I cannot but have reverence for all that is called life. In the hope of reaching the Moon, men fail to see the flowers that blossom at their feet. Now we must return to the study of centers and to the study of attention and self-remembering, because these are the only ways to understanding. Besides the division into two parts, positive and negative, which, as we saw, is not the same in different centers, each of these four centers is divided into three parts. These three parts correspond to the definition of centers themselves. The first part is “mechanical,” including moving and instinctive principles, or one of them predominating; the second is “emotional,” and the third is “intellectual.” The division of a center into three parts is very simple. A mechanical part works almost automatically; it does not require any attention. However, because of this it cannot adapt itself to a change of circumstances, it cannot “think,” and it continues to work in the way it started when circumstances have completely changed. In the intellectual center, the mechanical part includes in itself all the work of registration of impressions, memories, and associations. This is all that it should do normally, that is, when other parts do their work. It should never reply to questions addressed to the whole center, it should never try to solve its problems, and it should never decide anything. Unfortunately, in actual fact, it is always ready to decide and it always replies to questions of all sorts in a very narrow and limited way, in ready-made phrases, in slang expressions, in party slogans. All these, and many other elements of our usual reactions, are the work of the mechanical part of the intellectual center. #RandolphHarris 1 of 22

This part has its own name. It is called a “formatory apparatus” or sometimes “formatory center.” Many people, particularly people no. 1—that is, the great majority of mankind—live all their lives with the formatory apparatus only, never touching other parts of their intellectual center. For all the immediate needs of life, for receiving A influences and responding to them, and for distorting or rejecting influences C, the formatory apparatus is quite sufficient. It is always possible to recognize “formatory thinking.” For instance, the formatory center can count only up to two. It always divides everything in two: “bolshevism and fascism,” “workers and bourgeois,” “proletarians and capitalists,” and so on. We owe most modern catchwords to formatory thinking, and not only catchwords but all modern popular theories. Perhaps it is possible to say that at all times all popular theories are formatory. The emotional part of the intellectual center consists chiefly of what is called an intellectual emotion, that is, desire to know, desire to understand, satisfaction of knowing, dissatisfaction of not knowing, pleasure of discovery, and so on, although again all these can manifest themselves on very different levels. The work of the emotional part requires full attention, but in this part of the center attention does not require any effort. It is attracted and held by the subject itself, very often through identification, which usually is called “interest,” or “enthusiasm,” or “passion,” or “devotion.” The intellectual part of the intellectual center includes in itself a capacity for creation, construction, invention, and discovery. It cannot work without attention, but the attention in this part of the center must be controlled and kept there by will and effort. #RandolphHarris 2 of 22

This is the chief criterion in studying parts of centers. If we take them from the point of view of attention we shall know at once in which part of centers we are. Without attention or with attention wandering, we are in the mechanical part; with the attention attracted by the subject of observation or reflection and kept there, we are in the emotional part; with the attention controlled and held on the subject by will, we are in the intellectual part. At the same time, the same method shows how to make the intellectual parts of center work. By observing attention and trying to control it, we compel ourselves to work in the intellectual parts of centers, because the same principle refers to all centers equally, although it may not be so easy for us to distinguish intellectual parts in other centers, as for instance the intellectual part of instinctive center, which works without any attention that we can perceive or control. Let us take the emotional center. We will only take the division of center into three parts: mechanical, emotional, and intellectual. The mechanical part consists of the most trite kind of ready-made humor and a rough sense of the comical, love of excitement, love of spectacular shows, love of pageantry, sentimentality, love of being in a crowd and part of a crow; attraction to crowd emotions of all kinds and complete disappearances in lower half-animal emotions: cruelty, selfishness, cowardice, envy, jealousy, and so on. The emotional part may be very different in different people. It may include in itself a sense of humor or a sense of the comical as well as religious emotion, aesthetic emotion, moral emotion, and, in this case, it may lead to the awakening of conscience. However, with identification it may be something quite different, it may be very ironical, sarcastic, derisive, cruel, obstinate, wicked, and jealous—only in a less primitive way than the mechanical part. #RandolphHarris 3 of 22

The intellectual part of the emotional center (with the help of the intellectual parts of the moving and instinctive centers) includes in itself the power of artistic creation. In those cases where the intellectual parts of the moving and instinctive centers which are necessary for the manifestation of the creative faculty are not sufficiently educated or do not correspond to it in their development, it may manifest itself in dreams. This explains the beautiful and artistic dreams of otherwise quite unartistic people. The intellectual part of the emotional center is also the chief seat of the magnetic center. I mean that if the magnetic center exists only in the intellectual centers or in the emotion part of the emotional center, it cannot be strong enough to be effective and is always liable to make mistakes or fail. However, the intellectual part of the emotional center, when it is fully developed and works with its full power, is a way to higher centers. In the moving center, the mechanical part is automatic. All automatic movements which in ordinary language are called “instinctive” belong to it, as well as imitation and the capacity for imitation which plays such a big part in life. The emotional part of the moving center is connected chiefly with the pleasure movement. Love of sport and of games should normally belong to this part of the moving center, but when identification and other emotions become mixed with it, it is very rarely there, and in most cases the love of sport is in the moving part of either the intellectual or the emotional centers. #RandolphHarris 4 of 22

The intellectual part of the moving center is a very important an a very interesting instrument. Everyone who has ever done well any kind of physical work, whatever it may have been, knows that every kind of work needs many inventions. One has to invent one’s own small methods for everything one does. These inventions are the work of the intellectual part of the moving center, and may other inventions of man also need the work of the intellectual part of the moving center. The power of imitating at will the voice, intonations, and gestures of other people, such as actors possess, also belongs to the intellectual part of moving center; but in higher or better degrees it is mixed with the work of the intellectual part of the emotion center. The work of the instinctive center is very well hidden from us. We really know, that is, feel and can observe, only the sensory and emotional part. The mechanical part includes in itself habitual sensations which very often we do not notice at all, but which serve as a background to other sensations; also instinctive movements in the correct meaning of the expression—that is, all inner movements such as the circulation of the blood, the movement of food in the organism, and inner and outer reflexes. The intellectual part is very big and very important. In the state of self-consciousness or approaching it, one can come into contact with the intellectual part of the instinctive center and learn a great deal from it concerning the functioning of the machine and its possibilities. The intellectual part of the instinctive center is the mind behind all the work of organism, a mind quite different from the intellectual mind. #RandolphHarris 5 of 22

The study of parts of the centers and their special functions requires a certain degree of self-remembering. Without remembering oneself one cannot observe for a sufficiently long time or sufficiently clearly to feel and understand the difference of functions belonging to different parts of different centers. The study of attention shows the parts of centers better than anything, but the study of attention again requires a certain degree of self-remembering. Very soon you will realize that all your work upon yourself is connected with self-remembering and that it cannot proceed successfully without this. And self-remembering is partial awakening, or the beginning of awakening. Naturally—and this must be very clear—no work can be done in sleep. Think very serious before you decide to work on yourself with the idea of changing yourself, that is, to work with the definite aim to become conscious and to develop the connection with higher centers. This work admits of no compromise and it requires a great amount of self-discipline and readiness to obey all rules and particularly direct instructions. Think very seriously: are you really ready and willing to obey, and do you fully understand the necessity for it? There is no going back. If you agree and then go back, you will lose everything that you have acquired up to that time, and you will lose more really, because all that you acquired will turn into something wrong in you. There is no remedy against this. Understanding of the necessity for obeying rules and direct instructions must be based on the realization of your mechanicalness and your helplessness. If this realization is not strong enough, you had better wait and occupy yourself with ordinary work: study of the system, work in groups, et cetera. #RandolphHarris 6 of 22

If you do this work sincerely and remember all the rule, it will bring you to the realization of your state and your needs. However, you must not delay too long. If you want to come to real work you must hurry. You must not come your way again. You may lose all your chances by hesitating and waiting too long. The term situated may be used to refer to any event occurring within the physical boundaries of the situation. Accordingly, the second person upon a scene transforms everything done by himself and by the one already there into situation activity, even though there may be no apparent change in the way the person already present continues with what one had been doing. The newcomer, in effect, transforms a solitary individual and himself into a gathering. When we look at situated activity we often find that one component of it could just as well have occurred outside of situations, with no persons, or only one person, present. Thus, some of the loss an individual sustains when he is robbed at gunpoint in his house he could lose if his house were ransacked while he was away on vacation. Likewise, some of what is conveyed in a conversation could be conveyed through correspondence. Work tasks that an individual performs while others are present, he can sometimes perform equally well when alone. This aspect of activity may occur in situations but is not of situations, characteristically occurring at other times outside situations. This unblushing part of reality I will refer to as the merely-situated aspect of situated activity. This component of activity comes under normative regulation, allowing us to speak of obligations and offenses that are merely-situated. #RandolphHarris 7 of 22

However, my only interest in such matters will be to be able to segregate them analytically from the component of situated activity that will concern us here; namely, the part that could not occur outside situations being intrinsically dependent on the conditions that prevail therein. This part will be referred to as the situational aspects of situated activity. The risk to one’s body when one is being robbed at gunpoint of household effects is situational; the loss of effects, as was previously suggested, is merely-situated. Some of the meaning of words conveyed in conversation is merely-situated; the coloration given these words by bodily expressed emotion, however, is distinctly situational. Similarly, for example, a member of the public in a reference library is expected to draw out and use a book, and not to spend his time in other pursuits, as adolescents learn from the librarian if they noisily employ the library as a place of assignation. Here we have the situational aspect of conduct. Within certain limits, however, the individual’s choice of particular books to read, his skill at reading, and the profit to which he puts what he has learned from reading are his own business, or that of the persons who may have assigned him a reading task. This is the merely-situated aspect of his library activity. Once we distinguish clearly between the merely-situated and the situational, we can return to consider the idea of public order. Copresence renders persons uniquely accessible, available, and subject to one another. Public order, in its face-to-face aspects, has to do with the normative regulation of this accessibility. #RandolphHarris 8 of 22

Perhaps the best explored face-to-face aspect of public order as traditionally defined is what is sometimes called “public safety.” Its basic rules are few and clear, and, in Western society today, heavily reinforced by police authority. Here the focus of regulation is upon the use that an individual can make of his body as a physical object or of instruments he can manipulate with his body. In going about their separate business, individuals—especially strangers—are not allowed to do any physical injury to one another, to block the way of one another, to assault one another with physically forced pleasures of the flesh, or to constitute a source of disease contagion. While this kind of “King’s Peace” currently prevails at most hours in most of our streets in most of our cities and towns, there are still neighbourhoods where this order is not well guaranteed, and certainly not in our past there have been times and places where such a guarantee was the exception rather than the rule. A version of this safety problem can be found today on back wards of mental hospitals, where some patients understandably acquire the reputation of being “food throwers,” brining to ward mealtime special kind of disorder. And, of course, in the lay notion that mental patients cannot be trusted not to strike out at others unexpectedly, there is n active reminder of ingredients of public order that might otherwise be taken for granted. #RandolphHarris 9 of 22

The harm produced by physical interference in any of its forms is partly due to the social humiliation of being seen as helpless by the offender and possibly by others, and so has distinctly social-psychological components. Other important ways in which the regulations ensuring physical safety impinge upon nonphysical matters will be considered later. When persons are present to one another they can function not merely as physical instruments but also as communicative ones. This possibility, no less than the physical one, is fateful for everyone concerned and in every society appears to come under strict normative regulations, giving rise to a kind of communication traffic order. It is this aspect of order that is mainly to be considered in this report. (Incidentally, it is in this aspect of public order that most symptoms of mental disorder seem to make themselves felt initially.) The rules pertaining to this area of conduct I shall call situational proprieties. The code derived therefrom is to be distinguished from other moral codes regulating other aspects of life (even if these sometimes apply at the same time as the situational code): for example, codes of honor, regulating relationships; codes of law, regulating economic and political matters; and codes of ethics, regulating professional life. The communicative behaviour of those immediately present to one another can be considered in two steps. The first deals with unfocused interaction, that is, the kind of communication that occurs when one gleans information about another person present by glancing at him, if only momentarily, as he passes into and then out of one’s view. #RandolphHarris 10 of 22

Unfocused interaction has to do largely with the management of sheer and mere copresence. The second step deals with focused interaction, the kind of interaction that occurs when persons gather close together and openly cooperate to sustain a single focus of attention, typically by taking turns at talking. Where no focused interaction occurs, the term unfocused gathering can be used. Where focused interaction occurs, clumsier terms will be needed. The resentment that criticism engenders can demoralize employees, family members and friends, and still not correct the situation that has been condemned. George B. Johnson of Enid, Oklahoma, is the safety coordinator or an engineering company. One of his responsibilities is to see that employees wear their hard hats whenever they are on the job in the field. He reported that whenever he came across workers who were not wearing hard hats, he would tell them with a lot of authority of the regulation and that they must comply. As a result he would get sullen acceptance, and often after he left, the workers would remove the hats. He decided to try a different approach. The next time he found some of the workers not wearing their hard hat, he asked if the hats were uncomfortable or did not fit properly. Then he reminded the men in a pleasant tone of voice that the hat was designed to protect them from injury and suggested that it always be worn on the job. The result was increased compliance with the regulation with no resentment or emotional upset. You will find examples of the futility of criticism bristling on a thousand pages of history. #RandolphHarris 11 of 22

Take, for example, the famous quarrel between Theodore Roosevelt and President Taft—a quarrel that split the Republican party, put Woodrow Wilson in the White House, and wrote bold, luminous lines across the First World War and altered the flow of history. When Theodore Roosevelt stepped out of the White House in 1908, he supported Taft, who was elected President. Then Theodore Roosevelt went off to Africa to shoot lions. When he returned, he exploded. He denounced Taft for his conservatism, tried to secure the nomination for a third term himself, formed the Bull Moose party, and all but demolished the G.O.P. In the election that followed, William Howard Taft and the Republican party carried only two states—Vermont and Utah. The most disastrous defeat the party had ever known. Theodore Roosevelt blamed Taft, but did President Taft blame himself? Of course not. With tears in his eyes, Taft said: “I don’t see how I could have done any differently from what I have.” Who was to blame? Roosevelt or Taft? Frankly, I do not know. However, all of Theodore Roosevelt’s criticism did not persuade Taft that he was wrong. It merely made Taft strive to justify himself and to reiterate with tears in his eyes: “I don’t see how I could have done any differently from what I have.” Or, take the Teapot Dome oil scandal. It kept the newspapers ringing with indignation in the early 1920s. It rocked the nations! Within the memory of living men, nothing like it had ever happened before in American public life. Here are the bare facts of the scandal: Albert B. Fall, secretary of the interior Harding’s cabinet, was entrusted with the leasing of government oil reserves at Elk Hill and Teapot Dome—oil reserves that had been set aside for the future use of the Navy. #RandolphHarris 12 of 22

