My total conscious search in life has been for a new seeing, a new image, a new insight. This search not only includes the object, but the in-between place. The dogma of Chalcedon is that in Jesus as the Christ, the human nature and the divine nature co-existed, and the human nature, soul and body, was actuated by the divine Person, the Word of God. Thus there was a real unity between the two natures of Christ while they both remained distinct, the one being merely human, undergoing all the tragedies of existence, sin excepted, the other being purely God. This dogma was required as a safeguard against pagan distortions that would have seen Christ as a half-god: Christ had to be affirmed as fully divine. And it was also needed to counteract Monophysite tendencies, which would not have made Christ fully human. These are two dangers that a Christology must avoid, and the two elements that is must protect. An attempt to express the mystery of Christ conceptually can lead to an actual denial of the Christ-character of Jesus as the Christ or it can lead to an actual denial of the Jesus-character of Jesus as the Christ. Christology must always find its way on the ridge between these two chasms. The Christ-character of Christ refers to his divine dimensions; the Jesus-character to his human finitude. #RandolphHarris 1 of 23

The dogma of Nicaea had begun solving the Christological dilemma of the divine nature of God the Son and his relationship to God the father by identifying the Christ-character of Jesus with the eternal Logos. The dogmas of Chalcedon continued in the same line: it described Jesus as having two natures, the human nature and the nature of the eternal Logos, expressed in the formula: two natures, human and divine in ne divine Persona of the Logos. This dogma was necessary and saved the Church. It has substantial truth and historical significance. Nevertheless, Nicene and Chalcedonia formulations ended in inescapable definitive failure. The dogmas of Chalcedon have substantial truth because in it both the Christ-character and the Jesus-character of the event of Jesus as the Christ were preserved. Yet it failed to formulate a definitive dogma, a dogma that would permanently protect the Church from error, because it used very inadequate conceptual tools. The basic inadequacy lies in the term nature. More specifically, the term human nature is ambiguous and the term divine nature is wholly inadequate. Human nature refers to three elements in a human. It refers to human’s essence, to one’s estranged existence, or to the ambiguous unity of the two. #RandolphHarris 2 of 23

As regards the Christ, the first and the third notions apply: Jesus was man, and he was involved in the tragic ambiguities of life for which the Cross stands as a symbol. As for the second notion, one must qualify Christ’s participation in estrangement: He had human’s existential nature as a real possibility, but in such a way that temptation, which is the possibility, is always taken into the unity with God. When applied to the Christ, the word nature should therefore be qualified: it cannot be used without distinctions and corrections. Under these circumstances it is imperative to dismiss altogether the term human nature in relation to the Christ and replace it by a description of the dynamics of life. As to the expression “divine nature,” it cannot be applied to the Christ in any meaningful way; for the Christ (who is Jesus of Nazareth) is not beyond essence and existence. The divine nature is, by definition, beyond essence and existence. If this is the nature of Christ, then Christ could not be a personal life living in a limited period of time, having been born and having to die, being finite, tempted, and tragically involved in existence. What in Christ is not beyond essence and existence is the human element, the divine element remaining, by definition, beyond essence and existence. #RandolphHarris 3 of 23

The two natures in Christ remain unexplained. The two nature lie beside each other like blocks and their unity cannot be understood at all, unless one pays attention to the hupostasis or persona. The two natures are joined in what is called a hypostatical union by later theology. These two natures, then, are united, namely, in one person and one subsistence, not partitioned or divided in two persons, but in the one and self-same Son and only-born of God, the Logos, the Lord Jesus Christ. The two nature are no longer seen as blocks, but they are animated by one and the same centre of divine life, the Word of God. The person of the Word, in which the two natures of Christ subsist, is itself a relational concept. The Word is a substantial relation to the Father. The Word also contains in oneself the divine picture of all being. Created beings exist, precisely because they are related to their being-thought-by-God, that is, to the Word. In the case of Jesus, his created relation to the Word is, as it were, duplicated by the immediate presence of the Uncreated Relation to the Father, which is the eternal Logos. Jesus is perfectly human, and also perfectly the Logos. Thus the Chalcedonian formula provides a basis for a relational understanding of Jesus as the Christ, but still conflicts with our development of a relational Christology! #RandolphHarris 4 of 23

