The heart that leaps at the thought that life has some higher meaning, some better worth has learned the art of living. There is only one way under high Heaven to get anybody to do anything. Did you ever stop to think of that? Yes, just one way. And that is by making the other person want to do it. Remember, there is no other way. Of course, you can make someone want to give his or her Rolex watch by sticking a revolver in his or her ribs. You can make your employees give you cooperation—until your back is turned—by threatening to fire them. You can make a child do what you want it to do by a whip or a threat. However, these crude methods have sharply undesirable repercussions. The only way I can get you to do anything is by giving you what you want. What do you want? Dr. Sigmund Freud said that everything you and I do springs from two motives: pleasures of the flesh and the desire to be great. John Dewey, one of America’s most profound philosophers, phrased it a bit differently. Dr. Dewey said that the deepest urge in human nature is “the desire to be important.” Remember that phrase: “the desire to be important.” It is significant. You are going to hear a lot about it in these reports. What do you want? Not many things, but the few things that you do wish, you crave with an insistence that will be denied. Some of the things most people want include: Health and the preservation of life, food, sleep, money and the things money will buy, life in the hereafter, gratification involving pleasures of the flesh, the well-being of our children, a feeling of importance. #RandolphHarris 1 of 21

Almost all these wants are usually gratified—all except one. However, there is one longing—almost as deep, almost as imperious, as the desire for food or sleep—which is seldom gratified. It is what Dr. Freud calls “the desire to be great.” It is what Dr. Dewey calls the “desire to be important.” President Lincoln once began a letter saying: “Everybody likes a compliment.” William James said: “The deepest principle in human nature is the craving to be appreciated.” He did not speak, mind you, of the “wish” or the “desire” or the “longing” to be appreciated. He said the “caring” to be appreciated. Here is a gnawing and unflattering human hunger, and the rare individual who honestly satisfies this heart hunger will hold people in the palm of his or her hand and “even the undertaker will be sorry when he dies.” The desire for a feeling of importance is one of the chief distinguishing differences between mankind and the animals. To illustrate: When I was a farm boy out in San Jose, my father bred fine Duroc-Jersey hogs and pedigreed white-face cattle. We used to exhibit our hogs and white-face cattle at the country fairs and livestock shows throughout the Middle West. We won first prizes by the score. My father pinned his blue ribbons on a sheet of white muslin, and when friends or visitors came to the house, he would get out the long sheet of muslin. He would hold one end and I would hold the other while he exhibited the blue ribbons. The hogs did not care about the ribbons they had won. However, Father did. These prices gave him a feeling of importance. #RandolphHarris 2 of 21

If our ancestors had not had this flaming urge for a feeling of importance, civilization would have been impossible. Without it, we should have been just about like animals. It was this desire for a feeling of importance that led some law books he found in the bottom of a barrel of household plunder that he had bought for fifty cents. You have probably heard of this grocery clerk. His name was Lincoln. It was this desire for a feeling of importance that inspired Dickens to write his immortal novels. This desire inspired Sir Christopher Wren to design his symphonies in stone. This desire made Rockefeller amass millions that he never spent! And this same desire made the richest family in your town build a house for too large for its requirements. This desire makes you want to wear the latest styles, drive the latest cars, and talk about your brilliant children. It is this desire that lures many boys and girls into joining gangs and engaging in criminal activities. The average young criminal, according to E. P. Mulrooney, onetime police commissioner of New York, is filled with ego, and his first request after arrest is for those lurid newspapers that make him out a hero. The disagreeable prospect of serving time seems remote so long as he can gloat over his likeness sharing space with pictures of sports figures, movie and TV stars and politicians. If you tell me how you get your feeling of importance, I will tell you what you are. That determines your character. That is the most significant thing about you. For example, John. D. Rockefeller got his feeling of importance by giving money to erect a modern hospital in Peking, China, to care for millions of poor people whom he had never seen and never would see. #RandolphHarris 3 of 21

Dillinger, on the other hand, got his feeling of importance by being a bandit, a bank robber and killer. When the FBI agents were hunting him, he dashed into a farmhouse up in Minnesota and said, “I’m Dillinger!” He was proud of the fact that he was Public Enemy Number One. “I’m not going to hurt you, but I’m Dillinger!” he said. Yes, the one significant difference between Dillinger and Rockefeller is how they got their feelings of importance. History sparkles with amusing examples of famous people struggling for a feeling of importance. Even George Washington wanted to be called “His Mightiness, the President of the United States of America”; and Columbus pleaded for the title “Admiral of the Ocean and Viceroy of India.” Catherine the Great refused to open letters that were not addressed to “Her Imperial Majesty”; and Mrs. Lincoln, in the White House, turned upon Mrs. Grant like a tigress and shouted, “How dare you be seated in my presence until I invite you!” Our millionaires helped finance Admiral Byrd’s expedition to the Antarctic in 1928 with the understanding that ranges of icy mountains would be named after them, and Victor Hugo aspired to have nothing less than the city of Paris renamed in his honor. Even Shakespeare, mightiest of the mighty, tried to add luster to his name by procuring a coat of arms for his family. People sometimes became invalids in order to win sympathy and attention, and get a feeling of importance. For example, take Mrs. McKinley. She got a feeling of importance by forcing her husband, the President of the United States of America, to neglect important affairs of state while he reclined on the bed beside her for hours, at a time, his arm about her, soothing her to sleep. #RandolphHarris 4 of 21

She fed her gnawing desire for attention by insisting that he remain with her while she was having her teeth fixed, and once created a stormy scene when he had to leave her alone with the dentists while he kept an appointment with John Hay, his secretary of states. The writer Mary Roberts Rinehart once told me of a bright, vigorous young woman who became an invalid in order to get a feeling of importance. “One day,” said Mrs. Rinehart, “this woman had been obliged to face something, her age perhaps. The lonely years were stretching ahead and there was little left for her to anticipate. She took to her bed; and for ten years her old mother traveled to the third floor and back, carrying trays, nursing her. Then one day the old mother, weary with service, lay down and died. For some weeks, the invalid languished; then she got up, put on her clothing, and resumed living again. Some authorities declare that people may actually go insane in order to find, in the dreamland of importance that has been denied them in the harsh World of reality. There are more patients suffering from mental diseases in the United States of American than from all other diseases combined. What is the cause of insanity? Nobody can answer such a sweeping question, but we know that certain diseases, such as syphilis, break down and destroy the brain cells and result in insanity. In fact, about one-half of all mental diseases can be attributed to such physical causes as brain lesions, alcohol, toxins and injuries. However, the other half—and this is the appalling part of the story—the other half of the people who go insane apparently have nothing organically wrong with their brain cells. #RandolphHarris 5 of 21

In post-mortem examinations, when their brain tissues are studied under the highest-powered microscopes, these tissues are found to be apparently just as healthy as yours and mine. Why do these people go insane? The head physician of one of our most important psychiatric hospitals, who received the highest honors and the most coveted awards for his knowledge of the subject, told me frankly that the did not know why people went insane. Nobody knew for sure. However, he did say that many people who go insane find insanity a feeling of importance that they were unable to achieve in the World of reality. As already suggested, when individuals come into one another’s immediate presence in circumstances where no spoken communication is called for, they none the less inevitably engage one another in communication of a sort, for in all situations, significance is ascribed to certain matters that are not necessarily connected with particular verbal communications. These comprise bodily appearance and personal acts: dress, bearing, movement and position, sound level, physical gestures such as waving or saluting, facial decorations, and broad emotional expression. In every society these communication possibilities are institutionalized. While many such usable events may be neglected, at least some are likely to be regularized and accorded a common meaning. Half-aware that a certain aspect of one’s activity is available for all present to perceive, the individual tends to modify this activity, employing it with its public character in mind. Sometimes, in fact, he may employ these signs solely because they can be witnessed. #RandolphHarris 6 of 21

And even if those in his presence are not quite conscious of the communication they are receiving, they will none the less sense something sharply amiss should the uncustomary be conveyed. There is, then, a body symbolism, an idiom of individual appearances and gestures that tends to call forth in the actor what it calls forth in the others, the others drawn from those, and only those, who are immediately present. Now these embodied expressive signs can function to qualify others and thus play a role in focused interaction of, say, a conversational gathering. However, it is the special character of many of these events, when seen as communications, that they cannot be easily focused or shielded, tending, in the extreme, to be accessible to everyone in the situation at large. Further, while these signs seem ill suited for extended discursive messages, in contrast to speech, they do seem well designed to convey information about the actor’s social attributes and about one’s conceptions of oneself, of the other present, and of the setting. These signs, then, form the basis of unfocused interaction, even though they can also play a role in the focused kind. In this realm of unfocused interaction, no one participant can be officially “given the floor”; there is no official center of attention. #RandolphHarris 7 of 21

Although the individual may exert special care over this kind of conduct in order to make a good impression on a particular person in the setting—as when a girl wears a perfume she knows her boyfriend likes—such a performance tends to be presented as if it were primarily for the benefit of everyone in the vicinity. Body idiom, then, is a conventionalized discourse. Those who really like you and do not resent your success or happiness will understand if your technique is explained to them. If things are not going the way you would like and you change your speech pattern and your few so-called “friends” say they “liked you better the way you were,” you may assume that means they liked to see you held down and getting nowhere fast! This applies to all changes self-development may bring about in your appearance and personality that will gain your new powers of enchantment. Aggressive men tend to want to be fought, not express love. So if you are not into intimate partner violence, it is best to avoid those types. That old-time fundamentalist coined the term, “demon rum” because liquor does not bring out the spirits in us, but more often than not, the demon. The demonic, however, is not always bad. Music is considered to be a gift from Satan. The demonic element of any musician will be exercised in one’s musical instrument. Small wonder professional musicians are already “in love” and present an attractive challenge. When one has no other love, one will employ a representation of one’s Demonic layer in the form of they musical instrument one will love. #RandolphHarris 8 of 21

