equally problematic; for one’s character depends in large part upon fortunate family and social circumstances for which one can claim no credit. The notion of desert seems not to apply to these cases. Thus the more advantaged representative human cannot day that one deserves and therefore has a right to a scheme of cooperation in which one is permitted to acquire benefits in ways that do not contribute to the welfare of others. There is no basis for one’s making this claim. From the standpoint of common sense, then, the difference principle appears to be acceptable both to the more advantaged and to the less advantaged individual. #RandolphHarris 7 of 22

Of course, none of this is strictly speaking an argument for the principle, since in a contract theory argument are made from the point of view of the original position. However, these intuitive considerations help to clarify the nature of the principle and the sense in which it is egalitarian. Nonetheless, relatively marginalized groups need jobs or equal pay or civil rights or educational opportunities. Still, when we let people face these problem situations in their own way, that is how true self-initiated learning takes place. Gradually they become fully aware of their World and its problems. Then they begin to seek answers. The issues which have come from the people return to them—not as content to be deposited, but as problems to be solved. Some people regard themselves as lazy, unfit, worthless, les free than an animal. Because of this they feel attracted to the oppressors and their way of life, and their highest dream is to be like the tyrant, and oppress others. However, gradually the self-concept and the goal change. Less affluent (and sometimes the rich are victims of oppression) makes such statements as these: “I now realize I am human, an educated person.” “We were blind, now our eyes have been opened.” “Now we will no longer be a dead weight on the cooperative farm.” “I work, and working I transform the World.” #RandolphHarris 8 of 22

People who have been oppressed change their goals and they eventually no longer want to be like the oppressor, but they envision a new type of social system, more human. Then they begin to take considered steps to change the terrible conditions under which they live. The important thing is for people to come to feel like masters of their thinking and views of the World explicitly or implicitly manifest in their own suggestions and those of their comrades. However, sometimes their anger at professionals, at the ack of health services, at the lack of any voice in their own health care becomes so strong that some of the professionals are frightened, while others are self-righteously angry in response. Still some people get upset when communication starts because they think, “See, what you are accomplishing is better, less angry communication! You are destroying the possibility of revolutionary change! You are defusing the hatred and bitterness which alone can spark any real change for the oppressed!” Are we fiddling while Rome burns? What possible difference can a new approach to family or to psychotherapy make when our very planet is threatened with dissolution? We have to subordinate these ancient quarrels and launch a global partnership. #RandolphHarris 9 of 22

The discrepancy in wealth and income between the “haves” and “have-nots” of the World is laying a basis for present as well as future hatreds. Groups roam the World, wreaking violence on totally innocent people. There seems no end to the list of undying feuds between races, cultures, and nations. Does a person-centered approach in psychotherapy have anything useful to offer in solving these immense and dangerous global issues? We must attempt to establish a sense of common cause among the vastly disparate and competing nations of the World. It requires that a nation moves beyond self-interest defined in terms of power and concentration on the common interests defined in terms of realizing a human’s fullest potentialities. There is also a desire for citizens to develop their potentialities and that goal is one of the few items on which most of the nations of the World might agree. And it is precisely at this point that experience with a person-centered approach may have something to offer. Ina time of major social change, people become acutely aware of the problem and frustrated by the superficial attempts at correction. Then, sometime suddenly, the public as a whole sees the problem clearly, looks more deeply for solutions, and discovers that the answers on a small scale, are already at hand. #RandolphHarris 10 of 22

There develops a clear public will to deal with the problem, and enormous forces are set in motion. This does not mean that a miraculous solution is quickly reached, because most social problems—and technological problems too—are highly complex, and many unforeseen difficulties arise. However, once the corner has been turned, once that amorphous creature “the public” has made a decision to attack the problem, there is a great deal of forward movement. The telephone, the Internet, the radio, the automobile all went through a slow gestation period before the public realized the value of each, and demanded their rapid development. For generations different groups in American were denied the right to vote and could not hope to receive equal justice before the law. However, changes are beginning to occur, sometimes they happen with surprising speed, sometimes with tragic slowness. Yet, they are being made. Just when it seems too late, the great social collective mind grasps the seriousness of a problem and begins to move dramatically ahead. Because the collective decision is so late, the outcome is always in doubt—the World may still be drowned by overpopulation, we may still die of pollution, we may still see violent racial and gender strife—but at least we are making massive efforts to deal with those issues. #RandolphHarris 11 of 22

