It is heartbreaking to hear that more than 115,000 Americans have died from drug overdoses in 2022. The human toll has devastated families and communities. Research shows that these two dimensions—availability and life structure—are critical to understanding the dynamics of addict careers. According to our respondents, differences in the ways addicts manage these functions and variations in these two dimensions that are beyond the control of addicts combine to produce fairly distinct patterns, periods, or stages in their careers. The interaction of availability and life structure may be understood to described addict career phases that are familiar to participants o observers of the heroin scene. Throughout their drug-crime careers, addicts typically move through periods in which they may at one time be described as one type and later another. The occasional user—low availability/high life structure: initiates into the heroin-using subculture typically begin as occasional users. For the beginning heroin users, a variety of factors typically serve to limit the availability of heroin. The initiate has usually not spent enough time in the heroin subculture to develop extensive drug connections. In addition, the beginner must be taught how and where to buy heroin, and also must learn how to use it. Moreover, the typical beginning heroin users is unlikely to have sufficient income to maintain any substantial level of heroin consumption, and is most unlikely to have either the connections or the knowledge necessary to increase availability through low-level dealing or through shrewd buying and reselling as experienced addicts sometimes do. #RandolphHarris 1 of 17

In addition to these factors which tend to limit the availability of heroin to the beginning user and hold one to an occasional user role, a variety of factors related to life structure also tend to oblige the beginning heroin user to play an occasional suer role, or at least to do so until that life structure can be modified to accommodate a higher level or heroin use. In many cases beginning heroin users are young, dependent, involved in school, and bear family roles and obligations which are not easily changed. Likewise, adult role obligations, such as a full-time employment, housekeeping, and child rearing, can be altered so as to be compatible with occasional patterns of heroin use, but not without considerable difficult if those patterns include high or even moderately high levels of addiction. One of our respondents, “Belle,” explained how she and her husband, “Taps” maintained a very long period of occasional use, dule largely to Taps’ determination to keep his full-time job: “I know of people that does half a bag generally. Do you understand what I’m saying? That they automatically live off of half a bag and got a jones. Like I Said, Taps waked—and he would shoot no more than half a bag of dope at anytime he took off and wouldn’t do no wrong. He would not do no wrong. He worked each and every day. And this is what I told you before—I said I don’t know how he had a jones and worked, but he worked every day.” Moreover, Belle went on to explain that when the live structure Taps provided for her lapsed—and availability increases—she did not remain an occasional user: “Taps had me limited a long, long time. I mean a long time limited to nothing but a half a bag of drugs, until he completely stopped hisself. Then when he stopped, I went ‘Pheww!’—because I didn’t have anybody to guide me. I didn’t have to take half a bad and divine it in half for him. And I went from one bag to more.” #RandolphHarris 2 of 17

“Ron,” another addict in our sample, played the role of “occasional user” without interruption for nearly eight years. During this period he consumed an average of $10-15 in street heroin per day, while holding down a full-time job and living with his mother, who refused to allow him to use drugs in her home. Toward the end of the eight-year period he became a “tester” for a local drug dealer, a role which increased the availability of heroin. At about the same time, he also lost his job and moved out of his mother’s home. Having lost the support of the stable routine imposed by his job and living arrangements at the same time heroin became more readily available to him in his role of “tester,” his drug use escalated dramatically within a very short time. Interestingly, the low availability/high life structure pattern of occasional use, which typically marks the beginning addict’s entrance into the drug-using World, is characteristic of many addicts’ attempts to leave it. Many formal drug rehabilitation programs impose conditions of low (or no) heroin availability combined with high life structure upon addicts enrolled in their programs. Addicts who attempted to quit on their own often seek to do so by limiting or eliminating altogether their contacts with addict friends, self-medicating with “street” methodone, and devoting themselves intensively to some highly demanding routine activity such as full-time job or caring for young children. #RandolphHarris 3 of 17

The stabilized junkie—high availability/high life structure: for the occasional users to become a stabilized junkie, heroin must become increasing available in large and regular quantities, and one’s daily structure must be modified to accommodate regular heroin use. Making heroin regularly available in sufficiently large quantities is not only a matter of gaining access to reliable sources of supply of the drug; it also involves learning new and more sophisticated techniques for using and obtaining it as well as getting enough money to be able to buy it regularly. During the time beginning addicts play occasional user roles, they typically learn the fundamentals of copping, cooking, cutting, and spiking. These are all drug-using skills that take time to learn. It was not uncommon for the addicts in our sample to report that a sharp increase in their level of heroin use followed their learning to shoot themselves. When an occasional user learns to self-inject and no longer requires the more knowledgeable drug-using friends to “get off,” this new level of skill and independence, in effect, increases the availability of heroin. Likewise, copping skills and contacts which might have been sufficient to support occasional use require upgrading to support the needs of the stabilized junkie. The would-be stabilized junkie who must rely solely on low-quality, “street” heroin, who gets “ripped” by paying high prices for “bad dope,” or who is totally dependent on what quality or quantity of heroin a single supplier happens to have available must seek to stabilize both the quantity and quality of regularly available heroin. #RandolphHarris 4 of 17

Doing so seems to require extending and developing contact in the drug subculture. In the words of one of our respondents: “…you got to start associating with different people. You got to be in touch with different people for the simple reason that not just one person has it all the time. You go to go from one person to the other, find out who’s got the best bag and who hasn’t….You want to go where the best bag is for your money, and especially for the money you’re spending. You got to mingle with so many different people.” Making, developing, and maintaining the contacts that are helpful if not absolutely necessary to stable heroin use seems to invite natural opportunities for the most common modification in the stabilized junkie’s search for one’s own supply of drugs and, second, it can be a source of money for the purchase of drugs or source of drugs itself. Dealing can be rather easily accommodated to the needs of both availability and life structure. All of our respondents reported that at some time in their drug-using careers they had played the role of dealer, if only occasionally. Becoming an occasional dealer is almost an inevitable consequence of becoming a competent, regular user. A stabilized junkie will not only be approached to “cop” for occasional users and addicts whose suppliers are temporarily out of stock, but the stabilized junkie will come to recognize occasions on which especially “good dope” can be purchased and resold at a profit to drug-using friends. Because the work of dealing drugs on a small scale does not require much more time or effort than that which goes into buying drugs regularly for one’s own use, dealing also had another advantage which makes it an attractive activity for the stabilized junkie. #RandolphHarris 5 of 17

Namely, it can be carried on as a source of drugs or income without undue interference with whatever other “hustle,” if any, constitutes the stabilized junkie’s additional source of support. This is particularly true if, in the course of carrying on the hustle—be it theft, shoplifting, pimping, prostitution, bookmaking, or dealing in stolen property—the stabilized addict is likely to come into regular contact with other drug users. The extent to which dealing can be carried on along with other hustles depends of course, both on the nature of that hustle and on the extent of the dealing. The stabilized junkie will tend to divide one’s hustling efforts between dealing and other hustles with an eye toward which one delivers the highest profit. However, dividing those efforts will also involve other considerations such as the stabilized junkie’s personal preference for one type of work, lifestyle and community reputation considerations, opportunities to practice one type of hustle or another, and the physical demands each type of hustle tends to require. Among female heroin users, a rather common accommodation to the profits and opportunities of dealing and those of other hustles is a live-together arrangement with a male user. In this division of labor each tries to conduct their outside hustle during hours when the other can be at home to handle dealing transactions. An important feature of this arrangement is that, if necessary, it can be structured so as to permit the stabilized female junkie to be at home for housekeeping and child-rearing duties as well as dealing. In the coming days, we will furnish more information on this topic. #RandolphHarris 6 of 17

Humans are a social species; we literally depend on collaborative interactions with others for survival. Because of our social nature, it is important to develop autonomy. Autonomy is the ability to make choices yourself rather than having them made for you by other people. Most of us desire autonomy—who wants to be a slave to another’s wishes? The ability to exercise autonomy and maintain relatedness within close relationships is one hallmark of normative relational development in adolescence and remains an important aspect of healthy functioning in adult relationships. Nonthreatening exposure to a wide range of cultural and subcultural alternatives for handling interpersonal situations enhances autonomy. Repeated categorical discrimination without regard to performance damages autonomy, whereas equivalence of opportunity facilitates development of autonomy. Customary community respect for individual differences enhances autonomy. Persistent involvement or proffering of the opportunity for involvement in group activity, without forcing it, cultivates autonomy; persistent exclusion, ostracism, or forced participation reduces it. Exclusive domination by others reduces autonomy; progressive increments of initiative and responsibility enhance it. Procedures of assignment of duties and periodic reporting are more conductive to autonomy than procedures of direct supervision. Community enforcement of voluntary agreements and nullification of agreements obtained by duress encourage autonomy. Marriage between persons regarding each other as social unequals reduces autonomy of both mates and children; social equality in marriage facilitates the development of autonomy in mates and children. #RandolphHarris 7 of 17

Adolescents who fail to develop the capacity to establish autonomy and relatedness appear at-risk for using hostile or autonomy-undermining methos of resolving conflict and for experiencing depression and loneliness in adulthood close relationships. The strength and persistence of autonomy are positively correlated with the number of respect responses received by the self from significant others in the person’s life situations. Possession of a family name respected by others encourages autonomy. Intimate presence of adequate models which enables the growing child to form correct gender identification is indispensable for the development of autonomy. Exposure to other highly autonomous persons who can serve as models for identification facilitates autonomy. Recognition by significant others of progressive accomplishment encourages autonomy. Correspondence between the level of performance expected by others and the capacity of the person to equal or exceed it is optimal for development of autonomy. Autonomy increases as failure is met by assistance and encouragement for the next attempt rather than with derogatory personal condemnation. Wherever accomplishment is competitive, matching of competitors is optimal for the development of autonomy. Generally speaking, emphasis upon surpassing previous performance is more conducive to development of autonomy than is stress upon competitive standards of performance. The growth of autonomy is assisted by the customary use of rituals for honoring the defeated party in situations of conflict. #RandolphHarris 8 of 17

Practice in the performance of roles conveying respect to others increases the autonomy of the self. Autonomy is cultivated by participation in groups where one receives open and direct but nonaggressive evaluation of one’s self by the others. Autonomy is increased as appraisals of one’s self by others come from a range of perspectives, thus giving one alternative evaluation to choose from. When parents praise their children individually for characteristics that differentiate them noncompetitively from their siblings, so that each can feel uniquely appreciated, autonomy is cultivated. When parents permit their children to compare them objectively with other parents they cultivate the autonomy both of their children and of themselves. Freedom is a marvelous name. That is why you are so anxious to make use of it. You think that, if you call imprisonment true freedom, people will be attracted to the prison. And you are quite right. Freedom has a strong emotive undertone, which enables the speaker to use this notion in the way of a persuasive definition. If you want someone to do something, you just have to make clear to one that one’s freedom lies in doing precisely this thing. Is not that the true nature of autonomy? Does not autonomy also open the possibility to use it in the way of a persuasive definition? Can autonomy not also be a seductive word which can lead to ends which are not always laid open by protagonists? Autonomy is self-government. If autonomy of a person is a good thing per se, a person’s self-determination must be the ultimate goal of education. Education as a social science has to be autonomous by itself. #RandolphHarris 9 of 17

Therefore, the notion of autonomy is the banner under which educationalists have emancipated their science from the guardianship of religion and philosophy. Rewards for expression of curiosity and critical comparisons encourage autonomy; punishment for these reduces it. Full and consistent recognition of the limitations of human knowledge, the debatability of issues, the disagreement of authorities, and the legitimacy of dissent encourage autonomy. Given a broad grasp and perspective on World history, geography, and culture, one is less likely to be oppressed by the superiority or inferiority of any provincial culture or subculture. Instruction and practice in scientific method foster autonomy. Since teachers frequently are models for identification, they affect the autonomy of pupils favorably if they can serve as autonomous models of unambiguous gender identity. If the curriculum recognizes the development of diverse skills as an objective of education this will encourage autonomy, whereas approval solely for intelligence and intellectual achievement reduces it. When questions by pupils are encouraged and welcomed, the autonomy of teachers and pupils is enhanced. A programming of educational experience which affords intervals of solitude for the assimilation and integration of new knowledge increases autonomy more than programs which maintain a steady barrage of work and participation. Participation in the pursuit of knowledge is more productive of autonomy than mere passive receipt of knowledge. #RandolphHarris 10 of 17

Recognition and facilitation of individual intellectual interest, as they arise encourages autonomy; enforcement of conformity reduces its development. Open reciprocal criticism by fellow-students of each other’s work stimulates autonomy, provided personal aggression is minimized and objectivity of standards maintained. Access by parents to objective and thorough appraisal of their children’s performance, if done in a way to invoke their roles as audience and not their anxiety as performers themselves, assists in the growth of parental autonomy. Youth who are taught to prioritize others’ motivations and needs are likely to acquire less practice in identifying, understanding, and asserting their own autonomous way of thinking. In addition, parents’ use of psychologically controlling tactics has been linked to poorer quality parent-youth relationships, possibly the result of the youths’ resistance to the intrusive or overbearing parenting. Optimistic encouragement and provision for play encourage autonomy; scorn, discouragement, or subordination of play to serve extrinsic interests, reduces its contribution to autonomy. Games which, without threat, convey to a person appraisals of oneself by others contribute to the development of autonomy. Games which provide recognition of improvement on previous performance increase autonomy. Progressive mastery of higher skills in play correlates positively with the growth of autonomy; if new forms of play are made available as old ones are outgrown, autonomy is encouraged. #RandolphHarris 11 of 17

Participation in play by parents or older children, serving as models for identification rather than rivals, cultivates autonomy. Respect by others for privacy, reverie, and daydreaming facilitates autonomy. The experience of initiative, leadership, and power in organizing play—even if artificially induced-cultivates autonomy. The device of taking turns in initiating action is an apt illustration. The making and keeping of secrets and confidences develop autonomy. Drama offering heroic models of identification develops autonomy. Recreation which increases the range of experience increases perspective and thereby enhances autonomy. One way to grasp the transforming power of theonomy is to see how cultural ambiguities are resolved under the impact of the “Spiritual Presence.” As you know, the spirit (small “s”) is the actualization of power and meaning in unity and is found only in man. However, the ultimate concern can be symbolically described as “Spirit” (capital “S”), and its relation to man is metaphorically expressed in the statement that the divine Spirit dwells and works in the human spirit. The former seizes the latter in an unconditioned and ultimate concern and, in a moment of ecstasy, drive the human spirit out of itself and into a state of self-transcendence This “breaking-in” of the divine Spirit and the “going-out” of the human spirit is called the Spiritual Presence. It alone effects a theonomous culture. Language seeks to unite subject with object by creating a universe of meaning, but the inherent ambiguity of language is that, in transforming reality into meaning, it separates mind and reality. #RandolphHarris 12 of 17

