Our senses do not always play fair, or so often it seems. Sometimes the strangest phenomena occur which cause us to doubt our sanity or the effectiveness of our sensory apparatus. When we consider how intricate our nervous system is and how complex our sensory equipment, it is small wonder that these is not a lot more confusion than there actual is. The educational system is probably the most influential of all institutions—outranking the family, the church, the police, and the government—in shaping the interpersonal politics of the growing person. Here is how the politics of the traditional school is experienced: The teacher is the possessor of knowledge, the student the recipient. There is a great difference in status between instructor and student. The lecture, as the means of pouring knowledge into the recipient, and the examination as the measure of the extent to which one has received it, are the central elements of this education. The teacher is the possessor of power, the student the one who obeys. The administrator is also the possessor of power, and both the teacher and the student are the ones who obey. Control is always exercised downward. Authoritarian rule is the accepted policy in the classroom. New teachers are often advised, “Make sure you get control of your students the very first day.” #RandolphHarris 1 of 23
Sometimes it is difficult for students to realize the joy and excitement that can found through learning. People will discover how many unnecessary limits they place on themselves by saying “I do not know.” Individuals must commit themselves to never again placing limits on the things they are willing to learn about their World or the people in it. Trust is at a minimum. Most notable is the teacher’s distrust of the student. The student cannot be expected to work satisfactorily without the teacher constantly supervising and checking on one. The student’s distrust of the teacher is more diffuse—a lack of trust in teacher’s motives, honesty, fairness, competence. There may be a real rapport between an entertaining lecturer and those who are being entertained. There may be admiration for the instructor, but mutual trust is not a noticeable ingredient. The subjects (the students) are best governed by being kept in an intermittent or constant state of fear. There is today not much physical punishment, but public criticism and ridicule, and a constant fear of failure, are even more potent. This state of fear appears it increase as we go up the hierarchy of the educational scheme, because the students have more to lose. In elementary school the individual may be an object of scorn, or scolded as stupid or bad. #RandolphHarris 2 of 23
In high school there is added to this fear the fear of failure to graduate, with its vocational, economic and educational disadvantages. In college all these consequences are magnified and intensified. In graduate school, sponsorship by one professor offer even greater opportunities for extreme punishment due to some autocratic whim. Many graduate students have failed to receive their degrees because they have refused to obey every wish of their major professor. They are like slaves, subject to the life and death power of a despot from the Old World. Democracy and its values are ignored and scorned in practice. The student does not participate in choosing one’s goals, one’s curriculum, one’s manner of working. They are chosen for one. One has no part in the choice of teaching personnel or in educational policy. Likewise the teachers have no choice in choosing their principal or other administrative officers. Often they, too, have no participation in forming educational policy. The political practices of the school are in striking contrast to what is taught about the virtues of democracy and the importance of freedom and responsibility. There is no place for the whole person in the educational system, only for the intellect. #RandolphHarris 3 of 23
In elementary school the bursting curiosity of the normal child and one’s excess of physical energy are curbed and, if possible, stifled. In secondary school the one overriding interest of all students—gender and the relationships between the genders—is almost totally ignored and certainly not regarded as a major area for learning. In college the situation is the same—it is only the mind that is welcomed. We believe there is knowledge that exists separate and apar from how a person feels…and that accumulated knowledge of humankind is cognitive. It can be transmitted, it can be taught and learned, and the pursuit of that kind of knowledge is academic research. It appears to us that some would like to abandon cognitive learning, or at least reduce its importance to a level unacceptable to scholars. However, I also believe that the affective, the emotional component is terribly important. Cognitive skills should be combined with better knowledge of self and of interpersonal behaviour. A leader or a person who is perceived as an authority figure in the situation is sufficiently secure within oneself and in one’s relationship to others that one experiences an essential trust in the capacity of others to think for themselves, to learn for themselves. If this precondition exists, then the following aspects become possible. #RandolphHarris 4 of 23