It is this knowledge of the past that gives me courage to propose methods for dealing with intercultural, interracial, interpersonal, and international tensions. I believe that if the public becomes truly aware that present-day policies are targeted directly toward the destruction of all of us, then they may decide to look for alternatives. And the person-centered approach offers just such an alternative. Conflict within the individual is the most basic of all feuds and tensions. Some people seen outwardly like reasonably acceptable people, but they are lying to themselves. Inwardly they feel they are frauds, worthless, incompetent, full of bad impulses and evil intentions. There is an irreconcilable discrepancy between what they seem to be and what they really are. If people knew them as they are, they would reject them. Here is a power struggle within the person. In order to get by, people must keep up their façade, yet this fraudulent front is continually undermined by who they really are. No matter whichever might win out, life will be dissatisfying or frightening, or both. Individuals must realize that they can work openly for approval of others and can strive for recognition, but they can also resist control by others. Some of the conflicts that create rifts between people are marital conflict, sibling rivalry, athletic or academic cutthroat competition, and racial, gender, and educational differences. #RandolphHarris 12 of 22

However, the only thing in a person’s life that makes one different is the thoughts in one’s mind that you know and no one else does. No matter how rich or poor, the person’s skin colour or gender, when someone opens up to you it is like a formula that grants access to their soul. You may learn you are closer to this person than you ever thought possible. Why? Because it is in our humanness—the shared conflicts, and feelings, learnings, perplexities, “experiences”—that we can come together, in spite of lives that in their externals probably have nothing in common, except that we were both born and have lived. One of our greatest difficulties in any dispute is to recognize or, even more difficult, to accept that the certitude we feel about our own rightness and goodness is equaled by the certitude of the opposing individual or group abut their rightness and goodness. If tension is to be reduced, it is this pattern that must somehow be dissolved. Here is where a person-centered approach is at its most powerful. When people can listen to their own feelings of hurt and distrust, the conflict over “principles” becomes completely redefined. It is now a question of the feelings, the needs, the fears of each person. New channels of communication are opened up. #RandolphHarris 13 of 22

The politics of a head-on confrontation over decision-making changes completely when each person is empowered to be all of oneself—feelings, fears, ideas, hopes, distrusts. A decision is then reached on a human basis, not as a result of a political clash. Listening is important. It provides a germinal took for radical self-experience, interaction, and group process. When we listen to others, coming from a rich, as yet untapped, understanding of and access to the locus of power in the individuals, we can also relearn what it means to be ourselves. Furthermore, gratitude is a handmaiden of contentment. An ever-growing attitude of gratitude will certainly make us more content since we will be focusing more on what we do have, both spiritually and materially, than on what we do not have. However, contentment is more than focusing on what we have. It is focusing on the fact that all we do have, we have by the grace of God. We do not deserve anything we have, materially or spiritually. It is all by God’s grace. Discontent usually arises when we think we are not getting what we deserve, or when we think we are not getting as much as someone else. We have already seen the corrosive effect of discontent in the attitude of those who worked all day in the vineyard. #RandolphHarris 14 of 22

They were discontent and consequently unhappy, because they felt they had earned more than the workers who were hired at the eleventh hour. How different from their attitude was Paul’s who regarded himself not only as “the least of the apostles” but even as “less than the least of all God’s people” (1 Corinthians 15.9, Ephesians 3.8). Paul truly regarded himself as an “eleventh hour” worker in God’s vineyard, as one who was receiving a full say’s wages, and more, for one hour’s work. Discontent is a sign that we are living by works, that we think we deserve more than we are getting, that in some way God is not being fair to us. One of the more helpful passages of Scripture on this subject is Luke 17.7-10: “Supposed one of you had a servant plowing or looking after sheep. Would one say to the servant when one comes in from the field, ‘Come along now and sit down to eat’? Would one not rather say, ‘Prepare my supper, get yourself ready and wait on me while I eat and drink; after that you may eat and drink’? Would one thank the servant because one did what one was told to do? So you also, when you have done everything you were told to do, should say, ‘We are unworthy servants; we have only done our duty.’” #RandolphHarris 15 of 22

