As a child, I remained unmoved when shown the most moving pictures of hell, for even then nothing appeared to me quite so horrible as nothingness itself. To overcome the fear of death, we must think about it constantly and discuss it. The important thing, however, is to think of it in the proper manner, reminding ourselves that we are but parts of nature and must reconcile ourselves to our allotted roles. Life is a banquet from which it is our obligation to retire graciously at the appointed time, or to a role in a play whose limits ought to satisfy us, since they satisfy the author. Some people believe that they can live without God, and that they can go on if there is no after life, but do not think they could go on if there was no possibility of goodness in the World. I do not like to call humans sinners because it makes them believe that they are damned souls, Satan’s creatures, who exist only by the will of God to make mortals suffer for God’s glory. It makes them see their lives as given to them only at the price of suffering and torment. Concepts of good and evil, Heaven and Hell, are very clear and simple for them. #RyanPhillippe 1 of 7

The primary concern of most philosophers who have dealt with the question of death has been to discover ways in which human may mitigate or overcome the fear it tends to inspire. Many incorrectly think that humans are the only species the know they will die, but have you ever witnessed an animal running from a slaughter house? Is death a natural phenomenon? We have such a terrible, terrible misconception of science. We think it involves the definite, the precise, the known; it is a horrid series of gates to the unknown as vast as the Universe. God acts through natural causes in natural phenomena. For example, a cicada goes on singing in its breast for some time after its head has been cut off. Some hold a belief that the primary causes of, and influences upon, Earthly events are in some way bound up with celestial phenomena. The whole Universe represents an ordered and hierarchical procession from God. The human soul is created by God, and it is immortal, surviving the body because it is not dependent upon it. Rather than saying the soul is in the body, we should say that the body is in (that is, participates in the existence of) the soul. Souls are like unto grooves of a phonographic record. Put the needle into the groove and the voice sings. However, the singer is not there. #RyanPhillippe 2 of 7

Understanding differs from sensation, and it and it can be compared only with the eternal rotatory motions of the stars. Because of this motion, the soul is held to be immortal. Although each sense has its own sense organ, sense awareness is possible because a coordinating brain synthesized different sense reports; a sense organ, sense awareness is possible because a coordinating brain through special passages. Sleep is caused by the retirement of the blood to large blood vessels; awakening, by the blood’s redistribution. Although health is the equilibrium between the opposites in the body, such a balance, as far as we know, is not necessarily preserved forever, to our knowledge. Hence, this leads us to believe that at some point people may make a transition from their bodies, at some point. However, experience is a criterion of truth, experience alone is reliable concerning the individual existence. We pass over what the ancients have written on this topic because their statements do not agree with experience; but it is not sufficient to know something as included in a universal; but we strive to know each thing as it is in its own individual kind of being, for this is the best and person kind of knowing. #RyanPhillippe 3 of 7

It is noteworthy, however, that most primitive people attribute death to the agency of gods or demons who are jealous of human achievements. Equally significant is the Christian explanation of death as punishment for the sins of Adam. It should also be observed that is by a natural phenomenon one means a fact that can be fully understood and explained by empirical inquiry, death is not necessarily a natural phenomenon. Mortals thrill at the possibility of immortality that a grand and beautiful thing could be utterly evil.  Evil is either indulged in or redefined on such as a dazzlingly large and glamorous scale, with a people who are exquisitely beautiful, wealthy, and indeed, immortal. The total freedom of immorality along with its great material rewards speaks to the dark side in all of us. Maybe they wish they could be that lusciously evil creature. With respect to the fear of death, the great divide is between those who argue that only the hope of personal immortality will ever reconcile humans to death, and those who argue that the fear of death may be mitigated or overcome even when death is accepted as the ultimate extinction of the individual person. #RyanPhillippe 4 of 7

The fear of death is based upon the beliefs that death is painful and that the soul may survive to experience pain or torture in an afterlife. Since both of these beliefs are mistaken, it suffices to expose them as such. Although death may be precipitated by painful disease, death itself is perfectly painless loss of consciousness, no more to be feared than falling asleep. And since the soul is merely a special organization of material atoms, it cannot survive physical destruction, but because the soul is divine, it is preserved. Therefore, death is nothing to us, it does not concern either the living or the dead, since for the former it is not, and the latter are no more. Yet, people actually fear death not because it is painful, but because are unwilling to lose consciousness permanently. We must learn the fear of death displays a baseness wholly incompatible with the dignity and calm of the true philosopher, who has learned to emancipate himself from finite concerns. Philosophizing means learning to die; that is, learning to commune with the eternal through the act of philosophic contemplation. Fear of death can only be overcome by divine grace. #RyanPhillippe 5 of 7

A free human does of nothing less than of death, and one’s wisdom is not a mediation upon death but upon life. However, to overcome your fears you have to confront what is bothering you, not just simply divert attention from it. Fear can only be allayed only by facing it directly. Just as a day well spent brings happy sleep, so, a life well spent brings a happy death. Painful preoccupations with death has its source in human misery; the cure is to foster human well-being. A happy person is not seriously pained by the thought of death, nor does one dwell on the subject. In order to achieve happiness in this life, you have to overcome the fear of death. Happiness, therefore, is not a cure; it is a consequence of the cure. The superior man will not permit death to seek him out in ambush, to strike hum down unawares. #RyanPhillippe 6 of 7

