Time is a versatile performer. It flies, marches on, heals all wounds, runs out, and will tell. Time is what we want most but what we use worst. It is apparent that is a stigmatizing affliction possessed by an individual is known to no one, including oneself, as in the case, say, of someone with undiagnosed leprosy or unrecognized petit mal seizures, then the sociologist has no interest in it, except as a control device for learning about the “primary” or objective implications of the stigma. Where the stigma is nicely invisible and known only to the person who possesses it, who tells no one, then here again is a matter of minor concern in the study of passing. The extent to which either of these two possibilities exists is of course hard to assess. In a similar way, it should be clear that if a stigma were always immediately apparent to any and all persons with whom an individual had contact, then one’s interest would be limited, too, although there would be some interest in the question of how much an individual can cut oneself off from contact and still be allowed to function freely in society, in the question of tact and its breakdown, and in the question of self-derogation. It is apparent, however, that these two extremes, where no one know about the stigma and where everyone knows, fail to cover a great range of cases. #RandolphHarris 1 of 18

First, there are important stigmas, such as the ones that men and women of the “evening,” thieves, those in non-traditional relationships, beggars, and those with addictions have, which require the individual to be carefully secret about one’s failing to one class of persons, the police, while systematically exposing themselves to other classes of persons, namely, clients, fellow-members, connections, fences, and the like. Thus, no matter what role promiscuous people assume in the presence of the police, they often have to declare themselves to housewives in order to obtain a free meal, and may even have to expose their status to passers-by because of being served on back porches what they understandably call “exhibition meals.” Secondly, even where an individual could keep an unapparent stigma secret, one will find that intimate relations with others, ratified in our society by mutual confession of invisible failings, cause one either to admit one’s situation to the intimate or to feel guilty for not doing so. In any case, nearly all matters which are very secret are still known to someone, and hence cast a shadow. Similarly, there are many cases where it appears that an individual stigma will always be apparent, but where this proves to be not quite the case; for on examination one finds that the individual will occasionally be in a position to elect to conceal crucial information about oneself. #RandolphHarris 2 of 18

For instance, while a lame boy may seem always to present oneself as such, strangers can momentarily assume that one has been in a temporarily incapacitating accident, just as a visually impaired person led into a dark cab by a friend may find for a moment that sight has been imputed to her, or a visually impaired person wearing dark glasses sitting in a dark bar may be take as a seeing person by a newcomer, or a double hand-amputee with hooks watching a movie may cause someone who is passionate about pleasures of the flesh sitting next to him to scream in terror over what her hand has suddenly found. Similarly, people who are uncomfortable with their physical appearance may find themselves, in writing letter or making telephone calls, projecting an image of self that is subject to later discrediting. Given these several possibilities that fall between the extremes of complete secrecy on one hand and complete information on the other, it would see, that the problems people face who make a concerted and well-organized effort to pass are problems that wide ranges of persons face at some time or other. Because of the great rewards in being considered normal, almost all persons who are in a position to pass will do so on some occasion by intent. #RandolphHarris 3 of 18

Further, the individual’s stigma may relate to matters which cannot be appropriately divulged to strangers. An ex-convict, for example, can only disclose one’s stigmas widely by improperly presuming on mere acquaintances, orally disclosing to them personal facts about oneself which are more personal than the relationship really warrants. A conflict between candor and seemliness will often be resolved in favour of the latter. Finally, when the stigma relates to parts of the body that the normally qualified must themselves conceal in public places, then passing is inevitable, whether desired or not. A woman who has had a mastectomy or a Norwegian male who has been penalized by castration are forced to present themselves falsely in almost all situations, having to conceal the conventional ones. When an individual in effect or by intent passes, it is possible for a discrediting to occur because of what becomes apparent about one, apparent even to those who socially identify one solely on the basis of what is available to any stranger in the social situation. (Thus arises one variety of what is called “an embarrassing incident.”) However, this kind of threat to virtual social identity is certainly not the one kind. #RandolphHarris 4 of 18