For instance, there is a poverty of language in the midst of its own richness, in that, while grasping one facet of reality, it neglects innumerable others. Another, its universality is limited by the fact that it is tired to a particular linguistic structure. Furthermore, the definiteness of language is shot through with misleading indefiniteness. And, the communicative power of language can be so manipulated and perverted that it actually conceals instead of reveals. These ambiguities of language are ultimately explained by the ambiguous cleave between subject and object which makes language possible and, at the same time, distorts it. The condition of passivity may come about by wrong interpretations of truth. We are not supposed to participate in conduct disorder, nor psychopathological behavior. We live through the ultimate concern and purity and this energizes man’s individuality, held by him in self-control. There have in some cases been supernatural manifestations of conduct disorder and psychopathic behavior. When the truth is misunderstood, these are primary conditions for the working of psychopaths. Self-actualization brings one into conformity of the ultimate concern and conduct disorder and psychopathic behavior are defeated; for there “here-and-now” declared attitude demands active volition, active cooperation and active acceptance of the Maslow’s top tier of the model of human needs. However, when this hierarchy is interpreted to mean a loss of personality; an absence of volition and self-control, and the passive letting go of the “I myself” into a condition of machine-like, blind, automatic “obedience,” with deadness and heaviness which the self-actualized thinks is “mortification,” it makes the conditions optimal for psychopathic offenders to work, and removes the ascension of the hierarchy. #RandolphHarris 13 of 17

Religions are not the only forces rising up to challenge the power of nation-states as such. The underground Empire today had more power, wealth, and status than many nations. It flies no flag on the terrace of the United Nations, but it has larger armies, more capable intelligence agencies, more influential diplomatic services than many countries do. The ability of a drug cartel to corrupt, terrorize, and paralyze the American government for years, having first shifted its balance of trade, suggests what other outlaw groups, not necessarily narcotic traffickers, may also be able to do before long. A measure of the cartel’s menace bedeviled the government in 2017, when Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA) agents following the money from cocaine deals in Memphis, Tennessee, identified a mysterious figure in Mexico entrusted by drug lords with their millions: a Chinese American gangster named Xizhi Li. He had devised an innovative system that revolutionized the drug underworld and fortified cartels. Mr. Li was able to turn lard mountains of beautiful twenties and hundreds amassed on U.S.A. streets into legitimate fortunes to be spent on yachts, mansions, weapons, technology and bribes to pay police and politicians. For years, the Mexican cartels that supply the U.S.A. market with cocaine, heroin, and fentanyl smuggled truckloads of bulk cash to Mexico, where they used banks and exchange houses to move the money into the financial system. And they also hired middlemen—often Colombian or Lebanese specialists who charged as much as 18 percent—to launder their billions. Those methods were costly, took weeks or even months to complete and exposed the stockpiled cash to risk—damage, robbery, confiscation. #RandolphHarris 14 of 17

Enter Mr. Li. About seven years ago, federal antidrug agents in Chicago trailed cartel operatives transporting cash to a new destination: Chinatown, an immigrant enclave in the flatlands. The cartel operatives delivered suitcases full of cash to Chinese couriers directed by Mr. Li. These exchanges took place in models and parking lots. The couriers did not have criminal records nor carry guns; they were students, waiters, drivers. Both sides used prearranged signals. After the handoff, the couriers altered their Chinese bosses in Mexico, who quickly sent pesos to the bank accounts or safe houses of Mexican drug lords. Mr. Li then executed a chain of transactions through China, the United States of America and Latin American to launder the dollars. His powerful international connections made his service inexpensive, fast, and efficient; he even guaranteed insurance on cast lost in transit. Mr. Li and his fellow Chinese money launderers married market forces: drug lords wanting to get rid of dollars and a Chinese elite desperate to acquire dollars. The new model blew away the competition. At no time in the history of organized crimes has there been an example where a revenue stream has been taken over like this, and without a shot being fired. This enriched the Mexican cartels beyond their wildest dreams. Mr. Li and others moved tens of millions of dollars among Chinese banks and companies with seeming impunity. The criminal rings exploited a landscape in which more than $4 trillion of capital has left China since 2006.  Chinese launderers had emerged at the number one underwriter of drug trafficking in the Western Hemisphere. #RandolphHarris 15 of 17

China has the World’s largest and most sophisticated state security apparatus. It is estimated that $154 billion in illicit funds a year pass through China. President Xi Jinping has led a well-publicized and highly successful crusade against corruption. Xizhi Li had more then 17 aliases. At 35, Mr. Li stood 5’7”, and weighed 135 pounds. But he was intimidating. He spoke fluent, Mexican-accented Spanish, and wore a Rolex. He actually spoke many languages and also had bodyguards. Governments find it increasingly difficult to deal with these new actors on the World stage. Governments are too bureaucratic. Their response times need improvement. They are linked into so many foreign relationships that require consultation and agreement with allies, and must carter to so many domestic political interest groups, that it takes them longer to react to initiatives by drug lords or religious fanatics and terrorists. By contrast, many of the Global Gladiators, guerrillas and drug cartels in particular, and non- or even pre-bureaucratic.  A single charismatic leader calls the shots quickly, and with chilling—or killing—effect. In other cases, it is unclear who the leaders really are. Governments stagger away confused from conflicts with them. With whom can one make a deal? If a deal is possible, how is one to know if the people making it can actually deliver? Can they really return hostages, stem the flow of drugs, prevent bomb attacks on embassies, or cut down on piracy? #RandolphHarris 16 of 17

The few international laws that have reduced global anarchy in the past are totally inadequate to deal with the new global realities. In a World of satellites, lasers, computers, briefcase weapons, precision targeting, and a choice of viruses with which to attack people or computers, nations as we know them may well find themselves up against potent adversaries, some no more than a millionth their size. Contrary to the West, China’s public finance is preserved in a very healthy condition. The Communist Party and the government have put the development and expansion of the social security network on the top of their domestic policy agenda. There is a solid financial basis to raise social expenditure further, making more and more people feel that tomorrow will be better than today. Social spending increases work as a socially stabilizing factor—by making people more confident in their tomorrow, they induce them to gradually reduce savings and increase consumption. Currently, the West is trying to pass a budget to keep pandemic level spending going, which would put the government in debt another $4 trillion dollars, as to not cause social tensions, if not disturbances, undermining people’s confidence in their future. China’s social spending has accelerated—not least because its population is aging. The working population peaked in 2015, but China plans to avoid the Western trap of excessive (and unsustainable) social spending, which have resulted in a too heavy social security contributions burden. It is in a good position to create a financially sound and sustainable social security system, sticking to a healthy principle of providing just minimal basic living standards worthy of a human being at the present stage of the country’s economic development. The Chinese economy appears to be structurally stronger than major economies of the West. Structural strength, coupled with good macroeconomic condition, works as one of the major driving forces of changes in the global power balance. #RandolphHarris 17 of 17

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In the course of history alienation has undergone significant qualitative changes so that its meaning today is quite different from what it was in previous eras. Once the concept of individual sovereignty had been awakened in the minds of women, a new climate prepared. Women in the male-dominated, rural culture of Sacramento are often viewed as submissive and passive. Growing up in a patriarchal society many such women outwardly display passivity when relating to men. They have been taught to submit to their fathers and husbands and bend to their will. However, while public displays often fit this mold, many women are in fact very strong and important contributors to their families, kinship networks and communities. Just as there are certain types of male marijuana growers, there are also differing types of women associated with these men. Each of these varieties of women serves different roles in the business and life of the male marijuana grower. Women’s functional roles include assisting in recruiting men into the industry and providing domestic and sexual services for isolated growers and aiding the men in growing, harvesting, transporting, and selling the crop. Females’ roles, to an even greater extent than their male counterparts, in the marijuana industry are dependent upon social class membership. Women’s degree of involvement ranges from passively assisting their husbands to playing highly active central roles. Theoretically more important though, is a view of women’s cultural statuses in the communities of the rural marijuana industry. There are three distinct roles for women in these communities: Strumpets, Decent Women and the Women-in-Between. #RandolphHarris 1 of 21

The Strumpet is typically a young, uneducated and unmarried woman. Strumpets usually have one or more illegitimate children, are often substance abusers and therefore are perceived as being of loose morals. Additionally, or perhaps consequently, the strumpet rarely attends church, which is an important social function for the rural women. The specific roles expected of the strumpet are to provide companionship, sexual services and to perform domestic chores for rural men, including marijuana growers. Unless she is fortunate enough to marry, as the strumpet ages she becomes increasingly expendable to the men in her life. In such a case, due to lack of education and jobs available to women, the strumpet will live out the rest of her life in poverty, and be looked down upon by other, more respectable women. While marriage will not bring the strumpet the same degree of respectability afforded the decent woman, marriage will bring her relative financial security. These young women often associate with marijuana growers for personal gain. She receives clothing for herself and her children, is taken to restaurants and other places of entertainment, travels with her male associate and may receive additional money for her living expenses. Strumpets display strong loyalty to the men of the marijuana industry. However, this loyalty does not extend to waiting for a grower after he is imprisoned, leaves the area or ends their relationship. She is typically a very pragmatic and self-interested person. #RandolphHarris 2 of 21

Despite her avowed love for her man, a strumpet realizes that when he is no longer immediately available it is in her financial best interest to seek out another man. The rural male also recognized this relationship as a practical arrangement. The strumpet fulfills very specific, and for him important, roles in his life. He does not expect the same loyalty from her that he does from his wife. The strumpet’s role is to keep him sexually satisfied and to perform jobs decent women cannot and would not be asked to perform. Because including women in the growing operations would require living with other men, rural Sacramento males would never allow their wives or other female relatives to be involved. Thos considered to be decent women would not consent to such an arrangement in any case. When discussing the roles fulfilled by women in his organization, Mr. Buford described strumpets, saying: “Most of us had girlfriends that we could trust with our lives…even though most of us were married at the time. These girls would go on some deals, more or less to keep us company. Also they kept the guys happen and content…They didn’t need to leave the marijuana farm for sex. We all loved women and always will.” Strumpets are not respected in their rural communities. As might be expected, such women received especially strong disdain from female relatives of the men in the marijuana industry. However, even though a man’s female skin will disapprove of a strumpet, because the culture is extremely patriarchal their disapproval need not derive him away from a relationship with a strumpet. The marijuana grower accepts the strumpet as a necessary, and sometimes valuable, part of his business. She is a commodity, valued only by the men with whom she couples. #RandolphHarris 3 of 21

The second type of female is quite different and much more respected. Decent Women are highly respected and very rarely placed in any jeopardy by rural men. Decent women include the majority of mothers, sisters, grandmothers, daughters, aunts and wives of the active participants in the marijuana industry (as well as many women with no connection to the industry). Although there are few exceptions, these women do not generally grow, transport or in any way become involved with the activities of the marijuana industry. They are, for the most part, aware of illegal activities engaged in by the men in their lives, but they themselves rarely participate. Among decent women those most likely to express strong disapproval for marijuana-related activities are the mother and grandmothers of the men involved. Countrymen show great respect, both real and ritual, for these women, displaying great deference to them. However, decent women’s expressed disapproval does not lead the men to curtail their activities, for after all, they are “just women.” Living in a strictly patriarchal culture, the decent women may be called upon by her male relatives to assist in recruiting new members of the marijuana industry. New participants, for the most part, are introduced into a kinship network involved in the marijuana industry by marriage to a decent woman. For the decent woman’s husband to be incorporated into her kinship network of marijuana growers she must “indirectly” indicate her endorsement of her husband’s involvement. #RandolphHarris 4 of 21

It is her responsibility to communicate her husband’s desire for inclusion. While she may (and probably will) voice her disapproval, in the end she will bow to her male relatives’ wishes. Jolene, a decent woman explains how her husband became involved in the marijuana industry by the way of her male relatives: “My husband and I was married about six years before he got in with the family. I kind of had an idea what my uncle was doing. My husband said he wanted some good pot…The only way my husband could be brought in was if I said the word…Finally, I mentioned it to my uncle in an off-hand sort of way. My uncle said for me to tell him to drop by, he might be able to help him out. I couldn’t have gotten him in sooner. They had to see what he was like before inviting him in and then on my say-so.” Women-in-Between are distinct from, yet a combination of qualities found in, decent women and strumpets. They may be divorced and employed at the local factory. If unmarried they may frequent the local nightclubs in search of a new husband. They often meet and form intimate relationships with marijuana growers. Unlike strumpets, these women may insist upon a monogamous relationship of either marriage or at least living together. While more respected than the strumpet, they are still less respected than the decent woman. The woman-in-between is unique, she often has an active role in growing and distributing marijuana. Mr. Buford descried the role of these women as a relatively recent development in rural culture. #RandolphHarris 5 of 21

The woman-in-between is a new social category in the World of marijuana growers. It is difficult to ascertain the full extent of her role in this culture partly because of her recent emergence and partly because of their status as a hidden member of the culture. Few of the women have been arrested and none has chosen to discuss her role. In this patriarchal society, she is apt to have been recruited and trained by male relatives, her husband or boyfriend. Her future in the marijuana industry remains to be seen. It appears women may be developing more egalitarian roles in the marijuana industry. It can also be speculated that as male marijuana growers are being imprisoned for longer periods of time, the women are stepping in to replace them. It remains unclear, then, whether the emergence of women that is presently being seen is due to feminist politics or simple necessity. All three groups of women play significant roles in the marijuana industry. Some are respected in their community, others are not. They all reflect the culture in which they have been raised and have the same distrust of outsiders as their male counterparts. The marijuana industry is a powerful economic and social force in the United States of America, especially in economically depressed, rural regions of the country. The U.S.A. semi-legal medical and recreational marijuana sales for the closed of 2023 are estimated to be $33.6 billion. However, illegal cannabis sales are estimated to be more than $100 billion each year. #RandolphHarris 6 of 21

