Feuds and warfare are relatively rare in band societies, but they do consistently threaten and there must be some way of stopping them or preventing their spread. Often they begin as mere quarrels between individuals, and for this reason it is important to stop them early. Most gangs require an initiation process that includes participation in violent activities. The ritual fulfills a number of important functions. First, it determines whether a prospective member is tough enough to endure the level of violence he or she will face as a gang member. Equally important, the gang must learn how tough a potential member is because they may have to count on this individual for support in fights or shootings. The initiation serves other purposes as well. Most important, it increase solidarity among gang members of their earlier status, and gives the new member something in common with other gang members. In addition, a violent initiation provides a rehearsal for a prospective member for life in the gang. In short, it demonstrated the centrality of violence to gang life. Three-quarters of our subjects were initiated into their gangs through the process known as “beating in.” This ritual took many forms; it its most common version a prospective gang member walked between lines of gang members or stood inside a circle of gang members who beat the initiate with their fists. #RandolphHarris 1 of 21

020: I had to stand in a circle and there was about ten of them. Out of these ten there was just me standing in the circle. I had to take six to the chest by all ten of them. Or I can try to go to the weakest one and get out. If you don’t get out, they are going to keep beating you. I said “I will take the circle.” One leader, who reported that he had been in charge of several initiations, described the typical form: 001: They has to get jumped on. INT: How many guys jumped on em? 001: Ten. INT: And how long did they go? 001: Until I tell em to stop. INT: When do you tell em to stop? 001: I just let em beat em for bout two or three minutes to see if they can take punishment. Other gang members reported that they had the choice of either being beaten in or “going on a mission.” On a mission, a prospective member had to engage in an act of violence, usually against a rival gang member face-to-face. 041: You have to fly your color through enemy territory. Some step to you; you have to take care of them by yourself; you don’t get no help. 084: To be a Crip, you have to put your blue rag on your head and wear all blue and go in a Blood neighborhood—that is the hardest of all of them—and walk through the Blood neighborhood and fight Bloods. If you come out without getting killed, that’s the way you get initiated. The intensity of this aggressive reaction can often be seen in the fact that such a person will never forgive someone who has wounded his or her narcissism and often feels a desire for vengeance. #RandolphHarris 2 of 21

Every gang member we interviewed reported that his or her initiation involved participating in some form of violence. This violence was rarely directed against members of other gangs; most often it took place within the gang. Then in each successive initiation, recently initiated members participated in “beating in” new members. Such violence always had a group context and a normative purpose: to reinforce the ties between members while reminding them that violence lies at the core of life in the gang. To understand gang violence more clearly, it is critical to know when such violence is used. In the following situations, gang members did not regard themselves as initiating violence; rather, because its purpose was to respond to the violent activities of a rival gang. Retaliatory violence corresponds to the concept of contagion as well as to the principle of crime as social control. According to this view, gang violence is an attempt to enact private justice for wrongs committed against the gang, one of its members, or a symbol of the gang. These wrongs may be actual or perceived; often the perceived threat of impending violence is as powerful a motivator as violence itself. This view of gang violence helps to explain the rapid escalation of intergang hostilities that lead to assaults, drive-by shootings, or murders between gangs. Such actions reflect the collective behavior process at work, in which acts of violence against the gang serve s the catalyst that brings together subgroups within the gang and unites them against a common enemy. #RandolphHarris 3 of 21

Such violent events are rare, but are important in gang culture. Collective violence is one of the few activities involving the majority of gang members, including fringe members. The precipitation of such activities pulls fringe members into the gang and increases cohesion. When violence comes to the gang—we asked gang members when they used violence. Typically they claimed that violence was seldom initiated by the gang itself, but was response to “trouble” that was “brought” to them. In thee instances, the object of violence was loosely defined and was rarely identified; it represented a symbolic enemy against whom violence would be used. These statements, however, indicate an attempt to provide justifications for gang violence. INT: How often do gang members use violence? 005: When trouble comes to them. INT: When do you guys use violence? 018: When people start brining violence to us. They bring it to us and set it up. We take it from there. INT: When do members of the gang use violence? 037: When somebody approaches us. We don’t go out looking for trouble. We let trouble come to us. INT: When do you guys use violence? 042: Only when it’s called for. We don’t start trouble. That’s the secret of our success. The view of gang members passively sitting back and waiting for violence to come to them is inconsistent with much of what we know about gang life. After all, many gang members reported that they joined the gang expressly for the opportunity to engage in violence; many lived in neighborhoods where acts of violence occurred several times each day; and most had engaged in violence before joining the gang. #RandolphHarris 4 of 21