Apart from the fact that the individual’s current actions can discredit one’s current pretensions, a basic contingency in passing is that one will be discovered by those who can personally identify one and who include in their biographical record of one unapparent facts that are incompatible with present claims. It is then, incidentally, that personal identification bears strongly on social identity. Here, of course, is the basis of the varieties extortion. There is the “frame-up,” this consisting of the engineering of a happening now that can be used as a basis of extortion shortly. (A frame-up is to be distinguished from “entrapment,” an art of detectives practice to cause criminals to reveal their habitual criminal practices and this their criminal identity.) There is “pre-extortion,” where the victim is forced to continue in a course of action because the extortioner’s warning that any change will lead one to disclose facts making the change untenable. W.I. Thomas cites an actual case in which a police officer forces a woman of the “evening” to remain in her lucrative calling by systematically discrediting her attempts to obtain employment as a well-reputed woman. There is “self-saving extortion,” perhaps the most important kind, where the extortioner, by intent or in effect, avoids paying an eared penalty because enforcing payment would result in the creditor’s discrediting. #RandolphHarris 5 of 18

The “presumption of innocence until guilt is proven” provides far less protection for the unwed mother than for the unmarried father. Her guilt is made obvious by a protruding profile—evidence hard to conceal. He bears no outward signs, and his accessor role must be proved. However, to provide such a proof, when the state does not assume the initiative in establishing paternity, the unwed mother must disclose her identity and misbehaviour in pleasures of the flesh to a larger audience. Her reluctance to do this makes it fairly easy for her male accomplice to maintain his anonymity and his ostensible innocence, if he chooses. Finally, there is “full” or classic extortion, the extortioner obtaining payments by threatening to disclose facts about the individual’s past or present which could utterly discredit one’s currently sustained identity. It may be noted that all full extortion includes the self-saving kind, since the successful extortioner, in addition to obtaining the extortion, also avoids the penalty attached to extorting. Sociologically, extortion itself may not be very important; given the profusion of skeleton’s in people’s closets, it is a wonder that full extortion is not more prevalent. The legal sanction of course high, making the practice uncompetitive in many cases, but one still has to explain why the legal sanction is so high. #RandolphHarris 6 of 18

Perhaps the rarity of the act and the strong sanction against it are both expressions of the distaste we have for work requiring us to confront unwilling others with greatly discrediting facts about themselves, this knowledge to be then pressed against their interests. However, it is more important to consider the kinds of relations an individual can have to those who could, if they wanted to, extort one. It is here that one sees that a person who passes leads a double life, and that the informational connectedness of biography can allow for different modes of double living. When the discreditable fact about an individual is in the past, one will be concerned not so much about original sources of evidence and information as about persons who can relay what they have already gathered. When the discreditable fact is part of current life, then one must guard against more than relayed information; one must guard against getting directly caught in the act, as a girl suggests: Exposure was possible without arrest, and equally painful. “I always look around a room fast when I go to parties,” she said. “You never know. Once I ran smack into two of my cousins. They were with a couple of call girls and did not even nod to me. I took my cue—hoping they were too busy thinking of themselves to wonder about me. I always wondered what I would do if I ran into my father, since he was around quite a bit.” #RandolphHarris 7 of 18

If there is something discreditable about an individual’s past or present, it would seem that the precariousness of one’s position will vary directly with the number of persons who are in on the secret; the more who know about one’s shady side the more treacherous one’s situation. Hence it may be safer for a bank teller to sally with his wife’s girlfriend than to go to the races. Whether those in the know are many or few, there is here a simple double life containing those who think they know the whole person and whose who “really” do so. This possibility must be contrasted to the situation of the individual who lives a double double life, moving in two circles each of which is unaware that the other exists with its own and different biography of one. A person carrying on an affair, with perhaps a small number of individuals knowing that this is so and even associating with the illicit couple, is carrying on a single double life. However, should the illicit couple begin to make friends who are unaware that the couple are really not a couple, a double life begins to emerge. The danger in the first type of double living is that of extortion or malicious disclosure; the danger in the second type, the greater, perhaps, is that of inadvertent disclosure, since none of those who knows the couple will be oriented to maintaining the secret, being unaware that there is one to keep. #RandolphHarris 8 of 18