The growth and distribution of marijuana is not a randomly occurring, scattered endeavor, but rather is a structured industry that occupies an important cultural position in rural communities. Even those individuals who are not themselves actively involved in the industry play important roles in facilitating the industry’s economic success and continued operation. Furthermore, with the organization of rural Sacramento’s communities there are structural factors that promote and support the marijuana industry. Due to cultural and economic factors of the region, the roles rural residents occupy in relation to the industry are focused on the maintenance of community and culture, not necessarily making the success of the industry itself the primarily focus. Accepting the political economy and its laws, we presuppose private property, the separation of labor, capital, and land; and of wages, profit and rent; the division of labor, competition, the concept of exchange-value. And not only are most forecast in the political economy about global power based on overly simple assumptions, they misdefine. Some sources popularize the idea of the decline of America, essentially measure national power in terms of wealth and military capability alone. However, these sources also only allude to, but undervalue the impact of ideology, religion, and culture, all of which are becoming more important than ever. They vastly underestimate the role of knowledge—which, in fact, has now become the dominant source of both economic wealth and military strength. This is the central powershift of our time. #RandolphHarris 7 of 21

Moreover, power, as we have seen, is not just a matter of how much but of how good—quality of power may be as important as its quantity, and a nation’s power must be related to its own goals, not merely to the power of other nations. What might be adequate for one purpose, reflecting one set of values, might be inadequate for another. Unlike Europe, whose focus is regional, and Japan, which is hesitating between a regional and a global role, the United States of America is committed to a global role. Having led a global coalition for the past half-century, America can hardly imagine narrowing its ambitions to a single region. However, more than psychology is involved. The U.S.A. economy is linked into so many parts of the World, and now depends upon so vast a variety of relationships, that to be cut off from access to an significant part of the World economy would be devasting. No American political leader can allow that to happened. The same may turn out to be true for Japan—and perhaps for Europe as well. Thus, any serious threats of protectionism—in response, say, to an economic crisis—would totally destabilize relations among the three great capitalist centers. What is more, three is an unstable number. Parties of three frequently split into a two and a one. Of course, many other nations and regions are already fighting for a place in the 21^st-century power system. Strange new alliances and strategies will appear. Countries long relegated to the back pages of history will suddenly loom into our consciousness. #RandolphHarris 8 of 21

However, even now, European leaders are approaching Washington with what amounts to plans for a new alliance, no longer aimed at Moscow. Some proposals are limited to specific fields, like high-definition television, or to technology generally. However, broader terms are clearly in mind. Closer ties between Europeans and Americans can only be of mutual benefit in coordinating policy toward their joint competitor Japan. However, what if American long-range strategists were blind and permitted history to swing in the opposite direction—toward a tacit alliance (and economic division of the globe) between Japan and a Germanicized Europe? Japanese companies like JVC Professional Europe Ldt/Germany is already a reality in Berlin. Mitsubishi has already forged links with Messerschmitt. The United States of America, even if integrated into an all-North American common market, could not for long survive this global squeeze play, the result of which might be nothing less catastrophic than World War III. A reinvigorated U.S.A.-Japanese alliance, however, could produce a sharply different outcome. U.S.A.-Japanese relations have never been worse since World War II. Indeed, the gap between the United States of America and Japan can only widen so far before dangerous sparks arc across it. Irresponsible jingos in both Tokyo and Washington, playing for easy votes and money, are deliberately stoking dangerous emotions. #RandolphHarris 9 of 21

If Shintaro Ishihara, a former Cabinet member, can speculate about a future in which the United States of America reoccupies Japan to prevent the sale of advanced chips to the Soviet, he is, by implication, speculating about outright war, voicing an incredible thought not far from consciousness in both countries. He and his American counterparts who picture Japanese and American missiles pointed at each other should remember that he who rides the tiger cannot get off. In a World of sudden turnabouts and surprises, no fantasy can be ruled out. However, the remotest risk of such confrontation should send horrors down the spine even of those who are equally weary of American superpowerdom and Japanese competition. Such a struggle could plunge the entire Earth into a nightmare from which it might not recover for centuries. The growing hostility between these two Pacific powers could only be heightened if Europe turned protectionist, forcing them into even fiercer competition in the rest of the World. Which is why the idea of a “Fortress Europe” closed to outside competition is the equivalent of a death threat to World peace. In this highly volatile situation, American can play the coquette, allowing itself to be used as a “card” to be played by Europe or Japan in their global competition. It can play the role of mediator. Or it can force an alliance to dominate the earl decades of the 21^st century. But with whom? #RandolphHarris 10 of 21

It is precisely here that the “power triad” analysis proves most revealing. For if we once more look at violence, wealth, and knowledge, we can glimpse the power consequences of any given lineup. It tells us, for example, that a defector U.S.A.-European alliance would weld together great military power (the old NATO, plus). It would bring together huge markets and great wealth (much of it, however, based on rust-belt manufacture and assumptions). It would merge America’s science and technology with Europe’s and it would assemble vast cultural power. Long cultural and ethnic ties would make this convergence natural. Such an alliance, aimed at Japan, would call up memories of the 1930s, further accelerate Japanese rearmament, install hawks in power, and drive Japan deeper toward the developing countries as less favorable markets for its goods and capital. Militarily it could lead to Soviet-Japanese deal and even toward some new form of Chinese adventure. For Japan to be froze out of Europe or even if it is imaginable, the United States of America, would be yet another equivalent of setting off a global bomb. By contrast, cold calculation also shows that a de facto alliance between the United States of America and Japan, despite their current tensions, would produce quite different consequences for the planet. This turnabout should not be discounted in a World in which public opinion can shift overnight and in which the United States of American finds itself defending Vladimir Putin. #RandolphHarris 11 of 21

Strange as it sounds, an American-Japanese alliance to balance the power on the European “heartland” would bring together what are currently the World’s first- and third-biggest military budgets; its two largest economies; and its two fastest-growing scientific and technical bases. Such a combination could form a strategic duopoly or condominium encompassing within it the fastest-growing economies in the World—those of the Pacific region, the “heart-sea” counterpart of the “heart-land.” There is, moreover, one last awesome factor differentiating the two alliances, between which the United States of America may find itself torn. This difference is so little discussed in Washington, Tokyo, or the European capitals that strategists in the richest and most powerful nations tend to forget it. Yet over the long run it holds potentially enormous significance in the great game of nations. Any Euro-American alliance without Japan is basically a mono-racial, all-white power coalition in a World in which the white race is a dwindling minority. By contrast, a United States of America-Japan alliance, for all the xenophobia in both those nations, is an interracial power coalition. That difference cannot but register on the rest of the planet’s populations. History does not run along railroad tracks to a pre-set future. In the Powershift Era, a period of revolutionary upheaval on the planet, many other permutations of power are possible. Europe is already worrying about the Muslim pressure on its southern flank. China could erupt in civil war. Any number of other wild-card scenarios can be imagined. #RandolphHarris 12 of 21

Surely the rest of the World ill not sit idly by as Europe, Japan, and the United States of America divide up the spoils. Yet strategists in Washington, Tokyo, Brussels, and Berlin may soon have to choose sides in the great triadic competition for the World power. The decision that Washington makes (consciously or by default) will shape the future of the entire rest of the planet, from China and the U.S.S.R. to the Middle East, Africa, and Latin America. What, then, should we conclude about this inter-capitalist struggle for World power? Which of the three great contenders will triumph in history’s next great powershift? The answer, as we will see in coming days, is that we are asking the wrong question. As mentioned, Chinese households’ indebtedness is meager while their saving rates are remarkably high. There is the Western culture of living on debt, and there is the Chinese culture of minimizing family debts and keeping them under tight control. Thus, in China there is effectively no room for unaffordable consumption prompted by excessive household borrowing. In the corporate sector, Chinese banks, most of all state-owned banks as major lenders, are extending massive loans to domestic companies. Usually two major problems are raised in this regard. First, there are concerns that a substantial portion of loans—especially those extended to state-owned enterprises—may be politically motivated and lack commercial rationale. Second, there is a lot of anxiety about the fact that government and the central bank often fail to keep credit expansion within the limits they set, which allegedly exacerbates the threat of overheating and creates an asset bubble. #RandolphHarris 13 of 21

Such concerns, however, are usually exaggerated. Indeed, politically motivated loans to particular Chinese companies, especially state-owned, are still extended, and some poorly performing enterprises may get funding to keep afloat. However, the major trend is the reverse. Since the start of market reforms, China has been marking a really big shift from soft to hard budget constraints for enterprises. As time goes by, generally it is becoming more and more difficult for companies, state-owned enterprises (SOEs) included, to get funding from the state, and the proportion of the fund-raising done by themselves in accordance with the market rules is steadily increasing. Already in the 1980, the government effectively terminated the SOE’s direct budgetary financing. Yet, until the launch of the SOE reforms in the second half of the 1990s, state banks had to continuously provide massive loans under the government’s directive without the right to squeeze or terminate commercially unviable credit. With the reform, however, this practice significantly decreased in scale. Back in 2003, the state recapitalized the four major banks and after that embarked on their corporatization. The latter was marked by consecutive World records in terms of the amount of funds they raised through the IPO, reflecting high expectations of the investment community. The Chinese leadership understands too well that commercially unviable financing and lending are a potential bomb whose explosion can undermine the very foundation of the economic system it is creating—and also the foundation its own power is resting on. #RandolphHarris 14 of 21

The collapse of the Soviet Union and other conventional socialist economies provided crucially important empirical evidence in this regard. Hence, it is doing its best to make more, not less, state lending commercially viable. Even the three so-called policy banks (China Development Bank, Export-Import Bank, and Agricultural Development Bank of China) are increasingly relying on self-initiated commercial loans, while the proportion of subsidized government-directed lending is falling. As for excessive bank lending, which sometimes exceeds government-imposed limits, it is important to examine the problem within the context of China’s macroeconomic policy as a whole. For three decades the key features of this policy has been a persistent stance to neutralize the overheating threat. The architects of China’s macroeconomic policy are always on the alert. The record clearly shows that the government and the central bank recognize this threat very well and, when necessary, do not hesitate to tighten monetary policy in a very resolute manner. In the late 1990s, China’s monetary policy was expansionary in 2022, monetary policy has become moderately accommodative following modest interest rate-based easing measures, cuts to the reserve requirement ratio, adjustments to deposit rate guidance policies that have helped lower deposit rates, and the use of credit policies to steer credit to SMEs and other borrower segments. #RandolphHarris 15 of 21

 To prevent overheating and contain the financial bubble, the Chinese government utilizes a wider range of monetary policy tools than its Western counterparts. For example, along with setting lending limits and increasing mandatory bank reserves to be held in the People’s Bank of China, it designates industries with excess production capacity where new investment projects are put under direct state supervision, or intervenes into the real estate market, restricting purchases and reselling of high-end property, which is likely to become target for speculators. Furthermore, when inflation risks are considered high, it does not stop short of directly guiding sellers not to raise prices for important consumer and production goods. Overall, at this point China has a very impressive record (perhaps, more impressive than that of any other big country) of avoiding, or rather preventing overheating and the asset bubble threat. Seen from this angel, inability to keep credit within imposed limits appears to be just a technical problem emerging in the process of the implementation of a policy that basically works. With increasing bureaucratization, it becomes plain to all who would see that man is to a very important degree controlled by his social relations to the instruments of production. Bureaucratization makes readily visible what was previously dim and obscure. More and more people discover that to work, they must be employed. For to work, one must have tools and equipment. And the tools and equipment are increasingly available only in bureaucraices, private or public. Consequently, one must be employed by the bureaucracies in order to have access to tools in order to work and live. #RandolphHarris 16 of 21

 Schools, secular and religious, are in a favorable situation to experiment with various ways of supplementing and facilitating the family in the development of empathic capacity. Experimental and control groups could be used without detriment to the children used as subject, indeed, with the conscious participation of the children and parents in the experiment. Hypotheses such as the following illustrate some of the possibilities: Groups of children who are given the following experiences will show more empathic capacity than comparable groups who are not given such experiences: Taught courses in fiction, biography, and drama in which the child is instructed and is given assistance in putting himself in the roles of various characters studied. Taught by teachers who themselves are high in empathic capacity. Taught by a number of teachers who represent different subcultural backgrounds. Given explicit instruction, training, and practice in accurate portrayal of others who represent different roles in his own life situations in which the emphasis on individualistic striving for grades is replaced by emphasis on collaborative responsibility for maximizing the skill and the mastery of the subject matter by each member of the collaborating group. Participation in group activity which involved responsibility for co-operation in planning of significant programs, resolution of real problems, and genuine discipline of members. #RandolphHarris 17 of 21

The design of such experiments should provide for the “noncontamination” of groups. The numbers involved should be large enough for reliable statistical comparisons. The value of the experiments would be further divided into groups which provide for the carious relevant combinations of parents: being told and actively co-operating in designated ways; informed, but not asked to participate further; and not informed; experimental subjects: informed as to objectives and participating in planning and appraisal of results; and not informed as to objectives. The general hypothesis to be tested by inclusion of the variable mentioned above is that active informed participation in the experiment will enhance the effectiveness of the antecedent variables. Recreation reflections the various types of activity in our culture. Despite the demonstration there that recreation is not a separate aspect but relates to all other aspects of our life, it is appropriate here to note some of the specific relations between recreational conditions and empathic response. Unilateral giving of toys with no opportunity for the child to reciprocate and to occupy the role of giver inhibits his empathic development. Toys which confine the child to the role of spectator limit his empathic development. Abundance of mimetic and dramatic play is positively correlated with empathic development. Reading and films, radio and television programs, which provide rich opportunity for identification with a variety of characters, increase the empathic capacity of the child. Forms of play which involve discussion, planning, teamwork, and resolution of differences are productive of empathic capacity. #RandolphHarris 18 of 21

