In Latin America, the United States of America is involved more directly than they are in other countries. There are heavy investments from the United States of America in many Latin American countries such as Venezuela, Argentina, Guatemala, and Cuba. U.S.A. foreign direct investment (FDI) in Venezuela stock was $3.2 billion in 2022, a 5.1 percent increase from 2021. U.S.A. FDI in Argentia (stock) was $12.6 billion in 2022. More than 200 U.S.A. and other foreign firms have active investments in Guatemala, benefiting from the U.S.A. Dominican Republic-Central America Free Trade Agreement (CAFTA-DR). FDI stock was $22.5 billion in 2022, a 5.3 percent increase over 2021. On June 16, 2017, the President issued a National Security Presidential Memorandum (NSPM) on Strengthening the Policy of the United States of America Toward Cuba. On November 8, 2017, the Departments of State, Commerce, and the Treasury announced certain changes to implement the President’s June 2017 NSPM. Cuba is facing a severe economic crisis and the cash-strapped government is unable to provide basic services. The investment of Cuban Americans in private businesses on the island could be a game changer, many observers have said. However, while the Cuban government has said in the past that they would welcome Cuban American investment on the island, they have yet to issue regulations to allow foreigners to own or invest in the small and medium-sized enterprises known as pymes that were first authorized in 2021. #RandolphHarris 1 of 22

The United States of America is Guatemala’s largest trading partner accounting for nearly 35 percent of Guatemala’s trade. Both nations enjoy a growing trade relationship, which became ever stronger after the implementation of the CAFTA-DR in 2007. As of January 1, 2015, most U.S.A. consumer and industrial goods enter Guatemala duty free (for goods that meet the country-of-origin requirements). In general, CAFTA-DR has benefitted all parties. Intra-regional trade among Central America countries and the Dominican Republic increased from $27.2 billion in 2021. U.S.A. goods exports to Central America and the Dominican Republic have reached $48.31 million in 2022 (this figure was $16.89 million in 2005). Nevertheless, CAFTA-DR has been unable to solve some of the region’s most serious problems—including insecurity and corruption. U.S.A. merchandise exports to Guatemala were $10.21 billion in 2022, an increase of $2.14 billion or 23 percent over 2021. Leadning U.S.A. exports to Guatemala include mineral fuel oil, machinery, electric machinery, plastics, and cereals (corn, wheat, and rice). U.S.A. imports from Guatemala totaled $5.31 billion in 2022, an increase of $640 million or 12.8 percent over 2021. U.S.A. imports include apparel; edible fruits, melons, and nuts; coffee; edible vegetables, roots, and tubers; sugars and confectioneries of sugar. U.S.A. products and services enjoy strong brand recognition in Guatemala, and U.S.A. companies have a good reputation in the Guatemalan marketplace. It is estimated that approximately 200 U.S.A. firms have a presence in the market. #RandolphHarris 2 of 22

The United States of America and Argentina maintain a bilateral relationship based on deep economic ties and shared interests, including, democracy and human rights, counterterrorism and rule of law, improving citizen security, science, energy and technology infrastructure, people-to-people ties, and education. A U.S.A. Presidential Delegation attended the December 2019 inauguration of the new president of Argentia, Alberto Fernandez. Members of the delegation met privately with President Fernandez to fortify the relationship between the United States of America and Argentia. The Fernandez administration has said it seeks a mature relationship with the United States of America based on shared interests. The Department of State allocated $3.1 million for Argentia for fiscal years (FY) 2020. This funding promotes regional security. The Department of State’s Bureau of International Narcotics and Law Enforcement Affairs partners with Argentia to deliver counter-narcotics and criminal justice capacity building, which has strengthened the ability of both governments to disrupt transitional crime in the Western Hemisphere. The United States of America enjoys a trade surplus with Argentina, and is Argentina’s number three goods and services trading partner behind Brazil and China.) U.S.A. goods and services trade with Argentia totaled $161 billion in 2020. There are more than 300 U.S.A. companies doing business in Argentia, employing more than 150,000 workers. The United States of America is the largest foreign investor in Argentina, with approximately $10.7 billion (stock) FDI in 2019. #RandolphHarris 3 of 22