The search for an ideal master may obstruct itself through an excessively critical attitude equally as though a sentimentally romantic one. For however divinely inspired one may be in one’s best moments, the master must still remain quite human in many ways most of the time. Those who form romantic grandiose exotic or miraculous pictures of what a master is like and of what they seek in a person before they can accept one as a master, doom themselves to frustration and assure themselves of disappointment. For they do not yet understand what masterhood really is, hence they are still unfit for personal instruction by a master. If one is not connected with any religious association or mystical tradition, any institution or monastery, one is looked upon askance. For who or what is there to validate the “correctness” of one’s teaching and the credentials of the being? They look for a doctrine that is “official” and a revelator certified by “authority.” The being who seeks a master to whose cosmological vision, expressed thought, and behaviour one hopes to give perfect acceptance, seeks the impossible. One does not want a teaching which is liable to disproof by scientific knowledge, yet one does not want to limit oneself merely to that knowledge. If one’s preconception of a master is wrong, as is likely because of the ludicrous caricature in the pictures drawn by popular cults and books, one may not be able to recognize a real master even when one meets one. #RandolphHarris 9 of 18

There will be an inner struggle instead. One will suffer the agony of mental or moral indecision. One may seem cold and unapproachable by the sentimental standards of those who mistakenly regard one as a glorified clergyman. One sees an image which one has oneself created, not the reality of the other being. Only by close association with one under one roof will it be possible to find out how different the image is from the person it is supposed to represent. The first is a perfect but impossible creature. The second is a human creature. It is understandable and even pardonable that the weak, the neurotic, the unhappy or the undeveloped, the innocent or the inexperienced should look for a father image who will carry all their burdens, material as well as spiritual. They are entitled to do so. However, they should seek one within religious or mystical circles, not within the philosophic circle. The mistake so many seekers make in approaching such a person is to demand that ne teach them on their terms, in their way, and not one’s own. If one has not got the appearance they think one ought to have or they expect one to have, that is another cause for offense. The reality is blamed—and not themselves—for disappointing the fantasy. You do not see the master when you see one’s body. You do not know one when you know what one looks like. You do not love one if you are attracted only by one’s handsome appearance. The real master is one’s mind. #RandolphHarris 10 of 18

A person’s spiritual status does not reveal itself immediately to anyone who looks at one’s physical body. Not only so, but if the latter is unattractive, not physically perfect, and senile, repulsion may misread one’s inner nature completely. Those who reject truth because of the external repulsiveness of the truth-bearer, do so for the right reasons, that is, they are not ready to receive it. Those who accept truth because of the external attractiveness of the truth bearer, do so for the wrong reasons, that is, they have not received it at all. For in both cases it is not the mind or the heart to which appeal has been made, but the sense. It is not reason or intuition, sufficient experience or sufficient authority which has judged the testimony for truth, but bodily sight hearing and touch. One could write volumes about the degree of control parents exercise over their children and the amount of downright sadistic abuse they deal out to them. The same can be said of police, nurses, prison guards, and so on. Their power is not as great as Caligula’s. They too have to obey orders; they are very small cogs in the machine; and they have very little say in things. However, compared to the children, the patients, or the prisoners they deal with, their power is relatively greats. And so you find a large number of sadists in those callings. #RandolphHarris 11 of 18