The facilitative person shares with the other—students and possibly also parents or community members—the responsibility for the learning process. Curricular planning, the mode of administration and operation, the funding, and the policy making are all the responsibility of the particular group involved. Thus a class may be responsible for its own curriculum, but the total group may be responsible for overall policy. The facilitator provides learning resources—from within oneself and one’s own experience, from books or materials or community experiences. One encourages the leaders to add resources of which they have knowledge, or in which they have experience. One opens doors to resources outside the experience of the group. The student develops one’s own program of learning, alone or in cooperation with others. Exploring one’s own interests, facing the wealth of resources, one makes choices as to one’s own learning direction and carries the responsibility for the consequences of those choices. A facilitative learning climate is provided. In meetings of the class or of the school as a whole, an atmosphere of realness, of caring, and of understanding listening is evident. This climate may spring initially from the person who is he perceived leader. As the learning process continues, it is more and more often provided by the learners for one another. #RandolphHarris 5 of 23
Learning from one another becomes as important as learning from books or films or community experiences, of from the facilitator. It can be seen that the focus is primarily on fostering the continuing process of learning. The content of the learning, while significant, falls into a secondary place. Thus a course of learning is successfully ended not when the student has “learned all one needs to know,” but when the student has made significant process in learning how to learn what one wants to know. The discipline necessary to reach the student’s goals is a self-discipline and is recognized and accepted by the learner as being one’s own responsibility. The evaluation of the extent and significance of the student’s learning is made primarily by the learner oneself, though one’s self-evaluation may be influenced and enriched by caring feedback from other members of the group and from the facilitator. In this growth-promoting climate, the learning is deeper, proceeds at a more rapid rate, and is more pervasive in life and behaviour of the student than learning acquired in the traditional classroom. This comes about because the direction is self-chosen, the learning is self-initiated, and the whole person, with feelings and passions as well as intellect, is invested in the process. #RandolphHarris 6 of 23
Spiritual education is also another form or learning we are supposed to partake in while on Earth. The kind of spiritual guide that most people want is one who pats them encouragingly on the shoulder, flatters them constantly in speech or writing, and habituates them to refer all their personal problems to one for solution. The kind of guide they really need is one who will critically point out their faults and weaknesses and who will unhesitatingly throw them back on their own resources. It is better to encourage humans in conduct than to pamper their neurotic religiosity. The aspirant comes to the philosophic teacher with a mind filled by error and ignorance. One comes to the philosophic life with a character filled by egoism and prejudice. Thus one is the largest stumbling block in one’s own path. One oneself prevents the spiritual consciousness from approaching one. So the firs duty of a teacher is to show one all this error, ignorance, egoism, and prejudice for the unbeautiful things they are and make them aware and ashamed of them. One must cast aside much of one’s carefully heaped-up pile of knowledge and begin afresh. To make a person teachable, one must first convince one of one’s own ignorance. And the master will show one that one really knows little of one’s own self. #RandolphHarris 7 of 23
It is an important part of one’s task to how humans what their personal lives look like from an impersonal standpoint. Hence one points out the fallacy of their egotistic actions and the foolishness of their egotistic purposes. Whatever one says or suggests to one’s disciples is said or suggested with a view to their ultimate good. Therefore one may sometimes recommend a course of action which brings immediate pain or self-denial or self-discipline. One may gently chide one person of errors of shortcomings, or firmly warn another person against sins and lapses. It is hard to bring a person from a wrong point of view to a right one, not only because one may not be intellectually or intuitively capable of making the transition, but also because one can make it only by losing some of one’s emotional egoistic self-esteem. This is true of general propaganda among the masses as it is of the preliminary correction of pupils by a master. “The voice of the Lord is powerful,” sings the poet of the 29th Psalm. “The voice of the Lord breaks the cedars…the voice of the Lord cleaves with flames of fire, the voice of the Lord shakes the wilderness…and strips the forests bare.” In the book of Job, we find a description of the terrible power of nature in the mythological symbols of Behemoth and Leviathan. #RandolphHarris 8 of 23