Did Secretary Fall permit competitive bidding? No sir. He handed the fat, juicy contract outright to his friend Edward L. Doheny. And what did Doheny do? He gave Secretary Fall what he was pleased to call a “loan” of one hundred thousand dollars. Then, in a high-handed manner, Secretary Fall ordered United States of America’s Marines into the district to drive off competitors whose adjacent wells were sapping oil out of the Elk Hill reserves. These competitors, driven off their ground at the ends of guns and bayonets, rushed into court—and blew the lid off the Teapot Dome scandal. A stench arose so vile that it ruined the Harding Administration, nauseated an entire nation, threatened to wreck the Republican party, and put Albert B. Fall behind prison bars. Fall was condemned viciously—condemned as few men in public life have ever been. Did he repent? Never! Years later Herbert Hoover intimated in a public speech that President Harding’s death had been due to mental anxiety and worry because a friend had betrayed him. When Mrs. Fall heard that, she sprang from her chair, she wept, she shook her fists at fate and screamed. “What! Harding betrayed by Fall?! No! My husband never betrayed anyone. This whole house full of gold would not tempt my husband to do wrong. He is the one who has been betrayed and led to the slaughter and crucified.” There you are; human nature in action, wrongdoers, blaming everybody but themselves. We are all like that. So when you and I are tempted to criticize someone tomorrow, let us remember Al Capone, “Two Gun” Crowley and Albert Fall. Let us realize that criticisms are like homing pigeons They always return home. #RandolphHarris 13 of 22

Let us realize that the person we are going to correct and condemn will probably justify himself or herself, and condemn us in return; or, like the gentle Taft, will say: “I don’t see how I could have done anything different from what I have.” The punishment is guaranteed—the neatest trick is enforcing price collusion through a punishment guarantee, all in the name of competition. Here we turn to New York City and its stereo wars. Crazy Eddie has made his trademark “We cannot be undersold. We will not be undersold. Our prices are the lowest—guaranteed. Our prices are insane.” His main competitor, Newmark & Lewis, is no less ambitious. With any purchase, you get the store’s “Lifetime low-price guarantee.” It promises to rebate double the difference if you can find a lower price elsewhere. “If, after you purchase, you find the same model advertised or available for sale for less (confirmed printed proof required) by any other local stocking merchant, in this marketing area, during the lifetime of your purchase, we Newmark & Lewis, will gladly refund (by check) 100 percent of the difference, plus an additional 25 percent of the difference, or if you prefer, Newmark & Lewis will give you a 200 percent gift certificate refund (100 percent of the difference plus an additional 100 percent of the difference, in gift certificates).” Yet, although they sound competitive, these promises to beat the rival’s price can enforce discipline in a price-setting cartel. How can this happen? #RandolphHarris 14 of 22

Suppose each DVD Player costs $150 wholesale, and for the moment both Crazy Eddie and Newmark & Lewis are selling it for $300. Crazy Eddie is contemplating a sneaky cut to $275. Without the beat-the-rival promise, Crazy Eddie would hope that his lower price would attract some of the customers who would otherwise have gone to his rival—say, because they lived nearer to a Newmark & Lewis price guarantee, these people are now tempted just to walk over to Newmark & Lewis and buy the DVD Play for $300 and then claim a $50 rebate. This is just as if Newmark & Lewis had reduced its price to $250, automatically undercutting Crazy Eddie. However, of course, Newmark & Lewis would prefer not to give away the fifty dollars. This is just as if Newmark & Lewis had reduced its price to $250, automatically undercutting Crazy Eddie. However, of course Newmark & Lewis would prefer not to give away the fifty dollars. Its response will be to lower the price to $275. In any event, Crazy Eddie is worse off than where he started. So why bother? The price stays at $300. Although cartels are illegal in the United States of America, Crazy Eddie and Newmark & Lewis have the making of one. You can see how their implicit cartel works in terms of the requirements of enforcement we mentioned before: detection of cheating, and punishment of cheaters. Newmark & Lewis can more easily detect Crazy Eddie’s cheating. The customers who bring them the news of Crazy Eddie’s lower price, and ask them to beat tht, are acting us unwitting enforcement agents for the cartel. The punishment comes in the form of the collapse of the pricing agreement and consequently lower profits. The “beat-the-competition” ads also set the punishment in motion, automatically and quickly. #RandolphHarris 15 of 22

A celebrated antitrust case before the Federal Trade Commission concerned the use of a similar device that appears to make competition more fierce, but can in fact serve as a cartel enforcement mechanism. E. I. Du Pont, Ethyl, and other manufacturers of antiknock gasoline additives were charged with using a “most-favored-customer” clause. This clause says that the seller will offer to these favored customers the best price they offer to anyone. Taken at face value, it seems that the manufacturers are looking out for their favored customers. However, let us look deeper. The clause means that the manufacturer cannot compete by offering selective discounts to attract new customers away from his rival, while charging the old higher price to his established clientele. They must make general price cuts, which are more costly, because they reduce the profit margin on all sales. You can see the advantage of this clause to a cartel: the gain from cheating is less, and the cartel is more likely to hold. In evaluating most-favored-customer clauses, the Federal Trade Commission ruled that there was an anticompetitive effect, and forbade the companies from using such clauses in their contracts with customers. (This ruling was not without some controversy. The Commission’s chairman, James Miller, dissented. He wrote that the clauses “arguably reduce buyers’ search costs and facilitate their ability to find the best price-value among buyers.”) #RandolphHarris 16 of 22

How would you rule if such a case were brought against Crazy Eddie and Newmark & Lewis? One yardstick by which to judge the fierceness of competition is the level of markups. Many “discount” stereo stores charge almost a hundred-percent markup over the wholesale cost of their components. It is hard to say what part of the markup is due to the costs of carrying inventory and advertising, but there is at least a prima facie case that there is a method to Crazy Eddie’s madness. As with nearly all aspect of Complex Adaptive Systems, we know of no general rules for when one would reliably do better with more variety. You have to analyze actual situations, and then you have to place your bets. However, in the course of studying many Complex Adaptive Systems, we have observed some broad factors that seem to reduce the costs or increase the benefits of exploring relative exploiting. If you are in an ideal situation where you are sure your current approach to a problem is the best that is possible, and you do not think the problem is going to change, then any exploratory deviation from it should be avoided. However, for more realistic situations, we can identify some conditions in which exploration is especially valuable. Problems that are long-term or widespread. The more use you can make of an improvement, the more it pays to bear the costs of searching for one. For example, if someone buys a house in your neighbourhood, it may well be a good investment to take some exploratory actions that risk not being reciprocated but could establish cooperation that would be valuable in the long run. #RandolphHarris 17 of 22

Likewise, a problem that occurs in many branch offices of a company may provide a good opportunity to try local experiments if progress in one branch could be made widely available for adoption at the other branches. When problems are long-term or widespread, there may well be a good investment for your dollar. Problems that provide fast, reliable, feedback. This is a closely related condition. If you can learn quickly whether an alternative solution might be better, and if there is not a big chance of being misled, then you have more chances to find an improvement. Moreover, you have no longer to gain from what you might discover—and you are more sure that what seemed to be an improvement actually is one. Where such fast and accurate feedback channels do not exit, it is often worth trying to create them so that the benefits of exploration can be gained. In the sciences, which are heavily oriented toward exploratory activities, the areas that attract the most effort tend to be the ones in which new experiments or observations can be done rapidly and in which repetitions of prior studies give similar results. Experimental psychology grows faster than anthropology. Similarly, companies that can learn quickly about consumer reactions can afford to explore more of the space of possible products. When in comes to the work place, the new work regiment will not wipe out all trace of the older ones. It will be a long time before the last sweatshop disappears. However, two imperatives make its spread largely unstoppable. The first is the “innovation imperative.” No existing market share is safe today, no product life indefinite. Not only in computers and clothing, but in everything from insurance policies to medical care to travel packages, competition tears away niches and whole chunks of established business with the weapon of innovation. Companies shrivel and die unless they can create an endless stream of new products. #RandolphHarris 18 of 22

However, free workers tend to be more creative than those who work under tightly supervised, totalitarian conditions. When you are watching someone else watching your performance, you do not care much. Thus the need for innovation encourages worker autonomy. It also implies a totally different power relationship between employer and employee. It means, for one, that intelligence error needs to be tolerated. Multitudes of bad ideas need to be floated, and freely discussed, in order to harvest a single good one. And this implies a new, liberating freedom from fear. Fear is the primary idea-assassin. Fear of ridicule, punishment, or loss of a job destroys innovation. Smokestack management saw as its main task the ruthless elimination of error. Innovation, in contrast, requires experimental failure to achieve success. A possibly apocryphal story about Tom Watson of IMB has an executive asking him if he is going to fire another executive whose $5 million project failed. “Fire him,” Watson is supposed to have said. “I’ve just paid his tuition!” Whether true or not, it represents an attitude toward work diametrically opposed to the industrial system, and it underscores, yet again, the importance of learning. The push toward a new work regimen is also furthered by a second imperative: speed. Advanced economies are accelerative. In the new environment, therefore, innovation is not enough. The business has to get its new products to market fast—before a competitor beats it to the punch or copies the products. This accelerative pressure also shifts power by undermining the fixed, bureaucratic chain of command. #RandolphHarris 19 of 22

Not only do the new electronic networks frequently make it possible to communicate up, down, and sideways in the organization, so that an employee can skip across hierarchical levels, a similar effect is seen in personal or face-to-face communication. In the past, a worker with a problem or a new idea got into trouble by going over the head of a superior. However, acceleration forces employees to end-run the hierarchy. So employees are actually encouraged to ignore rank when necessary. If the middle manager felt insulted in seeing any of his or her subordinates go over his or her head without permission, that man or woman would immediately lose respect from both downstairs and upstairs. Acceleration and innovation both play havoc with the power hierarchies of the smokestack past and promote the spread of the advanced. Third Wave work regiment. While the rates of increase in global population is slowing, the rates of growth claimed for the World’s two biggest religions—Christianity and Islam—are escalating. Both will be influenced by technology and the radical resdistribution of the World’s wealth in decades to come. The connection between religion and money currently receiving the most attention has had to do with the cost of terrorism. Americans will never forget the coordinated terrorist attacks on September 11, 2001, against the country. The attacks cost the U.S.A. economy more than $2 trillion. However, this total does not include all the aftershocks that were felt in foreign equity markets, in tourism and travel, in consumer attitudes and in a temporary capital flight. In the case of disaster, many costs are recouped when reconstruction begins. Money is simply rechanneled from one part of the economy to another. #RandolphHarris 20 of 22

The goal of 9/11 and the later bombings in Bali and Madrid were grandiosely aimed at partly taking down the global economic system. And if you look at how much debt the United States of America and other countries are in, it is possible that we may see this prophecy come true. This is why people who do not love America, especially terror groups, will do anything to acquire weapons of mass destruction and why they need to be stopped at all costs. However, even if theo-terrorism were to magically vanish, religion will have substantial impacts on the global economy for decades to come. When it comes to cleaning up the twentieth-century mess, we have a lot of work to do. Even after the twentieth-century industry is history, its toxic residues will remain. Cleaning up waste dumps with today’s technology has proved so expensive and ineffective that many in the field have all but given up hope of really solving the problem. What can be done with post-breakthrough technologies? Nanotechnology can help with the cleanup of these pollutants. Living organisms clean the environment, when they can, by using molecular machinery to break down toxic materials. Systems built with nanotechnology will be able to do likewise, and to del with compounds that are not biodegradable. The more we learn about the ecosystem, the more we find that functions are managed by particular organisms or groups of organisms. A nanotech manager might be used for remediation in a situation where toxicants have destroyed some key members of a particular ecosystem—some managerial microbes, for example. #RandolphHarris 21 of 22

Once the needed activities are reinitiated, the living survivors of the stressed ecosystem can jump in and continue the ecosystem recovery effort. To see how nanomachines could be used to clean up pollution, imagine a device made of smart materials and roughly resembling a tree, once it has been delivered and unfolded. Above ground are solar-collecting panels; below ground, a branching system of rootlike tubes reaches a certain distance into the soil. By extending into a toxic-waste dump, these rootlike structure could soak up toxic chemicals, using energy from the solar collectors to convert them into harmless compounds. Rootlike structures extending down into the water table could do the same cleanup job in polluted aquifers. Most atmospheric pollutants are quickly washed out by rain (turning them into soil- and water-pollution problems), but some air pollutants are longer lasting. Among these are the chlorine compounds attacking the ozone layer that protects the Earth from excessive ultraviolet radiation. Since 1975, observers have recorded growing holes in the ozone layer: at the South Pole, the hole can reach as far as the tips of South America, Africa, and Australia. Loss of this protection subjects people to an increased risk of skin caner and has unknown effects on ecosystems. The new technology base will be able to stop the increase in ozone-destroying compounds, but the effects would linger for years. By changing the way materials and products are made, molecular manufacturing will free up land formerly used for industrial plants. Toxic materials could be removed from contaminated soil using solar power as the energy source, and the cleanup device and any collected residues could later be carted away. #RandolphHarris 22 of 22

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Especially if you are in business, dealing with people is probably the biggest problem you face. If you are also a housewife, architect, or engineer, that is also probably true. Research done a few years ago, uncovered a most important and significant fact—a fact later confirmed by additional studies. These investigations revealed that even in such technical lines as engineering about 15 percent of one’s financial success is due to one’s technical knowledge and about 85 percent is due to skill in human engineering—to personality and the ability to lead people. When it comes to the conditions of copresence, however, they are found in less variable circumstances: persons must sense that they are close enough to be perceived in whatever they are doing, including their experiencing of others, and close enough to be perceived in this sensing of being perceived. In our walled-in Western society, these conditions are ordinarily expected to obtain throughout the space contained in a room, and to obtain for any and all persons present in the room. On public streets (and in other relatively unobstructed places) the region of space in which mutual presence can be said to prevail cannot be clearly drawn, since persons who are present at different points along the street may be able to observe, and be observed by, a slightly different set of others. This qualification aside, the term gathering will be used to refer to any set of two or more individuals whose members include all and only those who are at the moment in one another’s immediate presence. #RandolphHarris 1 of 20

By the term of situation we shall refer to the full spatial environment anywhere within which an entering person becomes a member of the gathering that is (or does then become) present. Situations begin when mutual monitoring occurs, and lapse when the second-last person has left. In order to access the full extent of any such unit, the term situation at large will be employed. Along with “gathering” and “situation,” another basic concept must be tentatively defined. When persons come into each other’s immediate presence they tend to do so as participants of what we shall call a social occasion. This is a wider social affair, undertaking, or event, bounded in regard to place and time and typically facilitated by fixed equipment; a social occasion provides the structuring social context in which many situations and their gatherings are likely to form, dissolve, and re-form, while a pattern of conduct tends to be recognized as the appropriate and (often) official or intended one—a “standing behaviour pattern.” Examples of social occasions are a social party, a workday in an office, a picnic, or a night at the opera. Some social occasion, a funeral, for example, have a fairly sharp beginning and end, and fairly strict limits on attendance and tolerated activities. Each class of such occasions possesses a distinctive ethos, a spirit, an emotional structure, that must be properly created, sustained, and laid to rest, the participant finding that one is obliged to become caught up in the occasion, whatever one’s personal feelings. #RandolphHarris 2 of 20

These occasions, which are commonly programmed in advance, possess an agenda of activity, an allocation of management function, a specification of negative sanctions for improper conduct, and a preestablished unfolding of phases and a highpoint. Other occasions, like Tuesday afternoon downtown, are very diffused indeed, and many not be seen by participants as entities with any appreciable development and structure of their own that can be looked forward to and looked back upon as a whole. (Here the individual may see a line of development in one’s own period of participation but not in the occasion as a whole.) In these cases the very useful term employed is behaviour setting, and that seems to be sufficient. Diffuse social occasions can, of course, develop a structure and direction as they go along. Many adults need training in effective speaking, they need still more training in the fine art of getting along with people in everyday business and social contacts. There is usually a combination of strategies in which each individual’s action is the best response to that of the other. Given what the other is doing, neither wants to change one’s own move. This outcome is called an equilibrium. Having exhausted the simple avenues of looking for dominant strategies or ruling out dominated one’s, the next thing to do is to look for an equilibrium in the situation. After years of observation and experience, over fifteen hundred engineers learned that the highest-paid personnel in engineering are frequently not those who know the most about engineering. #RandolphHarris 3 of 20