Many women, and especially those who are inclined to be predators, are decidedly masculine in their drives. The biggest threat to any man is that which attacks his ego in a feminine form. The most aggressive male will be a willing “slave,” so long as his ultimate male ego is allowed to remain intact. Once a man has been charmed by a woman, he should be unable to resist whatever he wishes might be. The more a man is secure in his manhood, the less aggressive he is when it comes to pleasures of the flesh. This is a rule all women must learn. The person who torments others at the drop of a hat is the masochist, because he secretly wishes to be beaten for his rude and offensive behavior and does what he can to engender such retribution. Such is the overly-aggressive male, who paws every woman he comes near. This type of man seldom gets his come-uppance at the hands of a real woman, because women instinctively think of him as a dominant and aggressive type, when actually, he is crying out to be mastered. All that needs to be done is to act as brash and insulting as possible and he will fall helplessly in love with you. However, because he may react violently, I would recommend just leaving him alone. If a man’s Demonic is careered to in another form, leaving him with a care like himself, he may not need you at all, but at least you know you will not be competing with a BMW! There tends to be agreement not only about the meaning of behaviors that are seen but also about the behaviors that ought to be show. #RandolphHarris 9 of 21

Although an individual can stop talking, he cannot stop communicating through body idiom; he must say either the right thing or the wrong thing. He cannot say nothing. Paradoxically, the way in which he can give the least amount of information about oneself—although this is still appreciable—is to fit in and act as persons of his kind are expected to act. (The fact that information about self can be held back in this way is one motive for maintaining the proprieties.) Finally, it should be noted that while no one in a society is likely to be in a position to employ the whole expressive idiom, or even a major part of it, nevertheless everyone will possess some knowledge of the same vocabulary of body symbols. Indeed, the understanding of a common body idiom is one reason for calling an aggregate of individuals a society. This brings us to a final set of observations about the creation and destruction of variety. Typically, real populations have finite numbers of discrete agents. This means that the destruction of agents or strategies can result in the complete loss of all instances of some type. In many conventional theories for analyzing populations this is not so. Those theories are often based on assumptions of continuous variables. Some complexity researchers have taken to calling this the nano-fox property, after conventional predator-prey models that have continuous numbers of animals in them, growing and shrinking by proportionality constants. In such conventional models a tiny fraction of each animal type is always around, so that no matter how severe the starvation, the predator population will rebound as soon as prey return. There is no complete extinction in such models. A nano-fox is always lurking in the shadows. #RandolphHarris 10 of 21

However, in real populations the difference between having a few animals and zero animals is usually not just a little extra waiting time. Recreating a lost type is very unlikely, and occupation of the vacant ecological niche by another species is far more to be expected. Because Complex Adaptive Systems researchers are especially interested in variety, they often use modeling tools that allow genuine extinction. This is much more than a minor difference about the technical tools of systems modeling. The tools embody widespread habits of thinking about variation. A habit of ignoring the sharp effect of an extinction is inconsistent with many important social and policy settings. The legal system distinguishes death from the most severe and permanent incapacitation. Bankruptcy has quite different effects on a firm’s history than mere extreme debt. These “zero points” in social situations correspond to shape changes in the later dynamics. Compare what can happen before of after the last speaker of a language dies or the last copy of an ancient manuscript is lost. Our way of thinking about variety has to capture these compelling aspects of social life. A related notion in continuous modeling traditions is that all possible types already exist in tiny quantities. This is akin to Plato’s notion of discovery as a form of remembering truths already dimly known. Again, the Complex Adaptive Systems view is based on a discrete view of events and entities. It therefore suggests that a new idea may not simply be waiting in the wings for the circumstances that will bring it rapidly to prominence. It matters enormously whether the number of people who have thought of it is one or zero. #RandolphHarris 11 of 21

We see this when we observe, once a theorem is known to be true, how readily theorists obtain the second and subsequent—shorter and more elegant—proofs. The distinction has relevance for policy strategies such as “counting on the market to find a solution,” which can be expected to work far more rapidly and reliably in domains where several approaches have been partially worked out, as opposed to domains in which a feasible approach is yet to be conceived. The underlying source of this sharp effect of zero is that copying mechanisms work quite differently from mechanisms that recombine types in context. Consider human imitation. A copying process can rapidly spread an existing type, such as double-entry bookkeeping or the Grameen banking system for microcredit. However, simple imitation—even with random error—will only very rarely invent new innovations are the result of processes like crossover for constraint relaxation. A type may spread rapidly by copying once an instance of it exists, but the time required for mechanisms to create an instance of a particular type can be very long. While reproduction can be quick, creation may require a long wait. This argument about the special value of rare types has become very visible in recent years through debates about preserving plant species for future medicinal incubation of small businesses and preservation of skills that are vanishing in the Information Revolution. #RandolphHarris 12 of 21

Variety plays a crucial role in Complex Adaptive Systems. Our focus has been on mechanisms that create and destroy variety in populations of agents. These are fundamental to the way populations of agents change their composition over time. They include simple copying, copying with the introduction of errors, and recombining mechanisms that create new types by systematically reusing or modifying old ones. The notion of type makes it easier to discuss the categories of which agents are instances and the way that the mechanisms alter a population’s variety. We have shown that there is a fundamental trade-off between exploitation and exploration, between creating agents or strategies similar to types that have already been successful and creating agents or strategies that are likely to be substantially novel. We examined four factors that may reduce the relative cost of exploration: long time horizons, fast and reliable feedback, low risk of catastrophe from exploration, and danger in the status quo. Finally, extinction of types is especially significant in Complex Adaptive Systems. Shortly after its creation, a good new type of agent or strategy may be a rarity. Chance events when frequencies are low can have large effects, as valuable rare types (new or old) can be lost, or amplified into a more secure and effective role in population. We have examined the way that new types can arise among agents or strategies. We are now ready to consider patterns of agent interaction and how they influence the development of agent populations. Who interacts with whom in a complex system, and what difference does that pattern of interactions make? #RandolphHarris 13 of 21

In the 1980s, at the very height of the merger mania, businesses “discovered” the profit center. With an enthusiastic rush, companies began to break themselves into a larger number of units, each of which was told to operate as though it were an independent small business. By doing so, the largest corporations began shifting from monolithic internal structures to mosaics made of scores, often hundreds of independently accounted units. While few managers realized it, this restructure was propelled by changes in the knowledge system. The idea of setting up separate profit centers inside the same firm was hardly new. However, it was resisted in the pre-computer age because it implied a significant loss of control by top management. Even after the mainframe computer arrived on the scene, it was difficult for companies to monitor the operations of large numbers of separately accounted “centers.” It was not until personal computers began showing up in businesses en masse that the profit-center idea began to win serious attention in executive boardrooms. However, more precondition was needed. The micros had to be networked to mainframes. Once this began to happen in the 1980s, the profit-center concept caught fire. At first, stand-alone microcomputers shifted power downward. Armed with these new tools, junior executives and even rank-and-file employees tasted an unaccounted degree of power and autonomy. However, once the micros were connected to central mainframes, they also allowed top management to keep tabs on key parameters in a multiplicity of small units. It became practical to grant these units considerable freedom while still holding them financially accountable. #RandolphHarris 14 of 21

The information revolution thus began to widen the gulf between finance and operations, making it possible for financial concentration to go hand in hand with a considerable de-concentration of operational power. At present, most profit centers are still only mirror images of the parent firm, baby bureaucracies hived off from the mother bureaucracy. As we advance toward the flex-firm, however, these will begin to diversify organizationally, and form themselves into mosaics of a new kind. At S. Appolinare Nuovo in Ravennea a procession of saints is pictured on a mosaic wall. Imagine, however, a kind of kinetic mosaic, a moving mosaic composed not on a flat solid wall, but on many shifting see-through panels, one behind the other, overlapping, interconnected, the colors and shapes continually blending, contrasting, and changing. Paralleling the new ways that knowledge is organized in data bases, this begins to suggest the future form of the enterprise and of the economy itself. Instead of a power-concentrating hierarchy, dominated by a few central organizations, we move toward a multidimensional mosaic form of power. The basic properties of clarity, niceness, provocability, and forgiveness seem likely to be true of any good rule of behavior for extricating oneself from a prisoners’ dilemma. However, for tit-for-tat is too quick to punish someone who has a history of cooperating. We need to find a strategy that is more discriminating: it should be more forgiving when a defection appears to be an exception, and it should punish when defection appears to be the rule. #RandolphHarris 15 of 21