Even so, unprovoked violence against another gang is difficult to justify; retaliatory actions against parties that wrong them can be justified more easily. Also, such actions are consistent with the view of the gang as a legitimate social organization serving the legitimate purpose of protecting its members—a central value in the gang’s normative structure. American cities have few racially integrated neighborhoods. If the proportion of African American and Hispanic American residents in an area rises above a critical level, it quickly increases further to nearly one hundred percent. If it falls below a critical level, the expected course is for the neighborhood to become all European American. Preservation of racial balance requires some ingenious public policies. Is the de facto segregation of most neighborhoods that product of widespread racism? These days, a large majority of urban Americans would regard mixed neighborhoods as desirable. (Of course the fact that people have any preferences about the racial mix of their neighbors is a form of racism, albeit a less extreme one than total intolerance.) The more likely difficulty is that segregation can result as the equilibrium of a game in which each household chooses where to live, even when they all have a measure of racial tolerance. This idea is due to Thomas Schelling. We shall now outline it, and show how it explains the success of the Chicago suburb, Oak Park, in maintaining an integrated neighborhood. #RandolphHarris 5 of 21

Racial tolerance is not a matter of Black or White; there are shades of gray. Different people, Black or White, have different views about the best racial mix. For example, very few Whites insist on a neighborhood that is 99 or even 95 percent White; yet most will feel out of place in one that is only 1 or 5 percent White. The majority would be happy with a mix somewhere in between. We can illustrate the evolution of neighborhood dynamics using a chart similar to the one from the QWERTY story. On the vertical axis is the probability tht a new person moving into the neighborhood will be White. This is plotted in relationship to the current racial mix. The top right end of the curve shows that once a neighborhood becomes completely segregated, all White, the odds are overwhelming that the next person who moves into the neighborhood will also be White. If the current mix falls to 95 percent or 90 percent White, the odds are still very high tht the next person to move in will also be White. If the mix changes much further, then there is a sharp drop-off in the probability that the next person to join the community will be White; the curve is steep in its middle region. Finally, as the actual percentage of Whites drops to zero, so that the neighborhood is now segregated at the other extreme, the probability is very high that the next person to move in will be Black. #RandolphHarris 6 of 21

In this situation, the equilibrium will be where the racial mix of the population just exactly equals the mix of new entrants to the community. Only in this event are the dynamics stable. There are three such equilibria: two at the extremes where the neighborhood is all White and all Black, and one in the middle where there is a mix. The theory so far does not tell us which of the three equilibria is the most likely. We need to examine the forces that move the system toward or away from an equilibrium, that is, the social dynamics of the situation. The social dynamics will always drive the neighborhood to one of the extreme equilibria. Schelling labeled this phenomenon “tipping.” Let us see why it occurs. Suppose the middle equilibrium has 70 percent Whites and 30 percent Blacks. By chance, let one Black family move out and be replaced by a White family. Then the proportion of Whites in this neighborhood becomes slightly above 70 percent. The probability that the next entrant will also be White is then above 70 percent. The upward pressure is reinforced by the new entrants. Say the racial mix shifts to 75:25 percent. The tipping pressure continue. The chance that a new entrant will be White is above 75 percent, so the expectation is that the neighborhood will become increasingly segregated. This goes on until the mix of new entrants is the same as the mix in the neighborhood. That occurs again only when the neighborhood is all White. If the process had started with one White family moving out and one Black family moving in, there would have been a chain reaction in the opposite direction, and the odds are that the neighborhood would have become all Black. #RandolphHarris 7 of 21