The superior man will live constantly in the awareness of death, joyfully and proudly assuming death as the natural and proper terminus of life. The benefit of cultivating the awareness of death is chiefly as a means of heightening our sense of life. The knowledge of death gives to life a sense of urgency that it would otherwise lack. The life without the consciousness of death is like romance without stakes, you will take it for granted. The awareness of death confers upon a man a sense of his own individuality. Dying, is the one thing no one can do for you; each of us must die alone. To shut out the consciousness of death is, therefore, to refuse one’s individuality and to live inauthentically. Do not waste your love on somebody who does not value it. #RyanPhillippe 7 of 7

Art is an expression of human feeling. People read into the forms of the artwork what they find significant and thematic variation, and development. And they believe the work speaks in somewhat of a mystical manner and evokes an emotional response. It is clear that the aesthetic emotion has nothing to do with the emotions of life, such as joy and sadness. It is a response to formal properties only—in a painting, the complex interrelations of shapes and colors organized into an aesthetic unity. Most people who claim to enjoy paintings do not respond greatly to this aspect and therefore miss the distinctive pleasure that works of art can give them. They are capable of feeling emotion, and feel for them the emotions that they can feel—the ordinary emotions of life. When confronted by a picture, instinctively they refer back its forms to the World from which they came. They treat created room as though it were imitated form, a picture as though it were a photograph. #RyanPhillippe 1 of 5

Instead of going out on the stream of art into a new World of aesthetic experience, they turn a sharp corner and come straight home to the World of human interests. For them the significance of a work of art depends on what they bring to it; no new thing is added to their lives, only the antiquated material is stirred. A good work of visual art carries a person who is capable of appreciating it out of life into ecstasy; to telescope for reading the news. I work very coldly, without agitation, without emotion even; one must be completely master of oneself to organize that changing, moving, flowing chessboard, orchestration. Whether or not the artist has in some sense expressed one’s own feelings in creating the work of art, if anything, it would seem irrelevant to the question of what, if anything, the work of art is expressive of. The music, I Refuse by Aaliyah, expresses sadness and does not mean the same as the composer expressed one’s own feelings of sadness when one wrote one’s music. If the music is sad, it is so regardless of how the composer felt when one wrote it. #RyanPhillippe 2 of 5

However, what does it mean to say that the music is sad or expresses sadness? Clearly it is a metaphor, for in the literal sense only sentient beings capable of emotion can be sad, or have or contain any other feeling quality? The music is sad means the music makes me (or other listeners, or most listeners, or a selected group of listeners) feel sad when they hear it. However, if this is what is meant, we already have a perfectly satisfactory word for it, namely, evocation—the music evokes sadness in me (or in most listeners). However, this is a most unsatisfactory analysis. A person can recognize certain melodies as being sad without feeling sad oneself. If hearing the music really made one feel sad, as a person does when one feels sad at the loss of a dear one, an individual would probably not wish to repeat the experience. In any case, the recognition of the quality of the melody is quite distinct from the emotions a person feels when one hears it. One may hear happy music and be bored by it. What a person feels and what quality one attributes to the music are two different things. #RyanPhillippe 3 of 5

The sadness of I Refuse by Aaliyah, for instance, is phenomenally objective (that is, felt as being in the music), whereas a person’s sadness when one hears it (if such sadness occurs) is quite distinguishable from the sadness of the music; it is felt as being phenomenally subjective, belonging to one and not to the music, and only evoked by the music. There is no reason why the two phenomena should even accompany each another. To say, then, that the music expresses sadness, or simply that it is sad, is to say something about a felt quality of the music itself, rather than about how it makes listeners feel. It is difficult to explicate what it means to say that a work of art contains emotional properties. The andante is not sad in the same sense in which it is so many notes long or has certain rising and falling rhythms. If a disagreement arises concerning its expressive quality, how is one to defend one’s positions? Well, people generally like to listen to music that manifests or reflects their inner states. When people feel sad they exhibit certain types of behavior: they move slowly, they tend to talk in hushed tones their movements are not jerky and abrupt or their tones strident and piercing. #RyanPhillippe 4 of 5

Now music can be said to be said when it exhibits these same properties: sad music is normally slow, the intervals between the tones are small, the tones are not strident but hushed and soft.  In short, the work of art may be said to have a specific feeling property when it has features that human beings have when they feel the same or similar emotions, moods, excreta. This is the bridge between musical qualities and human qualities, which explains how music can possess properties that are literally possessed only by sentient beings. I was inspired in many ways by her creation. Works of art, then can be expressive human qualities: one of the most characteristic and pervasive features of art that percept (lines, colors, progressions of musical tones) can be and are suffused with affect. Hence, this claim of the expression theory seems quite certainly to be true. The work of art can properly b said to contain or embody feeling qualities. A piece of music is sad; it does not merely evoke sadness. The feeling quality is a genuine quality of the work of art. #RyanPhillippe 5 of 5