I do not mean to say by this that most teaches or nurses are sadists. On the contrary, great numbers of people become teachers or nurses because they feel a deep need to help others, because they are favorably disposed toward others and love their fellow humans. I do not have those people in mind here but rather the ones who are acting out of just the opposite motives and are usually not aware that behind the rationalizations they construct for themselves a passion to control others is at work in them. That same passion is very prevalent among bureaucrats, too. Let me give you an example that you have no doubt often encountered yourselves. Imagine a person behind the window in a post office. Fifteen people are waiting in life, and at closing time there are still two left. At the very stroke of give o’clock the person shuts one’s window, turning away those last two people who have been waiting half an hour. There is just the trace of a smile on the person’s thin lips, a barely visible, sadistic smile. One is glad that those two people have to leave that one has the power to make them wait in vain and have to return tomorrow. One could just as easily have taken another minute or two for them, but one does not. A kindly person would take the time, and that is what moat people in that situation would do. #RandolphHarris 12 of 18

The sadist closes one’s window not just because business hours are over but because it gives one pleasure to close it. And though one may not earn a very large salary, that sadistic pleasure is as good as money, and one would not think of doing without it. I remember fishing at Cabo San Lucas at the mouth of the Sea of Cortez, with the cloudless, windless day, the perfect Sunlight dancing rhythmically on the water in platinum and blue. I recall gliding into an emerald cove surrounded by a cactus desert, donning a snorkel, and slipping over the side into a World of green and turquoise and yellow and pink—another World of slower, gentler rhythm. I also remember the Sunset, with its Pacific fire, as we sat on the sand gazing at the Summer stars. I was indeed seeing God through His handiwork. That same day I marveled at His animate creation: the ever-present gulls in flight, a seemingly endless sea of yellow-finned tuna and porpoise I could not see across, a striped marlin walking on its tail and crashing back into the water like a fallen horse. Then there is the microcosm: a newborn baby, eyes and mouth wide open, arms reaching for life—the apex of God’s creation. The baby’s mind is an amazing computer, recording virtually everything it experiences. Its eyes pass on incredible amounts of data—first through the cornea, then through the focusing lens, where the image strikes the retina and stimulates 125 million nerve endings simultaneously. #RandolphHarris 13 of 18

This is processed by millions of microswitches and funneled down the optic nerve, which contains one million separate insulated fibers (so there are no short circuits). When the information reaches the brain, an equally complex process begins—all of which takes place in a millisecond! Likewise, the infant’s ears are so turned to the vibrating around him or her that one day one will make music. What a God we have! Take not, oh Lord, our literal sense Lord, in Thy great Unbroken speech our limping metaphor translate. Through the Scriptures, theologians have discerned about twenty attributes of God (though the number is disputed), and contemplation of the attributes has been a time-honoured avenue to adoration. The knowledge of the Holy—God’s self-existence, God’s eternity, God’s infinitude, God’s omnipresence, God’s grace, God’s holiness, to name a few-can catch one’s soul up to glory. Sariah (the wife of Lehi) complains against Lehi—Both rejoice over the return of their sons—They offer sacrifices—The plates of brass contain writings of Moses and the prophets—The plates identify Lehi as a descendant of Joseph—Lehi prophesizes concerning his seed and the preservation of the plates. About 600-592 Before Christ (BC). “And it came to pass that after we had come down into the wilderness unto our father, behold, he was filled with joy, and also my mother, Sariah, was exceedingly glad, for she truly had mourned because of us. #RandolphHarris 14 of 18

“For she had supposed that we had perished in the wilderness; and she also had complained against my father, telling him that he was a visionary man; saying: Behold thou has led us forth from the land of our inheritance, and my sons are no more, and we perish in the wilderness. And after this manner of language had my mother complained against my father. And it had come to pass that my father spake unto her, saying: I know that I am a visionary man; for if I had not seen the things of God in a vision I should not have known the goodness of God, but had tarried at Jerusalem, and had perished with my brethren. But behold, I have obtained a land of promise, in which things I do rejoice; yea, and I know that the Lord will deliver my sons out of the hands of Laban, and bring them down again unto us in the wilderness. And after this manner of language did my father, Lehi, comfort my mother, Sariah, concerning us, while we journeyed in the wilderness up to the land of Jerusalem, to obtain the record of the Jews. And when we had returned to the tent of my father, behold their joy was full, and my mother was comforted. And she spake, saying: Now I know of a surety that the Lord hath commanded my husband to flee into the wilderness; yea, and I also know of a surety that the Lord hath protected my sons, and delivered them out of the hands of Laban, and given them power whereby they could accomplish a thing which the Lord hath commanded them. #RandolphHarris 15 of 18