Manifestations of influence of psychopathic offenders called natural idiosyncrasies—this truth abut the workings of psychopathic offenders among the pure, and the cause and symptoms of their power upon mind or body, has been so veiled in ignorance that multitude are deceived by them. The manifestations are generally taken as natural idiosyncrasies or infirmities. The ultimate concern’s work is put on one side, or even never taken up, because the pure is “over-strained” or else, “without gifts” for doing it. He is “nervous,” “timid,” has “no gift of speech, no power of thought” where the service of ultimate concern is; but in the social sphere these “deficiencies” are forgotten, and the timid ones shine out at their best. It does not occur to them to ask why it is that only in the ultimate concern’s service are they thus incapable. However, it is only in respect to such a service that the hidden workings of the psychopathic offenders interfere. If heteronomy inevitably foes shipwreck on the rocks of the demonic, authority becomes a dangerous problem because heteronomy is the authority claimed or exercised by a finite being in the name of the infinite. It is difficult and painful to break-through to autonomy which has made one immune against any system of thought or life which demands the surrender of this autonomy. However, subjection to a law is not experienced as our own. Actual authority is based on a superiority of knowledge, ability, and experience, which is indispensable due to man’s limitations and deficiencies. #RandolphHarris 19 of 21

However, authority ambiguously degenerates into “established” authority attached to social positions, exempli gratia, parents, kings, and priests, which trespasses upon the sacred domains of the personal self. We are keenly aware of the need for authority, an awareness intensified by the political chaos in America after the 2020 election, but one most be even more sensitive to the ambiguity of authority and its constant need for a corrective. There can be a power through a renunciation of power, a renunciation or moderation based not on weakness, but on the vitality of participation in the transcendent power beyond all finite power-structures. Power is an ontological concept. The power of authority an be directed toward fostering union, but this process of unification may not be vitiated by an unjust and meaningless conformity. Man needs authority because we are so frail, so dependent upon others, and the acceptance of authority is the acceptance of what is given by those who have more than we. There is possibility of an authority guaranteed by its inner power, not established by tradition, knowledge or experience. There is something in the Christian message which is opposed to established authority. There is something in the Christian experience which revolts against subjection to even the greatest and holiest experience of the past. The place where the ultimate concern gives authority to man cannot be circumscribed. #RandolphHarris 20 of 21

It cannot be legally defined. It cannot be put into the fences of doctrines and rituals. It is here, and you do not know where it comes from. You cannot derive it. You must be grasped by it. You must participate in its power. This is the reason why the question of authority never can get an ultimate answer. Authority is from God but God is Spirit, the Spirit that blows where it wills and cannot be imprisoned in finite institutions. The God who is Spirit does not eliminate preliminary authorities from our lives—parental, social, political, and ecclesiastical—but they are not ultimacy. The only suitable symbol of authority is the Cross upon which Jesus witnessed, not to himself, but to “Him who is the ground and the negation of everything which is authority on Earth and in Heaven.” The problem of authority which we have seen—power through renunciation of power, power inspired by love but tempered by justice, the acceptance of preliminary authorities but the denial of the possibility of localizing ultimate authority—through all of these solutions shines the Protestant principle, the paradoxical principle of simultaneous affirmation and negation. By the Protestant principle he accepts authority, but in the same breath criticizes it, for authority always leans toward heteronomy and thus presents a constant target for the prophetic protest against the demonic. Heteronomy is a type of union of religion and culture, but a demonically distorted one. It fails to respect legitimately autonomous forms and imposes itself as an alien law. Thus heteronomy is more a subordination of culture to religion than an organic union of the two, for it is the attempt of a religion to dominate autonomous cultural creativity from the outside. #RandolphHarris 21 of 21

Money economy and the dominance of the intellect are intrinsically connected. They share a matter-of-fact attitude in dealing with men and with things; and in, this attitude, a formal justice is often coupled with an inconsiderate hardness. It would be erroneous to assume the rural Kentucky communities present universally supportive or even knowledgeable fronts regarding the marijuana industry. Rather, individuals in these communities can be identified as occupying one of seven primary roles. It is important to note, however, that these roles are primarily males’ roles. The primary roles of community members are as ostriches, the fringe group, the in-the-knows, the profiteers, the part-timers, the retirees, and the active participants. The Ostriches are aware that people in the community grow marijuana, but likes myths about the flightless bird, stick their hands in the sand and pretend to not know anything about illegal activities. Consequently, these persons are the least informed about the nature and scope of the marijuana industry. Their constant denial serves to protect the marijuana grower from outside scrutiny. These people portray the marijuana grower from outside scrutiny. These people portray the marijuana grower as a deviant outsider and not one of “us” even when there is evidence to the contrary. This groups attempts to project the image of a community of only good, law-abiding people. #RandolphHarris 1 of 19

The role of the ostriches is to promote this image to outsiders and to reassure themselves of the goodness of the people in the community. For the most part they do not profit from the marijuana grower’s enterprise. This is likely due to intimacy of community members and their awareness of the roles played by everyone in the community, including the ostriches. The Fringe group is aware that the marijuana industry is a part of their community, but these people have no connection to kinship networks that participate in the marijuana industry. These individuals will acknowledge the industry’s existence to others (while ostriches will not). However, they will rarely, if ever, inform law enforcement officials about such activity. The belief is that such knowledge should be contained within the community. They believe only insiders can and should exert social control over community and industry members. The Fringe group persistently assets that marijuana growers are a small deviant group within the community. This perspective, like that of the ostrich, offers the marijuana grower a degree of protection from outsiders. If organized crime is perceived as small and powerless, its members stand a better chance of avoiding detection and thereby enabling them to continue illegal activities (and presumably maintain community stability). For these reasons, those who disapprove of the marijuana grower facilitate his avoiding detection. #RandolphHarris 2 of 19

Wearing the mantle of respectability, the grower is not recognized or acknowledged as a member of the marijuana industry (or, he is not recognized as a community member). In reality, the Fringe group’s failure to publicly identify the scope of industry participation facilitates the invisibility enjoyed by many members, thus further entrenching the industry in the community fabric. The In-The-Knows differ from the Fringe group because they have friends and relatives involved in growing and selling marijuana. These persons may be present and witness others’ illegal activities or such activities may be discussed in their presence. This group is trusted by marijuana growers, and due to their strong kinship ties to those inside the marijuana industry, they never disclose information regarding illegal activities to law enforcement officials. Furthermore, kinship ties motivate these persons to protect industry participants whenever possible. Most commonly this occurs via warnings of impending raids or investigations known to individuals because of their professional and personal access to such information. By protecting others from detection and apprehension these individuals promote community cohesion and continuation of current community structures and social/economic activities. The Profiteers are those community members who, while not directly participating in the activities of the marijuana industry, indirectly benefit from the economic impact it has on the community. #RandolphHarris 3 of 19

The Profiteers are a group of people made up of local business people who have knowledge of, and often support the marijuana growers. Marijuana is a major part of rural Kentucky communities’ economies. Many businesses will accept cash for both large and small purchases. Large purchases, such as new cars, are not question when paid in cash. That fact that a $50,000 vehicle is paid for in cash by someone whose home lacks indoor plumbing would draw attention from most, but not in a community that supports the rural marijuana industry. Many members of organized growers, such as the Country Boys, are not full-time participants. Some work in the marijuana industry for a short period of time, others move in and out of the group. Still others retire from the group but remain willing to help out when they are needed. All, however, remain fiercely loyal to the group. The Retiree is even more difficult to detect than the part-timer. He is no longer a participant, having retired due to advancing age (which may range from 60 to 80 years old). While no longer active in growing and selling, he is willing to teach other young men his trade and introduce them to his connections. On occasion retirement may be involuntary, a result of incarceration. Retirees may be extremely difficult for the outsider to identify. They are legitimate sector businessmen and professionals or literally almost anyone in the community. However, most community residents are keenly aware of these men’s past activities. #RandolphHarris 4 of 19

It is rarely discussed, but community members know of these activities in the same way they know of the community’s gossip. Wearing an air of respectability, the retiree may assist the active marijuana grower in laundering his money by introducing him to legitimate business opportunities and to those willing to accept cash for goods and services as well as finding markets for his product. The retiree has connections for the sale and safe transportation of the marijuana, along with accumulated skills regarding efficient means to grow a crop. He may personally introduce novice growers within his kinship network to others who can provide information and resources. He may also teach the novice how to plant and grow marijuana or simply instruct him verbally about what is needed or how to correct problems. Retirees serve as an example to younger growers, modeling how to evade detection and achieve financial success. Those whose retirement is a result of imprisonment also serve as models, demonstrating that prison may be part of doing business within the marijuana industry. The final role available to community members encompasses all aspects of active, regular, involvement in growing and selling marijuana. These persons often have made the marijuana industry their career, and their primary source of income is generated by their marijuana crops. #RandolphHarris 5 of 19

As noted above, active rural Kentucky marijuana participants are found in five forms: communal growers, hustlers, pragmatists, hipsters, and entrepreneurs. Most of the active participants, such as the pragmatist, have never been arrested and function on a limited scale. Others, such as members of the Country Boys, expand their operations and grow marijuana on a much larger scale. Most small growers do so because of perceived financial necessity. When so motivated, business operations are rarely expanded. The hustlers enjoy living on the edge and pursue their goals by increasing the size of their crops, (often venturing outside their communities to enlarge their illegal activities). This, of course, also means hustlers increase the likelihood of their detection, therefore putting the image and stability of the community in jeopardy. Young hipsters may be unable to obtain legitimate employment and so work as mules and tend the crops of the hustlers. As the economic underclass, young hipsters are cared for by those in the community who employ (exploit?) them. The most obvious similarity across the varieties of active participants is that those involved are nearly all men. Women, however, do fulfill roles in the rural marijuana industry, but their roles are significantly different from men’s roles. In order to compete our understanding of the culture of the rural Kentucky marijuana industry, we will discuss women’s roles in the days ahead. #RandolphHarris 6 of 19

Developing empathy is an important part of becoming a healthy adult. To be empathic is to emotionally resonate with what another is feeling. Empathy cuts through our isolation, generating a network of interconnection. Empathy brings our heart out of the cold. It makes compassion possible. Members of an authoritarian, hierarchic social system will tend to develop higher empathic responsiveness to situations of superordinate-subordinate structure and lower empathic capacity for understanding other types of relations. If the system is relatively stable and rigid, then those nearer the top exhibit the greatest empathy with persons in superior position and the least with those in subordinate roles. Family structure in such systems will tend to reflect social structure, and families are hence rendered less likely to provide the interpersonal conditions for maximizing empathic capacity. In authoritarian families, the mother becomes the pivotal, mediating person, who is more able to understand both authoritarian father and subordinate children. (This may be why such characteristics as intuitiveness, sympathetic understanding, adaptability, and interest and skill in literary and artistic production have become identified as “feminine” in cultures characterized by patriarchal-authoritarian family system.) Age, gender, religious, and socioeconomic differences tend to operate to inhibit the development of empathic capacity, and reduce its utilization where possessed, when these rankings serve as barriers to participation and communication. #RandolphHarris 7 of 19

Participation in activities which include members of different subcultural groups, and which are not focused on the hierarchical relations of the subcultural groups themselves but oriented to concrete solution of common problems, will increase the empathic capacity of the participants. Subgroup relations characterized by anxiety and hostility are negative in their effects on the development of empathic capacity and its utilization. Families play a major role in the orientation of the child to these subgroups differences. Persons from families where positive efforts are made to bridge subgroup barriers to communication and understanding (differences in age, gender, class, ethnic origin, religion, and values) will show a higher empathic capacity than those who do not make such beneficial efforts. There is a positive linear relation between the empathic capacity of a person at any point in one’s developmental career line and the extent to which one’s previous development had been characterized by stable, intimate communicative relations of relative equality and reciprocity with the members of his family. For the ideal type, middle-class American family, the relative importance of the specific relationships are mother, father, siblings, in that order. #RandolphHarris 8 of 19

Affection is a highly important positive factor but its relative effectiveness is a function of the amount of communication sustained in the relationship. Friction and conflict produce a negative effect to the extent that they impair communication. The range of empathic capacity is a function of the number of different kinds of functional positions which the person has occupied in the family interaction. (By functional position of a person we mean the part played by him in a given social act, exempli gratia, a giver or a receiver in an act of giving and receiving; leader or follower.) Unilateral acts of parental subordination to the child’s demands, or of administering rewards and punishment, minimize reciprocity and inhibit the development of empathic response. Striking the child in anger at something he had done and in other ways reacting to his acts so that he discovers that “parents too are human,” is more in the direction of reciprocity and communication than the detached and impersonal application of rules of punishment and reward. The positive effect of “acting natural” is enhanced if the parent explains his reactions to the child and encourages him to consider how he would feel under similar circumstances, and then follows this by working out with the child some new line of action as an experimental solution to the problem. Empathic capacity in children is positively related to the facility with which their parents learn to communicate and understand each other (though high empathic capacity does not insure marital harmony). #RandolphHarris 9 of 19

When the believer is in any degree deceived by psychopathological offenders, one is liable to live in the body, give way to the sensuous, and to be dominated by the physical realm. This can become the case through “spiritual” experiences felt in the physical frame, but which are not really spiritual because not from the Spirit. A sense of “fire” in the body, “glow,” “thrills,” and all exquisite bodily sensations from apparently “spiritual” causes, really feed the senses; and, unconsciously to themselves, while they have these experiences, such believers live in the sense-realm, practically walking “after the flesh,” though they call themselves “spiritual.” For this reason “I keep under my body, and bring it into subjection” is practically impossible in this state of deception, because the sense-life is aroused in all kinds of ways, and the sensations of the body are forced upon the consciousness of the man. The spirit sense is practically lost in the acute realization of all the sensations in the bodily consciousness. May I point out that a man in normal health is oblivious of the physical action of breathing going on in his physical frame. In like manner, a believer under the domination of the Spirit ceases to register his bodily sensations; but the opposite is the case when psychopathic offenders have awakened the sense-life to abnormal action, either by beautiful experiences or the contrary. The cultivation of this condition of passivity may be ignorantly and sedulously carried out for years by the surrendered believer, so that it deepens its hold upon him to an incredible extent; until, when it reaches its consummation, the man may become so under the bondage of it as to awaken suddenly to his state. #RandolphHarris 10 of 19