The castle is the dominant symbol, its hidden passages and dark chambers often embodying repressed, irrational emotions or perverse sexual urges. Irrationality, in fact, in the Gothic setting subsumes the individual’s rational will. Universal causality is consistent with the concept of choice and is a necessary condition for responsibility and, therefore, for blame and punishment. Strictly speaking, all that is necessary for a theory of punishment is that human conduct should be capable of being modified by threats. For some people—for instance, compulsive law breakers like kleptomaniacs—that is not the case. Others, however, commit crimes believing that they can escape punishment; still others, in a spirit of rebellion, indifference, or, more rarely, of martyrdom, prefer to do what they want and risk the consequences rather than conform. Why they prefer it is to say they might have chosen to do otherwise but did not, and that is all that is necessary for the concept of responsibility. To ask whether they were free to prefer otherwise, being what they were, is to ask whether they could choose to choose, and it is not clear that this really means anything. The experience of punishment may provide reason for choosing differently next time, but to have a reason for choosing is not to be without a choice and, therefore, without responsibility. #RyanPhillippe 1 of 18

Personified evil (both psychological and supernatural) exists side by side with mere mortals and influences the mortal sphere. Nightmares reside in the real World, possessing substance and vitality, and they portend disaster when social or sexual taboos are violated. Though a criminal may be held responsible for his actions, there may nevertheless be circumstances which, so it is said, diminished responsibility or extenuate guilt. Temptation or provocation, though not irresistible may have been very great. The offender may have had a good character, and there may be no reason to expect any future lapse. Instead of asking what penalty is warranted by the crime, whether the agent was fully responsible for his action, whether circumstances exonerate him wholly or in part, they prefer to ask what kind of treatment is most likely to rehabilitate him, subject, or course, to the example it might set for others. Though criteria of morality and law, of blame and punishment, are not identical, they influence one another. If we blame people less for yielding to strong temptation, we also feel they deserve a less severe punishment. However, this only shifts the question a step back. Why should temptation mitigate the blame? #RyanPhillippe 2 of 18

The ambiguity of reality, the relatively of good and evil, the role of perspective in understanding and interpretation, the interaction of nature and nurture, and the conflict and tendency of humanism and science is expansive. A possible answer might be that at least some temptation can be pleaded as partial justifications. Thus, a man who pleads that he killed someone to shorten his sufferings or a woman kills her deformed baby is appealing to another moral principle to excuse the act. However, if you concealed the fact that the man was dying from his kids so you could collect insurance money, think about the time and precious moments you robbed those babies and that man of and how they will live the rest of their life thinking about a father they loved and never got to know. Also, the deformed baby, that baby has God parents and other family members who love him and his injuries are invisible to the point no one can tell anything is wrong with him, and now a lot of kids are being born with Zika virus, and you can clearly tell that they are deformed. So before you play God, think about the Worldly consequences your actions may have. You do not know who these people you are attacking are, nor what may come as vengeance from God. #RyanPhillippe 3 of 18

Criminality is a kind of sickness to be treated rather than a wrong to be punished, however. Instead of asking what penalty is warranted by the crime, whether the agent was fully responsible for his action, whether circumstances exonerate him wholly or in part, they prefer to ask what kind of treatment is most likely to rehabilitate him, subject, of course, to the example it might set for others. A man who kills his spouse’s stalker might claim that his victim was violating his rights, and that this was a case of self-defense because they guy kept breaking into his house and walking around like he wanted to harm his spouse and would only show up when he spouse was around. These are not complete justifications, but they are excuses which count, as it were, against the initial presumption of guilt and so inclined us to look at the offense more sympathetically and more leniently, whatever the advantages of severity in terms of deterrence, prevention, or reform. There is nothing irrational in striking a balance of desert. #RyanPhillippe 4 of 18

If these criminals, who are looking for a pay out and simply trying to get hustle people do not deserve punishment for their unlawful behavior, then when they are old and/or sick they do not deserve medical treatment nor medication. Attractive as this approach may seem, it has at least one serious consequence. The concept of responsibility and desert cannot be discarded without some loss. For it is not a necessary condition of medical treatment that a patient must have shown symptoms of a disease; those exposed to smallpox are vaccinated before they develop a fever. Without the principle that punishment must be deserved, there would be no obstacle to subjecting people likely to become criminals to corresponding forms of penal prophylaxis. Moreover, if we substitute punishment the idea of rehabilitative treatment, there is nothing against sentencing a person of bad character would be better for it in the end. This would clearly be incompatible with the usually accepted principle that trivial offenses should not carry severe penalties. #RyanPhillippe 5 of 18

Reformism of this kind is open to attack from another quarter. Retributive punishment is a kind of tribute to the moral personality of the criminal. It is precisely as a morally responsible agent, recognized as capable of making reasoned choices and accepting the consequences, that the criminal is punishable. Punishment is a right, which he must not be defrauded. Punishment is inflicted because of wrong-doing, as desert, the latter is applied as means of improvement. Since rational adults are neither animals nor children, no one has the right to treat them as such. Unlawful immigrants should not be rewarded by coming to America, stealing citizenships, getting free medical care, free college, and taking jobs that others could fill. Illegal immigrants take up 15 percent of the jobs in America, black employment is 15 percent. Many of these jobs illegal immigrants are taking, blacks who could not get professional jobs used to take. In New York, NY USA blacks used to drive taxis, do construction, work as domestics, and some even used to pick fruit. These people were brought to the country as slaves, and now you have others being paid to come here and steal citizenship. #RyanPhillippe 6 of 18