The problem is that the 70:30 percent mix is not a stable equilibrium. If this mix is somehow disrupted, as chance is sure to do, there is a tendency to move toward one of the extremes. Sadly, from the extremes there is no similar tendency to move back toward the middle. Although segregation is the predicted equilibrium, that does not mean that people are better off at this outcome. Everyone might prefer to live in a mixed neighborhood. However, they rarely exist, and even when found tend not to last. Once again, the source of the problem is the effect of one household’s action on the others. Starting at a 70:30 percent mix, when one White family replaces a Black family, this may make the neighborhood a little less attractive for future Blacks to move in. However, it is not assessed a fine for this. By analogy with the road tolls, perhaps there should be a departure tax. However, that would be counter to a more basic principle, namely the freedom to live where one chooses. If society wants to preventing tipping, it must look for some other policy measure. If we cannot fine a departing family for the damage it causes, both to those who remain and those who now might choose not to come, we must take measures that will reduce the incentives for others to follow suit. If one White family leaves, the neighborhood should not become less attractive to another Black family. Public policy can help prevent the tipping process from gathering momentum. #RandolphHarris 8 of 21

The racially integrated Chicago suburb of Oak Park provides an ingenious example of policies that work. It uses two tools: first, the town bans the use of “For Sale” signs in front yards, and secondly, the town offers insurance that guarantees homeowners that they will not lose the value of their house and property because of a chance in the racial mix. If by chance two houses on the same street are for sale at the same time, “For Sale” signs would spread this news quickly to all neighbors and prospective purchasers. Eliminating such signs makes it possible to conceal the news that would be interpreted as bad; nobody need know until after a house has been sold that it was even up for sale. The result is that panics are avoided (unless they are justified, in which case they are just delayed). By itself, the first policy is not enough. Homeowners might still worry that they should sell their house while the going is good. If you wait until the neighborhood has tipped, you have waited too long and may find that you have lost most of the value in your home, which is a large part of most people’s wealth. Once the town provides insurance, this is no longer an issue. In other words, the insurance removes the economic fear that accelerates tipping. In fact, if the guarantee succeeds in preventing tipping, property values will not fall and the policy will not cost the taxpayers anything. Tipping to an all-Black equilibrium has been the more common problem in urban America. However, in recent years gentrification, which is just tipping to an all-rich equilibrium, has been on the rise. Left unattended, the free market will often head to these unsatisfactory outcomes. However, public policy, combined with an awareness of how tipping works, can help stop the momentum toward tipping and preserve the delicate balances. #RandolphHarris 9 of 21

When the advent of Christ, the veil which had hidden the active workings of the supernatural powers of evil for centuries since the garden of catastrophe is still further removed, and their deception and power over man is clearly revealed. The arch-deceiver himself appears in the wilderness conflict with the Lord to challenge the “Seed of the woman”—in a way not recorded since he appeared on Earth at the time of the fall. So the wilderness of Judea and the Garden of Eden become parallel arenas for the testing of the first and Second Adam. In both encounters Satan worked as deceiver, but in the second instance he wholly failed to deceive and beguile the One who had come as his Conqueror. Traces of the characteristic work of Satan as deceiver can be discerned also among the disciples of Christ. The devil deceives Peter into speaking words of temptation to the Lord, suggesting His turning from the path of the cross (Matt. 16.22-23). Later on he takes hold of the same disciple in the judgment Hall (Luke 22.31), prompting him to declare “I know not the man,” with the hope of camouflage (Matt. 26.74). Further traces of the work of the deceiver may be seen in epistles of Paul: in his references to “false apostles,” “deceitful workers,” and Satan’s workings as an “angel of light” promoting “his ministers as ministers of righteousness” among the people of God (2 Cor. 11-13-15). Again in the message to the seven Asian churches, given by the ascended Lord to His servant John, false apostles are spoken of, and false teachings of many kinds. A “synagogue of Satan” (Rev. 2.9), consisting of deceived ones at Smyrna, is mentioned, and “deep things of Satan” are described as existing in the church at Thyatira (Rev. 2.24). #RandolphHarris 10 of 21