Venezuela gained its independence from Spain by 1819 as part of the Republic of Columbia and separated from Columbia in 1830. The United States of America recognized and established diplomatic relations with Venezuela in 1835. The United States of America recognizes the 2015 democratically elected Venezuelan National Assembly as the only legitimate branch of the Government of Venezuela. The United States of America and the 2015 National Assembly collaborated closely to achieve the goal of a peaceful restoration of democracy via free and fair presidential and parliamentary elections. The United States of America supports the protection of human rights, the promotion of civil society, the strengthening of democratic institutions, and transparency and accountability in the country. Since 2017, the United States of America has provided nearly $2.8 billion in humanitarian, economic, development, and health assistance to support Venezuelans inside Venezuela and throughout the region. Since 2005, the President of the United States of America has determined annually that Venezuela has “failed demonstrably” to adhere to its drug control obligations under international counternarcotic agreements. Venezuela also does not fully meet the minimum standards for the elimination of human trafficking and is not making any efforts to do so, according to the Department of State’s annual Trafficking in Persons report. The President of the United States of America has issued a national interest wavier to enable certain assistance programs vital to the national interests of the United States of America, such as human rights and civil society programs, to continue. U.S.A. humanitarian assistance helps to meet critical life-saving needs, including for food and nutrition; water, sanitation, and hygiene; healthcare; protection and other goods and services. #RandolphHarris 4 of 22

The United States of America seeks a stable, prosperous, and free country for the Cuban people. The United States of America pursues limited engagement with Cuba that advances our national interests and empowers the Cuban people while restricting economic practices that disproportionately benefit the Cuban government or its military, intelligence, or security agencies at the expense of the Cuban people. The U.S.A. government seeks to promote human rights, religious freedom, and democracy, encourages the development of telecommunications and the internet in Cuba, supports the growth of Cuba’s nascent private sector and civil society, and engages in areas that advance the interests of the United States of America and the Cuban people. The United States of America is committed to supporting safe, orderly, and legal migration from Cuba through the effective implementation of the U.S.A.-Cuba Migration Accords. Due to injuries sustained by our diplomatic community in Havana, visa processing for most Cuban applicants is presently taking place in third countries. Although economic sanctions remain in place, the United States of America is the largest provider of food and agricultural products to Cuba, with exports of those goods valued at $220.5 million in 2018. The United States of America is also a significant supplier of humanitarian goods to Cuba, including medicines and medical products, with total value of all exports to Cuba $275.9 million in 2018. Remittances from the United States of America, estimated at $3.5 billion for 2017, play an important role in Cuba’s state-controlled economy. #RandolphHarris 5 of 22

The situation in which humanity finds itself is exceedingly grave. The policy of deterrent will not ensure peace; it will most likely destroy civilization, and it will certainly destroy democracy even if it preserves peace. No one knows what the first steps in avoiding a nuclear cataclysm and preserving a democracy are. However, it is clear that more important than climate change and electric vehicles is dealing with the immediate danger of nuclear war. Another central issue of today is that of the future course of the underdeveloped nations, which comprise the majority of the human race. They insist not only on obtaining political independence but also on rapid economic development. These people will not wait two hundred years to achieve the economic level of Europe or the United States of America. The Communists have shown that by means of force and fanaticism it is possible to attain results; their method will become irresistibly attractive unless it can be demonstrated that similar results can be achieved without terror and without the destruction of individuality, through central planning along with economic and technical assistance from the industrialized countries. Such a policy requires the acceptance of a neutral bloc by both the East and the West and the strengthening of the United Nations as a supernational organization charged with the administration of disarmament and economic aid. The pursuit of the policy suggested here requires such drastic changes in the American attitude that one cannot avoid having serious doubts whether such a policy is possible; in fact, its acceptance would seem to be impossible unless there is a growing conviction that it constitutes the only alternative to war. #RandolphHarris 6 of 22