However, then one may think that “natural causes” alone explain his condition, or else, in some unaccountable way, his acute sensitiveness to the ultimate concern and divine things have become dulled beyond power of restoration or renewal. The physical feelings become deadened or atrophied, and the affections seem petrified and stoical. This is the time when deceiving spirits suggest that he has grieved God beyond repair, and the man goes through agonies of seeking the Presence he thinks he has grieved away. The cultivation of passivity may become about from reliance upon the many helps contrived (unknowingly) by the person to counteract or obviate the inconvenience of the passive state, such as the provision of and dependence upon outward helps to the eye for assisting the passive memory, utterance in speech to assist the “thinking” of the passive mind, and what may be termed “crutches” of all kinds, known only to the individual—elaborately constructed, and multiplied to meet his particular needs, but all keeping him from recognizing his true condition, even if her has the knowledge for doing so. While autonomy insists that man is his own law, heteronomy, on the other hand, assets that man, being unable to act according to universal reason, must be subjected to a law, strange and superior to him. Substance, instead of warming cultural forms with an inner glow, smothers them like an oversized garment. Most frequently heteronomy originates in religion that has lost the ultimate concern, that has degenerated into mere religion. #RandolphHarris 11 of 19

A heteronomous culture subjects the forms and laws of thinking and acting to authoritative criteria of an ecclesiastical religion or a political quasi-religion, even at the price of destroying the structures of rationality. Heteronomy is imposed by an institution or a personality which arrogates itself the claim to speak in the name of the ground of being and therefore in an unconditional and ultimate way. Thus heteronomy is inevitably demonic. Like autonomy, heteronomy can be considered from several angles. Departure is primitive art: status of gods, fetishes, dance masks, and so on, which possess an artistic and religious vale often inaccessible to occidental consciousness. Those objects bear forms (men, animals, plants), we are shocked by the manner in which they shatter form. Hands, feet, teeth, eyes, “adult” organs are recognizable as such, but they also burst through and distort their natural organic form. Yet we cannot write off this impressive human production as devoid of cultural value. On the contrary, it demonstrates a truth which our form-ridden Western eyes overlook: There is something positively contrary to form that is capable of fitting into an artistic form. Call it lack of form, or contradiction of form, or the contrapositive. We call it the demonic, the actuality of that which is positively contrary of form. What primitive art reveals, the history of religions confirms by its “holy demonries”—phallic cults, ritual prostitution, laceration myths, cult of war gods, and so on. #RandolphHarris 12 of 19

The most fearsome example from out own times is Dostoievsky’s “Grand Inquisitor”: The religion which makes itself absolute and therefore must destroy the saint in whose name it is established—the demonic will to power of the sacred institution. These examples contain the same tension as the creations of primitive art, id est, the combination of a formative and a form-shattering element, of form-creation and form-destruction. Therefore, the history of religions verifies the definition of the demonic: the unity of form-creating and form-destroying strength. These artistic and religious manifestations of the demonic are rooted in a metaphysics. The destructiveness of form which marks the demonic is neither injected from without nor originates from within by weakness of deficiency. It arises from the depths of form itself, from the inexhaustibility of being. Being is the non-rational, non-demonstrable ground of all things. At the same time it is their abyss, for they can never exhaust it. This inexhaustibility of being, however, is not like a passive, peaceful reservoir, but an active, consuming fire which burns through the form in which it is confined. For there dwells in everything the inner inexhaustibility of being, the will to realize in itself as an individual the active infinity of being, the impulse toward breaking through its own limited form, the longing to realize the abyss in itself. #RandolphHarris 13 of 19

The demonic is this surge of the abyss of being which tends to destroy form, but never quite succeeds, because to come into being means to come to form. Moreover, the abyss of being is also the ground of being which is creative and conservative in a beneficial way. The ontology of the demonic: Demonry is the form-destroying eruption of the creative basis of things. The phenomenon and the ontology of the demonic at first glance may seem far removed from heteronomy. A few more steps, however, and the fusion of the two becomes discernible. For instance, the demonic operates in the personality as the explosion of subconscious forces that splits the personality, with the result that it is subjugated to a new power which is not a natural power—the perfect definition of heteronomy. On the social plane, demonry does not split the personality, but causes the breaking of personality by the superindividual social structure—a heteronomous imposition. Demonry ends in heteronomy because of its abysmal, imperialistic drive to realize the unrealizable infinity of being in a finite reality. By the destruction of form it seeks to expand ever farther and thus encompass more being. Finally, it claims to have achieved the infinite in the finite, and this claim is the root of all heteronomy and of all demonry. For the demonic is something finite, something limited, which puts on infinite, unlimited dignity. Hence the existence of a machine civilization, completely timed and scheduled and regulated, does not necessarily guarantee maximum efficiency in any sense. #RandolphHarris 14 of 19

The United States of America still fields twice as many active research scientists and engineers as Japan, although the Japanese total is skyrocketing and Japanese nonacademic researchers tend to be younger. The sheer size of America’s effort does not guarantee quality. Moreover, with defense cuts likely and American corporations shifting resources from basic to more product-oriented research, the directions of change are not favorable. Still, though clearly challenged, the U.S.A. lead in high technology, and especially information technology, is still significant. Japanese progress in computers and memory chips has been phenomenal, and three of its firms—Fujitsu, NEC, and Hitachi—have made dazzling progress. Today, Fujitsu nips at the heels of Digital Equipment, the World’s second-largest computer manufacturer, and NEC and Hitachi are not far behind. The Japanese control 50 percent of the market for computer components and an amazing 85 percent of the market for memory chips. When it comes to computers, as such, however, U.S.A. manufacturers dominated 69 percent of the World market, the other 31 percent being divided almost evenly by European and Japanese firms. The United States of America supplies fully 62 percent of all the World’s personal computers (PCs). Among the World’s top twenty computer firms in 1988, tend were American, six European, and only four Japanese. IBM alone was more than twice the combined size of Japan’s Big Three. #RandolphHarris 15 of 19

In the increasingly important field of computer services, as distinct from machines, nine of the World’s top tend firms are America, one European, and not a single one Japanese. (The Japanese share of the service market, only 10.6 percent in 1988, is actually projected to shrink as that of the United States of America grows.) Similarly, it is true that Japanese lead in hardware; the Americans, in systems and applications software. The race is not over. In memory chip manufacture, Japanese mass production has decimated its American competition. However, IBM was the first to announce a 16-million-bit chip, four times larger than the most advanced chips, and well ahead of the Japanese competition. Moreover, the direction of change is not so much toward mass production as toward chip customization and specialization, where design skills and sophisticated software count for more—precisely the fields of Japanese weakness. As for software itself—is a $659.00 billion market, which is expected to grow to $858.10 billion by 2028. The United States of American currently has a 60 percent grip of the World market. An acknowledged disaster area for America is a school system, devasted by drugs, sex, violence, and alienation.  However, schools are also troubled around the World, especially inner cities schools. The education crisis is not an American monopoly. #RandolphHarris 16 of 19

What gives American schools an edge, despite everything, is that they are less centralized than those in Europe and Japan, and not subject to the dictates of a national ministry of education. This makes them, at least, potentially, more open to experiment and innovation. Unfortunately, the knee-jerk response of the American business and scientific communities is to call for more math and science, more lock-step learning, more Ph.D.’s Misinformed about actual educational conditions in Japan, most would be amazed to learn that Japan’s leap to the high-tech frontier, from 1975 to 1988, took place with only a small increase in the number of engineering and science Ph.D’s. Offsetting America’s educational wasteland, however, is a key source of America’s global power—its unquantified but enormous cultural impact on the planet. This is not a matter of quality—which can, of course, be passionately debated. It is simply fact that culture in one form or another flows outward from the United States of America. Thus, more books are translated by American publishers. From one point of view this is unfortunate, since it deprives Americans of valuable ideas and insights. However, it reflects America’s enormous surplus in cultural trade. For good or ill, vast multitudes around the planet hunger to adopt Western, but also specifically American, lifestyle, attitudes, fashions, ideas, and innovations. It has been suggested that the global appeal of American popular culture derives from its multi-ethnic origins. #RandolphHarris 17 of 19

 The surging influence of these images, along with the rich flow of science and technology rather than just economic or military power, is what makes the United States of America so threatening to the hard-liners who control China today or the Ayatollahs who run Iran. American movies and television programs, not Japanese or Soviet or European, are the most watched around the World. The other major powers are simply not in the running. Broadly speaking, the United States of America continues to be a rich source of innovations in science, technology, art, business, imagery, and knowledge in its broadest sense. This advantage may dwindle in the decades ahead, but other nations or regions will find it harder to overtake this American culture lead than to build a new weapon system or to integrate their economies. A review of the power triad, therefore, suggests that while the United States of America has severe problems, it is by no means a paper tiger. In the approaching decades it will be internally racked by social, racial, and sexual protests as the pace of power-shifting accelerates at home and abroad. However, America’s internal troubles will not, in all likelihood, compared with the upheavals that are to be expected in Europe, the least stable of the three great contenders for World power. Nor will Japan escape political and social turmoil as the World around it is shaken to the core. #RandolphHarris 18 of 19

Such quick-stroke assessments are admittedly impressionistic, and all of them are legitimately arguable, point by point. However, taken together they suggest that the United States of America holds the most balanced power of any of the three great capitalist centers in the World, and that it still holds the lead in precisely that element of the power triad that is becoming most important—knowledge. Under capitalism time-keeping is not merely a means of co-ordinating and interrelating complicated functions: it is also like money an independent commodity with a value of its own. Money, with all its colorlessness and indifference, becomes the common denominator of all values. High households’ indebtedness, low savings, uncontrolled expansion of credit to marginal borrowers, adventurous games with structured financial products and poor risk management, public debts hitting critical highs, terrorism, the pandemic, foreign assistance, and the urgent need to accelerate the trimming of the welfare state—this is the list of key structural problems that either drove Western economies into the crisis or are exacerbating it in its aftermath. Even the Chinese economy is not immune to all those structural diseases. A lot has been said and written about China’s structural issues. The time has come to assess its structural strengths. It may seem improbable, but compared to the West, the economy of today’s China, at the moment, seem to be a little more structurally stronger and healthier. This is one of the major reasons the global power balance is shifting in its favor. #RandolphHarris 19 of 19

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The wine of youth does not always clear with advancing year; sometimes it grows more turbid. The very frequent neurotic disturbances of adult years all have one thing in common: they want to carry the psychology of the youthful phase over the threshold of the so-called years of the so-called years of discretion. Square groper is a slang term for bales of marijuana thrown overboard or out of airplanes in South Florida in the 1970s and 1980s. South Florida was once called “the dope smuggling capital of the country.” In 1978, there was a move to legalize marijuana because 13 million Americans used it regularly. The federal government started phasing out commercial fishing in Everglade’s National Park. The commercial fishermen had to find some way to feed their families. It was suggested that people find alternate sources of income, and they did. The money was in Marijuana, it was like their savior. In fact, 80 percent of the male population in Everglade City were arrested for smuggling square groper. By the late 1970s, the U.S.A. Customs Service was reporting that 87 percent of all the marijuana seizures in the United States of America were made in South Florida. What tipped investigators off was the newfound wealth—evidenced by shiny cars, trucks, boats, and even new houses. The flagrant posturing finally drove home the need for outside law assistance to combat the smuggling. The Federal Drug Enforcement Agency was called in to infiltrate the tight-knit community by posing as buyers, sellers and even boat handlers. #RandolphHarris 1 of 22

On July 7, 1983, more than 200 lawmen representing DEA, FBI, and the IRS, coupled with the U.S.A. Coast Guard officers and Collier Country Sheriff’s Office deputies, swept across the county in one of the nation’s biggest marijuana smuggling crackdowns. Route 29, the only road into Everglades City was sealed off at 5 A.M. Agents patrolled the mangroves by boat, while government airplanes and helicopters kept an eye on the town. Now, the population of the town was 526 people. That day, the two-year-long undercover Operations Everglades netted 28 people: 12 from the Everglades City and Chokoloskee area and 16 from Naples and elsewhere throughout Florida. Agents also grabbed 14 boats, assorted cars and trucks an two small airplanes, all of which allegedly were used in the smuggling of marijuana. Fifteen handguns one rifle, one submachine gun and a MAC-11 machine gun were confiscated from one resident. More than 75 tons of marijuana a week from the mountains of Colombia into the 2,000 square miles of salt-water labyrinth known as the Ten Thousand Islands was being smuggled in. Some people went from making $18,000 a year to $528,000 in marijuana profits. There were even “strumpets” who served as the party girls of mistresses for the growers, “decent women” who would bear their children and keep their homes, and the “women-in-between” who somehow carved out an egalitarian role in the patriarchal marijuana industry. #RandolphHarris 2 of 22

Marijuana is often viewed as a harmful drug from which the public must be protected. In reality marijuana has been in use for at least 5,000 years and is one of the oldest agricultural crops in existence. The negative image of marijuana now possess is largely a social construction, created by moral entrepreneurs, not a product of concrete, science evidence attesting to the social and medical dangers of the drug. However, marijuana has served many purposes (in addition to being a recreational drug) over the years ranging from the manufacture of cloth and rope to medicinal applications. Despite its value, marijuana continues to maintain a negative image generating controversy whenever potential legalization is discussed in the United States of America. Despite the evolution of public disapproval and legal restrictions on the growth, distribution and use of marijuana, the marijuana industry continues to grow in California. In 2022, more than 5 million marijuana plants were confiscated in California. In 2016, when California voters faced the choice of whether to legalize marijuana for recreational use, they heard promises that it would help end the “war on drugs,” brining it tax revenue. Cannabis sales were $5.3 billion in California for the year of 2022. And state tax revenue dropped from $251.3 million in the third quarter of 2022 to $221.6 million in the fourth quarter. However, on the federal level, cannabis remains illegal. The federal government classifies cannabis, along with heroin and cocaine, as Schedule I drug with a high potential for abuse and little to no medical benefit. #RandolphHarris 3 of 22

The typical rural Kentucky marijuana grower is a European America male between the ages of 35 and 50, with a high school education. He most almost always is married, with at least one child. He is rarely a user of marijuana and is often a respected, church-going, community leader with no previous arrest record. The typical marijuana grower, as is the case with nearly all community members, has strong, extensive kinship ties with roots in his community dating back to the first settlers. Data about individuals and their culture and communities are relatively scarce in the academic literature. There are generally three types of marijuana growers: the communal grower, the hustler, and the pragmatist. The communal grower believes growing marijuana makes a social statement. Some purchase land with the intention of growing marijuana, others drift into marijuana production as a part of their lifestyle. In Kentucky, a similar motivation drives some marijuana growers who desire self-sufficiency and seek to earn additional money as a supplement to low paying jobs. Unlike the young, urban, outsiders who migrated into Kentucky for a short period of time, the rural resident is not retreating from society. He is trying to survive within his society and maintain his way of life. The hustlers have both used and sold marijuana. They may grow a marijuana crop on land they own or they may purchase or rent land specifically for this purpose. Always adventuresome, the danger is an added appeal to the endeavor and allows the grower opportunities to match wits with law enforcement. #RandolphHarris 4 of 22