I am sure this passage of Scripture offends many people’s sense of fairness just as much as does the parable of the workers in the vineyard. The master of the servant seems completely selfish and callous to needs of his servant. However, Jesus was not commending the master, He was simply describing conditions as they existed. The issue was, given the culture of the day, who had a right to have expectations of whom? Clearly, the servant, when he had fulfilled his duties, had no right to expect either gratitude or consideration. He had simply done what he was supposed to do. God is no selfish and callous like the master in Jesus’s story. He is the generous and gracious landowner we saw described in the parable of the workers in the vineyard. However, we are the servants of Luke 17.7-10. When we have done everything we were told to do—and who of us has come anywhere close to that standard?—we should still say, “We are unworthy servants; we have only done our duty. If we want to live by what we deserve, God could say, “All right, let us first add up your debits, and ten we will think about your credits.” Our problem is, we do not recognize our debits. We do not recognize how far, far short we come every day in doing what we are supposed to do. And because of that, we tend to live by works instead of by grace in our daily relationship with God. #RandolphHarris 16 of 22

Paul said, “Godliness with contentment is great gain,” reports 1 Timothy 6.6. All the wealth and prestige in the World with discontentment results in poverty of spirit. However, contentment arising in our souls from living by grace—that is, from realizing we have not received what we actually deserved, but daily receive what we do not deserve—bring great wealth of spirit, even if we are living in poverty and obscurity. I commend to you for meditation in respect to contentment Luke 17.10, which sums up Jesus’ teaching in that story. “Behold, now it came to pass in the sixty and ninth year of the reign of the judges over the people of the Nephites, that Nephi, the son of Helaman, returned to the land of Zarahemla from the land northward. For he had been forth among the people who were in the land northward, and did preach the word of God unto them, and did prophesy many things unto them. And they did reject all his words, insomuch that he could not stay among them, but returned again unto the land of his nativity. And seeing the people in a state of such awful wickedness, and those Gadianton robbers filling the judgment-seats—having usurped the power and authority of the land; laying aside the commandments of God, and not in the least aright before him; doing no justice unto the children of humans. #RandolphHarris 17 of 22

Condemning the righteous because of their righteousness; letting the guilty and the wicked go unpunished because of their money; and moreover to be held in office at the head of government, to rule and do according to their wills, that they might get gain and glory of the World, and, moreover, that they might the more easily commit adultery, and steal, and skill, and do according to their own wills—now this great iniquity had come upon the Nephites, in the space of not many years; and when Nephi saw it, his heart was swollen with sorrow within his breast; and he did exclaim in the agony of his soul: Oh, that I could have had my days in the days when my father Nephi first came out of the land of Jerusalem, that I could have joyed with him in the promised land; then were his people easy to ne entreated, firm to keep the commandments of God, and slow to be led to do iniquity; and they were quick to hearken unto the words of the Lord—yea, if my days could have been in those days, then would my soul have had joy in the righteousness of my brethren. However, behold, I am cosigned that these are my days, and that my soul shall be filled with sorrow because of this wickedness of my brethren. And behold, now it came to pass that it was upon a tower, which was in the garden of Nephi, which was by the highway which led to the chief market, which was in the city of Zarahemla. #RandolphHarris 18 of 22

“Therefore, Nephi had bowed himself upon the tower which was in his garden, which tower was also near unto the garden gate by which led the highway. And it came to pass that there were certain people passing by and saw Nephi as he was pouring out his soul unto God upon the tower; and they ran and told the people what they had seen, and the people came together in multitudes that they might know the cause of so great mourning for the wickedness of the people. And now, when Nephi arose he beheld the multitudes of people who had gathered together. And it cam to pass that he opened his mouth and said unto them: Behold, why have ye gathered yourselves together? That I may tell you of your iniquities? Yea, because I have got upon my tower that I might pour out my soul unto my God, because of the exceeding sorrow of my heart, which is because of your iniquities! And because of my mourning and lamentation ye have gathered yourselves together, and do marvel; yea, and ye have great need because ye are given away that the devil had got so great hold upon your hearts. Yea, how could you have given way to the enticing of him who is seeking to hurl away your souls down to everlasting misery and endless wo? O repent ye, repent ye! Why will ye die? Turn ye, turn ye unto the Lord your God. Why has he forsaken you? #RandolphHarris 19 of 22