The pursuit of the policy suggested here requires such drastic changes in the American attitude that one cannot avoid having serious doubts whether such a policy is possible; in fact, its acceptance would seem to be impossible unless there is a growing conviction that it constitutes the only alternative to war. First, such a policy would require that the President and Congress subordinate the special interests of the armed forces and of the big corporations (especially those with strong capital investments abroad) to the main goals of the United States of America’s policy, peace and survival as a democratic nation. Furthermore, this policy requires a material and spiritual reorientation in the West entailing the replacement of projective-paranoid attitudes toward communism by an objective and realistic appraisal of the facts. Such realism is only possible if we take a critical view of ourselves and recognize the discrepancy that exists between our professed ideals and our actions. We claim that our present system is characterized by a high degree of individualism, and of religious or secular humanism. In reality we are a managerial, industrial society with a diminishing amount of individualism. We like to produce more and to consumer more, but we have no goal—either as individuals or as a nation. We are developing into faceless organization humans, alienated from ourselves and lacking authentic feelings and convictions. This very fact lends us to put so much emphasis on the lack of freedom and individualism in other nations because we can then protest against features of their society which in reality we are approaching in our own. #RandolphHarris 7 of 22

The people in Russia, China, India, Mexico and Africa are today in some resect where Americans were one hundred and sixty years ago; they are building a society, full of hope and enthusiasm to go ahead and to accomplish what they have set out to do. While in the United States of America, although there is still unnecessary poverty and unnecessary suffering, we are only filing out what has been left to do; we are only doing more of the same. We have no vision of something new, no aim that truly inspires us. If this continues, we and the West will not survive. We will lack the energy and vitality that are necessary for any nation or group of nations to live and to survive in a World that is witnessing the awakening of nations that have been silent for nearly two hundred years. Our weapons will not save us—at best they will drag our enemies into the holocaust thirty minutes after we have perished. What can save us and what can help humankind is a renaissance of the spirit of humanism, of individualism, and of America’s anti-colonialist tradition. By our hesitant and often ambiguous policy toward the underdeveloped peoples we have helped the Communists realize one of their most significant successes: to become the leaders in the historical movement of the “New World,” and to stamp us the “reactionary” forces trying to arrest the historical trend. We must, if not surpass, at least equal the Communists, by being wholly and unreservedly with the wave of history, rather than halfheartedly and hesitatingly. As has been said over and over again, the present struggle is a struggle for the minds of humans. Once can win it only if one has ideas to offer that are authentic because they are rooted in the realities of nation’s life. #RandolphHarris 8 of 22

The West is old, but by no means exhausted. It has shown its vitality by achievements in scientific thought that are unparalleled in history. We are suffering not so much from exhaustion as from the absence of goals, and from the “doublethink” that paralyzes us. If we ask ourselves where are and where we are going, we shall have a chance to formulate new goals socially, economically, politically, and spiritually. The Russian, Chinese, and Indian systems challenge us to develop a system that can satisfy the needs of humans better than communism does. However, while we talk a great deal about freedom and the superiority of our system, we avoid that challenges of these other nations and prefer to describe communism as an international conspiracy out to conquer the World by force and subversion. The hope of these other nations is to see the victory of communism as the result of its superior performance. Are we afraid that we cannot mee the Communist competition, and is this the reason why we prefer to define the struggle as a military one rather than as a socioeconomic one? Are we unwilling to make the necessary changes within our own society, and do we, for this reason, declare that no essential changes are necessary? Are we afraid to curb the political influence of our corporate investors in Latin America, China, and the Middle East? By concentrating on the military threat against us and the resulting arms race we miss the one chance for victory: to demonstrate that it is possible to have at home—and in Asia, Africa, and Latin America—economic progress and individuality, economic and social planning and democracy. This is the answer to the Communist challenge—not the nuclear deterrent. #RandolphHarris 9 of 22

Our present thinking is a symptom of a deep-seated, though unconscious defeatism, of a lack of faith in the very values which we proclaim. We only cover up this defeatism by concentrating on the evils of communism and by promoting hate. If we continue with our policy of the deterrent and with our unholy alliances with dictatorial states in the name of freedom, we shall defeat the very values we hope to defend. We shall lose our freedom and probably also our lives. What matters today is preserving the World; but in order to preserve it, certain changes have to be made, and in order to make these changes, historical trends have to be understood and anticipated. All humans of good will or, rather all humans who love life must form a united front for survival, for the continuation of life and civilization. Withall the scientific and technical progress humans have made, they are bound to solve the problem of hunger, poverty, and overpopulation, and they can afford to try solutions in different directions. There is only one thing humans cannot afford—and that is to go on with preparations for war, which, this time, will lead to catastrophe. There is still time to anticipate the next historical development and to change our course. However, unless we act soon, we shall lose the initiative, and circumstances, institutions, and weapons, which we created, will take over and decide our fate. Another problem humans are facing is they are becoming Homo mechanicus. All the pleasures these beings enjoy are sought within the frame of reference of the mechanical and unalive. They expect that there must be a button which, if pushed, will bring happiness, love, pleasure. (Many go to a psychoanalyst under the illusion that one can teach them where to find the button.) #RandolphHarris 10 of 22