Sometimes the entire process of facing the terror and potential consequence of a life or death decision can initiate a search into one’s own self, an engagement of disturbing inner contact in which one must try to be fully aware and discover the right way to proceed. The probing may increase one’s sense of isolation and may take one on many lonely paths, each of which can end in a question mark. Lonely self-reflection comes at unexpected moments, in the midst of a crowd of people, in response to a word or phrase in conversation. Many different kinds of situation evoke an inner process of doubt and uncertainty, and a strong feeling of being alone. Sometimes one may awake in the night, overwhelmed by images and feelings and thoughts. One may try to draw from oneself a single answer that will utilize the significant data that comes from conversations with loved ones. Thus, the initial journey into loneliness is an attempt to discover the one true way to proceed: in involves a process of self-inquiry, which are not usually planed, simply happen. They may not be carefully sampled but occurring spontaneously at unexpected times and places. Although many times no answer comes to the problem being contemplated, one becomes aware that at the center of one’s World is a deep and pervasive feeling of loneliness. With this feeling comes the realization that loneliness is a capacity or source in humans for near searching, awareness, and inspiration—that when the outside World ceases to have a meaning, when support and confirmation are lacking or are not adequate to assuage human suffering, when doubt and uncertainty overwhelm a person, then the individual may contemplate life from the depths of one’s own self and in nature. #RandolphHarris 11 of 21

For many, this discovery means that in a crucial and compelling crisis, in spite of comfort and sympathy from others, one can feel utterly and completely alone, that, at bottom, the experience of loneliness exists in its own right as a source of power and creativity, as a source of insight and direction. One may see loneliness as a requirement of living no matter how much love and affirmation one receives in work and in relationships with others. Thus, the beginning steps of research into loneliness involves not a question of the nature of loneliness, or its restorative, creative, or destructive impact on the person, but a struggle and search into another problem. Much later one will realize that loneliness is often experienced by individuals who make crucial decisions that will have major consequences in the lives of others. Through inner exploration and study, one can seek to find a solution that will integrate the facts into one clear pattern. The significance of inner searching for deeper awareness based on some intuitive conception of the general nature of things. However, in spite of much beautiful work, we still have no clear conception of how discovery comes about. The main difficulty has been pointed out by Plato in the Meno. He says that to search for the solution of a problem is an absurdity. For either you know what you are looking for, and then you are not looking for anything and cannot expect to find anything. A potential discovery may be thought to attract the mind which will reveal it—inflaming the scientists with creative desire and imparting one intimations that guide one from clue to clue and from surmise to surmise. #RandolphHarris 12 of 21

The testing hand, the straining eye, the ransacked brain, may all be thought to be laboring under the common spell of a potential discovery striving to emerge into actuality. The term “negative emotions” means all emotions of violence or depression: self-pity, anger, suspicion, fear, annoyance, boredom, mistrust, jealousy and so on. Ordinarily, one accepts this expression of negative emotions as quite natural and even necessary. Very often people call it “sincerity.” Of course it has nothing to do with sincerity; it is simply a sign of weakness in man, a sign of bad temper and of incapacity to keep one’s grievances to oneself. Man realizes this when he tries to oppose it, and from this he learns another lesson. He realized that in relation to mechanical manifestations it is not enough to observe them, it is necessary to resist them, because without resisting them one cannot observe them. They happen so quickly, so habitually and so imperceptibly that one cannot notice them if one does not make sufficient efforts to create obstacles for them. These negative emotions are a terrible phenomenon. They occupy an enormous place in our life. Of many people it is possible to say that all their lives are regulated and controlled, and in the end ruined by negative emotions. At the same time, negative emotions do not play any useful part at all in our lives. They do not help our orientation, they do not give us any knowledge, they do not guide us in any sensible manner. #RandolphHarris 13 of 21

On the contrary, negative emotions spoil all our pleasures, they make life a burden to us and they very effectively prevent our possible development because there is nothing more mechanical in our life than negative emotions. Negative emotions can never come under our control. People who think they can control their negative emotions and manifest them when they want to, simply deceive themselves. Negative emotions depend on identification. Identification is a curious state in which man passes about half of one’s life, the other half being passed in complete sleep. One identifies with everything: with what one says, what one feels, and what one believes, what one does not believe, what one wishes, what one does not wish, what attracts one, what repels one. Everything becomes one, or is better to say one becomes it. One becomes all that one likes and all that one dislikes. This means that in the state of identification man is incapable of separating oneself from the object of one’s identification. It is difficult to find the smallest thing which man is unable to identify. At the same time, in a state of identification man has even less control over his mechanical reactions than at any other time. If identification is destroyed in some particular case, they disappear. The strangest and most fantastic fact about negative emotions is that people actually worship them. The most difficult thing for an ordinary mechanical man to realize is that one’s own and other people’s negative emotions have no value whatever and do not contain anything noble, anything beautiful or anything strong. #RandolphHarris 14 of 21