When the excitement fades, they may retire. These people might well be equally successful in a legitimate business. Many members of the “Country Boys,” who dominate the Bluegrass County marijuana industry, fit in this category. The pragmatist grows marijuana due to economic hardship. These individuals acknowledge that growing marijuana is morally and legally wrong, but feel that due to circumstances they have no better option. Most Kentucky marijuana growers fit into this variety of grower. The unique cultural environment of rural Kentucky necessitates an expansion of young men and entrepreneurs. The youngster is the marijuana wanna-be. These are young men between the ages of eighteen and thirty who are most likely without both older males relatives within the marijuana industry and a kinship network that is significantly tied to the marijuana industry. They do not own land or have the agricultural skills necessary to grow quality marijuana. True marijuana growers may use these young men as mules to transport their marijuana. The entrepreneur most commonly begins as a hustler or pragmatist. In the beginning he grows marijuana out of economic necessity or he may view his actions simply as an alternative business venture. As time passes, he comes to enjoy devising new methods to elude detection. Even when he is financially secure, and no longer has an economic need to grow marijuana, he will continue to grow this crop and/or develop new ways of concealing and growing marijuana. #RandolphHarris 5 of 22

Within this typology lies the primary reason why any attempts to eradicate marijuana growers from the hills of Kentucky have, and will likely continue to be next to impossible. The typical rural resident deeply resents interference from outsiders. Marijuana growers’ attitudes towards outsiders is even more intense. Rural residents will not discuss illegal activities which occur within the community with outsiders. It can be extremely difficult for the outsider to identify the marijuana industry participants within a rural Kentucky community. Marijuana growers are perceived as respectable citizens of the community and do not fit the stereotype of a “drug dealer” often portrayed in the media. The rural Kentucky resident knows who participates in the marijuana industry in the same way everyone in the community knows who is sleeping with whom and other community gossip. Historically, illegal activities have been a part of rural Kentucky culture. Many marijuana growers are the descendants of moonshiners and bootleggers. Within rural Kentucky communities a culture exists which protects and shelters those engaging in illegal activities from the scrutiny of outsiders. These norms and values, coupled with the economic crises facing the agricultural industry in recent decades have pushed rural families to pursue off-farm income sources. However, rural Kentucky values encourage independence and self-reliance. One consequence of such values is a resistance to outside interference or attempts to control rural activities, including eradication of marijuana. #RandolphHarris 6 of 22

The small rural community and the rural culture provide the necessary structure and stabilizing factors to successfully raise and sell marijuana. These communities provide safety for both small independent growers as well as those involved in the organized aspect of the industry. The secrecy which surrounds marijuana growers (due to marijuana’s illegal status until January 2025) and the reluctance of the rural resident to discuss such activities with outsiders indicates an element of strong informal social control within the rural community. Such informal social control allows the marijuana industry to exist and flourish. Within the small rural community many expected social controls which are evident in mainstream society are not present. Thus, participants in illegal activities are allowed to function within the community without censor. Members of crime groups are not shunned, a would be expected if marijuana growers were perceived as deviants. Marijuana growers receive strong community support; the prevailing view in the community is that those involved in growing “alternative crops” have done nothing wrong. Economic factors play a large part in the introduction of organized crime to rural Kentucky. Rural Americans have been entering off-farm income accounted for over 70 percent of U.S.A. farm family income. However, while farmers are increasingly relying on non-farm employment, in rural Kentucky high rates of unemployment lead many residents to the marijuana industry. #RandolphHarris 7 of 22

In 1989 Kentucky had an unemployment rate of 6.2 percent, however Bluegrass County’s unemployment rate was more than 30 percent higher at 8.3 percent overall and 9.7 percent for Bluegrass County males. Lacking plentiful employment opportunities, many rural Kentuckians are forced to migrate to cities. In an effort to retain their community, rural residents often remain silent or protect those involved in the marijuana industry and thereby keep residents in the community. Rural residents do not want their “kin” to migrate; consequently many rural citizens endure a long drive to and from the city rather than moving nearer their urban place of employment. Lacking well paying jobs, many rural males opt to grow marijuana to generate or supplement their incomes. Resident of Bluegrass County regard outsiders with distrust, believing outsiders to not respect them. The example of a Bluegrass County resident being apprehended for trafficking in marijuana is tinged with resentment—not empathy or compassion—towards the resident outsider. However, despite the arrests, many community members continue to go to grow and sell marijuana. Joe Paul explains the persistence of the marijuana industry in Bluegrass County, saying: “They’s several that was bigger than Buford and them Country Boys ever thought about being. Hell they got him for organized crime. He ain’t no big boss but they’s others in Bluegrass County that are. The law’s ignorant. They nailed Buford but they cover up their own screw-ups.” #RandolphHarris 8 of 22

On April 1^st, 2023, Kentucky Governor Andy Beshear signed a bill to legalize medical marijuana, making the Bluegrass State the 38^th in the nation to approve the medicinal use of cannabis for patients with serious health conditions. The Democratic governor, who had repeatedly called on lawmakers to legalize medical marijuana, signed the measure, Senate Bill 47, at a ceremony in Frankfort. Senate Bill 47 allows patients with certain qualifying medical conditions including cancer, chronic pain, epilepsy and posttraumatic stress disorder to obtain a doctor’s recommendation to use cannabis medicinally. The bill does not allow patients to smoke marijuana, although it does allow for the sale of unprocessed cannabis flower for vaporization. Other cannabis formulations including capsules, tinctures and topical product are also authorized by the bill. Patients will be permitted to possess a 10-day supply of cannabis on their person and a 30-day supply at home. The legislation directs the Kentucky Cabinet for Health and Family Services to draft and implement regulations to enact the legislation and regulate the production and sale of medical marijuana in the state. Under the bill, Kentucky’s medical cannabis program is slated to launch by January 2025. In 2022, 184,295 marijuana plants were seized in Kentucky. The cultivation of domestic marijuana is a problem of manor concern for Kentucky State Police, as well as, all law enforcement agencies. Marijuana eradication and interdiction causes a sizeable drain on agency budgets. Marijuana has become one of the most profitable crops grown in the United States of America. Some claim it is the most profitable crop grown in Kentucky, surpassing the burley tobacco industry. #RandolphHarris 9 of 22

Some of you may remember the “Cornbread Mafia,” which was the name for a group of Kentucky men who created the largest domestic marijuana production operation in the history of the United States of America. It was based in Marion, Nelson, and Washington counties in central Kentucky. Between 1985 and 1989, 70 Kentuckians were accused of growing 182 tons of marijuana on 29 farms in 10 states, including Minnesota, Illinois, Indiana, Michigan, Nebraska, Missouri and Kansas, which federal prosecutors considered to be the largest domestic marijuana production organization in the nation. By the end of 1991, prosecutors had arrested more than 100 members of the Cornbread Mafia. Johnny Boone and Bobby Joe Shewmaker, were considered to be the leaders of the cartel. The bust was much bigger and more complex than the agents had ever imagined. The busted Minnesota harvest alone weighed ninety tones, the police said, a number they calculated by weighing one dump truck load, then multiplying that by sixty-two—the number of trips it took to clear the fields—and then multiplying that number by two because so much marijuana remained in the field that estimating its weight was “inconceivable.” This group was unique in the eyes of the law. Federal Task Force documents obtained by Freedom of Information Act (FOIA) request note that, unlikely any other illegal drug operation of its size, the syndicate included no foreign nationals—that not only were all the participants American, but also they were from one state, from a three-county area, and the vast majority from Marion County. They were smuggling drugs to the Caribbean coast of Colombia, and to South America. Many people have ethicized things like drug dealing, computer information science, and engineering, but they have forgot how innovative and notorious European Americans can be. It is like most people think all they do is quietly sit at the computer reading documents all day and somehow make a lot of money doing that, but they also play other roles in society. #RandolphHarris 10 of 22

Empathy is the basic response capacity on which the process of socialization, development of a self, communication, and integration rest. Empathic capacity, like any other response capacity, requires a healthy organism. This type of response needs to special organ or faculty beyond the special human equipment of a highly developed cortex. Sensory acuity and capacity for accurate perception; neural and neuromuscular capacity for generalization and symbolization; capacity for covert mobilization of complex acts, symbolization of those acts, and the conduct of complex interacts at the covert level are critical importance. We have few specific hypotheses under this heading, aside from the obvious one that when the physical basis of an organism is impaired so is the organism’s capacity for empathic response. In the field of mental illness, the testing of hypotheses on the conditions and consequences of empathy might lead to highly interesting results. In general it is widely suspected that underdevelopment or impairment of empathic capacity plays a major role in many kinds of behavior disorders, particularly in schizophrenia. Under biological conditions also belong hypotheses concerning the effects on empathic capacity of various bodily states of extreme hunger, anger, pain, fear, excitement, intoxication, pleasure-anticipation, pain-anticipation, and similar conditions which restrict attention or reduce perception. #RandolphHarris 11 of 22

Additional types of hypotheses about the social psychological consequents of certain biological conditions and their effects in turn upon empathic capacity are suggested here. For example: Prolonged illness increases habituation to a relationship of dependency and thus depresses empathic capacity on both sides of the relationship, but especially in the dependent member. Empathic capacity is negatively correlated with repression of biological functions. There isa negative correlation between the degree of repression of sexual functions and empathic capacity. Thus economic, social, and educational provision for minimizing the gap between organic sexual maturity and sexual functioning will have a positive effect on empathic capacity. Unwanted children are lower in empathic development than children who are desired and planned for. Instruction in how to safely and efficiently control the number of children born, and means to exercise this control, will result in a lower proportion of rejected people in the population By spreading the economic burden of having and rearing children over the whole population, the probability of children being born to people who want them will be increased, with a consequent increase in average empathic capacity. There is a critical point beyond which closer contact with another person will no longer lead to an increase in empathy. Up to a certain point, intimate interaction with others increases the capacity to empathize with them. However, when others are too constantly present, the organism appears to develop a protective resistance to responding to them. #RandolphHarris 12 of 22

However, when other are too constantly present, the organism appears to develop a protective resistance to responding to them. As the numbers of people with whom one must deal increase, it is necessary to respond to them impersonally. This is exemplified in customer, passenger, and patient relations. This limit on the capacity to empathize should be taken into account in planning the optimal size and concentration of urban populations, as well as in planning the schools and the housing on individual families. Families who provide time and space for privacy, and who teach children the utility and satisfaction of withdrawing for private revery, will show higher average empathic capacity than those who do not. Economic conditions (job stability, income, conditions of work, and leisure time) become factors in the development and exercise of empathic capacity when they affect the amount of unhurried and anxiety-free time, and the facilities for stimulating activities, the parents can give their children. Their influence is also important to empathic development to the extent that they affect contact and participation in the life of the community. In less obvious ways they influence attitudes and values, and these in turn affect empathic skill: There is a negative correlation between the degree to which parents emphasize material possessions and other evidences of buying power in their evaluations of themselves and others, and their own and their children’s empathic capacity. #RandolphHarris 13 of 22

To the extent that criteria of wealthy predominate in the selection of associates, social life becomes restricted and unstimulating and empathic capacity atrophies. Mate selection in which monetary criteria of eligibility predominate results in a higher proportion of marriages characterized by progressive deterioration of communication, companionship, and sexual compatibility. The effects on the empathic capacity of the parents and children will be correspondingly negative. The assumption by children of appropriately graded responsibilities for the economic welfare of the family (as for example, regular duties and special jobs in the home, or limited jobs outside) increases empathic capacity. (Note: This is of course no argument for child labor in the old sense. But  revision of our economic, educational, and family institutional arrangements so as to make it a regular thing for all children, beginning at junior high school age, to have a limited and safeguard opportunity for genuine participation in the World of business, industry, and government, would probably be a desirable thing in terms of their optimal development.) The neurotic is a person who can never have things as one would like them in the present, and who can therefore never enjoy the past either. As formerly the neurotic could not escape from one’s childhood, so now one cannot part with one’s youth. One shrinks from the grey thoughts of approaching age, and, feeling the prospect before one unbearable, is always straining to look behind one. Just as the childish person shrinks back from the unknown in the World and in human existence, so the grown adult shrinks back from the second half of life. #RandolphHarris 14 of 22

At this stage of development of the whole being is affected. The man acts without using, or using fully, the mind, will, imagination, reason; that is without thinking (volitionally), deciding, imagining, reasoning. The affections seem dormant, as well as all the faculties of the mind and body. In some cases, the bodily needs are  also dormant, or else the man suppresses them, and deprives himself of food, sleep, and bodily comfort at the dictation of the spirits in control, thus carrying out a “severity of the body” which is not of any real value against the indulgence of the flesh. The animal part of the man may also be awakened, and while stoical in sensibilities and feeling one becomes gluttonous in the demand for supply of bodily needs; that is, the machinery of the bodily frame goes on working independently of the control of mind or will, for the body now dominates spirit and soul. Men may live in the human spirit, in the soul, or in the body; for example, the glutton lives in, or after, the body; the student, in mind or soul; the spiritual man, in the spirit. If autonomy is self-sufficiency, a word must be said about one of the most powerful forces for man’s independence—technology. As one of the causes for the onslaught of secularization against religion, the chief and always effect weapon for this attack is the invasion of all religious groups by technology with its various waves of technical revolution. Its effect was and is, first of all, a secularization which destroys the old traditions, both of culture and religion. This is most obvious in a country like Japan. #RandolphHarris 15 of 22