It is not right that my people were forced to build this country and did not have freedom and are still overlooked and replaced by people who do not even have a right to be here. Also, I am against legalization of marijuana. Car accidents involving people high on marijuana have increased by 32 percent since the states have decided to deal dope. Not only that, but people used to “flip the sack,” just to get by and now you have skilled and well-to-do people dealing dope for profit and to be rich, and it is not right! Lunatics are under tutelage because they are incapable of looking after their own interests and cannot be expected to respect those of other people. The sane criminal, on the contrary, can be made to pay for his antisocial choices in order to demonstrate to him and, through him, to others that crime does not pay, crime will ultimately not benefit a person, but it diminishes his stature as a rational adult to deny that he is responsible for ordering his own life and to impose upon him ends of another person’s choosing. #RyanPhillippe 7 of 18

However, reformation is something that a criminal must do for himself. Because it was associated with shame and rejection, punishment could bring the criminal up short and force him to reconsider his life in the light of society’s condemnation of his actions. However, the remorse which was a necessary condition for self-reformation is entirely dependent on the criminal’s recognition that his punishment was deserved. Without that there could be no inward reformation, no reassertion of moral standards, but only a sense of resentment and injustice. Accordingly, punishment can yield the benefits of reform only if it is thought of, above everything else, as retributive—as the appropriate desert of a responsible guilty agent. It is this which distinguishes the retributive approach to moral reformation from the kind of utilitarianism which turns its back on desert and responsibility and is concerned only with the needs of rehabilitation. #RyanPhillippe 8 of 18

It is, of course, an open question whether punishment ever does produce the kind of self-reformation we have in mind or whether it does so more often than it produces a moral decay. Indeed, our knowledge of the facts of criminal behavior is probably far too scanty and uncertain for us to know how relevant much of the philosophical discussion of punishment really is. We cannot say for sure that a penal system is justified because it tends to reform criminals. Nor do we know, for that matter, whether the deterrent view of punishment is applicable to all kinds of crime. Many people commit offenses without seeming to take any account of the consequences before they act, and they repeat the same offenses again and again in spite of punishment. Personally, I could never rob someone of their life because I could not live with the guilt of knowing there are people out there missing a loved one and would never want to be in that position. #RyanPhillippe 9 of 18

However, someone who killed a man and tried to kill his son out of sheer greed and to cover up their crimes have to look in the eyes of their children and know that they took something so precious from another family and the fear and guilt will haunt them forever. Especially, when you killed and stole for people who helped to support you emotionally and financially. So do some people deserve a second chance at life? Yes. People who have been killed by ruthless people out of envy and greed. Can killing sometimes be justified? Yes. Madeline Hawthorne (Virginia Madsen) is the character in a show called American Gothic, and when a file was accidentally delivered to her husband’s business partner, she and her husband went to the office to try and pay him off not to disclose the file, but he would not listen. #RyanPhillippe 10 of 18

So Mr. Hawthorne tried to kill the man, and got hit in the nose, rendering him unable to finish the job. Mrs. Hawthorne then had to put the leather gloves on and choke the life out of the business partner. As wife and Chief Executive Officer, I believe it was her duty and right to react in that fashion because this man was threatening her entire family. Some might wonder why an individual, such as the mythical character Mr. and Mrs. Hawthorne would resort to murder when it was discovered by their business partner that Mr. Hawthorne has embezzled money. Even though Mr. Hawthorne repaid the money her embezzled before authorities found out, there are some serious life altering circumstances related to embezzlement. #RyanPhillippe 11 of 18

In real life, in San Diego California, Stuart Teshima, age 50, the former Chief Financial Officer of a San Diego-based Department of Defense contracting firm, oversaw the company’s credit card program, and misused the corporate credit card to pay for personal expenses including airfare and other personal travel, jewelry, gifts for family members, furniture, lavish dinners, and even his personal tax bill. And, before submitting invoices for reimbursement, Stuart Teshima would conceal personal spending by altering his account statements to replace the personal items with fictitious business expenses. He falsely reported to company representatives that the statements he submitted were generated directly from his credit card account, when in fact he altered the records himself before submitting them for reimbursement. #RyanPhillippe 12 of 18

Stuart Teshima admitted that he started the fraud in early 2008, and continued to charge thousands of dollars per month of personal expenses until he left his employment in August of 2015. By then he had accumulated unauthorized personal charges of more than $825,000.00. This case was investigated by the San Diego, California USA Division of the Federal Bureau of Investigation. Stuart Teshima pleaded guilty, on 4 October 2015,  before U.S. Magistrate Judge Louisa S. Porter,to embezzling more than $825,000.00 from the company over the course of eight years. Stuart Teshima admitted that he stole the money while he was employed at Vice President, then Senior Vice President, and finally as the Chief Financial Officer of the victim company. Stuart Teshima is scheduled to be sentenced on 19 December 2016, at 9am before U.S. District Judge Anthony J. Battaglia. As part of this plea, Stuart Teshima has agreed to pay restitution of $825,341.00. #RyanPhillippe 13 of 18

And what makes this report even more devastating is that the victim company serves the United States of America Department of Defense and other government agencies provide a wide variety of services including ship building and repair, nuclear operations support, and information technology. It has offices across the country and employs more than 1,000 people. U.S. Attorney Laura E. Duffy reported, “Corporate insiders and officers owe a special duty of honesty to their employer and its owns. By misusing his senior executive position for his own personal gain, former CFO Stuart Teshima inflicted serious harm on his employer, his fellow employees and defense contracting community. I am committed to ensuring that professionals who abuse the trust of their employers are held accountable, pay full restitution, and face stiff consequences for their misconduct.” #RyanPhillippe 14 of 18