In reality negative emotions contain nothing but weakness and very often the beginning of hysteria, insanity or crime. The only good thing about them is that, being quite useless and artificially created by imagination and identification, they can be destroyed without any loss—and this is the only chance of escape that humans have. In reality, we have much more power over negative emotions than we think, particularly when we already know how dangerous they are and how urgent is the need to struggle with them. However, we find too many excuses for them, and swim in the seas of self-pity or selfishness, as the case may be, finding fault with everything except ourselves. We usually think of tight occasions as one in which the participants have many onerous situational obligations, and of loose occasions as ones relatively free of those constraints. However, this is only partly so. One individual’s right to be lax in one’s orientation to the gathering implies a duty on the part of the others present to accept this laxity without taking corrective actions. Thus, on some chronic males wards at Central Hospital, patients had an understanding with attendants that it was permissible to sleep on the floor, drool, hallucinate, and spit into paper cups; an extremely loose, informal definition of setting prevailed, which provided one of the few comforts known to this way of life. However, in one such setting, I observed that when a patient urinated against a hot steam radiator to save himself the trouble of going to the toilet, fellow patients sitting in the cloud of evaporating urine seemed to appreciate that they had tacitly agreed to forgo the right to respond with anything but a slight frown or ironic smile to what was happening around them. #RandolphHarris 15 of 21

Similarly, I have seen patients watching passively, from a few feet away, a young male psychotic rape an old, defenseless mute man, the event occurring in a part of the dayroom that was momentarily outside the view of the attendant. The bystanders seemed to express the fact that, while disapproving glances were safe, any interference would have brought them further into situational social reality than was comfortable. In any case, there appears to be a significant interdependence: toleration of intense auto- and mutual-involvements seems to be functionally correlated with the practice and norm of disattending to many immediate stimuli. Long-term mental patients sometimes provide a fine display of this functional linkage through their wonderfully cultivated capacity to play two and four-person card games right in the middle of what is in fact bedlam. Clearly there is here a suggestion that the inaccessibility of the regressed patient is part of a larger communication system, and that his “undistractability” is something whole tables of bridge can possess. Sometimes it is best to listen to experiences of others in the hospital, without taking notes and making records, but keeping the focus on one’s interest on the essence of the lonely experience through the person’s rendering of it. It is important to know the truth of the lonely process in its most basic, objective form. Objectivity, in this connection, means seeing what an experience is for another person—not its cause, its reason for existence, nor for its definition and classification. It means seeing attitudes, beliefs, and feelings of the person as they exist at the moment, perceiving them whole, as a unity. #RandolphHarris 16 of 21

In the Pollyanna Triumphant Scenario of the World: We are living in a World like that of the Ordinary Expectations scenario where, after years of anticipation, primitive but fairly capable assemblers have recently been developed. For the first time, the media, the public, and policymakers take the prospect of nanotechnology seriously. It looks very good to them. Technical work has shown that nanotechnology, once developed, can be used in a clean, controlled way, and that it can ultimately displace polluting industries while greatly increasing wealth per capita. The anticipated health benefits are enormous, and after years of a growing death toll from deadly viruses—only partially stemmed by advances in molecular medicine—the public has become very sensitive to the regular reports of human infection by exotic primate viruses. Concern about the stability of Earth’s climate and ecosystems has grown as forest have shrunk and weather patterns have changes. The prospect of breaking out of this cycle is appealing. It is clear that nanotechnology is no danger when in the hands of people of goodwill, and a relatively peaceful decade has allowed many people to forget the existence of their motives. #RandolphHarris 17 of 21