And a great recent poet, Rilke says: “For Beauty’s nothing but beginning of Terror we are still just able to bear, and why we adore it so is because it serenely disdains to destroy us. Each single Angel is terrible. The glory of nature is not shallow beauty.” And now let us listen once more to the words of the apostle about the tragedy of nature in their precise meaning.” Even the creation waits with eager longing for the sons of God to be revealed. For creation was not rendered futile by its own choice, but by the will of Him Who thus made it subject, the hope being that creation as well as humans would one day be freed from its thralldom to decay and gain the glorious freedom of God’s children. To this say, we know, the entire creation sighs and throbs with pain,” reports Romans 8.19-22. Nature is not only glorious; it is also tragic. It is subjected to the laws of finitude and destruction. It is suffering and sighing with us. No one who has ever listened to the sounds of nature with sympathy can forget their tragic melodies. The Greek word in Paul’s letter which we have translated as “creation” is especially used for the non-animate section of nature as Paul is alluding to the words of God to Adam after the Fall: “Cursed is the land for thy sake.” The sighing sound of the wind and the ever-restless, futile breaking of the waves may have inspired the poetic, melancholic verse about nature’s vanity. #RandolphHarris 9 of 23
However, the words of Paul refer also, and in a more direct way, to the sphere of living things. The melancholy of the leaves falling in Autumn, the end of the jubilant life of Spring and Summer, the quiet death of innumerable beings in the cold air of the approaching Winter—all this has grasped and always will grasp the hearts, not only of poets, but of every feeling man and woman. The song of transitoriness sounds through all the nations. Isaiah’s words, “The grass withereth, the flower fadeth, because the breath of the Lord bloweth upon it,” describe the shortness of the lives of individuals and nations. However, they could not have been written without a profound sympathy with the life of nature. And then Jesus speaks, praising the lilies of the field: “Even Solomon in all his glory was not arrayed like one of these.” In these two sayings about the flowers of the field we perceive both the glory and the tragedy of nature. Sympathy with nature in its tragedy is not a sentimental emotion; it is a true feeling of the reality of nature. Schelling justly says: “A veil of sadness is spread over all nature, a deep, unappeasable melancholy over all of life.” According to him this is “manifest through the traces of suffering in the face of all nature, especially in the faces of animals.” #RandolphHarris 10 of 23
The doctrine of suffering as the character of all life, taught by Buddha, has conquered in the ground of one’s own being with the ground of nature is able to see into its tragedy; as Schelling says, “The darkest and deepest ground in human nature is ‘Longing’…is melancholy. This, mainly, creates the sympathy of humans with nature. For in nature too the deepest ground is melancholy. Nature, also, urns for a lost good.” Can we still understand the meaning of such half-poetic, half-philosophic words? Or have we too much secluded ourselves in human superiority, in intellectual arrogance, in a domineering attitude toward nature? We have become incapable of perceiving the harmonious sounds of nature. Have we also become insensitive to the tragic sounds? Why is nature tragic? Who is responsible for the suffering of animals, for the ugliness of death and decay, for the universal dread of death? Many years ago I stood on a jetty with a well-known psychologist looking at the ocean. We saw innumerable small fish hurrying toward the beach. They were pursued by bigger ones, who, in turn, were chased by still bigger ones. Aggression, flight, and anxiety—a perfect illustration of the old, often used story of the big fish devouring the small ones, in nature as in history. #RandolphHarris 11 of 23
The scholar, who, in many discussions, had defended the harmonious structure of reality, burst into tears, saying, “Why are these beings created if they exist only to be swallowed by others?” In this moment the tragedy of nature forced itself upon his optimistic mind, and he asked, “Why?” Paul tries o penetrate the mystery of this question. And his surprising answer is: nature is subjected to vanity by the curse that God uttered because of the fall of Adam. The tragedy of nature is bound to the tragedy of humans, as the salvation of nature is dependent on the salvation of humans. What does this mean? Always humankind has dreamed of a time when harmony and joy filled all nature, and peace reigned between nature and human—Paradise, the Golden Age. However, humans, by violating the divine law, destroyed the harmony, and now here is enmity between humans and nature, between nature and nature. In Paul’s melancholic words this dream resounds. It is a dream, but it contains a profound truth: humans and nature belong together in their created glory, in their tragedy, and in their salvation. As nature, represented by the “Serpent,” leads humans into temptation, so humans, by their trespassing of the divine law, leads nature into tragedy. This did not happen once upon a time, as the story says; it happens within every time and space so long as there is time and space. #RandolphHarris 12 of 23