Perhaps there are people who would not repeat crimes, even without punishment. Perhaps there would be no cases of certain classes of crime than there are already; perhaps the only people to commit them are those who also do not take account of consequences before they act. It seems likely that some potential offenders are deterred from evading taxes or from smuggling by the threat of punishment deters anyone who would otherwise commit rape or arson? Nevertheless, defendant Stuart Teshma, 16CR2223-AJB, Age: 50 of San Diego, California USA is charged with Wire Fraud, in Violation of 18 U.S.C. 1343 with maximum penalties: 20 years’ imprisonment, $250,000.00 fine, $100.00 special assessment, restitution. #RyanPhillippe 15 of 18

Utilitarians tend to assume that punishment as an institution can be justified by its beneficial consequences, but the quarrel depends on certain a priori assumptions about criminal (or would-be criminal) behavior that may be greatly overintellectualized. The proper procedure may well be to ask, with the utilitarian, whether the consequences are by and large beneficial; it is equally possible that punishment as an institution might fail the test. A theory that punishment was wrong need be no more necessarily mistake than a theory that led to a similar conclusion as regards, say, slavery, which, after all, was accepted as uncritically in Aristotle’s (384-332 Before Christ) day as punishment is today. #RyanPhillippe 16 of 18

The essential mark of the faith of a person who is primordially open to God is certainty, or specifically, the believer’s certainty of standing in relation to an unprovable and irrefutable God. It is this irrefutability of his faith enables him to circumvent the problem of evil. No conceivable experience, I insist, can possibly upset the true Biblical faith. If there is good fortune, it reveals the hands of God. If the fortune is bad and if this cannot be explained as just punishment, the conclusion is that God’s ways are unintelligible, not that there are no ways of God. Stated differently, religious faith can be, and is, empirically verifiable; but nothing empirical can possibly refute it. Faith in God is never destroyed by tragedy but only tested by it, and in the course of such a test, it conquers tragedy. The study the soul and of life is a part of the study of the physical World. The soul was in harmony, and acquired knowledge before birth, and the life of the soul in the body is contrary to nature. The importance of the soul and its superiority to the body are emphatically proclaimed. #RyanPhillippe 17 of 18

The implication is that the soul is fitted part to part throughout the body and clearly involves a view of the soul as a separate substance. We have souls, you and I. The soul is given a physical basis in heat and located in the body, the heart. If we are dealing with human beings, this conclusion is accepted with confidence, but with animals and plants we cannot be certain where their soul is. We want to know things; we share the same Earth, rich and verdant and fraught with perils. We do not—either of us—know what it means to die, no matter what we might say to the contrary.  The divinity of the Heavenly bodies seems to have been accepted together with the souls in them, which were the sources of their movements.  There is a mystical relationship in our lives between life and death and the larger moral definition of good and evil. Darkness never goes away once you have seen it. You learn to see the light in the darkness. In fact, once you have seen the darkness, the light is brighter. There is a deep dark debate on salvation and damnation, on truth and personal ruthlessness—how far each of us is willing to go to be happy, to achieve excitement, to feel alive. And surely this is a window into a character’s dark and tormented and very human soul. #RyanPhillippe 18 of 18

Self-determination does not imply that actions are predictable; actions are, in fact, not predictable, provided that the determining conditions are not entirely materialistic because they include spiritual or, perhaps, metal causes. Keep your eyes on God, not on people. Your motivation should not be the desire to be known as a praying person. Find an inner room in which to pray where no one even knows you are praying, shut the door, and talk to God in secret. Have no motivation other than to know your Father in Heaven. It is impossible to carry on your life as a disciple without definite times of secret prayer. God does not save us from temptations—He sustains us in the midst of them. There are heroes without armies, who hear martial music in their souls. A person is distinct from a (mere) thing, and any human being, insofar as he is a person, and is in consequence of this status to be treated in a special manner, and those are two of the main logical features of this concept, and they carry over from ordinary to philosophical usage. Explicit distinctions and attitudes are stipulated for persons, as contrasted with things, and they of an unconditional worth and that respect is an attitude which has application to persons only and never to things. #RyanPhillippe 1 of 11

Things may be pre-empted for our own purposes; their value depends upon the degree and kind of service they may be to us in the execution of our aims. Persons, however, must not be use (merely) as means to someone’s end; persons are end-in-themselves (existing for its own sake; existing for no clear purpose) and sources of value in their own right. The English word “person,” in fact, is alleged to have derived from the Latin persona, which was the mask worn by actors in dramatic performances. It has been suggested, in turn, that persona is a substantive derived from the participial per-sonando (“sounding through”), although this etymology has been challenged as being quantitatively impossible in Latin. Nevertheless, it is plausible enough to have gained even modern philological supporters. Added to this is the fact that persona sometimes seems to have stood for the person speaking through the mask and sometimes for mask through which the voice came, an ambiguity similar to that by our word “speaker” and one which accounts for a great deal of the interesting ambiguity that the concept retains to this day. #RyanPhillippe 2 of 11