You can consider the following guidelines as a step in that direction. Begin cooperating. Continue cooperating. Keep count of how many times the other side appears to have defected while you have cooperated. If this percentage becomes unacceptable, revert to tit-for-tat. Note that unlike before, tit-for-tat is the punishment if it appears that the other side is trying to take advantage of you. To determine what is unacceptable percentage of defections, you need to know both a short-, medium, and long-term history of the other side’s actions. The long run is not enough. Just because someone has been cooperating for a long time does not mean that he will not take advantage of you while he runs down his reputation. You also need to know “What have you done for me lately?” Here is an example of one such strategy. It is nicer, more forgiving, not quite as provovable, and a little more complicated than tit-for-tat. Start cooperating and continue to do so until one of the four tests below fails. First impression: A defection on the first move is unacceptable. Revert to tit-for-tat. Short term: Two defections in any three turns is unacceptable. Revert to tit-for-tat. Medium term: Three defections out of the last twenty periods is unacceptable. Revert to tit-for-tat. Long term: Five defection out of the last one hundred periods is unacceptable. Revert to tit-for-tat. The punishment of tit-for-tat need not last forever. Keep track of how often the other side had violated any of these four tests. On the first violation, return to cooperation after twenty periods of the tit-for-tat “echo” of alternating defections. #RandolphHarris 16 of 21

However, put the other side on probation. Reduce the number of defections allowed in the medium- and long-term tests by one. If the other side does not violate the probation for fifty periods, then strike the record clean and return to the original standards. If the other side violates the probation, resort to tit-for-tat forever. The exact rules for this, short-term, medium-term, and long-term impressions will depend on the probabilities of error or misperception, the importance you place on future gains and current losses, and so on. However, this type of strategy is likely to outperform tit-for-tat in the imperfect real World. The important principle to remember is that when misperceptions are possible, you should not punish every defection you see. You have to make a guess as to whether a misperception has occurred, either by you or by your partner. This extra forgiveness allows others to cheat a little on you. However, if they cheat, they use up their goodwill. When the eventual misperceptions arise you will no longer be inclined to let the incident pass. Oppportunism on the part of your opponent will be self-defeating. What might have been—and what could still give hope to the World’s dispirited Muslim youth—is the fact that knowledge increasingly defines the line between wealth and poverty, between capability and powerlessness and between human fulfillment and frustration. A country able to mobilize and diffuse knowledge can rapidly raise its level of development, help all its citizens to grow and flourish and take its proper place on the 21^st Century global stage. #RandolphHarris 17 of 21

The Arab World is based on five principles: Freedom of opinion, expression and association. Quality of education…available to all. Embedding science in Arab society…and joining the information revolution decisively. Shifting rapidly toward knowledge-based and higher-value-added production. Developing an enlightened Arab knowledge model that encourages critical thinking, problem solving and creativity, while promoting the Arabic language, cultural diversity and openness to other cultures. A large part of Arab economic activity is concentrated on primary commodities, as in agriculture, which remains largely traditional while at the same time, the share of the capital goods industry and of industries embodying higher technology continues to shrink. Access to digital media is among the lowest in the World, but in terms of computers per population and Internet access. Scientific R&D figures are equally telling. The number of scientists and engineers in R&D in the Arab World per million people is approximately a third that of the World rate, according to the report. And while Arabs constitute 5 percent of the World population, Arab countries publish only 1.1 percent of its books. A key point made by the team is the degree to which Islam, at lest in the Arab World, cuts itself off from the ideas, knowledge and innovative thinking in the rest of the World. Isolation from the rest of mankind, inward-looking in a closed circuit, surrounded by a wall without doors does not mean Muslim identity. #RandolphHarris 18 of 21

Contrast that with the Islamist vision of yesterday imposed on tomorrow. In terms of the deep fundamentals of time, space and, above all, knowledge, therefore, Islamic terrorist promise murder to the outside World—and nothing but misery with their own. We have devoted more space to Islam and the Middle East and their lost opportunities because of current urgencies, but Africa and Latin America, too, must face the future. They seethe with wave conflicts over land ownership, urban poverty, agribusiness, indigenous tribes, ethnicity and the environment, intensified and complicated by racism and narco-terrorism. The United States of America has been so preoccupied with the Middle East that it has paid too little attention to these other volcanic rumbles—especially those in an angry South America about to erupt. Shortages often spur environmental damage. Faced with a food shortage, herdsmen can graze grassland down to bare dirt. Faced with an energy shortage, industrial countries can approve destructive projects. The growth of population and the consumption of resources by twentieth-century industry have placed growing pressures on Earth’s ability to support us in the manner to which we have become accustomed. The resource problem will look quite different in the twenty-first century, with a new technology base. Today, we cut trees and mine iron for structures. #RandolphHarris 19 of 21

We pump oil and mine goal for our energy. Even cement is born in the flames of burning fossil fuels. Almost everything we build, almost everything we make, consumes something ripped from the Earth. This need not continue. Our civilization uses materials for many things, but mainly to make things with a certain size, shape, and strength. These structural uses include everything from fibers in clothing to paving in roads, and most of the mass of furniture, walls, cars, spacecraft, computers—indeed, most of the mass of almost every product we build and use. The best structural materials use carbon, in forms like diamond and graphite. With elements from air and water, carbon makes up the polymers of wool and polyester, and of wood and nylon. A twenty-first century civilization could mine the atmosphere for carbon, extracting over 300 billion tons before lowering the CO2 concentration back to its natural, pre-industrial level. For a population of 10 billion, this would be enough to give ever family a large house with lightweight but steel-strong walls, with 95 percent left over. Atmospheric garbage is an ample source of structural materials, with no need to cut trees or dig iron ore. Plants show that carbon can be used to build solar collectors. Laboratory work shows that carbon compounds can be better conductors than copper. A whole power system could be built without even touching the rich resources of metal buried in garbage dumps. Carbon can make windows, of plastic or diamond. Carbon can make things colorful with organic dyes. Carbon can be used to build nanocomputers, and will be the chief component of high-performance nanomachines of all kinds. The other components in all these materials are hydrogen, nitrogen, and oxygen, all found in air and water. Other elements are useful, but seldom necessary. Traces would often be ample. #RandolphHarris 20 of 21

With a new technology base making recycling easy, there need be no steady depletion of Earth’s resources, just to keep a civilization running. The sketch just made shows that recycling just one form of garbage—excess atmospheric CO2—can provide most needs. Even 10 billon wealthy people would not need to strip the Earth of resources. They could make do with what we have already dug up and thrown away, and they would not even need all of that. In short, a twenty-first-century industry, supplemented with modest amounts of air, water, and sunlight. This will not necessarily happen, yet the very fact that it is possible gives a better sense of what the new technology base can mean for the relationship between humanity, resources, and the Earth. Green products are ones that: are not dangerous to the health of people or animals. Do not cause damage to the environment during manufacture, use, or disposal. Does not consume a disproportionate amount of energy and other resources during manufacture, use, or disposal. Does not cause unnecessary waste, due either to excessive packaging or to a short useful life. Does not involve the unnecessary use of or cruelty to animals. Does not use materials derived from threatened species or environments. Ideally, does not trade price, quality, nutrition, or convenience for environmental quality. With its ability to make almost anything at low cost—including products designed for extreme safety, durability, efficiency—without mining, logging, harming animals or environments, or producing toxic wastes, molecular manufacturing will make possible greener products than any yet seen in a store. Nanotechnology can replace old wealth with green wealth. And instead of focusing on reduce emission from cows, how about we eliminate leaf blowers, they cause so much sound pollution and air pollution and waste tones of water because people have to wash their cars more due to the dirt they blow around. #RandolphHarris 21 of 21

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Being gunned down in a shower of lead is the growing fear many people face as crime soars out of control in America. Guns are not the problem, but more than likely socioeconomic conditions, felon coddling policies, corruption, and people being allowed to evade the law are. On May 7, 1931, the most sensational manhunt New York City had ever known had come to its climax. After weeks of search, “Two Gun” Crowley—the killer, the gunman who did not some or drink—was at bay, trapped in his sweetheart’s apartment on West End Avenue. One hundred and fifty policemen and detectives laid siege to his top-floor hideaway. They chopped hoes in the roof; they tried to smoke out Crowley, the “cop killer,” with teargas. Then they mounted their machine guns on surrounding buildings, and for more than an hour one of New York’s fine residential areas reverberated with the crack of pistol fire and the rat-tat-tat of machine guns. Crowley, crouching behind an overstuffed chair, fired incessantly at the police. Ten thousand excited people watched the battle. Nothing like it had ever been seen before on the sidewalks of New York. When Crowley was captured, Police Commissioner E. P. Mulrooney declared that the two-gun desperado was one of the most dangerous criminals ever encountered in the history of New York. “He will kill,” said the Commissioner, “at the drop of a feather.” However, how did “Two Gun” Crowley regard himself? We know, because the police were firing into his apartment, he wrote, the blood flowing from his wounds left a crimson trail on the paper. #RandolphHarris 1 of 22