“And after this manner of language did she speak. And it came to pass that they did rejoice exceedingly, and did offer sacrifice and burnt offerings unto the Lord; and they gave thanks unto the God of Israel. And after they had given thanks unto the God of Israel, my father, Lehi, took the records which were engraven upon the plates of brass, and he did search them from the beginning. And he beheld that they did contain the five books of Moses, which gave an account of the creation of the World, and also of Adam and Eve, who were our first parents; and also a record of the Jews from the beginning, even down to the commencement of the reign of Zedekiah, king of Judah; and also the prophecies of the holy prophets, from the beginning, even down to the commencement of the reign of Zebekiah; and also many prophecies which have been spoken by mouth of Jeremiah. And it came to pass that my father, Lehi, also found upon the plates of brass a genealogy of his fathers; wherefore he knew that he was a descendant of Joseph; yea, even that Joseph who was the son of Jacob, who was sold into Egypt, and who was preserved by the hand of the Lord, that he might preserve his father, Jacob, and all his household from perishing with famine. And they were also led out of captivity and out of the land of Egypt, by that same God who and preserved them. #RandolphHarris 16 of 18

“And thus my father, Lehi, did discover the genealogy of his fathers. And Laban also was a descendent of Joseph, wherefore he and his fathers had kept the records. And now when my father saw all these things, he was filled with the Spirit, and began to prophesy concerning his seed—that the plates of brass should go forth unto all nations, kindreds, tougues, and people who were of his seed. Wherefore, he said that these plates of brass should never perish; neither should they be dimmed any more by time. And he prophesied many things concerning his seed. And it came to pass that thus far I and my father had kept the commandments wherewith the Lord had commanded us. And we had obtained the records which the Lord had commanded us and searched them and found that they were desirable; yea, even of great worthy unto us, insomuch that we could preserve the commandments of the Lord unto our children. Wherefore, it was wisdom in the Lord that we should carry them with us, as we journeyed in the wilderness towards the land of promise,” 1 Nephi 5.1-22. O God, Who are the Saviour of all the living, Who willest not the death of sinners, nor rejoicest in the perdition of those that die, I humbly entreat Thee to vouchsafe me pardon of my offences, that I may bewail what I have committed, and henceforth commit them no more; and that when my last say and the end of my life has arrived, Thy holy Angel may receive me cleansed from all offences; through Jesus Christ our Lord. #RandolphHarris 17 of 18

O Lord of grace, I have hasty and short in private prayer, O quicken my conscience to feel this folly, to bewail this ingratitude; my first sin of the day leads into others, and it is just that Thou shouldst withdraw Thy presence from one who waited carelessly on Thee. Keep me at all times from robbing Thee, and from depriving my soul of Thy due worship; let me never forget that I have an eternal duty to love, honour and obey Thee, that Thou art infinitely worthy of such; that if I fail to glorify Thee I am guilt of infinite evil that merits infinite punishment, for sin is the violation of infinite obligation. O forgive me if I have dishonoured thee, melt my heart, heal my backslidings, and open an intercourse of love. When the fire of Thy compassion warms my inward being, and the outpouring of Thy Spirit fill my soul, then I feelingly wonder at my own depravity, and deeply abhor myself; then Thy grace is a powerful incentive to repentance, and an irresistible motive to inward holiness. May I never forget that Thou hast my heart in Thy hands. Apply to it the merits of Christ’s atoning blood whenever I sin. Let Thy mercies draw me to Thyself. Wean me from all evil, mortify me to the World, and make me ready for my departure hence, animated by the humiliations of penitential love. My soul is often a chariot without wheels, clogged and hindered in sin’s miry clary; mount it on eagle’s wings and cause it to soar upwards to Thyself. #RandolphHarris 18 of 18

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