Technology is the formation of reality according to a goal. It produces tools and machines which mold material to patterns determined by man. As such, it serves man and is not in itself secular; in fact, technology can and should be consecrated, as hand labor was in days gone by. However, it is the technical mentality that secularizes—the drive t subjugate reality by harnessing it as means to an end, the loss of reverence for nature, and the eventual reduction of man himself to a machine, a tool, a unit of labor. Technology fosters secularism by providing man with an instrument seemingly capable of achieving human self-sufficiency. Yet we also acknowledge the debt which our World owes to technology. In contrast to much of what has been said, there is a saving power of the technical control of nature. In technology, we see liberation from animal drudgery, conquest of the narrow confines of time and space, and protection from unnecessary pain and death. Technology undoubtedly possesses destructive possibilities. Nevertheless, in the great feats of technical control, we have a breakthrough of the eternal into the temporal. Autonomy has been considered from several viewpoint: the secular, the process of profanization, and technology. It is the humanism that fails to transcend itself: Humanism is the attitude which makes man the measure of his own spiritual life, in art and philosophy, in science and politics, in social relations and personal ethics. For humanism the divine is manifest in the human; the ultimate concern of man is man. An autonomous humanism stops at the door of the temple without crossing the threshold of the holy. #RandolphHarris 16 of 22

Since the 1990s, as life expectancy was rising and birth rates and the share of the population in its working age falling, most Western, especially European countries started to overhaul their social security systems in order to contain the increase of taxes, social contributions, and social spending. As a result social security benefits, especially pensions and health insurance payments, have been gradually reduced in scale. A number of countries elevated the retirement age. To provide for the means of support in the postretirement years, in the case of disability and so on, people have to save more and more by themselves, entrusting the management of the money they have accumulated to pension funds and other financial institutions. Net total social spending in the United States of America is approximately 30 percent of GDP, where the amount of private social spending and tax incentives is much larger than in other countries. This amount increased from 16.3 percent in 2001 to 17.4 percent in 2007, so since then we have seen an unprecedented increase in just 16 years. Today’s critical status of public finances makes it necessary to do everything possible to reverse or at least stop the trend. The West has to return to the roots of the social security concept. Basically, public social security payments are supposed to provide a minimal basic living standard, and not a cozy free lunch. However Social Security recipients are losing ground financially, despite receiving an annual cost-of-living (COLA) increase. #RandolphHarris 17 of 22

It is estimated that the 2024 COLA for Social Security recipients will be only 2.7 percent. Social Security benefits have lost 34 percent of buying power since 2000. And in the past year alone, Social Security recipients fell 4 percent behind the rise in their actual cost of living. The loss occurred even though beneficiaries received a 2-perent annual cost-of-living adjustment (COLA) annually. Many of these people do not even qualify to rent in the free market because the amount of their benefits is so low. More than half of the 1,057 respondents who participated in the study reported that their monthly expenses went up by more than $200. Social Security recipients received a 8.7 COLA for 2023. Even though many counties placed regulations on how high rent could be raised, people who live in income based rental apartments saw a nearly 20 percent increase in their rent, which ate up more than half of the COLA increase for 2023. In addition, Social Security beneficiaries saw high inflation in 15 categories in December 2022. There was a fuel increase of 42.1 percent, airfare increase of 27.8 percent, utilities increased by 19.4 percent, cereals and bakery products increase by 16.3 percent, energy services increased by 15.4 percent, dairy and related products increased by 14.9 percent, motor vehicle insurance increased by 14.2 percent, electricity increased by 14.1 percent, transportation services increased by 14.1 percent, motor vehicle maintenance and repair increased by 13.4 percent, nonalcoholic beverages and beverage materials increased by 12.5 percent, food at home increased by 11.7 percent, food increased by 10.3 percent, for most, rent of primary residence increased by 8.6 percent, and all items increased by 6.3 percent. So, clearly their benefits are not keeping up with inflation. #RandolphHarris 18 of 22

Additionally, high replacement rates (the ratio of public pension payments to the income from work the beneficiary received before retirement) in a number of countries, especially those facing grave public finance problems (for instance, in Greece it has reached around 90 percent), can hardly be sustained. However, Social Security is not going bankrupt. Hundreds of billions of dollars continue fueling Social Security. And will continue to do so as long as we have workers who earn wages. The most fundamental part of the Social Security program is that worker pay into the system during their working years. However, a big welfare state may badly undermine work motivation—an old problem coming to the forefront gain in the wake of the growing global competition, especially from China. While people out of work count on high social security benefits comparable to their earnings in times when they had a job, those who have a job are not motivated to work harder, as a substantial part of the increase of their earnings will be eaten out by high taxes and public social security contributions. On their part, employers restrain new hiring because they have to share the heavy social security burden. It pushes up unemployment rates. Overall, too big a welfare state reduced the efficiency of the use of human resources—the fundamental issues of primary importance the West has to address in a really serious way, not least in the wake of the Chinese challenge. Besides, one more somewhat tricky welfare state—related problem exists, deserving close attention. It is still largely unspoken because of its sensitivity. #RandolphHarris 19 of 22

The creation and expansion of public social security were driven by the quest for social justice. However, today those systems have turned out to be very unfair toward working families especially those in their 30s and 40s—the age when, logically, consumption activities should reach their peak. Those families have to pay more and more to support the elderly and other social security beneficiaries, while at this life stage their own living expenses, especially buying a home and brining up children, usually reach their peak, and while in today’s developed societies a substantial portion of the elderly and other people they have to support are richer than themselves. The picture is one of a worn-out guy in his 30s or 40, always on the run and, due to a tight family budget, thinking twice before buying essential items at a grocery store, or things he may need for his health, having to supper well-to-do guys in their 60s, 70s, and beyond who are relaxing a lot, having a jolly time hanging out in the parking lot doing drugs and drinking and vandalizing cars, playing cricket, swinging, or golf, traveling around the World for their own pleasure, and maybe even buying, without any hesitation, diamonds and furs for their wives and Cartier watches and Jordan sneakers for themselves, and lobster dinner with shots of tequila. Mind you, the former guy can hardly except to be provided the same amount of benefits from public social security funds when he himself hits 65 or 70. Of course, this sketch is grotesque and it does not pretend to grasp the whole picture. #RandolphHarris 20 of 22

A lot of elderly people are not so well-to-do and need genuine social protection provided by the federal government. However, it represents a very important dimension of the problem. As the economy and society develop and mature, more and more people become financially capable of providing their living after retirement (either all the living expense or their substantial part), their medical expenses, and so on by themselves, without relying on income redistribution by the federal government. And they should do it. High dependency on public social security has to be limited to those who really cannot do without relying on state protection. Currently, Wester powers have no choice but to trim the welfare state on a large scale and at a higher speed than they did before the crisis. The welfare budget of the United States of America totaled $1.215 trillion in fiscal year 2022 or 19 percent of all federal outlays. The President’s Fiscal Year 2024 Budget Request for the State Department and the United States Agency for International Development is $63.1 billion for foreign assistance and diplomatic engagement. This is an increase from $49.35 billion in 2023. And since the war began, the Biden administration and the U.S.A. Congress have directed more than $75 billion in assistance to Ukraine, which many struggling families wish would be returned to them in tax rebates or used to fund homeless centers and other projects in their community to improve American lives. The budget has to be balanced and deficit spending has to be stopped; otherwise, Western societies will become financially unsustainable and economically powerless. #RandolphHarris 21 of 22

The mentality of an average Western household is more and more entering the tomorrow-it-will-be-worse-than-today territory, inducing it to tighten the belts. Far more vital for U.S.A. power over the long run than its mass manufacturing base is its knowledge system or info-sphere. A look at this third leg of power triad contradict those who would hastily write off the immense residual power of the United States of America. Overfocusing on arms and money, they ignore or underestimate the role of knowledge in national power. Thus, the first enormous advantage that the United States of America holds at present is simply language. English is the whole World’s language in international science, commerce, aviation, and scores of other fields. Hundreds of millions of people all around the World are told to learn to speak English, learn American styles, inventions, products and ideas as this will give you a powerful thrust in the World. Another strength is America’s still-strong scientific and technological base. A great deal has been written about the declining percentage of patents being won by Americas, and other signs of scientific and technical infirmity. After World War II the United States of America for all practical purposes was the only major industrial state able to engage in scientific or technical research on a large scale. Under the circumstances, it is hardly reasonable to expect the United States of America to continue to hold the same percentage of patents it did in the past. The United States of America has lost its virtual monopoly. However, its scientific and technical base still towers over that of its rivals. The U.S.A. R&D for 2020 was $717.0 billion, which is more than the budget of Japan, Germany, France, and the United Kingdom combined.  #RandolphHarris 22 of 22

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Because our words influence how we think, we do well to choose our words carefully. Our labels for things affect our thoughts about them. Whether a space weapons program is termed “Star Wars” or “The Peace Shield” can subtly affect people’s thoughts and feelings about it. Liberation movements recognize this power of words to shape thought. Public order crime shares a nearly inextricable bond with what we know as the criminal subculture. Sex and drug violations are illicit pleasure pursuits that take place on the proverbial underbelly of society. Given their sensual attractions and victimless qualities, these crimes draw a healthy cadre of repeat customers. Over time, these widespread and routinized transactions become intertwined in the underground economy and criminal subculture. Our research on street prostitutes, bar prostitutes, and study of upper-level drug smugglers reveal how isolated forms of public order crime (and their repeat offenders) are readily folded into the criminal subculture. These people share the same social space and go about their business with little concern for those around them. Most of all public order offending takes shape as what is called deviant exchanges. This entails two or more persons (usually a distributor and a client) engaging in illicit trades or sales as a means of exchanging good and services. Often times, these exchanges become routinized to the point that we think of them as deviant markets. The collective nature of this offending means that most offenders orient to one another as either peers, colleagues, or team members. An example of a peer arrangement would be two drug users who share needles, dope, or a common “shooting gallery.” #RandolphHarris 1 of 17

Still other public order offending gets organized along what is called a teamlike alignment. Routinized offending and a division of labor leads to set roles and cooperation among the offenders. Take, for example, drug dealers, pimps, or drug smugglers. These individuals will often work in concert with one another to maximize their profits and minimize risk of outside interference. Small-time cocaine dealers prefer to operate in small collectives. One person might hold small, prepackaged units of the drugs on a street corner to perform the actual exchanges with drug users. Another serves as a street-level lookout who also holds the larger sums of money. A third person is located in a nearby apartment where one cuts and packages more drugs for sale. A fourth person serves as the runner who keeps a fresh supply of drugs moving from the apartment to the street corner. There is a great deal of scripted interaction and socialization that takes place between the participants of public order crime. For example, prostitutes and their clients must develop and follow a scripted set of interactions that allow the participants to identify one another and negotiate the terms of a transaction while somehow not arousing the suspicions of those around them. Male street prostitutes and their clients enact a series of verbal and nonverbal exchanges en route to agreeing on the terms of a sexual transaction. In fact, numerous scholars have documented rudimentary forms of socialization or tutelage occurring among parties to the public order crime transaction. #RandolphHarris 2 of 17

To further highlight this illustration, consider how we have documented how pimps and madams recruit and even train prostitutes. Some prostitutes even develop agreed-upon rules that dictate where and when to do business and often shepherd one another into drug use. Public order crimes receive a mixed statutory response from the criminal justice system. Our nation’s “war on drugs” has led criminal justice officials to reconsider their formal response to drug crimes. Crimes such as the possession of drugs or drug paraphernalia, possession with intent to distribute, and the manufacture or trafficking of illegal drugs were once afforded serious misdemeanor or minor felony distinctions under the law. Prior to the early 1980, the vast majority of these offenses were dealt with by state or local authorities. This all changed under the Reagan administration, when the federal criminal code was revised. More severe, prescribed charges; and sentencing guidelines were enacted to allow for federal authorities to rigorously pursue and punish drug offenders. Crimes that used to be classified as state misdemeanors suddenly became class 1 felonies, subject to 20 years in federal prison. Moreover, broad, never criminal offense such as “continuing criminal enterprise” and conspiracy offenses were added to the criminal code affording federal law enforcement officers and prosecutors a broader array of offense designations to direct toward drug offenders. Prosecutors began applying mandatory minimum sentencing and the principles of the Racketeer Influenced and Corrupt Organization Act (RICO) to drug offenders, further upping the statutory ante by treating drug dealers and smugglers as members of criminal syndicates. #RandolphHarris 3 of 17

At present, drug dealers, as well as those who manufacture and smuggle the illicit drugs into and through the United States of America, face some of the most severe and vigilant criminal justice responses of modern times. For example, in 2023, the Federal Drug Control Budget was listed at $42.5 billion, there will be approximately 1.5 million drug arrests by December 31, 2023, and 3 million pounds of drugs (marijuana, hashish, cocaine, fentanyl) will be seized by the end of the year. Drug cases make up one-third of our nation’s total prison population. At the same time, other broad forms of vice such as gambling and prostitution are afforded petty misdemeanor status and draw little or no formal enforcement response from criminal justice officials at any jurisdictional level. For the most part, federal law enforcement and prosecutors refuse to be bothered by these “nuisance” offenses and direct the vast majority of their vice-related interdiction toward drug crime. In many cases, state and even local authorities adopt a similarly lukewarm response to these crimes. According to the Compendium of Federal Criminal Justice Statistics, there were a paltry 491 nonviolent sex offenses recorded by federal law enforcement authorities in 2000. While exact figures are not available, scholars agree that the clearance rates for public order crimes are woefully low. We have identified several factors that contribute to low arrest numbers and clearance rates for prostitution and drug offenses. #RandolphHarris 4 of 17

First, most of these crimes occur in private settings, outside of police and public view. Second, police must conduct clandestine investigations without the benefit of complaining witnesses due to the victimless nature of the offense. Third, these crimes are viewed as minor offense, meaning the beat police officers are not pressure internally by their superiors or externally by the public to crack down on their occurrence in the same way that they are with more heinous offenses. Fourth, public opinion tends to be supportive or neutral toward these crimes, thus undermining potential deterrent effects. Court officials clearly take drug offenses seriously. An analysis of federal justice statistics reveals that approximately 35 percent of all U.S.A. attorney investigations were directed toward drug offenses. In addition, these federal prosecutors declined prosecution for only 20 percent of these cases—no other form of offense was pursued with this level of tenacity. Drug cases thus comprise nearly 40 percent of prosecutorial caseload. We also found that nearly 40 percent of the felony cases that were processed in state courts were drug cases. Researchers also found that nearly three in four state-level drug cases yielded a conviction of some sort, more often than not it was a felony conviction obtained through a plea arrangement. A similar trend is observed among deferral drug defendants—90 percent of these cases produce convictions with 85 percent coming as the result of a plea bargain. #RandolphHarris 5 of 17