There we can consider Christ an eternal God-man-unity or eternal Godmanhood, this is a Trinitarian theology. The Christ is not God. He may be called divine because what he manifests is the eternal ground of being. The event of Jesus as the Christ remains unique. It is made possible by what it reveals, namely that there is an eternal unity of God and humans within the divine life. For most humans, this unity is a potentiality; it is in our life, actualized through finite freedom and therefore ambiguously. On the contrary, in Jesus, the unity of God and humans was actualized against existential disruption in a triumph over ambiguity. The Christ submitted to, and conquered, the tragedy of existence. He thus manifested the New Being for which humankind had been longing. In terms of doctrine, what we can say of this unity of God and human in Christ is limited. Abstract definitions of the nature of this unity are as impossible as psychological investigations into its character. One can only say that it is a community between God and the centre of a personal life which determines all utterances of the life and resists the attempts within existential estrangement to disrupt it. In other words, one can describe Jesus as the Christ: one cannot explain him. The victory belongs to faith, to perceiving the revelatory power of the Christ, not to philosophy or rational theology. #RandolphHarris 5 of 23

To the question, What is the Christ? one can answer: He is the New Being, eternal Godmanhood manifested in existence. However, to the question, Who is the Christ? there is no answer. The Christ of history is hidden by two thousand years of piety and research. The Christ of faith is beyond historical or psychological investigation. “Then I saw a new Heaven and a new Earth; for the first Heaven and the first Earth had passed away. And I say the holy city, the New Jerusalem, coming down and I heard a great voice from the throne saying: Behold, the dwelling of God is with humans, he will wipe away every tear from their eyes and death shall be no more, for the former things have passed away. Behold, I make all things new,” reports Revelations 21.1-5. Let us mediate on the old and the new, in ourselves and in our World. In these Biblical texts the new is contrasted with the old: the old is rejected, and there is stated, in passionate words, expectations of the new. Even the Preacher, who denies the possibility of anything really new on Earth, does not hide one’s longing for the new, and his disappointment in not being able to find it. Why do these writers feel and speak in this way? Why do they prefer the new to the old, and why do they believe that God is the God of the new? Why do they demand and expect the new birth, the new heart, the new human, the new covenant, the New Jerusalem, the new Heaven and the new Earth? #RandolphHarris 6 of 23

They do not announce the new because they believe what many people of the last decades have believed: that the later things are better than the former things simply because they are later; that new developments are more divine than old ones, because they are nearer to a final perfection; that God guarantees a perpetual progress, and that for this reason He is the God the new. Against such illustrations the disappointed words of the Preacher are true for all history. And certainly such illusions are not the content of the prophetic and apostolic preaching concerning the new. What is the content of their expectation? What do they mean when they warn us not to consider the things of old? What are those old things, and what are the new things which they ask us to see and to accept? “Old” sometimes means that which lasts through all times, that which is today as it was in the past and as it shall be in all the future. There is something that does not age, something that is always old and always new and at the same time, because it is eternal. God is sometimes called the “ancient of days” or the “Redeemer of old.” The wisdom of old and the law of God, which are as old as the foundations of the Earth, are praised just because they are old; nothing new is set against them as no new God is set against the God of old. “Old” as it is used here means “everlasting,” pointing to that which is no subject to change. #RandolphHarris 7 of 23

However, in the texts we have read from the words of the unknown prophet of the exile, in the 43^rd chapter of Isaiah, “old” means just the opposite. It means that which passes away and all shall not be remembered any more—the destiny of everything created, of the stars as well as of the grass in the field, of humans as well as of animals, of nations as well as of the Earth. They all become old and pass away. What does it mean to say that somebody or something becomes old? All life grows; it desires and strives to grown, and it lives as long as it grows. Humans always have been fascinated by the law of growth. They have called that which helps growth good, an they have called that which hinders it evil. However, let us look more deeply into the law of growth of a living cell or of a human soul or of a historical period, we see that growth is gain and loss at the same time; it is both fulfillment and sacrifice. Whatever grows must sacrifice many possible developments for one through which it chooses to grow. One who wants to grow as a scientist many have to sacrifice poetic or political possibilities which one would like to develop. One has to pay a price. One cannot grow equally in all directions. The cells of the body lose the lower to adapt themselves to other functions. #RandolphHarris 8 of 23