One, for example, hire mere technical ability in engineering, accountancy, architecture or any other profession at nominal salaries. However, the person who has technical knowledge plus the ability to express ideas, to assume leadership, and to arouse enthusiasm among people—that person is headed for higher earning power. The ability to deal with people is as purchasable a commodity as sugar or coffee. And many presidents of corporations will pay more for that ability than for any other under the sun. What do you do when a phone call between Peter and Paula accidentally gets cut off? If Peter tries to call Paula, then Paula should stay off the phone (and not try to call Peter) so as to present her phone from being busy. If Paula, on the other, is waiting for Peter to call, and Peter waits too, then their phone conversation will never be completed. What is best for one depends on what the other does. Again there are two equilibria, one in which Peter calls and Paula waits, and the other way around. The two need a social convention to help them choose consistent strategies, that is, a common understanding of which equilibrium to attain. One solution is for the person who originally made the call to also make the callback. The person who answered the phone waits for the phone to ring again. The advantage of this is that the originator knows the other party’s phone number, while the reverse may not always be true. Another possibility is that if one person can call for free and the other cannot (say Peter is in his office and Paula is at a pay phone), then the person with the free access should call again. #RandolphHarris 4 of 20

To test your ability to communicate an on equilibrium, consider the following question: You are to meet someone in New York City sometime tomorrow. They are told to meet you. Neither you nor the other person is given any more instructions about where to meet or when. When and where do you go? According to the Strategy of Conflict—there is no predetermined right answer other than the one most commonly given. Among our students, Grand Central at noon continues to be the most common answer. That is true even for Princeton students whose train arrives in New York at Penn Station. When it comes to most people, health is the prime interest of most adults—and their second interest is people; how to understand and get along with people; how to make people like you; and how to win others to your way of thinking. For years, some people have driven and criticized and condemned their employees without stint or discretion. Kindness, words of appreciation and encouragement are alien to their lips. However, if a boss sharply alters one’s philosophy of life, one may find one’s organization will be inspired with a new loyalty, a new enthusiasm, a new spirit of teamwork. For instance, if your company has 1,000 employees, 1,000 enemies will be turned into 1,000 friends. The employer will find that in the past none of his or her employees greeted one when they would walk through one’s establishment. However, that will change. One’s employees will no longer look the other way when one is approaching. Now they will all be your friends and even the environmental waste engineer will have respect for you. #RandolphHarris 5 of 20

This particular employee gained more profit, more leisure and—what is infinitely more important—he found far more happiness in his business and home. Countless numbers of salespeople have sharply increased their sales by the use of these principles. Many have opened up new accounts—accounts that they had formerly solicited in vain. Executive have been given increased authority, increased pay. One executive reported a large increase in salary because he applied these truths. Another, an executive of a historic mansion in the Bay Area of California, USA; was slated for demotion when he was thirty because of his belligerence, because of his inability to lead people skillfully. This training not only saved him from the demotion but brought him a promotion with increased pay. On innumerable occasions, spouses attending the banquet given at the end of the course on how to become more human report that their homes have been much happier since their husbands or wives started this training. People are frequently astonished at the new results they achieve. It all seems like magic. In some cases, in their enthusiasm, they have telephoned me at my home on Sundays because they could not wait forty-eight hours to report their achievements at the regular session of the course. One man was so stirred by a talk on these principles that he sat far into the night discussing them with other members of the class. At three o’clock in the morning, the others went homes. However, he was so shaken by a realization of his own mistakes, so inspired by the vista of a new and richer World opening before him, that he was unable to sleep. He did not sleep that night or the next day or the next night. #RandolphHarris 6 of 20

Dealing with people in a work setting is like a prisoner’s dilemma. Again the selfish pursuit of one’s interests leads to an inferior outcome. When no one will compromise, everyone gets a harsh sentence. The problem is how to attain such cooperation given the competition to obtain an especially good deal for oneself. Well, behind every good scheme to encourage cooperation is usually some mechanism to punish cheaters. A prisoner who confesses and implicates one’s collaborator may become the target of revenge by the others’ friends. The prospect of getting out of prison more quickly may look less alluring given the knowledge of what waits outside. Police have been known to scare drug dealers into confessing by threatening to release them. The threat is that if they are released, their suppliers will know they have squealed. When we compare this example with a work-related situation. If the owner of the business threatens to fire everyone, unless they cooperate, those who cheat to get ahead or pursue their own selfish interest, instead of helping the group, will not likely find working at the company very pleasant because others have lost their job security. And likewise goes for those who do nothing, but ride along for the credit. Some social occasions, often called “unserious” or “recreational,” are felt to be ends in themselves, and the individual avowedly participates for the consummate pleasure of doing so. Other occasions, called “serious,” are officially seen as merely means to other ends. #RandolphHarris 7 of 20

Finally, some occasions are seen as “regular” ones—instances that form part of a series of like occasions, the series being seen as a unity, and developing as such, in terms of daily, weekly, or annul cycle, often with the same participants. Other occasions, such as spur-of-the-moment parties, are one-shot affairs, or their series-like character is not perceived as such. There are many complication associated with the concept of social occasion, but some such term must be used, for when a gathering occurs it does so under the auspices of a wider entity of this kind. It will become apparent that the regulations of conduct characteristic in situations and their gatherings are largely traceable to the social occasion in which they occur. What is understand? Try to ask yourself this question and you will see that you cannot answer it. You have always confused understanding with knowing or having information. However, to know and to understand are two quite different things, and you must learn to distinguish between them. In order to understand a thing, you must see its connection with some bigger subject, or bigger whole, and the possible consequences of this connection. Understanding is always the realization of a smaller problem in relation to a larger problem. For instance, suppose I show you an old Russian sliver ruble. It was a piece of money the size of a halfcrown and corresponding to two shillings and a penny. You may look at it, study it, notice in which year it was coined, find out everything about the Tsar whose portrait is on one side, weight it, even make a chemical analysis and determine the exact quantity of silver contained in it. #RandolphHarris 8 of 20

You can learn what the word “ruble” means and how it came into use. You can learn all these things and probably many more, but you will not understand it and its meaning if you do not find out that before the last war its purchasing power corresponded in many cases to a present-day English pound, and that the present-day paper ruble in Bolshevik Russia corresponds in many cases to an English farthing or even less. If you find out this you will understand something about a ruble and perhaps also about some other things, because the understanding of one thing immediately leads to the understanding of many other things. Often people even think understanding means finding a name, a word, a title, or a label for a new or unexpected phenomenon. This finding or inventing of words for incomprehensible things has nothing to do with understanding. On the contrary, if we could get rid of half of our words perhaps we should have a better chance of a certain understanding. If we ask ourselves what it means to understand or not to understand a man, we must first think of an instance of not being able to speak with a man in his own language. Naturally two people having to common language will not understand one another. They must have a common language or agree on certain signs or symbols by which they will designate things. However, suppose that during a conversation with a man you disagree about the meaning of certain words or signs or symbols; then you again cease to understand one another. #RandolphHarris 9 of 20

From this follows the principle that you cannot understand and disagree. In ordinary conversation we very often say: “I understand him but I do not agree with him.” From the point of view of the system we are studying, this is impossible. If you understand a man, you agree with him; if you disagree with him, you do not understand him. It is difficult to accept this idea; and this means that it is difficult to understand it. There are two sides of man which must be develop in the normal course of one’s evolution: knowledge and being. However, neither knowledge nor being can stay still or remain in the same state. If either of them does not grow bigger and stronger, it becomes smaller and weaker. Understanding may be compared to an arithmetical mean between knowledge and being. It shows the necessity for a simultaneous growth of knowledge and being. The growth of only one and diminishing of another will not change the arithmetical mean. This also explains why “to understand” means to agree. People who understand one another must not only have an equal knowledge, they must also have an equal being. Only then is mutual understanding possible. Now, picture to yourself how mastery a vigorous determination to increase your ability to deal with people will help you lead a richer, fuller, happier, and more fulfilling life. Say to yourself over and over: “My popularity, my happiness and sense of worth depend to no small extent upon my skill in dealing with people.” #RandolphHarris 10 of 20

I knew a woman who had been office manager for a large insurance company for fifteen years. Every month, she read all the insurance contracts her company had issues that month. Yes, she read many of the same contract over month after month, year after year. Why? Because experience had taught her that she was the only way she could keep their provisions clearly in mind. Learning is an active process. We learn by doing. So, if you desire to master the principles you are studying here, do something about them. You are tempting to form new habits. Ah yes, you are attempting a new way of life. That will require time and persistence and daily application. Whenever you are confronted with some specific problem—such as handling a child, winning your spouse to your way of thinking, or satisfying an irritated customer—hesitate about doing the natural thing, the impulsive thing. This is usually wrong. Develop a deep, driving desire to master the principles of human relations. Harnessing complexity involves acting sensibly without fully understanding how the World works. Themes of exploration versus exploitation can be clearly seen in personnel policy. In the short run, it pays to promote the person who best fits the current vacancy. In the longer run, however, it may pay for an organization to sacrifice some of these short-run gains to develop a set of people who will provide a better set of options in the future. The period ahead has been characterized by a number of experts as likely to produce what has been called a Revolution in Military Affairs. They compare it to other periods in history when dramatic changes occurred in military capability and doctrine. #RandolphHarris 11 of 20

It is evident to military planners that future combat could be very different as a result of advances not only in information technology but also in nano- and bio- technologies. Of course, it is not possible to say now just what those differences will be. While technical changes of the current magnitude have historically had major implications, the path from technical change to effective military operational capabilities is often convoluted, and the actual implications are frequently not what was anticipated. For example, it took years to discover the best use of the advantages conferred by night-vision equipment and stabilized naval gunnery platforms. The early prospect for aircraft seemed to be reconnaissance. The arquebus, an early gun, is a typical case. It took nearly fifty years before it provided an important military advantage. Though the gun was powerful against archers, it was also to reload. It could only be effective after a drill called countermarch was invented and taught to soldiers. Then a rank could advance and fire while other ranks fell back to reload. The technology alone was not effective. Routines had to be found, refined, and disseminated to make it effective, and this required decades to accomplish. A key observation is that the transformation of technical possibilities into meaningful capabilities is frequently accomplished concurrently with the career developments of personnel. This is true for all kinds of organizations, not just armies. It suggests that employees or organizations or officers in military services might be usefully analyzed as populations of agents that form a Complex Adaptive System. #RandolphHarris 12 of 20

In the years ahead, nations will still form new economic blocs, play currency games, impose tariffs and grant subsidies (increasingly clocked in environmental, cultural and other justifications). They will continue to blame unemployment on unfair competition from other countries. They will demand so-called “level playing fields.” They will make all the noise. And they will, of course, take their citizens. Rising powers such as India, China, Africa and Brazil will demand to be treated like Great Powers in such international institutions as the WTO, the IMF, the World Bank and the Bank of International Settlements (BIS), organizations whose decisions affect trade, currencies, credit, bank reserves and a host of other wealth variables. However, while nations will compete ever-more-fiercely on familiar territory—what we might call the nation-state game board—they will all be playing a kissing game. For whether national governments like it or not, power is leaching away from all of them. The great powers are increasingly less great. And that goes for America as well. The reason is that nations ad states are no longer the only powerful pieces in a new meta-game made up of many different-games linked interactively and played simultaneously. Neo-chess on one level. Neo-poker or neo-backgammon or neo-EverQuest on others. The players compete under non-linear rules that change after—or during—every move. #RandolphHarris 13 of 20

Corporations have been playing multinational chess for a long time and have wielded disproportionate influence at the international level. Today, because they are increasingly global, major corporations and financial institutions shift pieces around on their own game board and are less and less accountable to their nation of origin. When Microsoft, Citigroup, Buick, Hearst Corporation, BMW, Royal Dutch/Shell, Cresleigh Homes, Philips or Maytag talks, national government listen. However, it is not only national games and corporate games (or the interactions between them) that count. Nations and businesses alike now need to deal with the fast-growing community of NGOs and other rising forces. Many NGOs battle corporations such as Monsanto, Shell Oil and McDonald’s. As we have seen, they fight free trade and re-globalization. They march for peace. They campaign to save whales and trees. In doing so, they make daily headlines. Less visible but more numerous and, in aggregate, far more influential are countless other NGOs like Worldwide business associations, professional groups, sports clubs, scientific organizations and other entities. Most focus on highly specialized issues of concern to various other industries and groups ranging from custom brokers and matrimonial lawyers to geneticists, notaries, plastics distributors, chefs, models, and textile designers. Some NGOs defend producers’ interests. Others defend consumers. Still others organize or represent prosumers—like the groups that coordinated thousands of volunteers from all over the world to assist victims of the 2020 pandemic. #RandolphHarris 14 of 20

Taken together, armed with computers, Internet access and the latest communications equipment and supported by lawyers, doctors, scientists and other professionals, NGOs form a fast-growing cross-border force with which nations and corporations both will be increasingly compelled to share power. Moreover, the proliferation of NGOs is just beginning. This is so, first, because the Internet, the Web, mobile phones and improved connectivity make it easier and more affordable for people to identify common goals or grievances,  to find one another, link up and organize. Second, because the speedup of change brings new opportunities and fears. Before stem cells were identified, for instance, no one set up an NGO to support stem-cell research—or to suppress it. Today there re many NGOs for both purposes. The changes now transforming work are not a result of wooly-headed altruism. They are a consequence of much heavier loads of information and communication needed for wealth production. In the past, when most businesses were still tiny, an entrepreneur was able to know virtually all that needed to be known. However, as firms grew and technology became more complicated, it was impossible for any one person to carry the entire knowledge load. Soon specialists and managers were hired and formed into the characteristic compartments and echelons of the bureaucracy. The knowledge load had to be diffused throughout the managerial ranks. #RandolphHarris 15 of 20

Today a parallel process is at work. Just as owners became dependent on managers for knowledge, managers are becoming dependent on their employees for knowledge. The antique smokestack division of the firm into “heads” and “hands” no longer works. In the words of Teruya Nagao, professor of information and decision sciences at the University of Tsukuba, “The separation of thinking and doing in the traditional model…may well be appropriate for constant technology but is hardly in keeping with rapid technological process.” Because technologies are more complicated and turnover more frequently than in the past, workers are expected to learn more about adjacent and successive jobs. Thus, a General Motors as proudly speaks of workers’ helping to choose the lighting in their plants, selecting the sandpaper, the tools, and even “learning how the plant runs, what things cost, how customers respond to their work.” In computer-integrated manufacture, says consultant David Hewitt of United Research Company, workers “need not to know how the specific machines work, but…how the factory works.” What is happening is that the knowledge load and, more important the decision load are being redistributed. In a continual cycle of learning, unlearning, and relearning, workers need to master new techniques, adapt to new organizational forms, and come up with new ideas. As a result, “submissive rule-observers, who merely follow instructions to the letter, are not good workers,” says Nagao. In fact, in today’s fast-change environment, he points out, rules, too, need to be changed more frequently than in the past, and workers need to be encouraged to propose such changes. #RandolphHarris 16 of 20