Homo mechanicus men look at women as one would at an Ultimate Driving Machine: he knows the right button to push, he enjoys his power to make her “race” and he remains the cold, watching observer. Homo mechanicus becomes more and more interested in the manipulation of machines rather than in the participation in and response to life. Hence, they become indifferent to life, fascinated by the mechanical, and eventually attracted by death and total destruction. Consider the role that killing plays in our amusements. The movies, the comic strips, the YouTube videos, the newspapers, video games are full of excitement because they are full of reports and/or scenes of destruction, sadism, brutality. Millions of people live humdrum but comfortable existences—and nothing excites them more than to see or read of killings, whether it I murder or a fatal accident in an automobile race. Is this not an indication of how deep this fascination with death has already become? Or think of expressions such as being “thrilled to death” or “dying to” do this or that, or the expression “it kills me.” Consider the indifference to life which is manifested in our rate of automobile accidents. Briefly then, intellectualization, quantification, abstraction, bureaucratization, and reification—the very characteristics of modern industrial society, when applied to people rather than to things, are not the principles of life but those of mechanic. People living in such a system become indifferent to life and even attacked to death. They are not aware of this. They take the thrills of excitement for the joys of life and live under the illusion that they are very much alive when they have many things to own and to use. The lack of protest against nuclear war, the discussion of our “atomologists” of the balance sheet of total or half-total destruction, shows how far we have already gone into the “valley of the shadow of death.” #RandolphHarris 11 of 22

These features of a necrophilous orientation exist in all modern industrial societies, regardless of their respective political structure. What Russian state capitalism has in common in this respect with corporate capitalism is more important than the features in which they system differ. Both systems have in common the bureaucratic-mechanical approach, and both are preparing for total destruction. The affinity between the necrophilous contempt for life and the admiration for speed and all that is mechanical has become apparent only in the last decades. Yet as early as in 1909 it was seen and succinctly expressed by Marinetti in his Initial Manifesto of Futurism: “We shall sing the love of danger, the habit of energy and boldness. The essential elements of our poetry shall be courage, daring and rebellion. Literature has hitherto glorified thoughtful immobility, ecstasy and sleep; we shall extol aggressive movement, feverish insomnia, the double quick step, the somersault, the box on the car, the fisticuff. We declare that the World’s splendour has been enriched by a new beauty; the beauty of speed. A racing motor-car, its frame adorned with great pipes, like snakes with explosive breath…a roaring motor-car, which looks as though running on a shrapnel is more beautiful than the Victory of Samothrace. We shall sing of the man at the steering wheel, whose ideal steam transfixes the Earth, rushing over the circuit of her orbit. The poet must give oneself with frenzy, with splendour and with lavishness, in order to increase the enthusiastic fervour of the primordial elements. There is no more beauty except in strife. No masterpiece without aggressiveness. Poetry must be a violent onslaught upon the unknow forces, to command them to bow before humans. #RandolphHarris 12 of 22