And so, with miraculously undivided popular support drawn from a grand coalition of environmentalist seeking to replace existing industry, industrialists seeking a more productive technology, health advocates seeking better health care, low-income groups seeking greater wealth, and so on and so forth, companies and governments plunge into nanotechnology with both feet and without reservation. Development proceeds at a breakneck pace, and everyone who wants to participate in this great venture is welcome. Primitive assemblers are used to build better assemblers, which are used to build yet better assemblers, in laboratories and hobby shops around the World. Products being to pour forth. The economy is thrown into turmoil. Military equipment also begins to pour forth, and tensions begin to build. A military research group with more cleverness than sense builds a monster replicator, it eats everything, and we all die. This scenario is absurd, at least in part because published warnings already exist. Since the 1960s, uncritical applause for new technologies has been limited to the now-defunct controlled presses of Eastern Europe (and similar places), and even there the resulting environmental disaster has become a matter for public debate, criticism and correction. In the expanding free World of today, the benefits, costs, and dangers of any great new technology will be thoroughly examined, expounded upon, and lied about from many different directions. We may or may not manage to make wise choices as a result. However, one thing seems sure: Pollyanna will not triumph, because Pollyanna does not have the facts on her side. #RandolphHarris 18 of 21

The clients who use intelligence—government officials and policy-makers-no longer suffer from any shortage of information. They are glutted with it. The deluge of mass-produced data now available and the overload it causes means that, for many purposes, collection is no longer the spies’ main problem. The problem is to make sense of what is collected and to get the results to the decision-maker who need it. This is driving the spy business to rely more heavily on expert systems and artificial intelligence as computerized assistants to analysis. However, technology alone cannot solve analysis paralysis. That requires a completely new approach to knowledge. Since leaks of secret information can have dire consequences, including death of informants, the CIAs and mini-CIAs of the World apply the principle of “compartmentation.” Analysts working on a problem seldom get to see the whole picture, but are fed limited bits of information on a strict need-to-know basis, often with no way of elevating the credibility of the fragments they get. In theory, the information is pieced back together and raised to a higher level as it moves up the hierarchy. However, as we have seen this theory before—in bureaucratic corporations. And we have also seen that as change accelerate and the environment becomes more stormy, this system is too slow and ignores too many factors. This is not an idle issue. Senator Sam Nunn, the leading expert on the military in the U.S.A. Senate, has publicly blasted the intelligence agencies for falling behind fast-moving events in Europe, making it impossible for Congress to make rational decisions about the U.S.A. military budget. The costs of falling behind could be calamitous. #RandolphHarris 19 of 21

It is precisely to overcome such problems that the smartest corporations now give employees access to more information, let them communicate freely outside channels and skip around the hierarchy at will. Such innovations, however, clash directly with the need for extreme secrecy in the espionage industry. The spies are in a double bind. This “being” is knotted to another. For much intelligence is not merely late, but irrelevant to the needs of the decision-makers who are the “customers.” We need sounder supervision by policy-level officials, so that they are not just consumers, but shapers of the process. Throughout industry, as we have seen, customers are being drawn into the design process, and users’ groups are organized into networks of support for the producers. The line between production and consumption is blurring. Asking senior policy-makers to help “shape” the intelligence process is logical. However, the more politicians and officials help “reshape the process,” the greater the danger that the estimates handed to the Presidents and Prime Ministers will tell them only what they want to hear—or else reflect the narrow views of one faction or party. This would still further distort information that has already been pretzel-bent by the info-tacticians and metatacticians who work it over in the beginning. If intelligence is twisted by a nation’s adversary, as sometimes happens when spies are “doubled,” the results can be disastrous. However, the same is potentially true when it is twisted for political convenience by someone on one’s own side. #RandolphHarris 20 of 21

The historic revolution now facing the intelligence industry, carrying it beyond mass production, places it squarely in the path of the advancing new wealth-creation system. Like other industries, the intelligence industry faces competition from unlikely quarters. Like other industries, it must form new, continually changing alliances. Like other industries, it must recast its organization. Like other industries, it must customize its products. Like other industries, it must question its deepest missions. A man’s most open actions have a secret side to them. Democracies, too, no matter how open, have a secret side. If intelligence operations already difficult for parliaments and even Presidents to control, become so intertwined with the everyday activities of the society, so decentralized, so fused with business and other private interests as to make effective control impossible, democracy will by in mortal peril. Conversely, so long as some nations are led by aggressive terrorists, torturers, and totalitarians, or by fanatics armed with ever more lethal weaponry, democracies cannot survive without secrets—and secret services. How we manage those secrets—and, indeed, knowledge in general—becomes the central political issues in the Powershift Era. #RandolphHarris 21 of 21