In this letter Crowley said: “Under my coat is a weary heart, but a kind one—one that would do nobody any harm.” A short time before this, Crowley had been having a necking party with his girl friend on a country road out on Long Island. Suddenly a policeman walked up to the car and said: “Let me see your license.” Without saying a word, Crowley drew his gun and cut the policeman down with a shower of lead. (This is why tinted front windows are illegal in California). As the dying officer fell, Crowley leaped out of the car, grabbed the officer’s revolver, and fired another bullet into the prostrate body. And that was the killer who said: “under my coat is a weary heart, but a kind one—one that would do nobody any harm.” Crowley was sentenced to the electric chair. When he arrived at the death house in Sing Sing, did he say, “This is what I get for killing people”? No, he said: “This is what I get for defending myself.” “Two Gun” Crowley did not blame himself for anything. Is that an unusual attitude among criminals? If you think so, listen to this. “I have spent the best years of my life giving people the lighter pleasures, helping them have a good time, and all I get is abuse, the existence of a hunted man.” That is Al Capone speaking. Yes, America’s most notorious Public Enemy—the most sinister gang leader who ever shot up Chicago. Capone did not condemn himself. He actually regarded himself as a public benefactor—an unappreciated and misunderstood public benefactor. And so did Dutch Schultz before he crumpled up under gangster bullets in Newark. Dutch Schultz, one of New York’s most notorious rats, said in a newspaper interview that he was a public benefactor. And he believed it. #RandolphHarris 2 of 22

I have had some interesting correspondence with Lewis Lawes, who was warden of New York’s infamous Sing Sing prison for many years, on this subject, and he declared that “few of the criminals in Sing Sing regard themselves as bad men” or women. “They are just as human as you and I. So they rationalize, they explain. They can tell you why they had to crack a safe or be quick on the trigger finger. Most of them attempt by a form of reasoning, fallacious or logical, to justify their antisocial acts even to themselves, consequently stoutly maintaining that they should never have been imprisoned at all.” If Al Capone, “Two Gun” Crowley, Dutch Schutlz, and the desperate men and women behind prison walls do not blame themselves for anything—what bout the people with whom you and I come in contact with? A wrong idea which people have or which belongs particularly to our times, is that understanding can be different, that people can—that is, have the right—to understand the same thing differently. This is quite wrong from the point of view of the system. Understanding cannot be different. There can only be one understanding, the rest is non-understanding, or incomplete understanding. However, at the same time people often think that they understand things differently. We can see examples of this every day. How can we find an explanation of this seeming contradiction? In reality, there is no contradiction. Understanding means understanding of a part in relation to the whole. #RandolphHarris 3 of 22

However, the idea of the whole can be very different in people according to their knowledge and being. This is why the system is again necessary. People learn to understand by understanding the system and everything else in relation to the system. However, speaking on an ordinary level without the idea of a school or a system one must admit that there are as many understandings as there are many people. Everyone understands everything in one’s own way or according to one or another mechanical training or habit; but this is all a subjective and relative understanding. The way to objective understanding lies through school systems and the change of being. In order to explain this I must return to the division of man into seven categories. You must realize that there is a great difference between men no. 1, 2, and 3 on one hand and men of higher categories on the other hand. In reality the difference is much greater than we can imagine. It is so great that all life from this point of view is regarded as being divided into two concentric circles—the inner circle and the outer circle of humanity. To the inner circle belong men no. 5, 6, and 7; to the outer circle, men no. 1, 2, and 3. Men no. 4 are on the threshold of the inner circle, or between the two circles. The inner circle is in its turn divided into three concentric circles; the innermost, to which belong men no. 7, the middle, to which belong men no. 6, and the outer-inner circle, to which belong men no. 5. #RandolphHarris 4 of 22

This division does not concern us at the moment. For us, the three inner circles form one inner circle. The outer circle, in which we live, has several names, designating its different features. It is called the mechanical circle, because everything happens there, everything is mechanical, and the people who live there are machines. It is also called the circle of the confusion of tongues, because people who live in this circle all speak in different languages and never understand one another. Everyone understands everything differently. We have come to a very interesting definition of understanding. It is something that belongs to the inner circle of humanity and does not belong to us at all. In men in the outer circle realize that that do not understand one another, and if they feel the need of understanding, they must try to penetrate into the inner circle, because understanding between people is possible only there. Schools of different kinds serve as gates through which people can pass into the inner circles. However, this penetration into the inner circle higher in comparison with the one in which a man is born requires long and difficult work. The very first step in this work is the study of a new language. You ma ask: “What is this language we are studying?” It is the language of the inner circle, the language in which people can understand one another. #RandolphHarris 5 of 22

You must realize that standing, so to speak, outside the inner circle we can know only the rudiments of this language. However, even those rudiments will help us to understand one another better than we could even understand without them. The three inner circles have each a language of their own. We are studying the language of the outer of the inner circles. People in the outer-inner circle study the language of the idle circle, and people in the middle circle study the language of the innermost circle. If you ask e how all this can be proved, it can only be proved by further study of oneself and further observation. If we find that with the study of the system we can understand ourselves and other people, or for instance, certain books, or certain ideas better than we could understand them before, and particularly if we find definite facts which show that this new understanding develops, that will be, if not proof, at least a sign of the possibility of proof. We must remember that our understanding, exactly as our consciousness, is not always on the same level. It is always moving up and down. That means that at one moment we understand more, and at another moment we understand less. If we notice these differences of understanding in ourselves, we shall be able to realize that there is a possibility, first, of keeping to those higher levels of understanding, and second, of surpassing them. However, theoretical study is not sufficient. You must work on your being and on the change of your being. #RandolphHarris 6 of 22

If you formulate your aim from the point of view that you wish to understand other people, you must remember one very important school principle: you can understand other people only as much as you understand yourself and only on the level of your own being. This means that you can judge other people’s knowledge, but you cannot judge their being. You can see in them only as much as you have in yourself. However, people always make the mistake of thinking that they can judge other people’s being. In reality, if they wish to meet and understand people of higher development than themselves they must work with the aim of changing their being. In many easy-going and steady types a few drinks will trigger an oft-times welcome loss of inhibitions more readily than with any other category. These are the normally consistent and dependable types, who have one drink too many and wind up getting in a fight, taking their clothes off, or wetting their pants. The most important rule to remember, concerning alcohol, is that whatever form it is taken in will have the effect of brining the qualities of the Demonic to the surface. Thus, a normally jolly person, when drunk, will become a morose, dour and cynical person. The dry, technical person will turn into a sort of arrested development life of the party, who might even sing a ribald song he learned in high school. The strong assertive person will become sentimental, nostalgic, maudlin over youthful errors and lost romance and might even cry in one’s bonded whiskey. #RandolphHarris 7 of 22

The bank clerk will relive the beach at Anzio; and the individual who is usually bouncing around like a rubber ball, will be found in a darkened corner, morosely serious over what one feels is one’s lack of accomplishment and how people do not know what one is going though. When that old-time fundamentalist coined the term, “demon rum, he never knew how right he was! Since different participants in a social occasion may perform quite different roles, it might be argued that what is an occasion of play for one individual may be an occasion of work for another, as in the case of the guest and the servant at a party. Nevertheless, too much relativity is not justified. However differently participants may feel about a past social occasion, they can presumable agree as to which occasion they are talking about. Further, one who must work during and at an occasion they are talking about. Further, one who must work during and at an occasion defined for play still knows that his job locates him in a play occasion, not in a serious one, the fact that it does being an important job-contingency from him. There is another sense, however, in which multiple social realities can occur in the same place. Once a social situation is referred back to the social occasion that sets the tone for the gathering in it, we must admit the possibility that the same physical space may be caught within the domain of two different social occasions. The social situation then may be the scene of potential or actual conflict between the sets of regulations that ought to govern. #RandolphHarris 8 of 22

Note the famous conflict of definitions in the situation between summer tourists, who would like to extend summer-resort informality to the stores in the local town, and the natives, who would like to preserve proper business decorum in such places. Even within the same social establishment it is possible to find these overlapping definitions in the situation. Thus, in an office building or library where a rather strict decorum may obtain, the maintenance crews may see the occasion quite differently: they may work in profane clothing, run down the hallway when a quick repair is required, enter rooms at will, shout easily down the hall, plug a portable radio into the outlet nearest to their work, and maintain a level of conversational loudness quite prohibited to the office staff. Here we find something more than different roles in the same occasion, for no single main activity may be accorded precedence, at least in the short run. The social situations that occur in these overlapping behavior settings support gatherings tht possess a special type of normative disorganization. The possibility that the same physical space can come to be used as a setting for more than one social occasion, and hence as a locus for more than one set of expectations, is regularly recognized in society and typically restricted. Thus, in the important case of public streets, there is a tendency in Western society to define these places as the scene of an overriding social occasion to which other occasions ought to be subordinated. Potentially competing definitions in the situation then give way to a kind of public decorum. #RandolphHarris 9 of 22

This decorum itself, of course, is typically subverted momentarily by parades, convention antics, marriage and funeral processions, ambulances, and fire trucks, all of which impress their special tone upon the public ear for a brief times. In the military case, younger officers become interested in new possibilities. They find opportunities to experiment. Some of them are supported and protected by more senior officers who are sympathetic. As their careers advance, they get continuing opportunities to refine their ideas on things like naval aviation, tank tactics, or airborne logistics. And their careers give them access to increasing resources for testing their ideas in field exercises and war games. At some point combat situations arise in which some of these ideas are put to the most stringent tests. Eventually, some of these idea-bearing officers may be able to forge an entire career system for other officers who want to pursue some new mode of combat. This is what happened to Admiral William Moffett, whose career became synonymous with the rise of naval aviation. It is also the story of Admiral Hyman Rickover and the development of nuclear submarine forces, although both officers entered into the new area midway through their careers. The problem facing today’s makers of military personnel policy is that no one can know which young officers have the key ideas for surprising new operational concepts of the next decade. #RandolphHarris 10 of 22