“We stand upon the extreme promontory of the centuries! Why should we look behind us, when we have to break in the mysterious portals of the Impossible? Time and Space died yesterday. Already we live in the absolute, since we have already created speed, eternal and ever-present. We wish to glorify war—the only health giver of the World—militarism, patriotism, the destructive arm of the Anarchist, the beautiful Ideas that kill, the contempt for woman. We wish to destroy museums, the libraries, to fight against moralism, feminism and all opportunistic and utilitarian meanness. We shall sing of the great crowds in the excitement of labour, pleasure and rebellion; of the multi-coloured and polyphonic surf of revolutions in moder capital cities; of the nocturnal vibration of arsenals and workshops beneath their violent electric moons; of the greedy stations swallowing smoking snakes; of factories suspended from the clouds by their strings of smoke; of bridges leaping like gymnast over the diabolical cutlery of sunbathed rivers; of adventurous liners scenting the horizon; of broad-chested locomotives prancing on the rails, like huge steel horses bridled with long tubes; and of the gliding flight of aeroplanes, the sound of whose screw is like the flapping of the flags and the applause of an enthusiastic crowd.” It is interesting to compare Mr. Marinetti’s necrophilous interpretation of technique and industry with the deeply biophilous interpretation to be found in Walt Whitman’s poems. At the end of his poem “Crossing Brooklyn Ferry” he says: “Thrive cities—bring your freight, bring your shows, ample and sufficient rivers, expand, being than which none else is perhaps more spiritual, keep you places, objects than which none else I more lasting. #RandolphHarris 13 of 22

“You have waited, you always wait, you dumb, beautiful ministers, we receive you with free sense at last, and are insatiate henceforward, not you any more shall be able to foil us, or withhold yourselves from us, we use you, and do not cast you aside—we plant you permanently within us, we fathom you not—we love you—there I perfection in you also, you furnish your parts toward eternity, great or small, you furnish your parts toward the soul.” Or at the end of the “Song of the Open Road”: Camerado, I give you my hand! I give you my love more precious than money, I give you myself before preaching or law; will you give me yourself? Will you come travel with me? Shall we stick by each other as long as we live?” Mr. Whitman could not have expressed his opposition to necrophilia better in this line: “to pass on (on living, always living!) and leave the corpses behind.” If we compare Mr. Marinetti’s attitude toward industry with that of Walt Whitman, it becomes clear that industrial production as such is not necessarily contrary to the principles of life. The question is whether the principles of life are subordinated to those of mechanization, or whether the principles of life are the dominant ones. Obviously, so far the industrialized World has not found an answer to the question which is posed here: How is it possible to create a humanist industrialism as against the bureaucratic industrialism which rules our lives today? It is ofttimes the Prince of Death as a murderer—working through the ignorance of God’s children as to his power, the conditions by which they give him power, and the victory of prayer by which they can resist his power—who cuts off God’s soldiers from the battlefield. #RandolphHarris 14 of 22

It is the ultimate negative as a murderer who give “visions of glory” and “longings to die” to workers of vale to the Church of God, so that they yield to death even in days of active service, and slowly fade away. Believers who would have victory over the ultimate negative at every point must resist its attack on the body, as well as on the sprit and mind. They should also know the place of the body in the spiritual life: its prominence, and yet its obscurity. Paul said, “I keep under my body”—I discipline it. They must understand that the more knowledge they have of the devices and power of the Adversary, and of the fullness of the Calvary victory within their reach for complete victory over him, the more he will plan to injure them. The whole of his schemes against God’s children may be summed up under three heads: To cause them to sin, and he tempted Jesus as the Christ in the wilderness; To slander them, as Jesus as the Christ was slain at Calvary, when, by the direct permission of God, the hour and the power of darkness gathered around Him, and He by the hands of the wicked men was crucified and slain (Acts 2.23). As the believer gains victories over the ultimate negative and his deceiving and lying spirits by thus recognizing, resisting and triumphing over them in their varied workings, his strength of spirit to conquer them grows stronger, and he will become more and more equipped to set forth the truth of the finished work of Calvary as sufficient for victory over sin and the ultimate negative. Done in the power and authority of Jesus as the Christ by the Holy Spirit, this will set others free from their power. #RandolphHarris 15 of 22

It must, of course, be clearly recognized that victory over the ultimate negative in these aspects will not be without great onslaughts from him and sharp conflict, which may well be called “the evil day,” Ephesians 6.13. We first consider the negative aspect of the transition from the temporal to the eternal, the exclusion of negativities and ambiguities. The Greek word for judgment, krinein, indicates the separation of the negative symbolized by the ultimate judgment. This judgement is not a temporal event, for time is only the form of the finite, and eternity is its inner aim, or telos. To explain this continuous process, we must consider it a bold metaphour. Eternal life is likened to “eternal memory” in which the positive is remembered and the negative forgotten. However, since forgetting implies a moment of remembering, the negative is forgotten in the sense that it is acknowledged and rejected for what it is, nothing. Since Eternal Life is identical with the Kingdom of God in its fulfilment, it is the non-fragmentary, total, and complete conquest of the ambiguities of life. The ambiguities that accompany the life processes of the self-integration, self-creativity, and self-transcendence are overcome by the perfect balancing of the ontological polar elements: individualization-participation, dynamics-form, and freedom-destiny. Consequently, in the fulfilled Kingdom of God morality, culture, and religion disappear as special functions. #RandolphHarris 16 of 22