This is so because the worker who helps frame new rules will also understand why they are necessary and how they fit into the larger picture—which means the worker can apply them more intelligently. In fact, only regulations which are endorsed by the majority of the work force have a chance of being abided by. However, to invite workers into the rule-making process is to share power once held exclusively by their bosses. It is a power shift not all managers find easy to accept. Workplace democracy, like political democracy, does not thrive when the population is ignorant. By contrast, the more educated a population, the more democracy it seems to demand. With advanced technology spreading, nonprofessional labour and high school graduate workers are being squeezed out of their jobs in cutting-edge companies. This leaves behind a group perceived as being more educated, which cannot be managed in the traditional authoritarian, do not-ask-me-any-questions fashion. In fact, asking questions, challenging assumptions are becoming part of everyone’s job. When it comes to the role of manager, here the pressure comes from inside the work force that challenges management and does not accept its dictates or authority. Here people question objectives…Just because you are a member of management does not make your ideas holy. #RandolphHarris 17 of 20

What we see, therefore, is a clear pattern. Workplace power is shifting, not because of fuzzy-minded do-goodism, but because the new system of wealth creation demands it. The 1970s saw a revolution in Western attitudes toward the natural environment. Concerns with pollution, deforestation, and species extinction exploded. With the rise of these concerns came an ambivalent attitude toward technology and the wealth it was producing: some said that human beings re destructive to the environment in direct proportion to their power. This immediately suggested that technology and higher living standards were bad, being inherently destructive. “Wealth” cam to imply environmental destruction. The revolution in attitudes toward the environment has changed the idea of wealth. Our national statistics may not reflect it—not every last citizen or politician may agree—but the concept that genuine wealth includes not just McMansions, refrigerators, BMWs, factories and machines, washers and dryers and roads, but also green lawns, landscaping, cleanliness, fields and forests, owls and wolves, clean air, clean streets, clear water, and wilderness has taken deep root in minds and in politics. “The wealth of nature” has come to include nature as a value in itself, not merely as potential lumber, ore, and farmland, and livestock, as well as locally grown produce. As a consequence, greater wealth has begun to mean cleaner wealth, greener wealth. Richer countries can afford more expensive, more efficient equipment—scrubbers and filters on smokestacks, catalytic converts on cars—and so they can produce goods with less environmental impact. Some have even recommended planted trees around smokestacks because trees need carbon to grown. This trend gives at best a hint of the future. #RandolphHarris 18 of 20

Nanotechnologies have the potential to produce plentiful consumer goods with much lower throughput of materials and much less production of waste, thus reducing carbon dioxide buildup and reducing global warming. They also have the potential to reduce waste, especially hazardous waste, converting it to natural materials which do not threaten life. If we regain a sense of purpose and embrace the new industries based on information and nanotechnology, the future could be great! These add enormous value to molecular-sized pieces of matter, and need not be a threat to the environment as were the heavy polluting industries of the past. Should we boast of “high technology” while industry still cannot produce without polluting? Pollution is a sign of low technology, of inadequate control of how matter is handled. Inferior goods and hazardous wastes are two sides of one problem. With processes based on molecular manufacturing, industries will produce superior goods, and by virtue of the same advance in control, will have no need of burning, oiling, washing with solvents and acids, and flushing noxious chemicals down their drains. Molecular-manufacturing processes will rearrange atoms in controlled ways, and can neatly package any unwanted atoms for recycling or return to their source. This intrinsic cleanliness inspired environmentalist to call nanotechnology “the most radical of the clean visions.” This clean vision will not be fulfilled automatically, but only with effort. Any powerful technology can be used for good or ill, and nanotechnology is no exception. #RandolphHarris 19 of 20

Today, we see scattered progress in environmental cleanup and restoration, some slowing of ecological destruction, because of organized political pressure buoyed by a groundswell of public concern. Yet for all its force, this pressure is spread desperately thin, fighting enormous resistance rooted in economic forces. However, if these economic forces vanish, the opposition will crumble. Often, the key to success in battle is to give one’s opponents an attractive alternative to fighting. The most powerful cry of the anti-clean opposition has been that clearing and polluting the land offer the only path to wealth, the only escape from poverty. Now we can see a clean, efficient, and unobtrusive alternative: clean wealth, clean smokestack energy, clean gasoline, compatible with natural wealth. I learned many years ago that it is foolish to scold. I have enough trouble overcoming my own limitations without fretting over the fact that God has not seen fit to distribute evenly the gift of intelligence. Ninety-nine times out of a hundred, people do not criticize themselves for anything, no matter how wrong it may be. Criticism is futile because it puts a person on the defensive and usually makes one strive to justify oneself. Criticism is dangerous, because it wounds a person’s precious pride, hurts one’s sense of importance, and arouses resentment. People rewarded for good behaviour will learn much more rapidly and retain what they learn far more effectively than one punished for bad behaviour. When criticizing, we do not make lasting changes and often do incur resentment. As much as we thirst for approval, we dread condemnation. #RandolphHarris 20 of 20

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Love is often nothing but a favorable exchange between  two people who get the most of what they can expect, considering their value on the personality market. The story of Charlie Brown is absurdly simple, but you can become familiar with game trees by casting that story in such a picture. Start the game when Lucy has issued her invitation, and Charlie faces the decision of whether to accept. If Charlie refuses, that is the end of the game. If he accepts, Lucy has the choice between letting Charlie kick and pulling the ball away. We can show this by adding another fork along this road. As we said earlier, Charlie should forecast that Lucy will choose the upper branch which includes pulling the ball away, not letting Charlie kick it. Therefore he should figuratively prune the lower branch (letting him kick it) of her choice from the tree. Now if he chooses his own upper branch, it leads straight to a nasty fall. Therefore his better choice is to follow his own lower branch which would be to reject the ball. For any game with a finite number of sequential moves there exists some best strategy. Of course, just because a best strategy exists does not mean that we can easily find it. Love is considered a game by some, but is also a strategy, much like business. Different negotiations take place under differing rules. In most retail stores the sellers post a price and the buyers’ only choice is to accept the price or to take their business elsewhere. Some shoppers seem to be able to bargain anywhere (even including Sears). Generally, shopping tends to be a “take-it-or-leave-it” rule. #RandolphHarris 1 of 21

In the case of wage bargaining, a labour union makes a claim and then the company decides whether to accede. If it does not, it may make a counteroffer, or wait for the union to adjust its demand. In some cases the sequencing is imposed by law or custom; in others it may have a strategic role of its own. An essential feature of negotiations is that time is money. When negotiations become protracted, the pie begins to shrink. Still, the parties may fail to agree, each hoping that the costs of negotiating will be outweighed by a more favorable settlement. Charles Dicken’s Bleak House illustrates the extreme case; the dispute over the Jarndyce estate was so prolonged that the entire estate was swallowed up by lawyer’s fees. In the same vein, if failure to reach a wage agreement leads to a labour strike, the firm loses profits and workers lose their wages. If nations enter into a prolonged round of negotiations to liberalize trade, they forgo the benefits of the enlarged trade while they are arguing about the division of the gains. The common thread is that all parties to the negotiations prefer to reach any given agreement sooner rather than later. World War II saw the beginning of the end of classical industrial-age colonialism. Having culminated in 1945, that war is fast fading from memory, but it may help put today’s World in perspective to not that nothing since then can remotely compare with the destruction it caused—or the economic changes to which it led. #RandolphHarris 2 of 21

World War II casualties suffered by more than two dozen countries, including the United States of America, totaled at least 50 million. Take a deep breath to absorb that number. It is as though 3,226 tsunamis equal in force to the one that devastated Japan in 2011 hit the World within six years. Or a tsunami roughly every day for six years. Russia—then still the Soviet Union—alone lost at least 21 million people. Germany, succeeded to the war, lost more than 5 million, not counting the additional millions of lives lost in death camps. Many of Western Europe’s industries were destroyed. War’s end saw hunger and chaos across much of Europe. At the opposite end of the World, Japan lost about 2.5 million before its surrender. In Japan, too, key industries such as coal, iron, steel and fertilizer were reduced to rubble. In all these regions it was as if the industrial revolution had been rolled back in time. Mass destruction had smashed the means of mass production. In contrast to the other major warring nations, the United States of America lost fewer than 300,000 troops and virtually no civilians. Its infrastructure was not bombed, which lift it at war’s end the only industrialized nation with a fully functioning economy and no significant competition. Three years after the shooting stopped, the United States—today’s imperial power—did a very strange thing. #RandolphHarris 3 of 21

Rather than demanding reparations from Germany and literally carting off any of its remaining factory equipment, railcars and industrial machinery, as Soviet Russia did, and rather than reveling in the weakness of its competitors, the United States of America launched what came to be known as the Marshall Plan. Under its aegis, the United States of America, in four short years, pumped $13 billion into Europe—including $1.5 billion to West Germany—to reconstruct production capabilities, strengthen currencies and get trade moving again. Japan, under other programs, received $1.9 billion in U.S.A. aid, 59 percent for food and 27 percent in the form of industrial supplies and transportation gear. Winston Churchill, Britain’s great wartime leader, called the Marshall Plan the “most unsordid act in history.” Yet these programs of support for allies and enemies alike were hardly charitable. They were part of a long-term U.S.A. economic strategy that worked. The Marshall Plan helped restore markets for U.S.A. goods. It helped prevent the reversion of Germany to Nazism. And above all, U.S.A. aid saved Western Europe and Japan from falling into the icy grip of the Soviet Union. It put them both back in business. It was, in retrospect, one of the smartest investments in history. As for imperialism, by war’s end Moscow had gained military and political control of all the Eastern European countries. In each it implanted troops and Communist puppet regimes, and it threatened to do the same in Western Europe where Soviet-supported Communist parties, especially in France and Italy, claimed broad popular support. #RandolphHarris 4 of 21

In doing so, the Soviet had created a vast region—stretching from Vladivostok all the way to Berlin—whose centrally planned economies, with inconvertible currencies and many other barriers, deliberately split 10 percent of the World population away from the rest of the World economy. By 1949, China had joined the Communist bloc. That but another 22 percent of the World’s people out of the larger global economy. By the mid-1950s, as the wealth revolution began, fully a third of the World’s people were largely off-limits to the rest of the planet in terms of trade and finance. At the same time, Africa, Latin America and South Asia were utterly impoverished, with some regions going through the turbulent, often violent process of decolonization as their European masters pulled out. In the early 1950s, therefore, the United States alone, with just 6 percent of the World’s people, was turning out nearly 30 percent of global GDP, and fully half its manufacturing. And it faced little competition. In the typical negotiation process, the pie shrinks slowly so that there will be time for many offers and counteroffers before the pie disappears. What this suggests is that it usually does not matter who gets to make the first offer given a long bargaining horizon. The split-the-difference solution seems pretty hard to escape unless the negotiations have been deadlocked for a long time and there is hardly anything left to win. #RandolphHarris 5 of 21

It is true that the person who goes last can get everything that remains. However, by the end of the negotiations process there is hardly anything left to win. Getting all of nothing is winning the battle and losing the war. My enemy’s ememy’s enemy is not my friend. A more realistic scenario would take account of the complicated relationships between the countries and provide more detail about their willingness to attack each other. Yet, there is an important observation that carries forward: the outcome of games depends critically on how many people are playing. More may be better and then worse, even in the same game. The observation that two antagonistic countries make unstable neighbours but three antagonists restores stability does not imply that four is even better; four in this case is the same as two. When considering Charlie Brown’s problem of whether or not to kick the football, this question became a real issue for football coach Tom Osborne in the final minutes of his championship game. We think he too got it wrong. Backward reasoning will reveal the mistake. When making a negotiation, even though the chance may be diminished, something is better than nothing. The momentum argument is also flawed. One of the general morals is that if you have to take some risks, it is often better to do this as quickly as possible. This is obvious to those who play tennis: everyone knows to take risks on the fist serve and hit the second serve more cautiously. That way, if you fail on your first attempt, the game will not be over. You may still have time to take some other options tht can bring you back to or even ahead of where you were. #RandolphHarris 6 of 21

As the first factories began to appear in the United States of America, a totally different work regimen came into being, at first affecting a tiny fraction of the population, then spreading as agricultural labour declined and industrial work expanded. The urban industrial worker in a Second Wave society might be freer socially in the great, teeming anonymity of the urban slum. However, the factory itself, life was more tightly regimented. Brute technology was designed for illiterates—which most of our ancestors were. Intended to amplify human muscle power, it was heavy, rigid, and capital-intensive. Before the invention of small electric motors, the machines were typically positioned all in a row and driven by overhead belts that set the pace for the whole factory. Later came the mechanical conveyor line that compelled armies of workers to perform motions in sync, chaining them to the production system. It is no accident that the French term for “assembly line” is chaine or that everyone, from the manual labourer to the topmost managers, operated in a “chain of command.” Work was “de-skilled” or dumped-down, standardized, broken into the simplest operations. And as white-collar work spread, offices were organized along parallel lines. Because they were not harnessed to an assembly line, clerical employees had a bit more physical freedom of movement. However, the goal of management was to increase efficiency in the office by making it resemble the factory as much as humanly—or inhumanly—possible. #RandolphHarris 7 of 21

The smokestack factories and mills were severely criticized for their dehumanization of the worker. However, even the most radical thinkers of the time regarded them as “advanced” and “scientific.” Less commented on was a change in the police function. Instead of the family policing work and pressuring its members to perform, a new power structure—hierarchical management—came into being to enforce the new rules. This new Second Wave work regimen was at first bitterly resisted even by employers, who tried to keep the old agrarian system and to transplant it into the factory. Because families had long sweated together in the fields, early manufacturers hired whole families at once. However, this system, efficient in agriculture for 10,000 years, proved totally inefficient in the factory. In general, many senior citizens could not keep up with the machines. Several children had to be beaten and often manacled to prevent them from running off to play. Families arrived at different times, struggling in as thy had in the fields. Inevitably, the attempt to maintain a family production team in the new technological environment collapsed, and the smokestack regimen was imposed. The lesson became clear: You could not organize work around a steam engine or textile loom the way you did around a hoe or a team of oxen. A new technical environment required a different discipline—and a different structure of power to police and enforce it. #RandolphHarris 8 of 21

When we consider games played in life, neither player has the benefit of observing the other’s complicated move before making one’s own. Here, the interaction reasoning works not by seeing the other’s strategy but by seeing through it. For this, it is not enough simply to put yourself in you opponent’s shoes. What would you find if you did? You would only discover that your opponent is doing the same thing, that is, thinking what it must be like to be wearing your shoes. Each person has to place oneself simultaneously in both his own and the other guy’s shoes and then figure out the best moves for both sides. Instead of a linear chain of reasoning, there is a circle that goes “If I think that he thinks that I think…” The trick is to square the circle. Not surprisingly, Sherlock Holmes and his arch-rival Professor Moriarty, the Napoleon of crimes, were masters of this type of reasoning. As Holmes told Watson in The Final Problem: “All that I have to say has already crossed your mind,” said he. “Then possibly my answer has crossed yours,” I replied. You must see through all the interlocking but invisible strategies. The first way is one must not regard the unknown actions of the other players as being uncertain in an impersonal way like the weather. And keep in mind, acts are judged by their consequences alone. In general, a player has a dominant strategy when one has one course of action that outperforms all others no matter what the other players do. No moral value is placed on the act itself. Even though an individual is already mortally wounded, one might not want to take responsibility for the act that causes the death of this individual. #RandolphHarris 9 of 21