Periods of history which are determined by one idea suppress the truth of others possible ideas. Every decision excludes possibilities and makes our life narrower. Every decision makes us older and more mature. Youth is openness. However, every decision closes doors. And that cannot be avoided; it is an inescapable destiny. Life makes decisions in every moment; life closes doors in every moment. We proceed from the first minute of our lives to the las minute, because we are growing. The law of growth lends us greatness, and therefore tragedy. For the excluded possibilities belong to us; they have right of their own. Therefore, they take their vengeance upon our lives which have excluded them. They may die; and with them, great powers of life and large resources of creativity. For life, as it grows, becomes a restricted power, more rigid and inflexible, less able to adapt itself to new situations and new demands. Or, on the other hand, the excluded possibilities may not die. They may remain within us, repressed, hidden, and dangerous, prepared to break into the life process, not as a creative resource, but as a destructive disease. Those are the two ways in which the aging life drives toward its own end: the way of self-limitation, and the way of self-destruction. Often the two ways merge, carrying death into all realms of life. #RandolphHarris 9 of 23

Many of the phenomena we have discussed can also be linked to a compulsive American tendency to avoid confrontation of chronic social problems. This avoiding tendency often comes as a surprise to international travelers, who tend to think as Americans as pragmatic and down-to-Earth. However, while trying to solve long-range social problems with short-run “hardware” solutions produces a lot of hardware—a down-to-Earth result, surely—it can hardly be considered practical when it aggravates the problems, as it almost always does. American pragmatism is deeply irrational in this respect, and in our hearts we have always know it. One of the favourite themes of American cartoonists is the man who paints himself into a corner, saws off the limb he is sitting on, or runs out of space on he sign he is printing. The scientist of science-fiction and horror films, whose experimentation leads to disastrously unforeseen consequences, is a more anxious representation of this same awareness that the most future-oriented nation in the World shows a deep incapacity to plan ahead. We are, as a people, perturbed by our inability to anticipate the consequences of our acts, but we still wait optimistically for some magic telegram, informing us that the tangled skein of misery and self-deception into which we have woven ourselves has vanished in the night. #RandolphHarris 10 of 23

Each month popular magazines regale their readers with such telegrams: announcing that our transportation crisis will be solved by a bigger plane or a wider road, mental illness with a pill, poverty with a law, slums with a bulldozer, urban conflict with gas, racism with a goodwill gesture. Perhaps the most grotesque of all these telegrams was an article in Life showing a group of suburbanites participating in a “Clean-Up Day” in an urban slum. When Americans exhibit this kind of naivete and/or cynicism about social problems, international community members are surprised, but their surprise is inappropriate. Whatever realism we may display in technical areas, our approach to social issues inevitably falls back on cinematic tradition, in which social problems are resolved by gesture. Deeply embedded in the somnolent social consciousness of the broom wielding suburbanites is a series of climactic movie scenes in which a long column of once surly natives, marching in solemn silence and as one man, framed by the setting Sun, turn in their weapons to the chief who has done them a good turn, or menace the adventurer’s enemy (who turns pale at the sight), or rebuild the missionary’s church, destroyed by fire. #RandolphHarris 11 of 23

When a social problem persists (as they tend to do) longer than a few days, those who call attention to its continued presence are viewed as “going too far” and “causing the pendulum to swing the other way.” We can make war on poverty but shrink from the extensive readjustments required to stop breeding it. Once a law is passed, a commission set up, a study made, a report written, the problem is expected to have been “wiped out” or “mopped up.” Bombs abroad are matched by “crash programs” at home—the terminological similarity reveals a psychological one. Our approach to transportation problems has had the effect, as many people have observed, of making it easier to travel to more and more paces that have become less and less worth driving to. Asking us to consider the manifold consequences of chopping down a forest, draining a swamp, spraying field with poison, making it easier to drive into an already crowded city, or selling deadly weapons to everyone who wants them arouses in us the same impatience as a chess problem would in a hyperactive six-year-old. The avoiding tendency lies at the very root of American character. This nation was settled and continuously repopulated by people who were not personally successful in confronting the social conditions obtaining in their mother country, but fled these conditions in the hope of a better life. #RandolphHarris 12 of 23