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Enthusiasm is undoubtedly a disorder of the mind; and such disorder as greatly hinders the exercise of reason. Nay, sometimes it wholly sets it aside: it not only dims but shuts the eyes of the understanding. It may, therefore, well be accounted a species of madness; of madness rather than folly: seeing a fool is properly one who draws wrong conclusions from right premises; whereas a madman draws right conclusions, but from wrong premises. And so does an enthusiast. Suppose his or her premises are true, and his or her conclusions would necessarily follow. However, here lies one’s mistake: one’s premises are false. One imagines oneself to be what one is not, and therefore, setting out wrong, the farther one goes out, the more one wanders out of the way. Very earlier in the history of the Christian Church the subtle temptation to a kind of inverted humility, which is really the worst and most dangerous form of spiritual pride, disclosed itself in portentous scandals. The Adventists of Thessalonica, who refused their normal obligations in the interest of a complete self-preparation for the Lord’s coming, have had their representatives in many strange sects in Europe and America, who have been carried into amazing   tracks allows an individual to define and redefine one’s experience by the strategic placement of information. Sometimes, the individual receives outside help. For example, when Milgram in 1963 placed a barrier between people, administering electric shocks, and the bogus “subjects” who were supposedly receiving the shocks, he made it easier for the shockers to “disattend” signs of human distress from their hapless victims. #RandolphHarris 1 of 21

In other cases help can come from guides who direct the novice on what to experience and what to block out. Beginning marijuana smokers are cautioned to ignore feelings of nausea. On the other hand, novice hit men like Pete are reluctant to share their “experience” with any one else. It would be a sign of weakness. In still other cases, however, it is possible that the subject can do the reframing on his or her own. And this is what appears to have happened to Pete. “And then the second one [the second hit] came up, [Pete] was still thinking about the first one. Yeah, when he got ready to go, he was to the moment that he killed the second guy, he waited, you know. Going through his mind was the first guy he killed. He still seeing him still see the expression on his face. Soon, the second guy walked up; I mean, it was like just his mind just blanked out for a minute, everything just blanked out. Next thing he knew, he had killed the second guy. He knew what he was doing, but what I mean, he just didn’t have nothing on his mind. Everything was wiped out,” reports Pete. When the second victim approached, Pete says that he noticed the victim’s approach, he was aware of the man’s presence. However, he noticed none of the victim’s personal features. He did not see the victim’s face or its expression. Thus, as if Pete had negatively conditioned himself to avoid certain cues. Since he shot the victim in the head, it is probable that Pete saw him in one sense; this is not the same kind of experience as a dissociative reactions, which has been linked to sleep-walking. #RandolphHarris 2 of 21

Pete says, that “he knew what he was doing.” However, he either did not pay attention to his victim’s personal features at the time of the killing, or he blocked them out immediately afterward, so that now the only aspect of his victim he recalls is the victim’s approach (if we are to believe him). While demons do not possess a material body, they can act upon the human body, as well as the human soul and spirit. They are capable of entering in and assuming control of a human body, speaking and acting through it from time to time and even possessing it, as if it were their own property. That demons are individuals is attested by their intelligent and voluntary action. They think, they speak, they act through a spiritistic medium or through a person over whom they have acquired control. After his second murder, Pete says that killing became routine. He learned to view his victims as “targets,” rather than as people. Thus, he believes that the second experience is the crucial one, and that the disattendance of the victim’s persona features made it so. Because demons are spirit personalities, they can act upon and influence a man or woman’s body and mind. Support from other account of hit men is scant, due to a lack of data. Furthermore, not everyone in Pete’s account supports the “reframing” hypothesis. In talking about later killings, it is clear that he not only attends to his victims’ personal features, on occasion, but he also derives a certain grim pleasure in doing so. #RandolphHarris 3 of 21