If you have a dominant strategy, use it. Do not be concerned about your rival’s choice. If you do not have a dominant strategy, but your rival does, then anticipate that he or she will use it, and choose your best response accordingly. However, care must be taken in using it if moves are sequential. If you move first, your rival’s move is not given. One will observe your choice when one makes his or her, and you have the opportunity to influence the other players behaviour. In some circumstances this may best be done by choosing something other than your dominant strategy. In school language it is said on the subject of the struggle with negative emotions: Man must sacrifice his suffering. “What could be easier to sacrifice?” everyone will say. However, in reality people would sacrifice anything rather than their negative emotions. There is no pleasure and no enjoyment man would not sacrifice for quite small reasons, but he will never sacrifice his suffering. And in a sense there is a reason for this. In a quite superstitious way man expects to gain something by sacrificing his pleasures, but he cannot expect anything for sacrifice of his sufferings. He is full of wrong ideas about suffering—he still thinks that suffering is sent to him by God or by gods for his punishment or for his edification, and he will even be afraid to hear of the possibility of getting rid of his suffering in such a simple way. #RandolphHarris 10 of 21

The idea is made even more difficult by the existence many sufferings which man really cannot get rid of, and of many other sufferings which are entirely based on man’s imagination, which one cannot and will not give up, like the idea of injustice, for instance, and the belief in the possibility of destroying injustice. Besides that, many people have nothing but negative emotions. All their “I’s” are negative. If you wee to take negative emotions away from them, they would simply collapse and go up in smoke. And what would happen to all our life, without negative emotions? What would happen to what we call art, to the theater, to drama, to most novels? Unfortunately there is no chance of negative emotions disappearing. Negative emotions can be conquered and can disappear only with the help of school knowledge and school methods. The struggle against negative emotions is a part of school training and is closely connected with all school work. What is the origin of negative emotions if they are artificial, unnatural, and useless? As we do not know the origin of man we cannot discuss this question, and we can speak about negative emotions and their origin only in relation to ourselves and our lives. For instance, in watching children we can see how they are taught negative emotions and how they learn themselves through imitation of grownups and older children. If, from the earliest days of his life, a child could be put among people who have no negative emotions, he would probably have none, or so very few that they could be easily conquered by right education. #RandolphHarris 11 of 21

However, in actual life things happen quite differently, and with the help of all the examples one can see and hear, with the help of reading, the cinema, and so on, a child of about ten already knows the whole sale of negative emotions and can imagine them, reproduce them, and identify with them as well as any grown-up man. In grown-up people negative emotions are supported by the constant justification and glorification of them in literature and art, and by personal self-justification and self-indulgence. Even when we become tired of them we do not believe that we can become quite free from them. In reality, we have much more power over negative emotions than we think, particularly when we already know how dangerous they are and how urgent is the struggle with them. However, we find too many excuses for them and swim in the seas of self-pity r selfishness, as the case may be, finding fault in everything except ourselves. This shows that we are in a very strange position in relation to our emotional center. It has no positive part, and no negative part. Most of its negative functions are invented; and there are many people who have never in their lives experienced any real emotion, so completely is their time occupied with imaginary emotions. So we cannot say that our emotional center is divided into two parts, positive and negative. We can only say that we have pleasant emotions and unpleasant emotions, and that all of them which are not negative at a given moment can turn into negative emotions under the slightest provocation or even without any provocation. #RandolphHarris 12 of 21

This is the true picture of our emotional life, and if we look sincerely at ourselves we must realize that so long as we cultivate and admire in ourselves all these poisonous emotions we cannot expect to be able to develop unity, consciousness, or will. If such development were possible, then all these negative emotions would enter into our new being and become permanent in us. This would mean that it would be impossible for us ever to get rid of them. Luckily for us, such a thing cannot happen. In our present state the only good thing about us is that there is nothing permanent in us. If anything becomes permanent in our present state, it means insanity. Only lunatics can have a permanent ego. Incidentally this fact disposes of another false term that crept into the psychological language of the day from the so-called psychoanalysis: I mean the word “complex.” There is nothing in our psychological makeup that corresponds to the idea of the “complex.” In the psychiatry of the nineteenth century, what is now called a “complex” was called a “fixed idea,” and “fixed ideas” were taken as signs of insanity. And that remains perfectly correct. Normal man cannot have “fixed ideas,” “complexes,” or “fixations.” It is useful to remember this in case someone tries to find complexes in you. We have many bad features as it is, and our chances are very small even without complexes. #RandolphHarris 13 of 21

In any events, the virtues of adopting the ascent of humanity as a scaffolding on which to build a curriculum are many and various, especially in our present situation. For one thing, with a few exceptions, it does not require that we invent new subjects or discard old ones. The structure of the subject-matter curriculum that exists in most schools at present is entirely usable. For another, it is a theme that can begin in the earliest grades and extend through college in ever-deepening and -widening dimensions. Better still, it provides students with a point of view from which to understand the meaning of subjects, for each subject can be seen as a battleground of sorts, an arena in which fierce intellectual struggle has take place and continues to take place. Each idea within a subject marks the place where someone fell and someone rose. Thus, the ascent of humanity is an optimistic story, not without its miseries but dominated by astonishing and repeated victories. From this point of view, the curriculum itself may be seen as a celebration of human intelligence and creativity, not a meaningless collection of diploma or college requirements. Best of all, the theme of the ascent of humanity gives us a nontechnical, noncommerical definition of education. It is a definition drawn from an honourable humanistic tradition and reflects a concept of the purposes of academic life that goes counter to the biases of the technocrats. #RandolphHarris 14 of 21

I am referring to the idea that to become educated means to become aware of the origins of knowledge and knowledge systems; to be familiar with the intellectual and creative processes by which the best that has been thought and said has been produced; to learn how to participate, even if as a listener, in the metaphor for what is meant by the ascent of humanity from the mud to the tower. You will come to understand that the sheer number of great works that have contributed to the western canon is unrivaled. No cultural dialogue in any other civilization can compare with that of the West. The goal toward which Western society moves is the Civilization of the Dialogue. The spirit of Western civilization is the spirit of inquiry. Its dominant element is the Logos. Nothing is to remain undiscussed. Everybody is to speak one’s mind. No proposition is to be left unexamined. The exchange of ideas is held to be the past to the realization of the potentialities of the human race. Western culture is idea-centered and coherence-centered. It is also otherworldly, inasmuch as it does not assume that what one learns in school must be directly and urgently related to a problem of today. In other words, it is an education that stresses history, the scientific mode of thinking, the disciplined use of language, a wide-ranging knowledge of the arts and religion, and the continuity of human enterprise. It is the education as an excellent corrective to the antihistorical, information-saturated, technology-loving character of Technopoly. #RandolphHarris 15 of 21

To remain ignorant of things that happened before you were born is to remain a child. It is enough to say that history is our most potent intellectual means of achieving a “raised consciousness.” History is not merely one subject among many that may be taught; every subject has a history, including biology, physics, mathematics, literature, music, and art. Every teacher must be a history teacher. To teach, for example, what we know about biology today without also teaching what we once knew, or thought we knew, is to reduce knowledge to a mere consumer product. It is to deprive students of a sense of the meaning of what we know, and of how we know. To trach about the atom without Democritus, to tech about electricity without Faraday, to teach about political science without Aristotle or Machiavelli, to tech about music without Haydn, is to refuse our students access to The Great Conversation. It is to deny them knowledge of their roots, about which no other social institution is at present concerned. For to know about your roots is not merely to now where your grandfather came from and what he had to endure. It is also to know where your ideas come from and why you happen to believe them; to know where your moral and aesthetic sensibilities com from. It is to know where your World, not just your family, comes from. To complete the presentation of Cicero’s thought, “What is a human life worth unless it is incorporated into the lives of one’s ancestors and set in an historical context?” By “ancestors” Cicero did not mean your mother’s aunt. #RandolphHarris 16 of 21

Thus, every subject should be taught as history. In this way, children, even in the earliest grades, can begin to understand, as they now do not, that knowledge is not a fixed thing but a stage in human development, with a past and a future. To return for a moment to theories of creation, we want to be able to show how an idea conceived almost four thousand years ago has traveled not only in time but in meaning, from science to religious metaphor to science again. What a lovely and profound coherence there is in the connection between the wondrous speculations in an ancient Hebrew desert tent and the equally wondrous speculations in a modern MIT classroom! What I am trying to say is that the history of subjects teaches connections; it teaches that the World is not created anew each day, that everyone stands on someone else’s shoulders. This approach to subjects may be difficult to use. There are, at present, few texts that would help very much, and teachers have not, in any case, been prepared to know about knowledge in this way. Moreover, there is the added difficulty of our learning how to do this for children of different ages. However, that it needs to be done is beyond question. The teaching of subjects as studies in historical continuities is not intended to make history as a special subject irrelevant. If every subject is taught with a historical dimension, the history teacher will be free to teach what histories are: hypotheses and theories about why change occurs. In one sense, there is no such thing as “history,” for every historian from Thucydides to Toynbee has known that his stories must be told from a special point of view that will reflect one’s particular theory of social development. #RandolphHarris 17 of 21

And historians also know that they write histories for some particular purpose—more often than not, either to glorify or to condemn the present. There is no definitive history of anything; there are only histories, human inventions which do not give us the answer, but give us only those answers called forth by the questions that have been asked. Historians know all of this—it is a commonplace ide among them. Yet it is kept a secret from our youth. Their ignorance of it prevents the from understanding how “history” can change and why the Russians, Chinese, American Indians, and virtually everyone else see historical events differently than the authors of history schoolbooks. The tsk of the history teacher, then, is to become a “histories teacher.” This does not mean that some particular version of the American, European, African, nor Asian past should remain untold. A student who does not know at least one history is in no position to evaluate others. However, it does mean that a histories teacher will be concerned, at all times, to show how histories are themselves products of culture; how any history is a mirror of the conceits and even metaphysical biases of the culture that produced it; how the religion, politics, geography, and economy of a people lead them to re-create their past along certain lines. The histories teacher must clarify for students the meaning of “objectivity” and “events,” must show what a “point of view” and a “theory” are, must provide some sense of how histories may be evaluated. #RandolphHarris 18 of 21

Today, telecommunications systems have sharply limited capacity and are expensive to expand. Molecular manufacturing will drop the price of the “boxes” in telecommunications systems—things such as switching systems, computers, telephones, and even the glorious videophone. Cables made of smart materials can make these devices easy to install and easy to connect together. Regulatory agencies willing, you might someday be able to buy inexpensive spools of material resembling kite string, and other spools of material resembling tape, then use them to join a World data network. Either kind of strand can configure its core into a good-quality optical fiber, with special provisions for going around bends. When rubbed together, pieces of strong will fuse together, or fuse to a piece of tape. Pieces of tape do likewise. To hook up to the network, you run strong or tape from your telephone or other data terminal to the nearest point that is already connected. If you live deep in a tropical rain forest, run a string to the village satellite link. These data-cable materials include amplifiers, nanocopmputers, switching nodes, and the rest, and they come loaded with software that “knows” how to act to transit data reliably. If you are worried that a line may break, run three in different directions. Even one line could carry far more data than all the channels in a television put together. Getting around quickly requires vehicles and somewhere for them to travel. The old 1950s vision of private helicopters would be technically possible with inexpensive, high-quality manufacturing, cheap energy, and a bit of improvement in autopilots and air-traffic control—but will people really tolerate that much technology roaring across the sky? Fortunately, there is an alternative both to this and to building even-more roads. #RandolphHarris 19 of 21

When it comes to recombination mechanisms, which ensure that two DNA double helices undergo an exchange reaction only if they contain an extensive region of sequence similarity (homology); unless copying errors are also occurring, selection only alters the relative frequencies of existing types. However, there are endogenous mechanisms that do create new types. In biology, one of the most important is crossover, a process of recombining genetic contributions from each of two parents. This mechanism creates novel types, but with a method vastly different from mutation. Crossover works by splicing together pieces of already viable genetic material instead of making changes at random and so is far more likely to yield an improvement than is a mutation. In has long been noted that self-conscious activities of deliberate invention have similar properties. This can be seen in early forms of inventions, such as the motor and wagon combinations of the first “horseless carriages.” In designing their aircraft, the Wright brothers defined subproblems that could be independently attacked. Solutions to the power source problem and alternative wing designs could then be recombined in various ways. As in the biological analog, these conceptual recombinations have much higher chances of being valuable new types than would random changes of design. Constraint relaxation is another such mechanism, frequently practiced in human problems solving. It seeks solutions to a hard problem by generating variants that violate some one of the situation’s constraints. #RandolphHarris 20 of 21

Constraint relaxation introduces new variants by starting with materials of established feasibility and modifying them. A nice example is the one-opening kettle, which was achieved by relaxing the constraint that kettles needed a wide hole for filling and a narrow one for pouring. Presumably, many kettle designers thought: “What if we only had one opening?” Once faucets became common for filling, instead of ladles, the two-hole constraint could be relaxed, achieving a good design that is less expensive to manufacture. In crossover, conceptual recombination, and constraint relaxations, we have examples of mechanisms that can both create new types and change relative frequencies. We will use the general label recombining mechanism for them. Because they work with portions of strategies or agents already in use, they introduce new types by an endogenous process that has some degree of correlation with the system’s other conditions. This contrasts with the exogenous sources of new types that arise from errors and random disruptions. Recombining mechanisms implicitly leverage performance criteria in their creation of new agent or strategy from those that are already succeeding. This advantage over random variation explains why they are so commonly found in Complex Adaptive Systems. Keep in mind, as far as we know, no one has yet every come back from the other World. I cannot console you, but one thing I can tell you, as long as my ideals are alive I will be alive. By contemplating one’s end, one eventually feels purified and delivered from one’s baser self, from material things, and from other humans, as well as from fear and hatred of one’s fellow man. #RandolphHarri 21 of 21

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The alienated character of contemporary man is somewhat one-sided; there are a number of positive factors which we have not considered. There is in the first place still a humanistic tradition alive, which has not been destroyed by the in-human process of alienation. However, beyond that, there are signs that people are increasingly dissatisfied and disappointed with their way of life and trying to regain some of their lost selfhood and productivity. Millions of people listen to good music in concern halls or over the radio, an ever-increasing number of people paint, do gardening, build their own boats or houses, indulge in any number of “do it yourself” activities. Adult education is spreading, and even in business the awareness is growing that an executive should have reason and not only intelligence. One of the most important principles one learns in this way is that real school work must proceed by three lines simultaneously. One line of work, or two lines of work, cannot be called real “school work.” What are these three lines? What are these three lines? In the past lecture I said that these lectures are not a school. Now I will be able to explain why they are not a school. Once at a lecture a question was asked: “Do people who study this system work only for themselves or do they work for other people?” Now I will also answer this question. The first line is study of oneself and study of the system, or the “language.” Working on this line, one certainly works for oneself. #RandolphHarris 1 of 19

The second line is work with other people in the school, and working with them, one work not only with them but for the school. In order to work for the school, one must first understand the work of the school, understand its aims and needs. And this requires time unless one is really well prepared, because some people can begin with the third line, or in any case find it very easily. These lectures give the possibility of only one line of work; that is, study of the system and self-study. It is true that even by learning together people study the beginning of the second line of work, at least they learn to bear one another, and if their thought is broad enough and their perception quick enough they can even grasp something about the second and third lines of work. Still one cannot expect much just from lectures. In the second line of work, in complete school organization, people must not only talk together, but work together, and this work can be very different but must always, in one or another way, be useful to the school. So it means that working in the first line, people study the second line, and working in the second line, they study the third line. Later you will learn why three lines are necessary and why only three lines of work can proceed successfully and towards a definite aim. Even now you can understand the chief reason of the necessity of three lines of work if you realize that man is asleep, and whatever work he starts, he soon loses interest in it and continues mechanically. Three lines of work are necessary, first of all, because one line awakes a man who falls asleep over another line. If one really works on three lines, one can never fall asleep completely; in any case one cannot sleep as happily as before; one will always awake and realize one’s work has stopped. #RandolphHarris 2 of 19