By definition, the big surprises are those deviating enough from incremental change that they cannot be confidently foreseen. As a result, the specialists within the military services who make personnel decisions face precisely the kind of hard-to-predict situation that is common in Complex Adaptive Systems. The British, for example, could not foresee that merging their early naval flyers into the newly formed Royal Air Force, which was dominated by long-rage bomber pilots, would seriously interfere with efforts to implement technical innovations that could apply to aircraft carriers. While most of the technical advances required for carrier combat were made in British experiments, those new technologies and methods ended up being fully exploited by American navel flyers and commanders. The loss of the naval career path for experienced British naval pilots is a major part of the story of why the British could not implement their own innovations. Several of the principles we have come to in our review of complex systems research are relevant here. Two considerations suggest that now is a good time to weight exploration heavily relative to exploitation for military personnel systems. First, many military experts believe that the current profusion of technical possibilities, including the Information Revolution, makes radical chances in combat over the next two decades seem extremely likely. Second, for the United States in the immediate future, there is no military enemy of comparable strength. #RandolphHarris 11 of 22

If we accept the premise that exploration is to be strongly emphasized, the Complex Adaptive System perspective suggests several questions to ask about how to pursue that goal. First, what are the sources of “new types” of strategy-bearing officers and changes in frequencies of types? It seems wise to expose junior officers to new technology and its possibilities at the earliest possible points in their training. It may also make sense to include the biographies of previously innovative officers in their training, to help them see that their own vision of the future possibilities can be linked to their career prospects. The concepts that will be vital in the future involve combing knowledge of military requirements with knowledge of new technical possibilities. Officers will be valuable who have mixed exposures to the two knowledge bases, and who appreciate how previous innovators managed their careers. The personnel example lets us foreshadow some of the issues that will be discussed later on involving interaction patterns. If the aim is to produce officers with unusual and useful combinations of knowledge, what controls the interactions among types? The system that assigns new posts to officers takes on central import. To the extent possible, the assignment system should mix experiences with the deliberate intention of exploring new technical possibilities and operational concepts. It should accept more “risky proposals,” whose payoff may not be obvious. It should also create crosscutting contact networks for future use in allowing easy recombination. #RandolphHarris 12 of 22

This means tht the apparently boring personnel activity of rotating officers through posts needs to be deeply informed by the best recent theories of new technology and related combat possibilities. Of course, realism dictates that many other factors must play a role in such placements. However, considerable benefit can be gained from every step that can be taken to increase the career controllers’ vision of the “space of possibilities” being explored by the individuals in the organization as they develop their careers. What other barriers should be erected or removed in order to change patterns of interaction among types? For example, policies that keep assignments within interest areas will affect who interacts with whom. In our military example, if an officer develops an interest in logistics, it is better for the next placement to in logistics? Is it the same for all types? Should the rates of rotation be similar for most officers, or should they be a function of the outcomes of previous rotations, with some officers therefore having many shorter postings? Finally, we can observe that the officers will be evaluated as their careers progress. At each stage of their careers, the officers, and therefore the new ideas they embody, need to be assessed, and the character of this assessment will determine the speed and direction of the system’s adaptation. For example, the officers can be expected to adjust to the rules established by personnel and policy makers, who must avoid making changes too rapidly or slowly, can identify the coevolutionary character of this dynamic. #RandolphHarris 13 of 22

Thus a Complex Adaptive Systems perspective generates a systematically interrelate set of questions about the personnel management area. These are questions that arise, as we noted previously, because Complex Adaptive System theory suggests general analogs for the principles of artificial selection that once fascinated Darwin. Now, behind every good scheme to encourage cooperation is usually some mechanism to punish cheaters. Social and political cohesion of a nation may deter a country from cheating because of the dear of ostracism. Other kinds of punishment arise. The short-term gain from cheating seems small in comparison with the subsequent costs. However, even the slightest fear of collapse of two nation’s mutual trust should be enough to keep the two competitors abiding by the agreement. Trust can break down for all sort of reasons. Only in an ongoing relationship is there an ability to punish, and thus a stick to motivate cooperation. A collapse of cooperation carries an automatic cost in the form of a loss of future profits. If this cost is large enough, cheating will be deterred and cooperation sustained. Using the principle of looking ahead and reasoning back, we see that cooperation must end when there is no longer any time left to punish. Yet neither wants to left cooperating while the other cheats. If ever someone cooperate, then someone must get stuck in the end. Since neither is willing to play the fool, cooperation never gets started. This is true no matter how long the game is, provided the end is known. Let us loo at this argument a little more carefully. Right from the start, both players should look ahead to predict the last play. #RandolphHarris 14 of 22

On this last play, there will be no future to consider, and the dominant strategy is to cheat. The outcome of the last play is a foregone conclusion. Since there is no way to affect the last play of the game, the penultimate play effectively becomes the last one to consider. Once again, cheating is a dominant strategy. The reason is that the play in the next-to-last period has no effect on the strategies chosen in the final period. Thus the penultimate period can be considered in isolation. For any period in isolation, cheating is a dominant strategy. Now the play of the final two periods can be take as a given. Cooperating early on will not help, as both players are resigned to cheat in the final two periods. Hence, the third-to-last period is effectively the past one to consider. The same argument applies and cheating is a dominant strategy. This argument unwinds all the way back, so that there is no cooperation even in the first play. The logic of this argument is impeccable, and yet in the real World we find episodes of successful cooperation. There are various ways to explain this. One is that all actual games of this kind are repeated only a finite number of times, there is always the possibility that the relationship will go on. Then the players have some incentive to sustain the cooperation for the sake of such future contingencies; if this incentive is large enough, the cooperation will persist. #RandolphHarris 15 of 22

Another explanation is that the World contains some “nice” people who will cooperate no matter what the material advantages of cheating may be. Now suppose you are not so nice. If you behaved true to your type in a finitely repeated game of prisoners’ dilemma, you would start cheating right away. That would reveal your nature to the other players. To hide the truth (at least for a while) you have to behave nicely. Why would you want to do that? Supposed you started by acting nicely. Then the other player would think it possible that you are one of the few nice people around. There are real gains to be had by cooperating for a while, and the other player would plan to reciprocate your niceness to achieve these gains. That helps you, too. Of course you are planning to sneak in a defection near the end of the game, just as the other player is. However, you two can still have an initial phase of mutually beneficial cooperation. This while each side is waiting to take advantage of the other, both are benefiting from this mutual deception. A third qualification to the emergence of trust in a repeated prisoners’ dilemma is that the gains from cheating take place before the costs of the breakdown of cooperation occur. Therefore the relative importance of the two depends on the relative importance of the present versus the future. In business contexts, current and future profits are compared using an appropriate interest rate to discount the future. In politics, the judgement of present versus future is more subjective, but it seems that time beyond the next election counts for very little. This makes cooperation hard to achieve. #RandolphHarris 16 of 22

Even in business, when times are bad, the whole industry is on the verge of collapse, and the management feels that there is no tomorrow, competition may become more fierce than in normal times. Similarly, the needs of war made current profits more important to Iran and Iraq, and contributed to the difficulties of OPEC. We have already seen how molecular manufacturing can provide clean solar energy without paving over desert ecosystems, and how clean energy and common materials can be turned into abundant, efficient goods, also cleanly. With care, sources of chemical pollution—even of excess carbon dioxide—can, step by step, be eliminated. This includes the pollutants responsible for acid rain, as well as ozone-destroying gases, greenhouse gases, oil spills, and toxic wastes. In each case, the story is about the same. Acid rain mostly results from burning dirty fuels containing sulfur, and from burning cleaner fuels in a dirty way, producing nitrogen oxides. We have seen how molecular manufacturing can make solar cells inexpensive enough and rugged enough to use as road surfaces. With green wealth, we can make clean fuels from solar energy, air, and water; consuming these fuels in clean nanomechanical systems would just return to their air exactly the materials taken from it, along with a little water vapor. Fuels are made, fuels are consumed, and the cycle produces no net pollution. With inexpensive solar fuels, coal and petroleum can be replaced, ignored, left in the ground. When petroleum is obsolete, with will stop sending our money to the Middle East, there will be no more oil spills. #RandolphHarris 17 of 22

The greenhouse gas of greatest concern is carbon dioxide, and its main source is the burning of fossil fuels. The above steps would end this. The release of other gases, such as the chloroflluorocarbons (CFCs) used in foaming plastics, is often a side effect of primitive manufacturing processes: foaming plastic will hardly be a popular activity in an era of molecular manufacturing. These materials can be replaced or controlled—and they include the gases most responsible for ozone depletion. The chief threats to the ozone layer are those same CFCs used as refrigerants and solvents. Molecular manufacturing will use solvents sparingly (mostly water), and can recycle them without dumping any. CFC refrigerants can be replaced even with current technology, at a cost; with nanotechnology, that cost will be negligible. Toxic wastes generally consist of harmless atoms arranged into noxious molecules; the same is true of sewage. With inexpensive energy and equipment able to work at the molecular level, these wastes can be converted into harmless forms. Many need never be produced in the first place. Other toxic wastes contain toxic elements, such as lead, mercury, arsenic, and cadmium. These elements come from the ground, and are best returned to the location and condition in which they were found. With nanotechnology, moreover, there will be little reason to dig them up in the first place. Nanotechnology will be able to break materials down to simple molecules and build them back again. Need it be said that this will permit complete recycling? #RandolphHarris 18 of 22