So long as there are the Old Heaven and the Old Earth, humans and nature will be subjected together to the law of vanity. Many profound thinkers within and without Christianity agree that humans are determined to fulfill the longing of nature. In so far as one has failed and still fails to come to one’s own fulfillment, one is unable to fulfill nature—one’s own bodily being and nature around one. Therefore, Jesus I called the Son of Man, the man from above, the true man, in whom the forces of separation and tragedy are overcome, not only in humankind but also in the Universe. For there is no salvation of humans if there is no salvation of nature, for humans are in nature and nature are in humans. Let us listen once more to the words of the prophet about salvation of nature. “Then I saw the new Heaven and the new Earth. For the first Heaven and the first Earth had passed away; and the sea was no more. Then he showed me the river of the water of life, bright as crystal on both sides of the river grew the tree of life, bearing twelve kinds of fruit, each month having its own fruit; and the leaves of the tree were for the healing of the nations,” reports Revelations 21.1, 22.2. In powerful images the last book of the Bible describes the salvation of humans and nature from the bondage of corruption: the city of God is built with the most precious materials of non-animated nature. #RandolphHarris 13 of 23
The ocean, the symbol of formless chaos, is excluded. The river is not polluted by any rot. The trees bear fruit without change and decay; the animals, together with the saints, adore the throne of glory. The daemonic forces are thrown into nothingness. There is no suffering nor death. Needless to say, this is not the description of a future state of our World. Like the Golden Age of the past, the Golden Age of the future is a symbol, pointing to something mysterious within our present World—namely, the forces of salvation. And one thing is made very clear in the visions of the prophet, that salvation means salvation of the World, and not of human beings alone. Lions and sheep, little children and snakes, will lie together in peace, says Isaiah. Angels and stars, humans and animals, adore the Children of Christmas legend. The Earth shakes when the Christ dies, and it shakes again when He is resurrected. The Sun loses its light when He closes His eyes, and it rises when He raises from the tomb. The resurrection of the body—not an immortal soul—is the symbol of the victory over death. The bodiless spirit (and this is the meaning of all these images) is not the aim of creation; the purpose of salvation is not the abstract intellect or a natureless moral personality. #RandolphHarris 14 of 23
Do we not see everywhere the estrangement of people from nature, from their own natural forces and from nature around them? And so they not become dry and uncreative in their mental life, hard and arrogant in their moral attitude, suppressed and poisoned in their vitality? They certainly are not the images of salvation. As one theologian has justly said, “Corporal being is the end of the ways of God.” This has always been known to creative painters and sculptors. A great picture or statue is an anticipation of the new Earth, a revelation of the mystery of nature. A picture of a statue is a plant or a stone transformed into a bearer of spiritual meaning It is nature elevated above itself, revealing its tragedy and, at the same tie, is victory over its tragedy. The picture of Jesus and the apostles and saints throughout the centuries of Christian art, in colour and stone—portraits of humans in whom humanity discovered its power and dignity—the incomparable expression of personality in the face of even the simplest individual, show that spirit becomes body, and that nature is not strange to personality. The system of cells functions, which we call “body,” is able to express the finest change of our spiritual being. Artists have often understood the eternal significance of nature, even when theologians have emphasized a bodiless spirituality, forgetting that the first thing by which Jesus revealed His Messianic vocation was His power to heal bodily and mental sickness. #RandolphHarris 15 of 23
Let me ask you a question: are we still able to understands what a sacrament means? The more we are estranged from nature, the less we can answer affirmatively. That is why, in our time, the sacraments have lost so much of their significance for individuals and Churches. For in the sacraments nature participates in the process of salvation. Bread and wine, water and light, and all the great elements of nature become the bearers of spiritual meaning and saving power. Natural and spiritual powers are united—reunited—in the sacrament. The word appeals to our intellect and may move our will. The sacrament, if its meaning is alive, grasps our unconscious as well as our conscious being. In grasps the creative ground of our being. It is the symbol of nature, and spirit, united in salvation. Therefore, commune with nature! Become reconciled with nature after your estrangement from it. Listen to nature in quietness, and you will find its heart. It will sound forth the glory of its divine ground. It will sign with us in the bondage of tragedy. It will speak of the indestructible hope of salvation! This is also justified because a relationship with God is a matter of the heart, not the head. To have faith in a statement means to let yourself be convinced of and, therefore, accept the statement me as true. To have faith in God means to firmly rely on Him. Either way, faith is relying on what you have reason to believe is true and trustworthy. #RandolphHarris 16 of 23