There are some very characteristic differences between these three lines of work. In the first line, one work chiefly on the study of the system or self-study and on self-observation, and one must manifest in one’s work a certain amount of initiative in relation to oneself. In the second line of work in connection with certain organized work and one must only do what one is told. No initiative is required or admitted in the second line and the chief point in this is discipline and following exactly what one is told, without brining in any of one’s own ideas even if they appear better than those that have been given. In the third line again one can manifest more initiative, but one must always verify oneself and not let oneself make decisions against rules and principles, or against what one has been told. I said before that the work begins with the study of the language. It will be very useful if you try to count these new words of this new language, and it will also be very useful if you try to count these new words and write the down together. Only they must be written down without any comments; that is, without interpretation—comments and interpretations or explanations must be in your understanding. You cannot put them on paper. If this were possible, the study of psychological teachings would be very simple. It would be sufficient to publish a sort of dictionary or glossary and people would know all that it is necessary to know. However, fortunately or unfortunately, this is impossible and men have to learn and work each for himself. #RandolphHarris 3 of 19

We must again return to centers and find why we cannot develop more quickly without the necessity for long school work. We know that when we learn something, we accumulate new material in our memory. However, what is our memory? In order to understand this, we must learn to regard each as a separate and independent machine, consisting of a sensitive matter similar to the mass of phonographic rolls. All that happens to us, all that we see, all that we hear, all that we feel, all that we learn is registered on these rolls. It means that all external and internal events leave certain “impressions” on the rolls. “Impressions” is a very good word because it actually is an impression or an imprint. An impression can be deep, or it can be very slight, or it can be simply a glancing impression that disappears very quickly and leaves no trace after it. However, whether deep or slight they are impressions. And these impressions on rolls are all that we have, all our possessions. Everything that we know, everything that we have learned, everything that we have experienced is all there on our rolls. Exactly in the same way all our thought processes, calculations, speculations, consist only of comparing the inscriptions on rolls, reading them again and again, trying to understand them by putting them together, and so on. We can think of nothing new, nothing that is not on our rolls. We can neither say nor do anything that does not correspond to some inscription on the rolls. We cannot invent a new thought in the same way as we cannot invent a new animal, because all our ideas of animals are created by our observation of existing animals. #RandolphHarris 4 of 19

Inscriptions or impressions on rolls are connected by associations. Associations connect impressions either received simultaneously or in some way similar to one another. In my first lecture I said that memory depends on consciousness and that we actually remember only the moment when we had flashes of consciousness. It is quite clear that different simultaneous impressions connected together will remain longer in memory than unconnected impressions. In the flash of self-consciousness, or even near it, all impressions of the moment are connected and remain connected in the memory. The same refers to impression connected y their inner similarity. If one is more conscious in the moment of receiving impressions, one connects more definitely the new impressions with similar old impressions and they remain connected in memory. On the other hand if one receives impressions in a state of identification, one simply does not notice them, and their traces disappear before they can be appreciated or associated. In the state of identification one does not see and one does not hear. One is wholly in one’s grievance, or in one’s desire, or in one’s imagination. One cannot separate oneself from things or feelings or memories, and one is shut off from all the World around. #RandolphHarris 5 of 19

Letting go, letting go of old ideas and sometimes a healthy reality everyone must face. People look at the mantra on the Statue of Liberty and still think it rings true, but it does not. I am not even really sure it represents America, as it was a gift from France. America has changed and is no longer a population building country, and as we welcome all of our citizens, it is good to understand that America is now about capitalism. It is summed up great in 1 Thessalonians 4.11-12, “And make to it your ambition to lead a quiet life: You should mind your own business and work with your hands, just as we told you, so that your daily life may win the respect of outsiders and so that you will not be dependent on anybody.” Furthermore, so many people flee to America because it has a constitution, human rights, and law and order, but as America keeps welcoming people in, it is becoming more and more corrupt, and some even say worse than the countries others are fleeing from. All social life, even in its most primitive form, requires a certain amount of social co-operation, and even discipline, and that certainly in the more complex form of industrial production, a person has to fulfill certain necessary and specialized functions. In a society where no person has power over another, each person fulfills one’s functions on the basis of co-operation and mutuality. No one can command another person, expect insofar as a relationship is based on mutual co-operation, on love, friendship or natural ties. #RandolphHarris 6 of 19

Actually we find this present in many situations in our society today: the normal co-operation of husband and wife in their family is to a large extent not any more determined by the power of the husband to command his wife, as it existed in older forms of patriarchal society, but on the principle of co-operation and mutuality. The same holds true for the relationship of friends, inasmuch as they perform certain services for each other and co-operate with each other. In these relationships no one would dare to think of commanding the other person; the only reason for expecting one’s help lies in the mutual feeling of love, friendship or simply human solidarity. The help of another person is secured by my active effort, as a human being, to elicit one’s love, friendship and sympathy. In the relationship of the employer to the employee, this is not the case. The employer has bought the services of the worker, and however humans one’s treatment may be, one still commands one, not on a basis of mutuality, but on the basis of having bought one’s working time for so many hours a day. The use of man by man is expressive of the system of values underlying the capitalistic system. Capitol, the dead past, employs labour—living vitality and power of the present. There are, however, limits to how far even a flex-firm can go toward diversity. The spread of the “profit center”—which has seen many once-monolithic companies broken into semiautonomous, independently accounted units, each responsible for its own operations and its own profit and loss—can be seen as only a first step toward the eventual dissolution of the company altogether, atomized into network or consortium of completely independent contractors or free entrepreneurs. #RandolphHarris 7 of 19

In this model, every worker is a free lance, freely contracting with other free lancers, to get specific jobs done. However, no social process continues forever, and the day of the total individualization of work, the ultimate dream of the theologically committed free-marketeer, is far distant. Instead, we can expect profit centers to become smaller—and more diverse—without disappearing into millions of one-person firms. There is, after all, only as much diversity that any organization can tolerate and any managerial term manage. The argument here, therefore, is not that companies should maximize the variety of their organizational formats, but that today’s companies, in their flight from the rigor mortis of bureaucracy, need to explore far more diverse options than ever before. They need, in short, to liberate their “colonies” and even to invent new formats. In doing so, they—and we—move away from the idea that an organization is like a machine, each of its actions predictable and determinists, toward a conception of organization that is closer to the biological. Living systems are only partly deterministic, only sometimes predictable. This is why the new electronic networks are increasingly tending toward neural rather than preplanned architectures. It is why you cannot tell in advance how the traffic will operate. If you break a link between two places, provided that the network is still connected to those two points, it will find its own way. We believe in the value of communication between any two individuals based on what they know rather than what their place is in the hierarchy. #RandolphHarris 8 of 19

Just as hyper-media, the new form of data base, permits knowledge to be arranged in extremely varied ways, the concept of the flex-firms points toward companies that can adapt in myriad ways to the twisty, quirky high-change competition that lies ahead. The emerging flex-firm of the future, however, cannot function without basic changes in the power relationships of employees and their bosses. These changes are well on their way. From power shifting on the shop floor as well as in the executive suit. Capitalism is about give and take. And the American government must honor the Constitution of the United States of America. Someone cannot just come to your door and demand that you give them goods and/or service just because that is what they want. If you want the newspaper, you have to pay for it. If you want electricity, you have to pay for it. Nothing is free and no one is obligated to give you anything. Amendment IV of the United States Constitution states, “The right of the people to be secure in their persons, houses, papers, and effect, against unreasonable searches and seizures, shall not be violated, and no warrants shall issue, but upon probable cause, supported by Oath or affirmation, and particularly describing the place to be searched, and the persons or things to be seized.” You do not have a right to enter anyone’s home and kidnap them or go through their personal affects and steal just because you want to. Amendment VIII of the United States Constitution states, “Excessive bail shall not be required, not excessive fines imposed, nor cruel and unusual punishment inflicted.” That means the government or anyone acting as a representative of the government has no right to do anything that will cause great bodily harm, injury, or death to a person just because they feel like it. #RandolphHarris 9 of 19

The government also does not have the right to hunt and terrorize their own citizens. In the capitalistic hierarchy of values, capital stands higher than labour, amassed things higher than the manifestations of life. Capital employs labour, and not labour capital. The person who owns capital commands the person who “only” owns his life, human skill, vitality and creative productivity. “Things” are higher than man. The conflict between capital and labour is much more than the conflict between two classes, more than their fight for a greater share of the social product. It is the conflict between two principles of value: that between the World of thing, and their amassment, and the World of life and productivity. Because of the dynamics of authority in the United States of America, President Lincoln, because of pressure from the abolitionist and their antislavery pressure, issues the Emancipation Proclamation. This provided that all people who were enslaved in the United States of America in states still in active rebellion against the United States of America would be freed automatically on January 1, 1863. The Thirteenth Amendment was the first of the three Civil War Amendments. It banned all forms of “slavery [and] involuntary servitude.” Civil Rights Act of 1875, designed to grant equal access to public accommodations such as theaters, restaurants, and transportation. The act also prohibited the exclusion of African Americans from jury duty. (Although many do to apricate this exclusion.)  So not only are all American citizens free and afforded constitutional rights, the also have been given by the Supreme Court protection to rights not enumerated specifically in the Constitution or Bills of Rights. Although the Constitution is silent about the right to privacy, the Bill of Rights contains many indications that the Framers expected that some areas of life were “off limits” to governmental regulation. The right to freedom of religion guaranteed in the First Amendment implies the right to exercise private, personal beliefs. #RandolphHarris 10 of 19

As we have already discussed, the guarantee against unreasonable searches and seizures contained in the Fourth Amendment similarly implies that persons are to be secure in their homes and should not fear that police will show up at their doorsteps without cause. As early as 1928, Justice Louis Brandeis hailed privacy as “the right to be left alone—the most comprehensive of rights and the right most valued by civilized men.” Furthermore, you may file a health information privacy and security complaint with the Office for Civil Rights (OCR) if you feel a covered entity or business associate violated your (or someone else’s) health information privacy rights or committed another violation of the Privacy, Security or Breach Notification Rules. The HIPAA Privacy Rule establishes national standards to protect individuals’ medical records and other individuality identifiable health information (collectively defined as “protected health information”) and applies to health plans, health care clearinghouses, and those health care providers that conduct certain health care transactions. The Rule requires appropriate safeguards to protect the privacy of protected health care information and sets limits and conditions on the uses and disclosures that may be made of such information without an individual’s authorization. The Rule also gives individuals rights over their protected health information, including rights to examine and obtain a copy of their health records, to direct a covered entity to transmit to a third party an electronic copy of their protected health information in an electronic health record, and to request corrections. The Privacy Rule is located at 45 CFR Part 160 and Subparts A and E of Part 1644. #RandolphHarris 11 of 19

While on legal aspects of this lecture, there are a few more points I would like to cover. Whoever steals, takes, or abstracts, or by fraud or deception obtains, or attempts so to obtain, from or out of any mail, post office, or station thereof, letter box, mail receptacle, or any mail route or other authorized depository for mail matter, or from a letter or mail carrier, any letter, postal card, package, bag, or mail, or abstracts or removes from any such letter, package, bag, or mail, any article or thing contained therein, or secretes, embezzles, or destroys any such letter, postal card, package, bag, or mail any article or thing contained therein; or whoever steals, takes, or abstracts, or by fraud or deception obtains any letter, postal card, package, bag, or mail, or any article or thing contained therein which has been left for collection upon or adjacent to a collection box or other authorized depository of mail matter; or whoever buys, receives, or conceals, or unlawfully has in his possession, any letter, postal card, package, bag, or mail, or any article or thing contained therein, which has been so stolen, taken, embezzled, or abstracted, as herein described, knowing the same to have been stolen, taken, embezzled, or abstracted—shall be find under title 18 U.S. Code S 1708—theft or receipt of stolen mail matter generally, or imprisoned not more than five years, or both. #RandolphHarris 12 of 19

Furthermore, email privacy laws govern the privacy of data transmitted through email. Privacy on the Internet and through email is a growing concern, and email privacy laws are part of that. Email privacy is derived from the Fourth Amendment to the U.S. Constitution and is governed by the “reasonable expectation of privacy” standard. Emails are also governed by the Electronic Communications Privacy Act (ECPA) and the Patriot Act. Although the ECPA originally set up protections weakened in many instances by the Patriot Act. Even where the protection remains under the ECPA, email lose their status as protected communication in 180 days, which means a warrant is no longer necessary and your emails can be accessed by a simple subpoena. This is usually applies more to a person doing government business from a personal computer. Otherwise people have a reasonable expectation of privacy. One cannot just hack into someone’s email and read them because they want to. Most employers have their employees sign a computer and network usage policy, which typically will set forth that your email is to be used only for business purposes and grants the employer the right to monitor email and computer usage. This agreement normally deprives an employee of any reasonable expectation of privacy, and means that your emails are fair game for an employer to search through. Employers, unlike law enforcement, do not have very many obstacles preventing them from searching your emails. You are sending communications from their equipment that could affect their business, which usually provides them with the justification to search through your emails. #RandolphHarris 13 of 19

Even without an agreement in place, courts have rarely found that the employee had a reasonable expectation of privacy to his or her email at work for a variety of reasons. For example, one court held that emails used in a business context are simply a part of the office environment, the same as a fax or copy machine, in which you do not have a reasonable expectation of privacy. Another court found that by corresponding with other people at work, work email was inherently work-related, and thus there could be no reasonable expectation of privacy. Employees are supposed to be working, and monitoring email at work is one way to ensure that employees are using work email appropriately. The larger issue for most employers however is liability. Workplace harassment lawsuits are prevalent, and one way to protect a business from being sued is to monitor and prevent any harassment in the first place. Many employers run software that searches for offensive words and highlights problematic emails. The other main concern with liability is that old emails will be used years down the road in a lawsuit. What an employee says can be preserved for years, and unless the company has an established, reasonable practice of purging its emails, those emails can be a gold mine for anyone suing the company. Emails can be especially devastating, because of the informal way that people write and send them, saying things in emails they never would in professional correspondence. Government employees have even less privacy than usual. Under various public records acts and the Freedom of Information ACT (FOIA), the public can gain access to almost anything a government employee writes down. #RandolphHarris 14 of 19

Also, due to the nature of their job, courts are typically unwilling to find that government employees had a reasonable right to privacy in the first place. How Kevin Johnson, the former Mayor of Sacramento was able to evade the law is unclear. Unlike your email at work, emailing from home is more likely to grant you a reasonable expectation of privacy. While it may be difficult for law enforcement to legally gain access to your home computer and local copies of your emails, it is substantially less difficult for them to get your ISP to turn over your emails. Authority is not a quality one person “has” in a since that one has property or physical qualities. Authority refers to an interpersonal relation in which one person looks upon another as somebody superior to one. However, there is a fundamental difference between a kind of superiority-inferiority relation which can be called rational authority and one which may be described as inhibiting, or irrational authority. Today a new wave conflict looms on the horizon, and not just in the United States of America. The coming clash will set defenders of our existing education factories against a growing movement committed to replacing them—movement comprising four key elements. Teachers: The existing system typically reduces teaching to mechanical, by-the-book instruction and standardized testing, draining the last creativity out of both teacher and student. Within the schools today are millions of burned-out teachers resigned to serving their time until retirement as passive supporters of this status quo. #RandolphHarris 15 of 19