There is no morality because there is no ought-to-be which is not. There is no culture because the work of the human spirit becomes the work of the divine Spirit. And there is no religion because there is no estrangement, and God is everything in and to everything. Unambiguous, non-fragmentary fulfilment is the result of the purification of the last judgment. If the morality of “thou shalt not lie” is rejected, “the sense for truth” must legitimate itself before a different tribunal: as a means of the preservation of man, as will to power. The same goes for our love of the beautiful: it, too, is a will to shape. The two-sense stand side by side; the sense for the real is a means of acquiring the power to shape things as one pleases. The delight in shaping and reshaping—a primal delight! We can comprehend only a World we ourselves have made. On the multifariousness of knowledge. To trace one’s relation to many other things (or to a kind—how can that be “knowledge” of something other! This kind of knowing and recognizing is itself already among the conditions of existence—so that the conclusion that there could be no kind of intellect (even for us) other than the one the preserves us, is too hasty: this de facto condition of existence is perhaps only accidental, perhaps in no way necessary. Our cognitive apparatus is not designed for “knowledge.” The most firmly believed a priori “truths” are, for me—provisional assumption, exempli gratia, the law of causality, very well-rehearsed habits of believing, so deeply incorporated that not believing them would drive the race to extinction However, are they for that reason truths? What a conclusion! As if the truth could be proved by man’s continuing to exist! #RandolphHarris 17 of 22

In the cases of self-analysis which I have observed untoward consequences have never occurred. However, these observations are as yet too limited to produce any convincing statistical evidence; I could not say, for instance, that this unfortunate outcome has occurred in only one case out of a hundred. There are, however, good reasons to believe that the danger is so rare as to be negligible. Observation in every analysis shows that patients are well able to protect themselves from insights they are not yet able to receive. If they are given an interpretation that represent too great a threat to their security they may consciously reject it; of they may forget it, or invalidate its relevance for them, or ward it off with arguments, or simply resent it as unfair criticism. One may safely assume that these self-protective forces would operate also in self-analysis. A person attempting to analyze oneself would simply fail to make any self-observations that would lead to insights as yet intolerable. Or one would interpret them in such a way as to miss the essential point. Or one would merely try to correct quickly and superficially an attitude conceived by one as faulty, and thereby close the door to further investigation. Thus in self-analysis the actual danger would be less than in professional analysis, because the patient intuitively knows what to avoid while an analyst, even a sensitive one, may err and present to the patient a premature solution. Again the danger is one of futility through too much evasion of problems rather than of positive change. And if a person does work through to some insight deeply disturbing to one, I believe there are several considerations that we can rely on. #RandolphHarris 18 of 22

One of these considerations is that hitting upon some truth is not only disturbing but is also, and simultaneously, of a liberating quality. This liberating force inherent in any truth may supersede the disturbing effect from the beginning. If so, a feeling of relief will ensue immediately. However, even if the disturbing effect prevails, the discover of a truth about oneself still implies a dawning recognition of a way out; even if this is not seen clearly it will be felt intuitively and thus will engender strength to proceed further. A second factor to be considered is that even if a truth is deeply frightening there is something like a wholesome fright. If a person recognizes, for instance, that one has been secretly driving at self-destruction, one’s clear recognition of that drive is much less dangerous than letting it silently operate. The recognition is frightening, but it is bound to mobilize counteracting self-preserving energies, provided there is any will to live. And if there is no sufficient will to live, a person will go to pieces anyhow, analysis or no analysis. To express a similar thought in a more positive fashion: if a person has had sufficient courage to discover an unpleasant truth about oneself, one may safely trust one’s courage to be strong enough to carry one through. The mere fact that one has gone that far indicates that one’s will to come to grips with oneself is strong enough to prevent one from becoming crushed. However, the period between staring to grapple with a problem and solving and integrating it ma be prolonged in self-analysis. #RandolphHarris 19 of 22