“It is because you have hardened your hearts; yea, ye will not hearken unto the voice of the good shepherd; yea, ye have provoked him to anger against you. And behold, instead of gathering you, except ye will repent, behold, he shall scatter you forth that ye shall become meat for dogs and wild beasts. O, how could you have forgotten your God in the very day that he has delivered you? However, behold, it is to get gain, to be praised of humans, yes, and that ye might get gold and silver. And ye have set your hearts upon the riches and the vain things of this World, for the which ye do murder, and plunder, and steal, and bear false witness against your neighbour, and do all manner of iniquity. And for this cause wo shall come unto you except ye shall repent. For if ye will not repent, behold, this great city, and also all those great cities which are round about, which are in the land of our possession, shall be taken away that ye shall have no place in them; for behold, the Lord will not grant unto you strength, as he has hitherto done, to withstand against your enemies. For behold, thus saith the Lord: I will not you unto the wicked of my strength, to one more then the other, save it be unto those who repent of their sins, and hearken unto my words. #RandolphHarris 20 of 22

“Now therefore, I would that ye should behold, my brethren, that is shall be better for the Lamanites than for you except ye shall repent. For behold, they are more righteous than you, for they have not sinned against that great knowledge which ye have received; therefore the Lord will be merciful unto them; yea, he will lengthen out their days and increase their seed, even when thou shalt be utterly destroyed except thou shalt repent. Yea, wo be unto you because of that great abomination which has come among you; and ye have united yourselves unto it, yea, to that secret band which was established by Gadianton! Yea, wo shall come unto you because of that pride which ye have suffered to enter your hearts, which has lifted you up beyond that which is good because of your exceedingly great riches! Yea, wo be unto you because of your wickedness and abominations! And except ye repent ye shall perish; yea, even your lands shall be taken from you, and ye shall be destroyed from off the face of the Earth. Behold now, I do not say that these things shall be, of myself because it is not of myself that I know these things; but behold, I know that these things are true because the Lord God has made them known unto me, therefore I testify that they shall be,” reports Helaman 7.1-29. #RandolphHarris 21 of 22

Awaken me, God, waler on the edge, Lord of beautiful music, God of wild longings. My shield and my protector, God, be. God, rescue me please. Great King, please guide and protect me. My guide is God as I ride through life. Life’s soft fluid, gently welling, source and gift to all who live, please be my protector. Defeat my foes with flashing flame, with thunder and lightning, Almighty God. Please empower me, Most High, I ask to write the truth on the tablet of life. God of beauty, please grant my desire. God, you give us so much. The entire World is a gift from You. You keep it running, and this should be acknowledged. O inscribe all the children of Thy covenant for a happy life. May all the living do homage unto Thee forever and praise Thy name in truth, O God, who art our salvation and our help. Blessed by Thou, O Lord, Beneficent One, unto whom our thanks is due. Please grant lasting peace unto Israel Thy people, for Thou art the Sovereign Lord of peace; and may it be good in Thy sight to bless Thy people Israel at all times with Thy peace. Blessed art Thou, O Lord, who blesset Thy people Israel with peace. In the book of life, blessing, peace and ample sustenance, may we, together with all Thy people, the house of Israel, be remembered and inscribed before Thee for a happy life and for peace. Blessed art Thou, o Lord, who establishes peace. #RandolphHarris 22 of 22

Cresleigh Homes

What is a butler’s pantry? Everything you need to know about the luxury home feature. There are some old-house features we sorely miss in today’s construction—transom windows, stained glass, vestibules, and turrets to name a few.

One Victorian England feature we are lucky enough to see making a comeback is the butler’s pantry. A butler’s pantry is a kitchen within your kitchen and it is ideal for homes that love to host parties and entertain. It is often a buffer zone between the kitchen and dining room.

It gives additional storage space to a kitchen, allows privacy in meal preparation while hosting guest, has a beverage refrigerator, and a sink. You can even add a counter top oven to make the space more functional. This luxurious features is also a better way to organize items like delicate china, crystal, and silver. The house gourmet will relish the large kitchen with its coveted butler’s pantry captured in this handsome design at #BrightonStation Residence 2. https://cresleigh.com/brighton-station/residence-2/

Best of all, each Cresleigh home comes fully equipped with an All Ready connected home! This smart home package comes included with your home and features great tools including: video door bell and digital deadbolt for the front door, connect home hub so you can set scenes and routines to make life just a little easier. Two smart switches and USB outlets are also included, plus we’ll gift you a Google Home Hub and Google Mini to help connect everything together!

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