It is fair to say that eliminating these sources of pollution would be a major improvement. There does not seem to be much more to say, aside from the usual caveats: “Not immediately,” “Not all at once,” and “Not on a predictable schedule.” No one wants to make and dump wastes; they want something else, and get wastes s byproducts. With a better way to get what people want, dumping wastes can be stopped. People will also be able to get what they want while reducing their resource consumption. As materials grow stronger, they can be used more sparingly. As machines grown more perfect—in their motors, bearings, insulation, computers—they will grow more efficient. Materials will be needed to make things, and energy will be needed to run them, but in smaller amounts. What is more, nanotechnology will be the ultimate recycling technology. Objects can be make extremely durable, decreasing the need for recycling alternatively, objects can be made genuinely biodegradable, designed at the molecular level to decompose after use, leaving humans and mineral grit; alternatively, they can be made of microscopic snap-together pieces, making objects as recyclable as structures built and rebuilt out of a child’s blocks; finally, even objects not designed for recycling can be taken apart into simple molecules and recycled regardless. Each approach has different advantages and costs, and each makes current garbed problems go way. #RandolphHarris 19 of 22

Another key factor shifting power on the job has to do with the concept of interchangeability. One of the most important innovations of the industrial revolution was based on the idea of interchangeable parts. However, workers, to came to be regarded as interchangeable. Much of the relative powerlessness of the industrial working class derived precisely from this fact. So long as jobs required particular skills, and workers could be trained in a few minutes to do some rote task, one worker was as good as another. Especially in periods of labour surplus, wages would drop and workers, even when unionized, had little bargaining power. A “reserve army of the unemployed” usually was standing by to step into any available jobs. By contrast, as pointed out in the past, the jobless today cannot step into available jobs unless they happen to have the right mixture of skills at the right moment. Moreover, as the knowledge content of work rises, jobs grow more individualized—id est, less interchangeable. Knowledge workers are less and less replaceable. The tools are used differently by each knowledge worker. One engineer uses the computer differently from the next. One market analyst analyzes things one way; the next is different. When a worker leaves, either the company must find another with matching skills, which becomes mathematically harder (and more costly) as the variety of skills increases, or else it must train a new person, which is also expensive. Hence, the costs of replacing anyone individual grow, and his or her bargaining power rises correspondingly. #RandolphHarris 20 of 22

The boss of a gain project team in the defense industry puts it this way: “Years ago you might have everybody doing the same thing…Today it is different. Now if we lose somebody, it takes six months to train an individual to understand our system.” Furthermore, because work is team-based, “When we pluck an individua out, the whole team becomes dysfunctional.” The net result of such changes is that companies tend to use fewer but better-paid workers than in the past, and in the fast-growing, leading-edge industries, the old authoritarian command structure is phasing out, replaced by a new, more egalitarian or collegial style of work. Seen in its historical context, this represents a significant shift of power in the workplace. Many Non Profit Organization (NGOs) that still operate at local and national levels can be expected before long to make their presence felt at the global level—just as environmentalists, feminists and civil rights organizations began locally, then moved up to the national scale before placing their issues on the World addenda. Today, for example, the rights of homosexuals are fiercely contested inside many nations. As gender rations change in many countries, with male babies outnumbering baby girls 120:100 in China, for example—the shortage of women is likely to promote male homosexuality. I never thought there might be a use for same sex relations, but it could be to balance out some populations. In country after country, gays will exit in the closet and, whether overtly or covertly, organize politically, as they already have in North American and Europe. They will then elevate the demand for gay rights, including the legislation of gay marriage, which President Biden recently signed into law, and is now making its way to the global stage. #RandolphHarris 21 of 22

Struggles over a raft of twenty-first-century moral issues will also give birth to entirely new NGOs. They will arise to gain support for research into “nano—diseases” or o fight for or against the neuro-manipulation of human intelligence. When humans are eventually cloned—as lively, despite attempt to ban it—we may see global movements organized to deny or protect the rights of clones. There have been rumors of actual human clones, but then these accusations are disputed. Tomorrow we will have many more powerful ways to alter both bodies and brains with the help of genetics and science generally. Just as academic, economic, political and other boundaries are breaking down, so, too, are the boundaries that define what it means to be human. How much can we alter a body—chemically, biologically, genetically or mechanically—before it its no longer “human” enough to merit equal treatment with humans? Tomorrow NGOs will battle globally over what separates a human from a “transhuman” and what rights each should have. So profound are the moral issues that will soon face us, and so emotive, that we can easily picture them giving rise to new fanatic movements and becoming yet another source of global terror. Collectively, even now, NGOs form a pot of boiling passions, ideas, early warnings and proposed social innovations, good and bad. They are already able to organize and act more rapidly than governments and their bureaucracies (another important example of de-synchronization). What they do will have enormous, largely unexpected impacts on the production and distribution of wealth in the global economy. And that leads us to what might be regarded as the biggest NGOs of all: Religions. #RandolphHarris 22 of 22

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In any pursuit which deals with talent as an important factor towards success, academic or official licensing is of secondary importance. What is of prime importance is the result which is obtained through the use of the medium and how it is received by those to whom it is directed. Pedigrees are of questionable importance when the dog is sleeping while the burglar makes off with the solid gold dinner service. Nor do they help your legal defense when the mail carrier is bitten. Likewise, it is useless to have a grandmother who read tea leaves and a Scorpio rising in your chart, if you cannot land a boyfriend, keep a husband, get a job or avoid pregnancy. How you ever noticed how a man’s best friend will always be his opposite in appearance? The women you have always had as your best friends have been opposites of your own appearance, have they not? If you are extremely pretty, you best friend may have been the one you found yourself trying to convince others of accepting as beautiful even thought they may not have seen it at the time. If you are an active type, you will attract quiet people. If you are quiet, you will gravitate towards energetic types. In short, the reasons opposites attract is because we need those opposites to make ourselves whole. Sometimes there are two types of human beings, who, being usually unaware of their true nature, go through life complaining about their unrequited love—invariably to none other than those individuals who become the sometimes-disdainful objects of their desires. #RandolphHarris 1 of 20

Unfortunately, if caterwaulings are long and loud enough, and their love objects are nice enough, even though dominant by nature, a very curious phenomenon develops. The dominant love object, in attempting to “keep peace” and divert grave traumas on the part of his or her suitor, becomes literally vampirized by the “weaker” person! Thus, it becomes a situation wherein the master finds himself fast becoming the slave—but without the benefits of such an arrangement, as the newly developed “slave” had not based his or her choice of a “master” upon any natural pleasures of the flesh or mental attractions! There are two side of man that must be developed, that is, there are two lines of possible development that must proceed simultaneously. These two sides of man, or two lines of possible development, are knowledge and being. It is a necessity to develop knowledge, and particularly self-knowledge, because one of the most characteristic features of man’s present states is that he does not know himself. Generally people understand the idea of different levels of knowledge, the idea of the relativity of knowledge, and the necessity for quite new knowledge. What people do not understand in most cases is the idea of being as quite separate from knowledge; and further, the idea of the relativity of being, the possibility of different levels of being, and the necessity for the development of being, separately from the development of knowledge. #RandolphHarris 2 of 20

A Russian philosopher, Vladimir Solovieff, used the term “being” in his writings. He spoke about the being of a stone, the being of a plant, the being of an animal, the being of a man, and the divine being. This is better than the ordinary concept because in ordinary understanding the being of man is not regarded as in any way different from the being of a stone, the being of a plant, or the being of an animal. From the ordinary point of view a stone, a plant, an animal are or exist, exactly as a man is or exists. In reality, they exist quite differently. However, Solovieff’s division is not sufficient. There is no such thing as the being of a man. Men are too different for that. In the past, we discussed how the man is divided into seven concepts. In addition to this we already know finer divisions. They may live entirely under influences A. They may be equally affected by influences A and C. They may be more under influences B than A. They may have a magnetic center. They may have come into contact with school influences or influence C. They may be on the way to becoming men no 4. All these categories indicate different levels of being. The idea of being enter into the very foundation of thinking and speaking about man in religious thought, and all other divisions of men were regarded as unimportant to comparison with this. Men were divided into pagans, unbelievers, or heretics on the one hand, and into true believers, righteous men saints, prophets, and so on. All these definitions referred not to differences in views and convictions, that is, not to knowledge, but to being. #RandolphHarris 3 of 20

In modern thought people ignore the idea of being and different levels of being. On the contrary, they believe that the more discrepancies and contradictions there re in a man’s being, the more interesting and brilliant he can be. It is generally, although tacitly, and not always even tacitly, admitted that a man can be given to lying, he can be selfish, unreliable, unreasonable, perverted, and yet be a great scientist or a great philosopher or a great artist. Of course this is quite impossible. This incompatibility of different features of one’s being, which is generally regarded as originality, actually means weakness. One cannot be a great thinker or a great artists with a perverted or an inconsistent mind, just as one cannot be a prizefighter or a circus athlete with consumption. The widespread acceptance of the idea that inconsistency and amorality mean originality is responsible for the many scientific, artistic, and religious fakes of our present time and probably of all times. It is necessary to understand clearly what being means, and why it most grow and develop side by side with knowledge, but independently of it. If knowledge outgrows being or being outgrows knowledge, the result is always a one-sided development, and a one-sided development cannot go far. It is bound to come to some inner contradiction of a serious nature and stop there. Some time later we may speak about the different kinds and the different results of one-sided development. Ordinarily, in life we meet with only one kind, that is, when knowledge had outgrown being. The result takes the form of a dogmatization of certain ideas and the consequent impossibility of further development of knowledge because of the loss of understanding. #RandolphHarris 4 of 20