Yet within these same schools are legions of heroic, miserably underpaid teachers who struggle against the system from within. Despite the constraints imposed on them, some manage to do remarkable things for children and burst with ideas that could help propel education out of the industrial age. With little support from outside, they remain a vanguard, as it were, waiting to join the movement for radical—rather than incremental—chance. Parents: Among parents, too, there are unmistakable signs of disaffection with the old coalition. Many support the tiny but growing number of charter schools, magnet schools and other limited experiments within the existing public education system. Others are hiring private tutors or sending their children to after-school programs like the juku in Japan. Tutoring is now becoming so pervasive it is arguably changing the face of American education. Nor is tutoring limited by geography. Teachers in India are tutoring America children in mat over the Internet. Other parents, having entirely given up on the old system, are teaching their children at home—and not just for religious reasons. The Web offers them more than a million listings and descriptions of home-teaching assistants. The more out of sync the failing industrial-age school system becomes with the needs of a knowledge-based economy, the more likely it is that parental protest will assume increasingly muscular forms. Angry and empowered by the Internet, activist parents can be expected to reach far beyond neighbourhood parent-teacher associations and organize themselves into local, national an even global movements to demand completely new educational models, methods, content and institutions. #RandolphHarris 16 of 19

Students: Children did not wield enough power in centuries past to matter much in the movement to create mass education. Today they can help bring it much down. They already are waging anarchic war against the system. Their revolt takes two forms, one outside the classroom, the other within it. Kids have always rebelled against schools, but in the past they did not have access to cell phones, computers, Ecstasy, purple magic, adult films and videos, or the Internet. Nor, as they grew up, did they face an economy that needed their brains, rather than their muscles. Today many, if not most, students know in their gut that today’s schools are preparing them for yesterday instead of tomorrow. The first, all-too-familiar form of rebellion consists of dropping out—and stiffing us with the bill. In a striking manifest called Leaving School: Finding Education, two professors of education, Jon Wiles at the University of North Florida and John Lundt at the University of Montana, calculate that 30 percent of students in grades nine through twelve drop out of American schools after costing $50,000 to $75,000 each—even with underpaid teachers. Once out, many join what a century ago was called the lumpen proletariat, or underclass, made up of street people, criminals, drug pushers, the mentally ill or unemployable. #RandolphHarris 17 of 19

The other rebellion takes place inside the classroom. Attacking the root assumptions of factory-style schools, Wiles and Lundt question whether education should continue to be compulsory. So, undoubtedly, do many teachers who are forced to serve as jailers faced every day with the equivalent of a riot in the cell block as their pupils fight any semblance of discipline. Teachers cannot defend against the plague of media violence the local news especially loves to feed off of. Techers cannot defend against the worship of celebrities, including sport figures who cheat with drugs, lie to their spouses, get drunk, beat people up and have to be defended against rape charges. Nor can they, or parents, easily defend against pedophiles trawling school campuses, apartments, parks, coffee shops of the Web for unsuspecting kids. Some schools are so racked with violence—against teachers as well as pupils—that their hallways require police patrols. Young people have always educated—and miseducated themselves. Today, however, they do so with the dubious help of the new media. Games and cell phones are hidden behind open textbooks. Text messages fly back and forth even as the teacher drones on. It is as though, while teachers incarcerate kids in classrooms, their ears, eyes and minds escape to rove the cyberuniverse. From a very young age, they are aware that no teacher and no school can make available even the tiniest fraction of data, information, knowledge—and fun—available online. They know that in one universe they are prisoners. In the other, free. #RandolphHarris 18 of 19

Business: So long as the schools, continued, generation, to supply companies with a workforce pre-disciplined for factory life, the coalition in support of industrial-age schools remained firm. However, from the mid-twentieth century one, as the new wealth system began to spread, new, different job skills became necessary—skills the broad base of existing schools could not provide. Th gap widened so dramatically that some believe America’s high schools are obsolete because they are not working exactly as designed. However, some of the fault lies on the parents and students. Many of these students have mental and behavioural problems. Ideally, students are supposed to be quiet and polite and focus on the teacher and material like they are possessed and that is all there is in that moment. They are supposed to read the material, raise their hands to ask questions, read out loud, and do their homework. So one cannot blame the school. A lot more kids need to be medicated so they can focus on school material and they must also be taught to take the material seriously. This clarion call for fixing families and the school is significant. Kids need to be taught life is serious and how to follow directions. The purpose of existence is that we human beings, all nations and the whole of humanity, should constantly progress toward perfection. We must search for these conditions and hold fast to these ideals. If we do this, our finite spirit will be in harmony with the infinite. The soul is a burning desire to breathe in the World of light and never to lose it—to remain children of the light. Happy are those who listen to righteous counsel. #RandolphHarris 19 of 19

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Perfection for Aristotle (as well as for Plato) is realized in degrees, natural, personal, and social; and courage as the affirmation of one’s essential being is more conspicuous in some of these degrees than in others. Since the greatest test of courage is the readiness to make the greatest sacrifice, the sacrifice of one’s life, and since the soldier is required by his profession to be always ready for this sacrifice, the soldier’s courage is and somehow remains the outstanding example of courage. Although development is possible, it is at the same time very rare and requires a great number of external and internal conditions. The first of these conditions is that man must understand his position, his difficulties, and his possibilities, and must have either a very strong desire to get out of his present state or have a very great interest for the new, for the unknow state which must come with the change. Speaking shortly, he must be either very strongly repelled by his present state or very strongly attached by the future state that may be attained. Further, one must have a certain preparation. A man must be able to understand what he is told. Also, he must be in right conditions externally; he must have sufficient free time for study and must live in circumstances which make study possible. It is impossible to enumerate all the conditions which are necessary. However, they include among other things a school. And school implies such social and political conditions in the given country in which a school can exist, because a school cannot exist in any conditions; and a more or less ordered life and a certain level of culture and personal freedom are necessary for the existence of a school. #RandolphHarris 1 of 22

In many countries schools are impossible. One must not live in a country governed by Sudras, nor inhabited by impious men, nor in one conquered by heretics, nor one abounding with men of lower castes. One must not be in the company of outcastes, nor Kandalas, the lowest of men, nor of Pukkases, nor of idiots, nor of arrogant men, nor of men of low class, nor of Antyavasayins (gravediggers). A kingdom people mostly by Sudras, filled with godless men and deprived of twice-born inhabitants, will soon wholly perish, stricken by hunger and disease. These ideas of the Laws of Manu are very interesting because they give us a basis on which we can judge different political and social conditions from the point of view of school work, and to see which conditions are really progressive, and which bring only the destruction of all real values, although their adherents pretend that these conditions are progressive and even manage to deceive quantities of weak-minded people. However, external conditions do not depend on us. To a certain extent, and sometimes with great difficulty, we can choose the country where we prefer to live, but we cannot choose the period or the century and must try to find what we want in the period in which we are placed by fate. So we must understand that even the beginning of preparation for development needs a combination of external and internal conditions which only rarely come all together. However, at the same time we must understand that, at least so far as internal conditions are concerned, man is not entirely left to the law of accident. If he cares to and if he is lucky, there are many lights arranged for him by which h can find his way. #RandolphHarris 2 of 22

What makes a man desire to acquire new knowledge and to change himself? Man lives in life under two kinds of influences. This must be very well understood and the difference between the two kinds of influences must be very clear. The first kind consists of interests and attractions created by life itself; interests of one’s health, safety, wealth, pleasures, amusements, security, vanity, pride, fame etcetera. The second kind consists of interests of a different order aroused by ideas which are not created in life but come originally from schools. These influences do not reach man directly. They are thrown into the general turnover of life, pass through many different minds and reach a man through philosophy, science, religion, and art, always mixed with influences of the first find and generally very little resembling what they were in their beginning. In most cases, men do not realize the different origin of the influences of the second kind and often explain them as having the same origin as the first time. Although man does not know of the existence of two kinds of influences, they both act on him and in one way or another way he responds to them. He can be more identified with one or with some of the influences of the fist kind and not feel influences of the second kind at all. Or he can be attracted and affected by one or another of the influences of the second kind. The result is different in each case. We will call the first kind of influence, influence A, and the second, influence B. #RandolphHarris 3 of 22

If a man is fully in the power of influence A, or of one particular influence A, and quite indifferent to influence B, nothing happens to him, and his possibility of development diminishes with every year of his life; and at a certain age, sometimes quite an early age, it disappears completely. This means that man dies while physically remaining still alive, like grain that cannot germinate and produce a plant. However, if, on the other hand, man is not completely in the power of influence A, and if influences B attract him and make him feel and think, results of the impressions they produce in him collect together, attract other influences of the same kind, and grow, occupying a more important place in his mind and life. If the results produced by influence B become sufficiently strong, they fuse together and form in man what is called a magnetic center. It must be understood at once that the word “center” in this case does not mean the same thing ad the “intellectual” or the “moving” center; that is, centers in the essence. The magnetic center is in personality; it is simply a group of interests which, when they become sufficiently strong, serve, to a certain degree, as a guiding and controlling factor. The magnetic centers turns one’s interests in a certain direction and helps to keep them there. At the same time it cannot do much by itself. A school is necessary. The magnetic center cannot replace a school, but it can help to realize the need of a school; it can help in beginning to look for a school, or if one meets a school by chance, the magnetic center can help to recognize a school and try not to lose it. Because nothing is easier to lose than a school. #RandolphHarris 4 of 22

Possession of a magnetic center is the first, although quite unspoken, demand of a school. If a man without a magnetic center, or a small or weak magnetic center, or with several contradictory magnetic center, or with several contradictory magnetic centers, that is, interested in many incompatible things at the same time, meets a school, one does not become interested in it, or one becomes critical at once before one can know anything, or one’s interest disappears very quickly when one meets with the first difficulties of school work. This is the chief safeguard of a school. Without it the school would be filled with quite a wrong kind of people who would immediately distort the school teaching. A right magnetic center not only helps one to recognize a school, it also helps to absorb the school teaching, which is different from both influences A and influences B and may be called influence C. Influence C can be transferred only by word of mouth, by direct instruction, explanation, and demonstration. When a man meets with influence C and is able to absorb it, it is said about him that in one point himself—that is, in his magnetic center—he becomes free from the law of accident. From this moment the magnetic center has actually played its part. It brought man to a school or helped him in his first steps there. From then on the ideas and the teachings of the school take the place of the magnetic center and slowly begin to penetrate into the different parts of personality and with time into essence. #RandolphHarris 5 of 22

One can learn many things about schools, about their organization and about their activity, in the ordinary way by reading and by studying historical periods when schools were more conspicuous and more accessible. However, there are certain things about schools that one can learn only in schools themselves. And the explanation of school principles and rules occupies a very considerable place in school teaching. However, promising and real as all these trends are, they are not enough to justify an attitude which is to be found among a number of very sophisticated writers who claim that criticisms of our society. The United States of America will not maintain its spearhead role in the World wealth revolution, it will not hold on to global power and it will not reduce poverty without replacing—not merely reforming—its factory-focused education system. Wave conflict over public education—and the $800 billion the present system costs every year (not counting the societal costs of its failure and its indirect costs to business in terms of an ill-prepared workforce)—will escalate in personal and political passion in the years ahead. Perhaps the greatest cost of wave conflict in America will be paid by nearly fifty million children currently compulsorily enrolled in schools that are attempting to prepare them—and not very successfully at that—for jobs that will not exist. Call that stealing the future. #RandolphHarris 6 of 22

Education is about far more than jobs. However, the schools, with minute exceptions, also fail to prepare students for their roles as consumers and prosumers. Nor does this system, by and large, help kids copes with the rising complexity and new life options they face in gender, marriage, ethics, and other dimensions of the emerging society. Least of all does it succeed in introducing more than a tiny fraction of them to the enormous pleasures of learning itself. Negative as it sounds today, however, the mass education system, in its time, was in fact a progressive advance over pre-industrial reality where, by and large, only a small percentage of children ever went to school, and where literacy and numeracy were almost non-existent among the poor. It took generations, even after the rise of industrialism, to put children in school rather than in cheap-labour factories from the earliest possible age. Today we still keep all these millions of children in factory-style schools because that is where an unlikely, nameless coalition of special interests has wanted them to be. To understand this coalition, we need to glance back to its origins in the late 1800s. At that time, while many parents opposed sending the children to school because they needed them to work in the fields or factories, an increasingly vocal number fought for free public education. However, it was only when business interests concluded that schools could contribute to productivity by helping to impose “industrial discipline” on young workers fresh off the farm that the pro-education coalition gained real power. #RandolphHarris 7 of 22

The values and attitudes associated with industrial discipline….inner discipline, hard work, punctuality, frugality, sobriety, orderliness and prudence. Schools taught these not only through text book preachments, but also through the very character of their organization—the grouping, periodizing and objective impersonality were not unlike those of the factory. In addition, the arrival of millions of immigrants speaking diverse languages brought affordable labour to U.S. shores from many different countries and cultures. However, to be productive in the factory economy, they needed to be assimilated or homogenized into the dominant American culture of the time, and from about 1875 to 1925, one of the dominant functions of the schools was the Americanization of the foreign-born. Business, in short, now has a crucial stake in massifying armies of the young to help build the mass-production economy of the industrial age. As industrialism developed further in the twentieth center, big labour arose to protect the interest of workers. Unions as a rule strongly supported public education—not just because its members wanted a better life for their children, but because unions, too, had a hidden, or unnoticed, stake in the system. The smaller the available workforce, the less competition for jobs and the higher the wages. Unions not only fought the good fight against child labour but also campaigned to extend the years of compulsory education, thus keeping millions of young people out of the labour market for longer and longer periods. #RandolphHarris 8 of 22

The subsequent unionization of teachers, moreover, created a large membership with an even stronger, personal reason to support the mass-education system designed for the industrial age. In addition to parents, business and labour, government, too, had reason to support big education. Public agencies recognized the economic advantages of the system but had secondary, less obvious reasons to support it. For example, when compulsory education worked, it kept many millions of high-testosterone teenagers off the streets, improving public order and reducing crime and the costs of policing and prison. What we saw, therefore, throughout the industrial era, was an unbreakable coalition that has preserved the factory-school model—a mass education system that fit neatly into the matrix of mass production, mass media, mass culture, mass sports, mass entertainment and mass politics. The whole apparatus of public education has largely been shaped by the needs and ideologies of industrialism…predicated on old assumptions about the supply and demand for labour. They keywords of this system are linearity, conformity and standardization. The Information Revolution not only promotes faster and wider adaption; it can also promote a new mode of thinking about social systems. The Industrial Revolution made metaphors of machines and factory production widely available. These mechanical conceptions had a profound effect on approaches to organizational design. In business, they led to an emphasis on predictability and control. #RandolphHarris 9 of 22