Life is so constructed that the event does not, cannot, will not match the expectations. Thus, from persona we may derive, by nuanced steps, a variety of further uses, each perhaps best marked by synonyms, the differences between these synonyms serving to bring out a different sector in this word’s range of meaning. Thus, from “role” we may proceed in one direction to “function,” “office,” and “capacity” (since certain rights go with certain offices, this is the legalistic direction), while in another direction we proceed to “guise,” “semblance,” “appearance,” and “personification.” Thus, an individual may speak as an actor, as a dramatis persona, or as himself (“in person”)’ the term is sufficiently accommodating to cover all of these uses. Accordingly, we can use it to mean “self,” the individual as such (to treat someone as a person is to treat him as an individual), or, as distinct from the self, simply a role played or an office discharged—the uniform, so to speak, in contrast with the man who wears it. Influential theological interpretation, Christ, in this sense, was one of the three persons of the Trinity, which remained nevertheless one substance only. Indeed, Christ was the divine substance, which assumed the human mask, prosopon being the mask worn by Greek actors. #RyanPhillippe 3 of 11

Commit yourself to the current World. Human life is like a shadow, no sooner seemingly enjoyed than vanished. Let us cease to dispute, and learn to live. We speak of a citizen as one, who ideally, plays a role or takes part in the life of the community of which he is a member, and to this extent the dramatic and legalistic sense of the word are connected. Ideally, again, the citizen’s private life is one’s own; one’s citizenship is only the face one presents to the public (only the Roman citizen was entitled to wear a toga, but the toga was not worn in private life). However, not everyone who might be de facto a member of the community is recognized as being fit to play a role in its public life: there are criteria of enfranchisement, and satisfaction of these criteria constitutes someone a citizen or a person in the legal sense. Commonly, a necessary condition for having rights is being responsible for one’s acts: rights are ascribable only to persons, and, accordingly, persons alone are responsible (hence, children and idiots are not persons). A person conserves the consciousness, or the reflective inward feeling of what is: thus it is liable to reward and punishment. #RandolphHarris 4 of 11

Animals are not persons and human beings are simply on the grounds that the latter have, as the former do not a consciousness of having been the same thing previously in this or that state. Plainly, if I am to be responsible for my actions, I must continue to exist and to be capable of acknowledging that I am the same individual who performed them: otherwise I would be punished for acts that are not mine. It is a common legal usage to insist that rationality is a precondition for responsible action. Responsible agents must know what they are doing and must be able to give reasons for their having chosen to act so. It is responsible agents, executing their own purposes, who are regarded as person—which brings us back to the notion of persons as ends-in-themselves. It seems clear that the unfortunate tendency to identify moral responsibility with blame and punishment derives from moral responsibility. There have been other ingenious efforts to escape the toils of the dilemma. However, it has also been argued that person are indeed never morally responsible. #RyanPhillippe 5 of 11

Nevertheless, the assessment of legal responsibility is so closely related to the assessment of moral responsibility, and legal experts have given such sustained and imaginative attention to the task of articulating criteria which are applicable to complex cases, that a careful study of the relevant aspects of the law will certainly assist the develop of an adequate account of moral responsibility. For instance, Ryan Phillippe, a 42-year-old actor, has a fan page on a social media site called Instagram called “Official Ryan Phillippe Fan Page” (www.instagram.com/officialRyanphillippefanpage). The man who runs the site was posing as Ryan Phillippe and procuring naked pictures from fans, who thought that he was Ryan Phillippe. When a fan was slandered by the man running the page and had mean comments posted all over his pictures, he let Ryan Phillippe know that this fan page was using his name and images and exchanging nude pictures with fans. However, Ryan Phillippe took to action, and even showed the he approved of the fan page by liking the pictures he made and sharing the content. Now, morally, it is wrong to pretend to be someone else and ask for nude pictures. #RyanPhillippe 6 of 11

Also, Ryan Phillippe does have fans who are minors, so legally Ryan Phillippe could be sued and arrested if his fan page is obtaining pictures of minors, especially since Ryan Phillippe had been made aware on several occasions that his fan page (www.instagram.com/officialRyanphillippefanpage) was exchanging pornography with his fans. For reference, Jeffrey Miles Hayes, age 54, in Sacramento, California USA, was arrested 30 September, 2016, after a federal grand jury returned an indictment charging him with receipt of child pornography, announced by Acting United States Attorney Phillip A. Talbert.  According to the court documents, law enforcement identified an internet connection at Jeffrey Hayes’s residence that was being used to upload child pornography to his blog sites. A search of the residence revealed an iPad, identified as belonging to Jeffrey Hayes, that was receiving and distributing child pornography through chat messages. This cause is the product of an investigation by the Sacramento Internet Crimes Against Children Task Force in conjunction with the Sacramento County Sheriff’s Office. Assistant United States Attorney Ms. Shelly D. Weger is prosecuting the case. #RyanPhillippe 7 of 11

If convicted, Jeffrey Hayes faces a sentence of 15 to 40 years in prison and a $250,000.00 fine. Any sentence, however, would be determined at the discretion of the court after consideration of any applicable statutory factors and the Federal Sentencing Guidelines, which take into account a number of variables. The charges are only allegations; the defendant is presumed innocent until and unless proven guilty beyond a reasonable doubt. This case was brought as part of Project Safe Childhood, a nationwide initiative launched in May 2006 by the Department of Justice to combat the growing epidemic of child sexual exploitation and abuse. Led by the United States Attorney’s Offices and the Criminal Division’s Child Exploitation and Obscenity Section, Project Safe childhood marshals federal, state, and local resources to locate, apprehend, and prosecute those who sexually exploit children, and identify and rescue Victims. #RyanPhillippe 8 of 11