The exchange of words and glances between individuals in each other’s presence is a very common social arrangement, yet it is one whose distinctive communication properties are difficult to disentangle. Pedantic definitions seem to be required. Any individual may give information through linguistic means formally established in society for this purpose, namely, speech or recognized speech substitutes such as writing and pictorial signs or gestures. One speaks here of an individual sending messages to someone who receives them. However, the individual may also give information expressively, through the incidental symptomatic significance of events associate with him. In this case one might say the he emits, exudes, or gives off information to someone who gleans it. Linguistic messages can be “about” anything in the World, the sender and the subject matter having no necessary connection, coinciding only when autobiographical statements are being made. Expressive messages are necessarily “about” the same causal physical complex of which the transmitting agency is an intrinsic part. Consensus as to the meaning of linguistic messages seems more firmly established than it is in regard to that of expressive messages. Linguistic messages can be translated, stored, and help us as legal evidence; expressive messages tend to be ones for which the giver cannot be made legally responsible, it being usually possible for him to deny that he meant quite what others claim he meant. #RandolphHarris 5 of 20

Linguistic messages are felt to be voluntary and intended; expressive messages, on the other hand, must often preserve the fiction that they are uncalculated, spontaneous, and involuntary, as in some cases they are. Ever linguistic message caries some expressive information, namely, that the sender is sending messages. In any case, most concrete messages combine linguistic and expressive components, the proportion of each differing widely from message to message. The information that an individual provides, whether he sends it or exudes it, may be embodies or disembodied. A frown, a spoken word, a kick is a message that a sender conveys by means of his own current bodily activity, the transmission occurring only during the time that his body is presented to sustain this activity. Disembodies messages, such as the ones we receive from letters and mailed gifts, or the ones hunters receive from the spoor of a not distant animal, require that the organism do something that traps and holds information long after the organism has stopped informing. This study will be concerned only with embodies information. No ordinary English verb seems to cover all the senses—sights, hearing, smell, tastes, and touch—that restrict the media and provide the receiving equipment through which an individual is able to obtain information. Terms such as “perceive,” which have a special visual reference, have had to be used in a wider way, while terms such as “experience” have had to be used more narrowly. Some terms such as “audit” or “monitor,” have had to be manufactured. #RandolphHarris 6 of 20

In everyday thinking about the receiving sense, it is felt that ordinarily they are used in an “unveiled” or “direct” way. This apparently implies a restriction on boosting devices—mechanical, chemical, or electrical—except s these raise the faulty senses of a particular individual to average unassisted strength: glasses, for example, but not binoculars; devices to assist with audio impairment but not microphones. Electric lighting would have to be allowed as merely raising a room to day-time standards. When one speaks of experiencing someone else with one’s unveiled sense, one usually implies the reception of embodies messages. This linkage of unveiled senses on one side and embodied transmissions on the other provides one of the crucial communication conditions of immediate interaction. Under this condition any message that an individual sends is likely to be qualified and modified by much additional information that others glean from him simultaneously, often unbeknownst to him; further, a very large number of brief messages may be sent. Now the individual can, of course, receive embodied messages by means of one’s unveiled sense without much chance of these communication roles being reversed, as when he spies on persons through a crack in the wall or overhears them through a thin partition. Such asymmetrical arrangements may even be established as part of an occupational setting, as in the procedure by which psychoanalysts or priests observe their clients without being as easily observed in return. #RandolphHarris 7 of 20

Ordinarily, however, in using the unveiled senses to receive embodies messages from others, the individual also makes oneself available as a source of embodies information for them (although there is always likely to be some differential exploitation of these monitoring possibilities). Here, then, is a second crucial communication of face-to-face interaction: not only are the receiving and conveying of the unveiled and embodies kind, but each giver is himself a receiver, and each receiver is a giver. The implication of this second feature are fundamental. First, sight begins to take on an added and special role. Each individual can see that he is being experienced in some way, and he will guide at least some of his conduct according to the perceived identity and initial response of his audience. In the asymmetrical case, where a person is being spied upon by direct or indirect means, he may greatly modify his conduct if he suspects he is being observed, even though he does not know the identity of the particular audience that might be observing him. This is one of the possibilities celebrated in Orwell’s 1984, and its possibility is one of the forces operative in socially controlling person who are alone. Further, he can be seen seeing this. Ordinarily, then, to use our unveiled sense is to clearly seen as the agents of our acts, there being very little chance of disavowing having committed them; neither having given nor having received messages can be easily denied, at least among those immediately involved. #RandolphHarris 8 of 20

The factor emerges that the special mutuality of immediate social interactions is when two persons are together, at least some of their World will be made up put of the fact (and consideration for the fact) that an adaptive line of action must always be pursued in this intelligently helpful and hindering World. Individuals sympathetically take the attitude of others, present, regardless of the end to which they put the information thus acquired. In human society every act of every individual tends to become a gesture, since what one does is always an indication of what one intends to do. The consequence is that the individual in society lives a more or less public existence, in which all his acts are anticipated, checked, inhibited, or modified by the gestures and the intentions of his fellows. It is in this social conflict, in which every individual lives more or less in the mind of every other individual, that human nature and the individual may acquire their most characteristic and human traits. The two distinctive features of face-to-face interaction: richness of information flow and facilitation of feedback have enough structuring significance to provide one analytical rationale for the separate treatment this reports gives to the social norms regulating behaviour of persons immediately present to one another. The physical distance over which one person can experience another with the unveiled sense—thereby finding that the other is “within range”—varies according to many factors: the sense medium involved, the presence of obstructions, even the temperature of the air. #RandolphHarris 9 of 20

On Shetland Isle, during cold nights, mainland visitors walking together alone the bay in apparent isolation who laughed loudly by the strict local standards could cause Shetlanders an eighth of a mile away to rise their eyebrows. Conversely, when an individual whispers or uses eye expressions, his body acts as a focusing barrier, effectively restricting the usual sphere of propagation of sense stimuli, so that reception is limited to those very close to him or directly in front of him. On the subject of the disciplined use of language, in addition to courses in the philosophy of science, every school—again, from elementary school through college—offer a course in semantics—in the processes by which people make meaning. The fact that some English teachers have been consistently obtuse in their approach to this subject means they ignored it. This has always been difficult for me to understand since English teachers claim to be concerned with teaching reading and writing. However, if they do not teach anything about the relationship of language to reality—which is what semantics studies—I cannot imagine how they expect reading and writing to improve. Every teacher ought to be a semantics teacher, since it is not possible to separate language from what we call knowledge. Like history, semantics is an interdisciplinary subject: it is necessary to know something about it in order to understand any subject. #RandolphHarris 10 of 20

However, it would be extremely useful to the growth of their intelligence if our youth had available a special course in which fundamental principles of language were identified and explained. Such a course would deal not only with the various uses of language but with the relationship between things and words, symbols and signs, factual statements and judgements, and grammar and thought. Especially for young students, the course ought to emphasize the kinds of semantic errors that are common to all of us, and that are avoidable through awareness and discipline—the use of either-or categories, misunderstanding of levels of abstraction, confusion of words with things, sloganeering, and self-reflexivness. Of all the disciples that might be included in the curriculum, semantics is certainly among the most “basic.” Because it deals with the processes by which we make and interpret meaning, it has great potential to affect the deepest levels of student intelligence. And yet semantics is rarely mentioned when “back to the basics” is proposed. Why? My guess is that it cuts too deep. To adapt George Orwell, many subjects are basic but some are more basic than others. Such subjects have the capability of generating critical thought and of giving students access to questions that get to the heart of the matter. This is not what “back to the basis” advocates usually have in mind. They want language technicians: people who can follow instructions, write reports clearly, spell correctly. #RandolphHarris 11 of 20

There is certainly ample evidence that the study of semantics will improve the writing and read reading of students. However, it invariable does more. It helps students to reflect on the sense and truth of what they are writing and what they are asked to read. It teaches them to discover the underlying assumptions of what they are told. It emphasizes the manifold ways in which language can distort reality. It assists students in become “crap-detectors.” Students who have a firm grounding in semantics are therefore apt to find it difficult to take reading tests. A reading test does not invite one to ask whether or not what is written is true. Or, if it is true, what it has to do with anything. The study of semantics insists upon these questions. But “back to the basics” advocates do not require education to be that basic. Which is why they usually do not include literature, music, and art as part of their agenda either. However, of course, in using the ascent of humanity as a theme, we would of necessity elevate these subjects to prominence. The most obvious reason for such prominence is that their subject matter contains the best evidence we have of the unity and continuity of human experience and feeling. And that is why in our teaching of the humanities, we should emphasize the enduring creations of the past. The schools should stay as far from contemporary works as possible. Because of the nature of the communications industry, our students have continuous access to the popular arts of their own times—its music, rhetoric, design, literature, architecture. #RandolphHarris 12 of 20