This series of choices (reproduced in the westward movement) provided a complex selection process—populating America disproportionately with a certain kind of person. In the past we have always, explicitly or implicitly, stressed the beneficial side of this selection, implying that America thereby found itself blessed with an unusual number of energetic, mobile, ambitions, daring, and optimistic persons. Now there is no reason to deny that a number of traits must have helped to differentiate those who chose to come from those who chose to stay, nor that these differences must have generated social institutions and habits of mind that tended to preserve and reproduce these characteristics. However, very little attention has been paid to the more negative aspects of the selection. If we gained the energetic and daring we also gained the lion’s share of the rootless, the unscrupulous, those who value money over relationships, and those who put self-aggrandizement ahead of love and loyalty And most of all, we gained a critically undue proportion of persons, when faced with a difficult situation, tended to chuck the whole thing and flee to a new environment. Escaping, evading, and avoiding are responses which lie at the base of much that is peculiarly American—the suburb, the automobile, the self-service store, and so on. #RandolphHarris 13 of 23

These responses also contribute to the appalling discrepancy between our material resources and our treatment of those who cannot adequately care for themselves. This is not argument against institutionalization: American society is not geared to handle these problems in any other way, and this is in fact the point I wish to make. If everything else is left the same, one cannot successfully alter one facet of a social system, for the patterns are interdependent and reinforce one another. In a cooperative, stable society the aged, infirm, or psychotic person can be absorbed by the local community, which knows and understands one. One presents a difficulty which is familiar and which can be confronted daily and directly. This condition cannot be reproduced in our society today—the burden must be carried by a small, isolated, mobile family unit that is not really equipped for it. However, understanding the forces that require us to incarcerate those who cannot function independently in our society does not gives us license to ignore the significance of doing so. The institutions we provide for those who cannot care for themselves are human garbage heaps—they result from and reinforce our tendency to avoid confronting social and interpersonal problems. #RandolphHarris 14 of 23

They make life “easier” for the rest of society, just as does the automobile. And just as we find ourselves having to devise ridiculous exercises to counteract the harmful effects of our dependence upon the automobile, so the “ease” of our nonconfronting social technology makes us bored, flabby, and interpersonally insensitive, and our lives empty and mechanical. There is a Christian view of work which makes God the center of the equation. To be sure, God does not remove the curse and its painful, sweaty toil, but He does replace the meaninglessness. Those who have been saved by faith fall heir to this grand declaration: “For we are God’s workmanship, created in Christ Jesus to do good works, which God prepared in advance for us to do,” reports Ephesians 2.10. Being His workmanship, his work of art, his masterpiece—we are the pinnacle of God’s creation because, above every other created thing (even angels!), we are made in His image. This has mind-boggling possibilities. Beyond his, we have been regenerated—created in Chris Jesus—thus undergoing an even greater second creation. As Paul says in 2 Corinthians 5.17, “If anyone is in Christ, one is a new creation.” God’s most stupendous creation is made alive in Christ. #RandolphHarris 15 of 23

The spiritual life which is reached in work of conversation, is a far greater and more glorious effect than mere being and life. As subjects of Christ’s two creations, we are His ultimate workmanship! As His masterworks, we have been created in Christ Jesus to do good works, which God prepared in advance for us to do. Each of us has an eternally designed work assignment which incudes the task, the ability, and a place to serve. Whatever the task to which He has called you, you will be equipped for it as surely as a bird is made for flight. And in doing the works He has called you to do, you will be both more and more His workmanship and more and more your true self. The practical implications of this are stupendous. There is no secular/sacred distinction, for all honest work done for the Lord is sacred. Historians agree that Luther’s understanding of this revolutionized his life, and indeed the World of his day. He wrote: “Your work is a very sacred matter. God delights in it, and through it He wants to bestow His blessings on you. This praise of work should be inscribed on all tools, on the forehead and the faces that sweat from toiling.” There are no first-class and second-class Christians because of their varying jobs. All work is sacramental in nature, be it checking groceries, selling futures, cleaning teeth, driving a street sweeper, teaching, or painting trim. #RandolphHarris 16 of 23