 I have let Ryan Phillippe know that his fan page (www.instagram.com/officialRyanphillippefanpage) is engaging in unethical behavior, which he can be sued for because he knew about the man posing as him and procuring naked pictures and did nothing. However, if it is found that any of the pictures his fan page obtained are of minors, Ryan Phillippe could face 15 to 40 years in prison, and a fine of $250,000.00. Through problems pertaining to responsibility occur in all branches of the law, criminal law has received the most attention; the topics most frequently discussed in this connection are mens rea and criminal insanity. Mens rea is the doctrine, which requires a certain “mental element” to have been present when the offense was committed. This mental element is usually, but misleadingly, described as “guilty mind.” The characterization is misleading, first, because it is generally supposed that the offender need not be aware that he is committing an offense (“ignorance of the law is no excuse”); and, second, because many advocate of mens rea do not even require that the offender be morally culpable. #RyanPhillippe 9 of 11

Some argue that unless an offender is morally blameworthy for his offense, he does not deserve to be convicted. Others insist on the distinction between moral responsibility and moral blameworthiness, arguing that a person may be morally responsible and may deserve to be convicted and punished for a crime even though his actions were not blameworthy. Broadly speaking, then, those who subscribe to the doctrine of mens rea believe at least that only persons who are morally responsible for their offense deserve conviction and punishment. Those who accept the doctrine of mens rea in any of its forms believe that the requirement is satisfied if the offender has committed his offense intentionally. Some also claim unintentional actions which are preformed recklessly or negligently involve the necessary mental element. In general, the person who commits an offense is thought to have satisfied the doctrine of mens rea if he knew what he was doing at the time or if he would have known what he was doing had he proceeded with reasonable care and deliberation. #RyanPhillippe 10 of 11

The extent to which an offender is able to or actually does exercise deliberate control over his actions and their results seems to be central to the way in which moral responsibility as a condition of deserved conviction and punishment is incorporated into the criminal law. This point is, however, more general than the doctrine of mens rea itself—it being possible for someone to have acted intentionally while, by reason of mental defect, not possessing deliberate control over his actions. Self-awareness and especially rationality have figured in. A person is a thinking, intelligent being, that has reason and reflection, and can consider itself as itself, the same thinking thing, in different times and places; which it does only by the consciousness which is inseparable from thinking, and seems to me essential to it. Efforts to solve the problem of freedom of the will are conveniently considered against the background of the following dilemma. In such a position, a person believed to be innocent of an offense might be held morally responsible and be blamed and convicted on the general grounds that it would be socially beneficial to do so. By not resolving the situation, you are accepting responsibility but rejecting the blame on the grounds that he was justified in what he did. #RyanPhillippe 11 of 11

There is one God the Father, from whom is everything and for whom we are, and one Lord Jesus Christ, through who, is everything and through whom are we. The face it but a reflecting surface of the soul. The soul is a psychic, inner natures of an object, and its mental side is something private which only the object itself can experience. Hence, even if one grants that some possess gifts of which other mortals are deprived, these cannot possibly be the means of directly perceiving the inner qualities or states of any object external to the observer. All bodies actually have an inner or psychological nature or aspect. However, the psychic character of inorganic bodies may be much lower than that of human beings or animals. The difference is mainly one of speed and the fluent nature of the inner life of inorganic systems tends to go unnoticed because of its very vast slowness. You cannot expect the constituted authorities to inquire into the state of a man’s soul. Do not be mistaken, gradualness does not mean a lower type of consciousness. We must learn to accommodate ourselves to the discovery that some of those cunningly fashioned instruments called human souls have only a very limited range of music, and will not vibrate in the least under a touch that fills others with tremulous rapture or quivering agony. #RyanPhillippe 1 of 8

If we consider various inanimate objects attentively, we shall observe (among many other things) the strong and unceasing impulse with which waters hurry to the ocean, [the] persistency with which the magnet turns ever to the North Pole, [the] eagerness with the electric poles seek to be reunited, and which, just like human desire, is increased by obstacles [as well as] the choice with which bodies repel and attract each other, combine and separate, when they are set free in a fluid state, and emancipated from the bonds of rigidity. To know intense joy without a strong bodily frame, one must have an enthusiastic soul. A private relationship of worshipping God is the greatest essential element of spiritual fitness. Like Sunbeams, the soul of a human pervades and enlightens surrounding matter. If your worship is right in your sequestered relationship with God, then when He sets you free, you will be ready. The yearning of a soul, formed by Nature is a peculiar mould, for communion with those to whom it bore a resemblance, yet of whom it was not. #RyanPhillippe 2 of 8