In public affairs, they led to an emphasis on rules to be executed by hierarchies of relatively expert and impartial public officials. In both settings, efficiency and consistency became preeminent goals. Of course, real processes often did not exhibit unblemished efficiency and impartiality, but these were the ideals toward which organizational activities were oriented. Recently, there has been increasing dissatisfaction with the costs of the industrial mode of thinking and action. Its impersonality and rigidity are frustrating. Its slowness and inability to adjust to changing circumstances and local conditions have become obvious. With the advent of the Information Age, the bottom-up style of thinking associated with Complex Adaptive Systems may well become a greater part of people’s understanding of how economic, social, and political processes actually function and change. In some respects, bottom-up thinking has had a long history. Adam Smith and Charles Darwin introduced some of the major ideas of Complex Adaptive Systems. Adam Smith’s 1776 description of a market introduced some of the key concepts of complex systems, including the notion of a hidden hand and market clearing, concepts that would now be called emergent properties of the system. Darwin’s 1859 theory was another major advance, with its understanding of how evolutionary adaptation results from mutation and differential biological evolution have already had a tremendous impact on modern thought. Nevertheless, people have only just begun to absorb their full implications. No doubt, machines and hierarchies provide easier metaphors to use than markets and gene pools. So it is no wonder that most people are still more comfortable thinking about organizations in fixed, mechanical terms rather than in adaptive, decentralized terms. #RandolphHarris 10 of 22

As the complexity approach enters economic and political discourse, some of the premises of the industrial mode of thought will become less self-evident. The legitimacy associated with both traditional and bureaucratic authority may be further weakened. The premises about the inherent virtue of harmony, efficiency, and hierarchical lines of authority will be questioned. Instead, people will be more comfortable with the ideas of perpetual novelty, adaptation as a function of entire populations, the value of variety and experimentation, and the potential of decentralized and overlapping authority. Economic, social, and political design will emphasize questions such as the proper balance between exploration and exploitation, and the dangers of premature convergence. For example, excess pollution my be treated as a mismatch between performance criteria used by formal institutions, and the personal values held by citizens. Just as the clock and the steam engine provided powerful images for the metaphor of society as machine, distributed information technology can provide a powerful image for the metaphor of society as a Complex Adaptive System. Already, the Internet provides an example that has begun to capture the popular imagination in the way that the early advances of the Industrial Age captured the imagination of social thinkers and the broad public. The fact that the Internet functions without a central authority is widely marveled at today, precisely because it challenges widely accepted notions of how large systems are “supposed” to work. #RandolphHarris 11 of 22

New organizational forms will also make the complex systems metaphor more accessible. Virtual corporations that recombine small units from different companies on an ad hoc basis will demonstrate the value of decentralized adaptation. Geographically dispersed activities based on information technology will foster greater telecommuting and distance learning, and these trends will make the metaphor of population-based adaptation more accessible. Most people in industrial nations have worked with machines and have been exposed to the discipline of the factory or office. This has had a powerful influence on our way of thinking about politics and society. Today more and more people are becoming personally familiar with the flexible, adaptive, and dispersed nature of information technology. This familiarity will make the metaphor of the Complex Adaptive System more compelling as a guide to thinking not just about information technology itself, but also about how business, society, and government can and should function effectively. There is an important caveat here that must be emphasized: decentralized systems do not always work well, just as machines do not always work well. The market provides a very helpful example in this regard. While a “free” market has many theoretical and practical advantages over a command system, there is an important body of knowledge and experience about market failures. #RandolphHarris 12 of 22

Even Adam Smith appreciated the need for government to protect the market from force and fraud. People now recognize a range of additional problems, including the tendency of some markets to self-organize into oligopolies or even monopolies. Moreover, information systems are subject to several modes of failure. Rather than undermining the vale of complexity as a way of thinking about social systems, an appreciate of how Complex Adaptive Systems can fail provides valuable guidance for the design and management of complex systems, including human organizations as well as technical systems. Designing new strategies and organizations will frequently imply altering—or even creating—the variation, interaction, and selection that are hallmarks of a Complex Adaptive System. Finally, a word on networks. This form of organization has received so much attention in recent years, has been so heavily hyped, and has been defined so broadly that a touch of caution is warranted. For many, the network is a panacea. Societies and businesses are riddled with networks of many kinds. We normally think of them as the informational pathways along which information and influence flow. Feminists complain that an “old boys’ network” frequently operates to deprive women managers of promotion. Ex-military men often have their own network of contacts, as do former police and members of the Federal Bureau of Investigations, many of whom take jobs as corporate security officers after their retirement from government service. #RandolphHarris 13 of 22

Homosexual have networks that are particularly strong in certain industries like fashion, fitness, interior design, writing and producing movies and TV shows and cooking or owning restaurants. Other marginalized groups have strong networks–overseas Chinese throughout Southeast Asia, Jewish people in Europe and America, West Indians in Britain. Transplanted people in general–New Yorkers in Texas, the so-called Georgia Mafia that came to Washington when Jimmy Carter was President, the Ukrainians who came to Moscow with Leonid Brezhnev—also their own communication networks. Informal networks of many kinds crop up in virtually all complex societies. To these one must add formal networks—Masons, for example, Mormons, or members of the Catholic order Opus Dei. For a long time the role and structure of such networks were ignored by economists and business theorists. Today they are much studied as potential models for corporate structure. This recent interest can be traced to deep social changes. One is the previously noted breakdown of formal communication in companies. When the firm’s bureaucratic channels and cubbyholes get clogged, unable to carry the heavy volumes of communication and information needed nowadays to produce wealth, the “right information” does not get to the “right person” as it once did, and employees fall back on the informal networks to help carry the information load. Similarly, the de-massification of the economy compels companies and work units to interact with more numerous and varied partners than before. This means more personal and electronic contact with strangers. #RandolphHarris 14 of 22

However, when a stranger tells us something, how do we know if it is accurate? When possible, skeptical managers check in with their personal networks—people they have known or worked with for years—to supplement and verify what they learn through formal channels. Finally, since an increasing number of business problems today require cross—discipline information, and the broken-down cubbyhole-and-channel system stands in the way, employees rely on friends and contact in the network whose membership may be scattered across many departments and units. These networks, formal or not, share common characteristics. They tend to be horizontal rather than vertical—meaning they have either a flat hierarchy or none at all. They are adaptive—able to reconfigure themselves quickly to meet changed conditions. Leadership in them tends to be based on competence and personality rather than on social organizational rank. And power turns over frequently and more easily than in a bureaucracy, changing hands as new situations arise that demand new skills. All this had popularized the notion of the corporate network among both academics and manager. Corning, Inc., which operates in four sectors—telecommunications, housewares, materials, and laboratory sciences—describes itself as a “global network.” A network is an interrelated group of businesses with a wide range of ownership structures. Within each sector there are a variety of business structures that range from traditional line divisions to wholly owned subsidiaries and alliances with other companies. #RandolphHarris 15 of 22

A network is egalitarian. There is no parent company. A corporate staff is no more, or less, important than a line organization group. And being part of a joint venture is just as important as working at the hub of a network. Networks can be enormously useful, flexible, and antibureaucratic. However, in the recent enthusiasm, elementary distinctions are often ignored. In the 1970s one of the earliest and deepest analysts of network organization, Anthony Judge, then based in Brussels at the Union of International Associations, examined the density and response times of people networks, the structure of nets and their social functions, and the degree of connectedness they exhibit. He also compared human networks with such inanimate networks as pipelines, electric grids, railways, and transaction networks handling foreign exchange, commodity trading, and so on. Judge developed a whole little-known but useful vocabulary for network concept. He also brilliantly matrixed global networks against global problems, showing in a vast volume how networks of ideas or problems were linked, how networks of organizations overlapped, and how ideas and organizations were related. More recently Netmap Intenrational, an affiliate of KPMG Peat Marwick, has developed a methodology for identifying the hidden communication networks in organizations as varied as the Republican Party and a giant accounting firm, in the course of its work for business and governments from Malaysia to Sweden. #RandolphHarris 16 of 22

Organizations are redesigned daily by their members to get the job done. That is the real structure. It is the informal organization—the anti-organization. It is the primary organization. If you cannot identify it, and track its changes, how are you going to manage it? You will be satisfied with manipulating the formal organization with titles, hierarchies and tables of organizations. Such tracking can provide deep insight into existing organizations, but the enthuse blindly today over networks and assume that networks are “the” basic form of the future is to imply much the same uniformity that bureaucracy imposed, albeit at a higher, looser level. Like any other type of human organization, the network has its limitations along with its virtues. Network organization is superb for fighting terrorism or a decentralized guerrilla war, not marvelous at all for the control of strategic nuclear weapons where the last thing we want is for local commanders to be free and unrestrained. The flex-firm is a broader concept, which implies an organization capable of encompassing both the formal and informal, the bureaucratic and the networked suborganizations. It implies even greater diversity. While we might never get the chance to skipper in an America’s Cup race, one of us found himself with a very similar problem. At the end of his academic studies, Harvey celebrated at one of Cambridge University’s May Balls (the English equivalent of a college prom). #RandolphHarris 17 of 22

Part of the festivities included a casino. Every one was given $20 worth of chips, and the person who had amassed the greatest fortune by evening’s end would win a free ticket to next year’s ball. When it came  time for the last spin of the roulette wheel, by a happy coincidence, Harvey led with $700 worth of chips, and the next closets was a young Englishwoman with $300. The rest of the group had been effectively cleaned out. Just before the last bets were to be placed, the woman offered to split next year’s ball ticket, but Harvey refused. With his substantial lead, there was little reason to settle for half. To better understand the next strategic move, we take a brief detour to the rules of roulette. The betting in roulette is based on where a ball will land when the spinning wheel stops. There are typically numbers 0 through 36 on the wheel. When the ball lands on zero, the house wins. The safest bet in roulette is to be on every or odd (denoted by Black or Red). These bets pay even money—a one-dollar bet returns two dollars—while the chance of winning is only 18/37. Even betting her entire stake would not lead to victory at these odds; therefore, the woman was forced to take on of the more risky gambles. She had bet her entire stake on the chance that the ball would land on a multiple of three. This bet pays two to one (so her $300 bet would return $900 if she won) but has only a 12/37 chance of winning. She placed her bet on the table. At that point it could not be withdrawn What should Harvey do? #RandolphHarris 18 of 22

Harvey should have copied the woman’s bet and placed $300 on the event that the ball landed on a multiple of three. This guarantees that he stays ahead of her by $400 and wins the ticket: either they both lose the bet and Harvey wins $400 to $0, or they both win the bet and Harvey ends up ahead $1,300 to $900. The woman had no other choice. If she did not bet, she would have lost anyway; whatever she bet on, Harvey could follow her and stay ahead. (If truth be told, this is what Harvey wished he had done. It was 3.00 in the morning and much too much champagne had been drunk for him to have been thinking clearly. He bet $200 on the even numbers figuring that he would end up in second place only in the event that he lost and she won, the odds of which were approximately 5.1 in his favor. Of course 5.1 events sometimes happen and this was one of those cases. She won.) Her only hope was that Harvey would bet first. If Harvey had been first to place $200 on Black, what should she have done? She should have bet her $300 on Red. Betting her stake on Black would do her no good, since she would win only when Harvey wins (and she would place second with $600 compared with Harvey’s $900). Winning when Harvey lost would be her only chance to take the lead, and that dictates a bet on Red. The strategic moral is the opposite from that of our tale of Martin Luther and Charles de Gaulle. In this tale of roulette, the person who moved first was at a disadvantage. The woman by betting first, allowed Harvey to choose a strategy that would guarantee victory. If Harvey had bet first, the woman could have chosen a response that offered an even chance of winning. #RandolphHarris 19 of 22

The general point is that in games it is not always an advantage to seize the initiative and move first. This reveals your hand, and other players can use this to their advantage and your cost. Second movers may be in the stronger strategic position. Anyone who practices the art of cultural criticism must endure being asked, “What is the solution to the problems you describe?” Critics almost never appreciate this question, since, in most cases, they are entirely satisfied with themselves for having posed the problems and, in any event, are rarely skilled in formulating practical suggestions about anything. This is why they became cultural critics. The question comes forth nonetheless, and in three different voices. One is gentle and eager, as if to suggest that the critic knows the solutions but has merely forgotten to include them in the work itself. A second is threatening and judgmental, as if to suggest that the critic had no business bothering people in the first place unless there were some pretty good solutions at hand. And a third is wishful and encouraging, as if to suggest that it is well known that there are not always solutions to serious problems but if the critic will give it a little thought perhaps something constructive might come from the effort. It is to this last way of posing the question that I should like to respond. I have indeed given the matter some thought.  A reasonable response (hardly a solution) to the problem of living in a developing Technopoly can be divided into two parts: what the individual can do irrespective of what the culture is doing; and what the culture can do irrespective of what any individual is going. #RandolphHarris 20 of 22

Beginning with the matter of individual response, I must say at once that I have no intention of providing a “how to” list in the manner of the “experts” ridiculed in our “broken defenses.” No one is an expert on how to live a life. I can, however, offer Talmudic-like principle that seems to me an effective guide for those who wish to defend themselves against the worst effects of the American Technopoly. It is this: You must try to be a loving resistance fighter. By “loving,” I mean that, in spite of the confusion, errors, and stupidities you see around you, you must always keep close to your heart the narratives and symbols that once made the United States of America the hope of the World and that may yet have enough vitality to do so again. You may find it helpful to remember that, when the Chinese students at Tiananmen Square gave expression to their impulse to democracy, they fashioned a papier-mache model, for the whole World to see, of the Statue of Liberty. Not a statue of Karl Marx, not the Eiffel Tower, not Buckingham Palace. The Statue of Liberty. It is impossible to say how moved Americans were by this event. However, one is compelled to ask, “Is there an American soul do dead that it could not generate a murmur (if not a cheer) of satisfaction for this use of a once-resonant symbol? Is there an American soul so shrouded in the cynicism and malaise created by Technopoly’s emptiness that it failed to be stirred by students reading along from the works of Thomas Jefferson in the streets of Prague in 1989? #RandolphHarris 21 of 22

Americans may forget, but others do not, that America dissent and protest during the Vietnam War may be the only case in history where public opinion forced government to change its foreign policy. Americans may forget, but others do not, that American invented the idea of public education for all citizens and have never abandoned it. And everyone knows, including Americans, that each day, to this hour, immigrants still come to America in hopes of finding relief from one kind of deprivation or another, while Americans are increasingly experiencing more deprivations of their own. Where wealth is concerned, the least-developed countries present the hardest cast. Can a capability advance as nanotechnology, based on molecular machinery, be of use in the developing nations? Yes. Agriculture is the backbone of the Third World economics of today, and agriculture is based on the naturally occurring molecular machines in wheat, rice, yams, and the like. The Third World is short on equipment and skill. (It often has governmental problems as well, but that is another story.) Molecular manufacturing can make equipment inexpensive enough for the poor to buy or for aid agencies to give way. This included equipment for making more equipment, so dependency could be reduced. As for skill, basic molecular manufacturing will require little labour of any kind, and a little skill will go a long way. As the technology advances, more and more of the products can be easy-to-use smart materials Molecular manufacturing will enable the poorest countries to bypass the difficult and dirty process of the industrial revolution. It can make products that are less expensive and easier to use than yams or rice or goats or water buffalo. And with products like inexpensive super-computers, with huge databases of writing and animation viewed through 3-D colour displays, it can even help spread knowledge. Nanotechnology’s role in helping the poorest nations will not be on the minds of the first developers—they will be in government and commercial labs in the wealthiest nations, pursuing problems of concern to people there. History, though, is full of unintended consequences, and some are for the better. #RandolphHarris 22 of 22

MILLS STATION AT CRESLEIGH RANCH

Rancho Cordova, CA |

Close Out!

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