Everything we do ought to be one to the glory of God. Listen to God’s call to serve Him: “So whether you eat or drink or whatever you do, do it all for the glory of God,” reports 1 Corinthians 10.31. “And whatever you do, whether in word or deed, do it all in the name of the Lord Jesus, giving thanks to God the Father through him,” reports Colossians 3.17. “Whatever you do, work at it with all your heart, as working for the Lord, not for humans, since you know that you will receive an inheritance from the Lord as a reward. It is the Lord Christ you are serving,” reports Colossians 3.23, 24. You may feel you are in a “nothing job.” Because of the Curse, your job may involve painful toil and yield little job satisfaction. However, you can glorify God where you are by your heart attitude. You may fee your occupation is not holy, but it is if you see it so and do it for God’s glory. You are God’s masterpiece, created in Christ Jesus to do good works which God planned in advance for you. Humans, everything about your work must be directed toward Him—your attitudes, your integrity, your intensity, and your skill. What is this experience like? It is a primary feeling—it feels like receiving the deed to my house. It is the experience of my own aliveness no caring whether it turns out to be an ion or just a wave. It is like when a very young child I once reached the core of a peace and cracked the pit, not knowing what I would find and then feeling the wonder of finding the inner seed, good to eat in its bitter sweetness. #RandolphHarris 17 of 23

Knowing that the work I do is for God because I am his masterpiece is like a sailboat in the harbour being given an anchor so that, being made out of Earthly things, it can by means of its anchor get in touch again with the Earth, the ground from which its wood grew; it can lift its anchor to sail but always at times it can cast its anchor to weather the storm or rest a little. It is my saying to Descartes, “I AM, therefore I think, I feel, I do.” It is like an axiom in geometry—never experiencing it would be like going through a geometry course not knowing the firs axiom. It is like going into my very own Garden of Eden where I a beyond good and evil and all other human concepts because my works if for God. It is like the experience of the poets of the intuitive World, the mystics, except that instead of the pure feeling of and union with God it is the finding of and the union with my own being It is like owning Cinderella’s shoe and looking all over the World for the foot it will fit and realizing all of the sudden that one’s own foot is the only one it will fit. It is a “Matter of Fact’ in the etymological sense of the expression. It is like a globe before the mountains and oceans and continents have been drawn on it. It is like a child in grammar finding the subject of the verb in a sentence—in this case the subject would be one’s work and own life span. It is ceasing to feel a theory towards one’s self. #RandolphHarris 18 of 23

God has stated that the quintessence of divinity is the power to be. “And it came to pass that they did set guards over the prisoners of the Lamanites, and did compel them to go forth and bury their dead, yea, and also the dead of the Nephites who were slain; and Moroni placed humans over them to guard them while they should perform their labours. And Moroni went to the city of Mulek with Lehi, and took command of the city and gave it unto Lehi. Now behold, this Lehi was a man who had been with Moroni in the more part of all his battles; and he was a man like unto Moroni, and they rejoiced in each other’s safety; yea, they were beloved by each other, and also by all the people of Nephi. And it came to pass that after the Lamanites had finished burying their dead and also the dead of the Nephite, they were marched back into the land of the Nephites, they were marched back into the land Bountiful; and Teancum, by the orders of Moroni, caused that they should commence labouring in digging a ditch round about the land, or the city, Bountiful. And he caused that they should build a breastwork of timbers upon the inner bank of ditch; and they cast up dirt out of the ditch against the breastwork of timbers; and thus they did cause the Lamanites to labour until they had encircled the city of Bountiful round about with a strong wall of timbers and Earth, to an exceeding height. #RandolphHarris 19 of 23