Finally, we must not forget that really alarming disturbances in analysis rarely occur only because an interpretation cannot be properly grasped at the time. More frequently the real source of disquieting developments lies in the fact that the interpretation, or the analytical situation as a whole, stirs up hatred that is directed against the analyst. This hatred, if barred from awareness and thereby from expression, can enhance existing self-destructive tendencies. To let oneself go to pieces may then become a means of revenge against the analyst. If a person is confronted with an upsetting insight quite by oneself, there is almost nothing left but to fight it through with oneself. Or, to be cautious, the temptation to ward off the insight by making others responsible is lessened. The caution is warranted because, if the tendency to make others responsible for one’s shortcomings is strong anyhow, it may flare up also in self-analysis as soon as one realized a shortcoming, if one has not yet accepted the necessity of taking responsibility for oneself. Self-analysis is within the range of possibility, and the danger of its resulting in positive damage is comparatively slight. Certainly it has various drawbacks that are more or less serious in nature, ranging, briefly, from failure to prolongation of the process; it may take a considerably longer time to get hold of a problem and to solve it. However, against these drawbacks there are many factors which beyond doubt make self-analysis desirable. There are, to begin with, obvious external factors of the kind mentioned before. #RandolphHarris 20 of 22

Self-analysts would be desirable for those who because of money, time, or location cannot undertake regular treatment. If in the intervals between analytical sessions, and also during the sessions, they were inspired with the courage to do active and independent work on themselves, and even for those who are having treatment, it might shorten the procedure considerably. However, even apart from such blatant reasons, certain gains are beckoning to those who are capable of self-analysis which are more spiritual in character, ess tangible but not less real. These gains are an increase of inner strength and therefore of self-confidence. Every successful analysis increases self-confidence, but there is a certain extra gain in having conquered territory entirely through one’s own initiative, courage, and perseverance. This effect is the same in analysis as in other areas of life. To find a mountain path all by oneself gives a greater feeling of strength than to take a path that is shown, though the work put in is the same and the result is the same. Such achievement gives rise not only to a justifiable pride but also to a well-founded feeling of confidence in one’s capacity to meet predicaments and not to feel lost without guide. The existence of various values is implicit in the general criteria of mental illness or maladjustment. The difficulty in answering it (“What is a case?”) comes from the fact that inevitably at some place there is a value judgment involved. I think that mental health or mental sickness cannot be conceived of without reference to some basic value. We are all trained to exclude values from our thinking; and the way we try to exclude them is not to talk about them. A more appropriate manner of dealing with this basic difficulty is to spell out what the values are that underlie our particular concept of mental health or mental illness. #RandolphHarris 21 of 22

How do value systems relate to the problem of defining mental illness? In answering this question, we are helped to see that the diagnostic problem which superficially appears to be concrete and practical has roots in issues of an highly philosophical nature. A value system may place major worth on the individual or on society—actions may be preferred that augment the states of the individual at the expense of the group, or choices may be made that enhance the strength of society to the relative disregard of the individual. Recognition of the right to “conscientious objection” during wartime is expressive of a value system in which the individual’s scruples are given priority over what conceivably could be the nation’s security. By contrast, laws such as the ill-fated Prohibition Act are expressive of a value orientation in which the presumed welfare of society is predominant over individual freedom. All those who toil ere, yet they pass from childhood’s years, who live in squalor, pale and gaunt, to every evil a prey;–to human greed these all are slaves, and we must set them free. Why then, with plenty everywhere, should humans still lack their bread? Justice hall we pp as waters, and righteousness as a mighty stream. Manifest Destiny is the way to save the World. Humans shall do no evil and work no destruction, for the Earth shall be filled with the knowledge of the Lord, as the waters cover the sea. I pledge allegiance to the flag of the United States of America, and to the republic for which it stands, one nation, under God indivisible with liberty and justice for all. This holiday season, please open your hearts and make a donation to the Sacramento Fire Department. They are not receiving all of their resources and have proudly been risking their lives to save the community since 1851. #RandolphHarris 22 of 22

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