Faith involves the readiness to act as if something were so. Throughout church history, theologians have expressed three different aspects of biblical faith: notitia (knowledge), fiducia (trust), and assensus (assent). Notitia refers to the data or doctrinal content of the Christian faith. “Beloved, when I gave all diligence to write unto you of the common salvation, it was needful for me to write unto you, and exhort you that ye should earnestly contend for the faith which was once delivered unto the saints,” Jude 1.3. Assensus denotes the assent of the intellect to the truth of the content of Christian teaching. Note that each of these aspects of faith requires a careful exercise of reason, both in understanding what the teachings of Christianity are and in judging their truthfulness. In this way, reason is indispensable for the third aspect of faith—fiducia—which captures the personal application or trust involved in faith, an act that primarily involves the will but includes the affections and intellect too. What about being like a little child and the importance of the heart over the head in Christian life? In the context, Jesus’ teaching about becoming like a little child had nothing to do with the intellect. It was directed against being stiffnecked, self-sufficient and arrogant. To be a child in this sense is to be humble and willing to trust in or rely on others, especially God. #RandolphHarris 17 of 23
The opposite of the child is a proud stiffnecked person, not an intelligent, reasonable one. Further, the distinction between the head and the heart is very misleading. In Scripture, the term heart has several meanings. Most of the time it simply refers to the seat or center of the entire person, the total self, including, emotional, and will. Sometimes it simply refers to the emotions or affections. “Therefore God gave them over in the sinful desires of their hearts to impurity of pleasures of the flesh for the degrading of their bodies with one another,” reports Romans 1.24. “For God is y record, how greatly I long after you all in the bowels of Jesus Christ,” reports Philippians 1.8. However, the term heart often actually refers to the mind itself. “For although they knew God, they neither glorified him as God nor gave thanks to hum, but their thinking became futile and their foolish hearts were darkened,” reports Romans 1.24. “For God, who said, ‘Let light shine out of darkness,’ made his light shine in our hearts to give us the light of the knowledge of the glory of God in the face of Christ,” reports 2 Corinthians 4.6. “Each human should give what one has decided in one’s heart to give, not reluctantly or under compulsion, for God loves a cheerful giver,” reports 2 Corinthians 9.7. #RandolphHarris 18 of 23
“I pray that the eyes of your heart may be enlightened in order that you may know the hope to which he has called you, the riches of his glorious inheritance in his holy power, and his incomparably great power for us who believe. That power is the same as the mighty strength,” reports Ephesians 1.18-19. Therefore, it is safe to say that when the term heart is used in a verse, it most likely includes or explicitly refers to our mental faculty unless the context shows otherwise. Let us not allow false teaching to distort our understanding of the critical nature of the heart and move on in our development of a Christian mind. A grotesque distortion: Our response to God’s way should be ignorance. Finally, I sometimes hear two claims that express the idea that it is futile to use your reason or to emphasize its important when it comes to the Christian way: God’s ways and thoughts are higher than ours. “As the Heavens are higher than the Earth, so are my ways higher than your ways and my thoughts than your thoughts,” reports Isaiah 55.9. And knowledge puffs people up and makes them arrogant. “Now about food sacrifices to idols: We know that ‘We all possess knowledge.’ However, knowledge puffs up while love builds,” reports 1 Corinthians 8.1. It should be clear what is wrong with these claims. #RandolphHarris 19 of 23