“And this city became an exceeding stronghold ever after; and in this city they did guard the prisoners of the Lamanites; yea, even within a wall which they had caused them to build with their own hands. Now Moroni was compelled to cause the Lamanites to labour, because it was easy to guard them while at their labour; and he desired all his forces when he should make an attack upon the Lamanites. And it came to pass that Moroni had thus gained a victory over one of the greatest of the armies of the Lamanites, and had obtained possession of the city of Mulek which was one of the strongest holds of the Lamanites in the land of Nephi; and thus he had also built a stronghold to retain his prisoners. And it came to pass that the did no more attempt a battle with the Lamanites in that year, but he did employ his men in preparing for war, yea, and in making fortifications to guard against the Lamanites, yea, and also delivering their women and their children from famine and affliction, and providing food for their armies. And now it came to pass that the armies of the Lamanites, on the west sea, south, while in the absence of Moroni on account of some intrigue amongst the Nephites, which caused dissensions among them, had gained some ground over the Nephite, which caused dissensions amongst them, had gained some ground over the Nephites, yea, insomuch that they had obtained possession of a number of their cities in that part of the land. #RandolphHarris 20 of 23

And thus because of iniquity amongst themselves, yea, because of dissensions and intrigue among themselves they were placed in the most dangerous circumstances. And now behold, I have somewhat to say concerning the people of Ammon, who, in the beginning, were Lamanites; but by Ammon and his brethren, or rather by the power and word of God, they have been converted unto the Lord; and they had been brought down into the land of Zarahemla, and had ever since been protected by the Nephites. And because of their oath they had been kept from taking up arms against their brethren; for they had taken an oath that they never would shed blood more; and according to their oath they would have perished; yea, they would have suffered themselves to have fallen into the hands of their brethren, had it not been for the pity and the exceeding love which Ammon and his brethren had had for them. And for this cause they were brought down into the land of Zarahemla; and they ever had been protected by the Nephites. However, it came to pass that when they saw the danger, and the many afflictions and tribulations which the Nephites bore for them, they were moved with compassion and were desirous to take up arms in the defence of their country. However, behold, as they were about to take their weapons of war, they were overpowered by the persuasions of Helaman and his brethren for they were about to break the oath which they had made. #RandolphHarris 21 of 23

“And Helaman feared lest by so doing they should lose their souls; therefore all those who had entered into this covenant were compelled to behold their brethren wade through their afflictions, in their dangerous circumstances at this time. However, behold, it came to pass they had many sons, who had not entered into a covenant that they would not take their weapons of war to defend themselves against their enemies; therefore they did assemble themselves together at this time, as many as were able to take u arms, and they called themselves Nephites. And they entered into a covenant to fight for the liberty of the Nephites, yes, to protect the land unto the laying down of their lives; yea, even they covenanted that they never would give up their liberty, but they would fight in all cases to protect the Nephites and themselves from bondage. Now behold, there were two thousand of those young men, who entered into this covenant and took their weapons of war to defend their country. And now behold, as they never had hitherto been a disadvantage to the Nephites, they became now at this period of time also a great support; for they took their weapons of war, and they would that Helaman should be their leader. #RandolphHarris 22 of 23

“And they were all young men, and they were exceedingly valiant for courage, and also for strength and activity; but behold, this was not all—they were men who were true at all times in whatsoever thing they were entrusted. Yea, they were men of truth and soberness, for they have been taught to keep the commandments of God and to walk uprightly before him. And now it came to pass that Helaman did march at the head of his two thousand stripling soldiers, to the support of the people in the borders of the land on the south by the west side. And thus ended the twenty and eight year of the reign of the judges over the people of Nephi,” reports Alma 53.1-23. I speak of He who is beyond comparison, the greatest of Fathers who created all wonders. To us, you are Father, and to everything else. The Father of Friends and the Father of blessings. You do not distinguish between your children, but spread your love freely without judgment or preference. Sabbath, to welcome thee, joyous we haste; fountain of blessing from ever thou wast—first in God’s planning, though fashioned the last, Crown of His handiwork, chiefest of days. City of holiness, filled are the years; up from thine overthrow! Forth from thy fears! Log hast thou dwelt in the valley of tears, now shall God’s tenderness shepherd thy ways. #RandolphHarris 23 of 23

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