Their knowledge of the form and content of these arts is by no means satisfactory. However, their ignorance of the form and content of the art of the past is cavernous. This is one good reason for emphasizing the art of the past. Another is that there is no subject better suited to freeing us from the tyranny of the present than the historical study of art. Painting, for example, is more than three times as old as writing, and contains in its changing styles and themes a fifteen-thousand-year-old record of the ascent of humanity. This does not mean we should subsume art under the heading of archeology, although it is recommended that the history of art forms be given a serious place on the curriculum. However, art is much more than a historical artifact. To have meaning for us, it must connect with those levels of feeling that are in fact not expressible in discursive language. The question therefore arises whether it is possible for students of today to relate, through feeling, to the painting, architecture, music, sculpture, or literature of the past. Well, only with the greatest difficulty. They, and many of us, have an aesthetic sensibility of a different order from what is required to be inspired, let alone entertained, by a Shakespeare sonnet, a Haydn symphony, or a Hals painting. To oversimplify the matter, a young man who believes Madonna to have reached the highest pinnacle of musical expression lacks the sensibility to distinguish between the ascent and descent of humanity. #RandolphHarris 13 of 20

However, I do not want to tarnish the reputation of popular culture. The products of the popular arts are amply provided by the culture itself. The schools must make available the products of classical art forms precisely because they re not so available and because they demand a different order of sensibility and response. There is no excuse for schools to sponsor rock concerts when students have no heard the music of Mozart, Beethoven, Bach, or Chopin. Or for student to have graduated from high school without having read, for example, Shakespeare, Cervantes, Milton, Keats, Dickens, Whitman, Twain, Melville, or Poe. Or for students not to have seen at least a photograph of paintings by Goya, El Greco, David. It is not the point that many of these composers, writers, and painters were in their own times popular artists. These artists are relevant not only because they established the standards with which civilized people approach the arts. They are relevant because the culture tries to mute their voices and render their standards invisible. It is highly likely that students, immersed in today’s popular arts, will find such an emphasis tedious and even painful. This fact will, in turn, be painful to teachers, who, naturally enough, prefer to teach that which will arouse an immediate and enthusiastic response. However, our youth must be shown that not all worthwhile things are instantly accessible and that there are levels of sensibility unknow to them. Above all, they must be down humanity’s artistic roots. And that task, in our own times, falls inescapably to the schools. #RandolphHarris 14 of 20

There are two subjects indispensable to an understanding of where we have come from. The first is the history of technology, which as much as science and art provides pat of the story of humanity’s confrontation with nature and indeed with our own limitations. It is important for students to be shown, for example, the connection between the invention of eyeglasses in the thirteenth century and experiments in gene-splicing in the twentieth: that in both cases we reject the proposition that anatomy is destiny, and through technology define our own destiny. We need students who will understand the relationships between our technics and social and psychic Worlds, so that they may begin informed conversations about where technology us taking us and how. The second subject is, of course, religion, with which so much painting, music, technology, architecture, literature, and science are intertwined. The curriculum must include a course in comparative religion. Such a course would deal with religion as an expression of humanity’s creativeness, as a total, integrated response to fundamental questions about the meaning of existence. The course would be descriptive, promoting no particular religion but illuminating the metaphors, the literature, the art, the ritual of religious expression itself. Many say schools and religion must not touch on each other. However, if we do not ask them to consider how different people of different times and places have tried to achieve a sense of transcendence, I do not see how we can claim to be educating our youth. No education can neglect such sacred texts as Genesis, the New Testament, the Koran, the Bhagavd-Gita. Each of them embodies a style and a World-view that tell as much about the ascent of humanity as any book ever written. #RandolphHarris 15 of 20

Much like we have churches that teach religion, we should also have centers that teach the United States Constitution on the weekends, over and over, like the preachers do in the church. Perhaps we can decrease violence and educate people from all walks of life what the United States of America’s Constitution provides for American citizens. This recognition of the law of our land would also reduce protests and property violence because people could reference their Constitutional Rights and others would have to recognize them. This could also reduce the instance of school bullying, discrimination, and arrests. Perhaps it would also help to begin and sustain a serious conversation that will allow us to distance ourselves from the thought-World, and then criticize and modify it. Over the years, research on these various mechanisms for creating, transforming, and destroying agents or strategies (and therefore types) has led to the establishment of an important trade-off principle, usually referred to as exploration versus exploitation. This principle captures the tension of Complex Adaptive Systems between creation of untested types that may be superior to what currently exists versus the copying of tested types that have so far proven best. This trade-off characterization has turned out to be illuminating across a wide range of settings from simple genetics to organizational resource allocation, wherever the testing of new types comes at some expanse to realizing benefits of those already available. Two extremes illustrate the trade-off. #RandolphHarris 16 of 20

Eternal boiling occurs when the level of mutation, temperature, or noise is so high that the system remains permanently disorderly. In such a state, any potentially valuable structures are broken apart before they can be effectively put to use. Organizations and polities sometimes find themselves in periods of continuous upheaval that produce this effect. There may be striking new ideas, but before it is known whether they will actually work, their underpinnings are swept away in subsequent waves of change. If mutation rates are too high in a biological population, there will be many variant organisms that cannot survive, along with a few that are important improvements over earlier types. However, a surprising new discovery will itself be subject to high rates of (usually lethal) mutations, and so its superiority will not have enough time to establish itself in the population before it is disrupted by deleterious random chance. In these situations, exploration completely swamps exploitation. Premature convergence is the opposite phenomenon. Premature convergence occurs when needed variability is lost too quickly. This can happen when very speedy imitation of an initial success cuts off future system improvements. A fashion in health care can sweep through a community and wipe out alternatives that might have proven superior with some additional testing and refinement. A new product can become a standard before sufficient trials of alternatives have occurred. A new variant that might actually have the potential to be better may lose out because it cannot overcome the advantages accruing to the established standard. In these situations, exploitation quickly swamps exploration. #RandolphHarris 17 of 20

There are not simply two ways that something good can go wrong. In general, investments in options and possibilities associated with “exploration” frequently come at the expense of obtaining returns on what has already been learned, “exploitation.” The two possibilities form a fundamental trade-off. An early and striking exposition of the trade-off occurred in the context of the “two-armed bandit problem,” in which a player with a fixed supply of coins plays two slot machines that have unknown and potentially different rates of payoff. To decrease sampling error in estimates of which machine pays more, and thereby increase longer-run expected gains, coins should be played on both machines. However, to maximize gain in the short run, coins should be played on the machine that is currently estimated as best paying. The trade-off can be seen in many different practical situations. For example, companies must decide whether to invest resources such as capital and management attention, in developing ideas for wholly new products or in marketing, refining—or reducing costs of—existing products. Students must decide between taking more courses in a subject in which they have done well or trying out new fields. Though there is not a single decision maker, the gene pool of a biological species also confronts the problem. Higher mutation rates will produce move variations on currently fit animals, with attendant chances of discovering improvements. However, they will also yield higher levels of infant mortality due to lethal random changes in organisms’ genetic codes. #RandolphHarris 18 of 20

The exploration of making new animals unlike their parents comes at the cost of forgoing the fitness already embodies in the parents. Lowered mutation would make offspring more similar to the parents, exploiting what the parents have proven to be valuable in reaching reproductive readiness—but at the cost of exploring less. For decades, people have proposed replacing automobiles with some form of mass-transportation system, and it seems that cost revolutions (including inexpensive tunnelling) may finally make this practical. Before junking the car, though, it is worth seeing how it might be improved. Molecular manufacturing can make almost anything better. Automobiles can be made stronger and safer, lighter, higher performance, and higher efficiency, while getting excellent milage and burning clean, inexpensive fuels, perhaps in fuel cells powering quiet electric motors. Using aerodynamic forces to hold the car to the road, there is no reason why a comfortable passenger car should not be able to deliver uncomfortable, drag-racer acceleration. To imagine an affordable car built with molecular manufacturing, first imagine loading it with all the attractive features that you have ever heard proposed. This includes everything from today’s self-adjusting seats and mirrors, excellent sound systems, and specially tuned steering and suspension systems, through automated navigation displays, emergency braking, and reliable super-duper airbags. Now, instead of just having the position of the seats, mirrors, and so forth adjust to a driver, as some cars do today, our smart-material BMW will also be able adjust its size, shape, and color (already possible), facing owners with choices such as, “What should our BMW look like for this occasion?” #RandolphHarris 19 of 20

Those seeking an image of solid conservatism and wealth will also drive these cares. But they may still be interested in certified antique BMWs, made from traditional steel, paint, and rubber. If environmental regulations permit it, the car might even have a genuine gasoline-brining engine. The latter can no doubt be cleaned up by fancy nanotechnology-based emission-control systems. Our transportation system today effectively ends in the upper atmosphere. Travel beyond still takes the form of “historic missions.” There is no reason for this situation to continue for long, once molecular manufacturing becomes well established. The cost of a spaceflight is high because the spacecraft are huge, fragile things, made in such small numbers that they are almost hand-crafted. Molecular manufacturing will replace today’s delicate monsters with rugged, mass-produced vehicles (which, with greater efficiency, need not be so large). The vehicles will cost little, but the energy? Today, the energy cost of a ticket to orbit in an efficient vehicle would be less than one hundred dollars. Low-cost vehicles and energy will drop the total cost to a fraction of this. We will know that spaceflight has become inexpensive when people see the Earth as just a small part of the World, and understand in their bones that space resources make continued exploitation of Earth’s resources unnecessary. In the long run, efficient, clean, low-cost manufacturing can transform the way human beings affect the Earth by their presence. Even stay-at-home humans will be better able to heal the damage they have done. #RandolphHarris 20 of 20

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