The fact that God’s thoughts are higher than ours means that we will never be able to fully grasp God’s motives, purposes, or providential guidance in the World. Regarding the arrogance that comes from knowledge, we need to keep two things in mind. First, Paul’s statement is not against knowledge per se, but against a certain attitude toward it. The proper response to his warning is humility, not ignorance! Second, for every knowledgeable person who is arrogant, there is an unknowledgeable person who is defensive and proud as a cover-up for one’s lack of knowledge. Arrogance is not possessed solely by people who have developed their reasoning abilities. We Christians have a desire deep within us to be like God and to bring honour to His name. However, what are we to look like if we are o fulfill these desires? A growing, vibrant disciple will be someone who values one’s intellectual life and works at developing one’s mind clearly. We must dedicate our lives to a deep commitment to reason and the intellectual life. It bothers God that so many evangelicals seem to be theologically illiterate. It bothers God terribly, as much as anything he can think of. Do not neglect your critical faculties. Remember that God is a rational God, who has made us in His own image. #RandolphHarris 20 of 23
God invites and expects us to explore His double revelation, in nature and Scripture, with the minds He has given us, and to go on in the development of a Christian mind to apply His marvelous revealed truth to every aspect of the modern and post-modern World. We neglect these admonitions to our own peril. King Benjamin records the names of the people and appoints priests to teach them—Mosiah reigns as a righteous king. About 124-121 Before Christ. “And now, king Benjamin thought it was expedient, after having finished speaking to the people, that he would take the names of all those who had entered into a covenant with God to keep his commandments. And it came to pass that there was not one soul, except it were little children, but who had entered into the covenant and had taken upon them the name of Christ. And again, it came to pass that when king Benjamin had made an end of all these things, and had consecrated his son Mosiah to be a ruler and a king over his people, and have given him all the charges concerning the kingdom, and also had appointed priests to teach the people, that thereby they might hear and know the commandments of God, and to stir them up in remembrance of the oath which they had made, he dismissed the multitude, and they returned, every one, according to their families, to their own houses. And Mosiah began to reign in his father’s stead. And he began to reign in the thirtieth year of his age, making in the whole, about four hundred and seventy-six years from the time that Lehi left Jerusalem. #RandolphHarris 21 of 23
“And king Benjamin lived three years and he died. And it came to pass that king Mosiah did walk in the ways of the Lord, and did observe his judgments and his statutes, and did keep his commandments in all things whatsoever he commanded him. And king Mosiah did cause his people that they should till the Earth. And he also, himself, did till the Earth, that thereby he might not become burdensome to his people, that he might do according to that which his father had done in all things. And there was no contention among all his people for the space of three years,” reports Mosiah 6.1-7. I beseech Thee, O Lord, that his Holy Communion may be my guide, and my food for the journey, unto the Heaven of eternal salvation. May it be to me a consolation while I am harassed in thoughts, a source of sweetest love in the time of good purposes, patience in tribulation and distress, medicine in sickness. By these most sacred Mysteries which I have received, grant me right faith, firm hope, and perfect love, strength to renounce the world, purification of desires, inward sweetness, ardent love for Thee, a recollection and tender sympathy for the Passion of Thy beloved Son, and grace to keep my life full of virtue in the praise of Thee and in sincere faith. #RandolphHarris 22 of 23
And please grant me in the hour of my departure to receive the gif of so great a Mystery with true faith, certain hope, and sincere love, that I may see Thee without end. My dear Lord, I depend wholly upon Thee, please wean me from all other dependences. Thou art my all, Thou dost overrule all and delight in me. Thou art the foundation of goodness, how can I distrust Thee? how be anxious about what happens to me? In the light of Thy preciousness the World and all its enjoyments are infinitely poor: I value the favour of humans no more than pebbles. Amid the blessings I receive from Thee may I never lose the heart of a stranger. May I love Thee, my benefactor, in all my benefits, not forgetting that my greatest danger arises from my advantages. Produce in me self-despair that will make Jesus precious to me, delightful in all his offices, pleasurable in all his ways., and may I love His commands as well as his promises. Please help me to discern between true and false love, the one consisting of supreme love to Thee, the other not, the former uniting Thy glory and human’s happiness that they may become one common interest, the latter disjointing and separating them both, seeking the latter with neglect of the former. Please teach me that genuine love is different in kind from that wrought by rational arguments or the motive of self-interest, that such love is pleasing passion affording joy to the mind where it is. Please grant me grace to distinguish between the genuine and the false, and to rest in Thee who are all love. #RandolphHarris 23 of 23
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