The available data suggest that sentencing hearings provide more bad news for convicted drug offenders. A full 72 percent of state-level convictions and 89 percent of federal convictions led to a term of incarceration for the guilty party. State-level convictions yielded an average prisons sentence of 47 months while persons convicted in the federal system faced an average prisons term of 74 months, and the type and quantity of drug involved, the presence of an injured party, the use of a weapon, and the defendant’s criminal history were all factors that contributed to longer federal prison sentences. Strict sentencing guidelines at the federal level means that offenders will end up serving better than 90 percent of these prescribed prison terms. Things are a bit more relaxed at the state level, where on average, drug offenders serve 49 percent of their original sentences behind bars. As of March 14, 2023, it was documented that there are over 350,000 people serving time in state prisons for drug convictions, and 94,678 in federal prisons on drug charges. These figures represent 20 percent of the state inmate population and 55 percent of the federal inmate population and do not include the nearly 514,000 individuals housed in U.S.A. jails. There are currently 1,047,000 people in state prison, and 209,000 in federal prisons and jails. In the juvenile system, there are 36,000 youths, 8,000 people in territorial prisons, 34,000 people in immigration detention, 22,000 in involuntary commitment, 2,000 in Indian country jails, and 1,000 in military jails. Drug offenders account for 17 percent of the growth in state inmate populations and 65 percent of the federal inmate population growth in 2022. #RandolphHarris 6 of 17

Society adopts a mixed message when it comes to the informal social control of public order crime. In the case of drug crime, it appears that we are mobilized in a broad antidrug initiative that approaches drug use and its accompanying criminal activities as a public health concern. Such an approach emphasizes the addiction issues and orients to the behaviors from an informal treatment and education perspective as opposed to a punishment one. For example, drug, alcohol and other addiction rehab in the United States of America is big business–$42 billion this year. There are now over 14,000 treatment facilities and growing. A total of 4 million persons received treatment, but many more need it and facilities are filled to capacity. It has become increasingly popular to discuss the possibility of legalizing public order crimes such as prostitution and drug use. Assume that any one of these crimes were to be legalized and subject to some form of governmental regulation. What impact would this likely have on the behavioral, cognitive, cultural, and societal reactions to what was once a form of criminal behavior? The United States of America spends billions of dollars each year trying to stop the flow of illegal drugs into this country. Still, no other country sees more drugs being used and sold on its streets. What is it about the American way of life that makes drug use so appealing, and hence, makes demand side programs so hard to effectively implement? #RandolphHarris 7 of 17

Prostitution is a crime that goes largely unsanctioned by the police and prosecutors. When enforcement does occur, these efforts tend to focus much more energy on the female prostitutes than on the male clients. Feminists argue that this constitutes sex discrimination while others content that it constitutes efficient supply reduction. Formulate several policy initiatives that might effectively and efficiently target male clients for demand reduction without seriously infringing upon citizen’s civil rights. Human intelligence, mental quality that consists of the abilities to learn from experience, adapt to new situations, understand and handle abstract concepts, and use knowledge to manipulate one’s environment. These are some conditions of intelligence: Biological conditions during: Infancy: Physical stimulation through handling and caressing stimulates perceptive responsiveness to the environment. Childhood: Having other children to play with fosters intelligence; having none retards it. Preadolescence: Regular and thorough examination and correction of deficiencies in hearing and seeing improve intelligence in children; hearing difficulties particularly lead to attributions of lack of intelligence, and to self-conceptions and unintelligent. Adolescence: The span of involvement in episodes of learning behavior can be steadily lengthened by progressively adjusting new tasks to the margin of ability. Adulthood: The event of parenthood clarifies adult identity, thus remental resources for chosen tasks. Later maturity: Energy reluctantly expended in pathogenic, but energy expended willingly in response to stimulation, even in large amounts, is generally hygienic. Not quality but quality of work is the gauge. #RandolphHarris 8 of 17

Economic conditions during: Infancy: Objects that can be manipulated, and which disclose their principles by being disassembled and assembled, foster intelligence. Childhood: Use of adult objects—despite cost and waste—improve the child’s comprehension of its environment. Preadolescence: If both father and mother can send much time with their children, being responsive to their initiative, rather than doing thing for them, the children’s intelligence improves. Adolescence: The opportunity to explore and experiment before being committed to a vocation makes more probable a choice which will utilize potentialities fully, thus fostering their growth. Adulthood: Opportunity for success-experiences and for their recognition by self and others through reference to a visible product encourages intelligence. Later maturity: To continue to have people and projects dependent upon one for support preserves motivation and faculties. Social-legal conditions during: Infancy: A general atmosphere of neighborhood interest in births and babies stimulates response and development. Childhood: Subcultural emphasis on the values of learning and professionalism encourages the development of intelligence; anti-intellectualism discourages it. Preadolescence: Cultural emphasis on the values of personal performance rather than on those of birth, race, and family connection, lifts the ceiling of motivation imposed by inherited status. Adolescence: The complementarity of receptive and assertive approached to knowledge and control of reality is best appreciated and employed in coeducational institutions. Thus all types of intelligence are cultivated best by coeduction. #RandolphHarris 9 of 17

Adulthood: As profound cultural stereotypes about the innate intellectual inferiority of particular minorities are demolished by criticism, the intelligence of these minorities rises. Later maturity: The making of social demands upon the aged to take responsibility for themselves as a group (when put with respect and not as punishment or rejection) evokes a flow of ingenuity not obtainable when responsibility is withdrawn. Interpersonal conditions during: Infancy: Maternal responsiveness fosters alertness to novel elements in experience; ger enjoyment in the child’s discoveries intensifies one’s own. Childhood: To involve the child in the pursuit of knowledge through discussion between parents, especially where there is a dialectic and reasonable resolution, cultivates one’s intelligence. Preadolescence: A chum with whom one can assimilate new intellectual challenges, by kindly mutual criticism and by confiding fears, is a great help in forming strategies for mastering fears. Adolescence: Reciprocal, frank discussion of the standards of adolescent peers versus the parent-teacher generation reduces ambiguity in the self-evaluation of progress, and makes criticism bear clearly on the sources of mistakes. Adulthood: Self-conscious recognition by a continuing critical, appreciative audience of significant others promotes disciplined attention to standards of performance. Later maturity: Foster-home placement of aged persons stimulates their faculties when it furnishes them identification with the purposes of a younger family, and a chance to contribute to those purposes. #RandolphHarris 10 of 17

Educational conditions during: Infancy: Abundant talking with the infant before one learns to talk stimulates the growth of intelligence. Childhood: When teachers proceed explicitly, not on the notion of an original self that has to be trained, curbed, expressed, or molded, but by construing education as a joint process of discovery and mastery, they reduce resistance to learning and encourage the appetite for it. Preadolescence: Practice in group methods of problem-solving, exempli gratia, through admission to family councils, furnished an overt, dramatic model of careful thinking, which can be assumed individually by identification. Adulthood: Children’s questions—if welcomes and used—provide the parent with a review of one’s own intellectual biography and stimulate self-analysis of one’s resistances to learning, and so many reduce them. Later maturity: Adult education, to evoke serious involvement when it is not to be put to vocational use, must foresee a significant audience for the products of the knowledge and skills acquired. Recreational conditions during: Infancy: Patient play by parents with a child as one struggles to master new phases of development creates confidence in approaching new experience. Childhood: Observation of play furnishes clues to problems perplexing the child; spontaneous response to these problems in a friendly, spontaneous way helps in their recognition, verbalization, and control by the child. Preadolescence: Play is both preparator and assimilational; adequate rehearsal before and after each new accession of understanding is a means of securing it. #RandolphHarris 11 of 17

Adolescence: Adequate opportunity (space, time, respect for privacy) for reverie, whenever learning exceeds the rate of immediate assimilation, prevents the building-up of resistance and helps to build major themes of unified selection and composition of new experience. Adulthood: If they parent (or teacher) in play permits one’s likeness as an omniscient being to be laughed at, both one and the children gain in discriminating real from false intellectual control. Later maturity: Utopian speculation leads to discrimination of the novel and emergent, thence to fresh attacks on familiar problems. When passivity of body takes place it practically means a cessation of conscious action, because this passivity affects sight, hearing, smell, taste, feeling, et cetera. Any person in normal health should be able to focus one’s eyes on whatever object one chooses, randomly or by design, and should have similar control over all one’s other senses. They are avenues of information for one’s mind and spirit. However, when any of these senses are kept in a passive state, consciousness becomes dulled and deadened. Such a person, unaware of what one should be keenly alive to, becomes mechanical in one’s actions. Peculiar or even repulsive habits easily take hold. It is much simpler for persons in this condition to see these flaws in others than to recognize what is going on in themselves, even though they may be fully aware of external influences which affect them. When this passive condition brought about by evil spirits reaches its climax, passivity of other parts of the body may result, such as stiff fingers, lost elasticity of the frame in walking, lethargy, heaviness, stooping of the back and spine. The handshake is flabby and passive; the eyes will not look straight into the eyes of others, but move from side to side—all indicating passivity, brought about by deepening interference of the powers of darkness with the whole man, resulting from the initial passive condition of the will and mind, in which the man gave up his self-control, and use of his will. #RandolphHarris 12 of 17

Autonomy can also be considered as the result of an eviscerating process which is described a the profanization of religion by the secular. This process is called “profanization” rather than “secularization,” because the term “profane” in its genuine meaning expresses exactly what we call “resisting self-transcendence,” this is, remaining before the door of the temple, standing outside the holy.” Thus it is a more graphic expression, although equivalent to secularization. The profanization of religion reduces it to a finite thing among other finite things. However, religion should manifest the holy, should transcend itself, so that its elements—Holy Scripture, holy communities, acts, persons, and offices—should point beyond themselves, should be translucent to the holy. When this does not happen, the ambiguous character of religion asserts itself, and religion is profanized. Profanization occur in two ways: the institutional way and the reductive way. Religion is institutionalized when it becomes just another object—a set of prescribed activities to be performed, a set of stated doctrines to be accepted, a social pressure group along with other, a political power with all the implications of power politics. It can also be profanized by being reduced to culture and morality. This comes about when the veil of self-transcendence is taken away from religion, and one finds there cognitive insight and aesthetic expression, personality development, and principles of community. Culture and morality then have no need of religion, for it offers them nothing that they do not already possess. #RandolphHarris 13 of 17

In both processes of profanization, by either the institutional or the reductive way, the nature of the secular appears as self-sufficiency which resists transcendence. The Catholic Church runs the perennial risk of profanization by superstitious devotions devoid of true religious content, while Protestaintism is always in danger of reductive secularization. The formulation of a new military strategy will also shape that other leg of the power triad, America’s economy Skinning the U.S.A. military down from a Second Wave force based on mass to a Third Wave force based on mobility, speed, and reach, the military equivalent of miniaturization, could pump new energy into the U.S.A. economy. Ad hoc defense cuts, made under pork-barrel pressures from Congress, could destroy key research and development projects and slow down technological advance in the American economy, which has, until now, benefited from Pentagon contracts. However, the same troop withdrawal that could double Europe’s military costs could, by the same token, help reduce the U.S.A. budget deficit, meaning less reliance on Japanese finance. It would create at least temporary unemployment. However, it would also tend to lower interest rates and increase investment. #RandolphHarris 14 of 17

There is no guarantee that freed-up federal funds would necessarily be channeled to overdue social renovation, but some at least would find their way into education, day care, job training, and other uses that, intelligently planned, could help spark next-generation economic gains. Much tooth-gnashing and wailing has taken place over America’s relative economic decline—actually a measure of the success of its post-World War II strategy for putting Japan and Europe back on their feet. The fact is that, despite misconceptions, the United States of America still represents about the same share of Gross World Production that it did 35 years ago. (The big decline in this indicator came just after the war, when the destroyed European and Japanese economies came back on stream. Since the mid-1970s, the United States of America has roughly held its own.) However, manufacturing is no longer the most important gage of an economy’s importance. In the services and information sectors, which represent the leading edge of the super-symbolic economy, the United States of America outpoint not only Europe but Japan. As a result, unemployment in the United States has proved a less persistent problem than in Europe. The trade imbalance, too, which for a time caused near panic in Washington, needs to be reconsidered in the light of the new economy. First, the widespread impression that U.S.A. exports have fallen is incorrect. #RandolphHarris 15 of 17

During the 1980s, American exports to the World actually rose 61 percent. The problem was that imports rose one and a half times faster. Exports to Japan alone jumped 114 percent, but imports soared over 200 percent. That disparity is now narrowing. However, far more important, an economy shifting toward domestic services may be quite healthy, even though many of its new products are not exportable—medical care, for example, or education. More serious than America’s much-lamented “twin deficits,” both likely to decline, are the institutional obsolescence and social instability eroding American society and threatening to tear families, communities, and ethic groups apart, and the spread of drugs in society whose members are alienated from the state and from one another. It seems because crisis after crisis has happened since September 11, 2001, that the American government has never been able to fully recovery and the World is feeling the impact of this devastation. Public debt has soared in countries all around the World. For government to balance their budgets, spending has to be trimmed on overseas assistance, and other government projects. This will naturally lead to public sector jobs being cut. Government employees will retire without replacement. State spending will have to be frozen, tax loopholes will be closed. However, with another COVID crisis looming, health care spending is likely to increase. #RandolphHarris 16 of 17

Withdrawing U.S.A. troops from overseas conflicts is another way to reduce spending. Otherwise the economy will remain sick. The pills needed to cure those sick men are so strong that, while taking them, they will be able to move along at a slow pace, coughing and sniffing, if not bleeding. Large-scale issuance of government bonds may crowd out private investment. Raising interest rates, although inflation is on the raise, a mix of spending cuts and tax increase will negatively affect households’ discretionary income, curtail many economic activities, and cause social tensions if not unrest. Massive antigoverment demonstrations may breakout in various places around the World. This could lead to mass rioting and looting. It all will reflect despair and the wrath of the growing number of have-nots feeling betrayed by their governments. More and more, class warfare, in a Marxist sense will be visible. The West’s economic future will largely depend on its ability, even under tough financial constraints, to do much more to help domestic business enhance their global competitiveness and capture markets in the developing World, especially China. America, Europe, and Japan need strong government policies supporting industrial upgrading and exports. If, amid a neoconservative drive, this dimension is forgotten, the global economic clout of major Western powers will be weakening at a growing speed. #RandolphHarris 17 of 17

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