Furthermore, if we attend to the way in which a load hampers our body by its gravitation towards the Earth, we shall feel directly [that it] unceasingly presses and strains [our body] in purist of its one tendency.  It is in the unseen life, which only God has seen, that you have become perfectly fit. And when the day comes, you can be relied upon by God. Look attentively at a torrent dashing headlong over rocks, whose boisterous vehemence can arise only from an exertion of strength. As for the celestial bodies, if we observe them carefully we shall see they play with each other, betray mutual inclinations, exchange as it were amorous glances, yet never allow themselves to come into rude contact. We know from the theory of the living organism that the soul is a more tender organism than the body, and it shrinks from the prospect of being subjected to violence. Once, the very soul of a plant stood visibly before me and I saw not only a special outward clarity of the flowers but also the inward light which in all likelihood caused the outer appearance. #RyanPhillippe 3 of 8

It is not inconceivable that plants, trees, rocks, and water have souls, in fact some have been on Earth much longer than many humans have been alive, and something must go on in the simplest inanimate things. In Redcrest, California USA, there is an attraction called the “Immortal Tree,” and it is 1,000 years old. It was once 298 feet tall, but is not 258 feet tall with base diameter of 14.5 feet. For a perceptive, the Heckscher building in Manhattan, New York USA, on 50 East 42^nd street is 317 feet tall, and the Coit Tower in San Francisco, California USA, located at 1 Telegraph Hill Boulevard is 210 feet tall. And the California States Capitol is 247 feet tall. The immortal tree, standing at 258 feet tall, has survived lighting, fire, floods, and axe happy loggers. The tree has had many instances of nearly dying: lightening removed the top of the tree and set it ablaze, but it survived. In 1908, a logger tried to cut the tree down with an axe, but he broke his axe and nearly cut off his arm in the process, the tree has survived many forest fires and the flood of 1964. All souls are by nature equal, and much like the immortal tree, the human spirit does not perish of a single wound, nor exhaust itself in a single trial of life. #RyanPhillippe 4 of 8

I feel myself almost a spirit when I gaze upon stars. A soul is something that has eluded all the search of the anatomist. However, plants are in essential respects so much like humans that one cannot consistently attribute a psychic or soul life to humans and animals, but refuse it to plants; the borderlines between animate and inanimate objects reveals them to have impressive likeness to humans, animals, and plants, indicating the existence of inner psychic being there also. Planets manifest many of the same vital process that are found in humans: nutrition, growth, reproduction, and many more. Like humans, plants are born and pass away. Moreover, it is simply not true that plants lack the power of spontaneous movement which we observe in humans and animals. Does not the plant turn its buds and leaves to the light, does it not send its roots where it finds nourishment, and its tendrils where is finds support? Does it not close up its petals at night or when it rains, and does it not open them in the Sunshine? If there is so great a correspondence between the visible process why should there not be a correspondence in the invisible process? #RyanPhillippe 5 of 8

Only through submission to God and through acceptance of his revelation can we gain completely certain knowledge. God is the creator, God as that into which created all beings have returned, and the Universe is in  a process of passing from God in his first form to God in his last form. Natura is eternal; the whole process is eternally present; and everything is a theophania, a manifestation of God. What then will humans do in this state? Will they doubt everything? Will they doubt whether they are awake? Whether they are being pinched, whether they are being burned, will they doubt that they doubt, will humans doubt that they exist? Who will this tangle? Know then, proud humans, what a paradox you are to yourself. Humble yourself, weak reason. Silence yourself, foolish nature, learn that human beings infinitely suppress humans, and hear from your master your real state which you do not know. Hear God. It is not unreasonable to believe in God. If there is a God, he is infinitely incomprehensible to us. Both our present lives and our possible future lives may well be greatly affected by the alternative we accept.  #RyanPhillippe 6 of 8

Hence, since eternal life and happiness is possible result of one choice (if God does exist) and since nothing is lost if we are wrong about the other choice (if God does not exist and we choose to believe that he does), then the reasonable gamble, given what may be at stake, is to choose the theistic alternative. On who remains an unbeliever is taking an infinitely unreasonable risk just because one does not know which alternative is true. The prophecies, the miracles themselves, and the proofs of our religion are not of such a nature that it could be said they are absolutely convincing, but they are also of such a kind that it cannot be said that it would be unreasonable to believe them. Thus there is evidence and obscurity to enlighten some and confuse others, but the evidence is such that is surpasses or at least equals the evidence to the contrary, so that it is not reason that can determine humans not to fllow it, and thus this can only be as a result of lust or malice of heart. [So] that it appears those who follow in [religion], it is grace and not reason which makes them follow it, and that in those who shun it, it is lust and not reason that makes them shun it. #RyanPhillippe 7 of 8

The Father is represented as the first and final cause, the Lord as the instrumental cause. God has eternal power, which he revealed by means of what he created. That is why they are waiting around to kiss my grits. Humans capable of receiving revelation knew about God, but turned away to worship the creation instead of the Creator. There are a lot of adjectives to describe God. God is uncontained, without needs, incomprehensible, eternal, imperishable, and invisible. Christ as God and a man: the timeless, the invisible for us was visible, the intangible, the impassible who for us was passible. He has no defect; he is not contained or measurable but contains all. Any object, whatever it be, acquires value when any interest, whatever it be, is taken in it. Value is that which attaches to any object of interest. Interest is defined as that which is characteristic of the motor-affective life, namely, instinct, desire, feeling, will, and all their states, acts, and attitudes. A thing is an object of interest when it is being expected induces actions that anticipate its relaxation or nonerealization. To live always with this hard, gemlike flame, to maintain this ecstasy, is success in life. (www.thedeedle.com) #RyanPhillippe 8 of 8