“The victim was a nice looking woman. She started weeping, and [she cried], ‘I ain’t did this, I ain’t did that.’ And [Pete] said that he shot her. Like it wasn’t nothing…he didn’t feel nothing. It was just money,” reports Pete. It may be the this evidence contradicts what I said about reframing, but perhaps another interpretation is possible. Reframing may play a more crucial role in the original redefinition of an experience than in the continued maintenance of that redefinition. Once Pete has accustomed himself to viewing his victims as merely targets, as “just money,” then it may be less threatening to look upon them as persons, once again. Once the “main story line” has been established, discordant information can be presented in the “overly track,” without doing too much damage. Foe what I have been referring to as “disattendance” Pete used the term “heart,” which he defined as a “coldness.” When asked what he would look for in an aspiring hit man, Pete replied, “ See if he’s got a whole lot of heart…you got to be cold…you got to build a coldness in yourself. It’s not something that comes automatically. Cause, see, I don’t care who he is, first, you’ve got feelings,” reports Pete. However, the “made rather than born” thesis does explain one perplexing feature of hit men and other “evil” men whose banality has sometimes seemed discordant. In other aspects of their lives they all seem perfectly capable of feeling ordinary human emotions. Their inhumanity, their coldness, seems narrowly restricted to their jobs. #RandolphHarris 4 of 21

Pete, for example, talked about his “love” for little children. Examples of human warmth indicate that the cold heart of the hit man may be less a characteristic of the killer’s individual personality, than a feature of the professional framework of experience which the hit man or woman has learned to adapt oneself to, when one is on the job. As we have been studying ways of deviance neutralization, it is clear that the freelance hit man or woman is an example of an individual who, relatively alone, must deal with a profound and unambiguous stigma in order to enter one’s career. “Heart” seems to be a dedicating factor in becoming a professional. The inhibitions against murder-for-money are real. “Heart” or the ability to adapt to rationalized framework for killing—has been portrayed as the outcome of an initial process of reframing, in addition to other neturalization techniques established during the further stages of professionalizations. People often enter into deviant acts first, then develop rationales for their behaviour later on. This was also the case with Pete, who began his career by first, being willing, encountering a frame-break, undergoing negative experience, being willing to try again (also known as “getting back on the horse”), reframing the experience, and having future, routine experiences wherein his professionalization increasingly enabled him to “deny the victim,” “deny injury,” and “deny responsibility.” #RandolphHarris 5 of 21

Through the process of reframing, the experience of victim-as-target emerged as the “main storyline,” and the experience of victim-as-person was downgraded from the main track to the disattended track to the overlay track. Ironically, the intensity of the negative experience seemed to make the process all the more successful. Thus, it may be possible for a person with “ordinary human feelings” to pass through the novice stage, and to continue with “normal relations” thereafter. This suggests that hit men and women may not be psychopaths, but it is possible that they are possessed. The reframing hypothesis has implications for other people who knowingly perform stigmatized behaviors. It may be particularly useful in explaining personal conversion experience that occurs despite the relative absence of deviant peer group, deviant norms, extenuating circumstances, and neutralization rationales. If all that the Christian Holy Bible and Book of Mormon contains on the subject of the supernatural power of evil could be exhaustively dealt with, we would find that more knowledge is given of the workings of Satan, and his principalities and powers, than many have realized. From Genesis to Revelation the work of Satan as deceiver of the whole inhabited Earth can be traced until the climax is reached, and the full results of the deception in the Garden of Eden are unveiled in the Apocalypse. In Genesis we have the simple story of the garden, with the guileless pair unaware of danger from evil beings in the unseen World. #RandolphHarris 6 of 21

We find recorded there Satan’s first work as deceiver, and the subtle form of his method of deception. We see him working upon an innocent creature’s highest and purest desires, and cloaking his own purpose of ruin under the guise of seeking to lead a human being nearer to God. We see him using the God-ward desires of Eve to bring about captivity and bondage to himself. We see him using “good” to bring about evil; suggesting evil to bring about supposed good. Caught with the bait of being “wise,” and “like God,” Eve is blinded to the principle involved in obedience to God and DECEIEVED (1 Tim. 2.14). Goodness is, therefore, no guarantee of protection from deception. The keenest way in which the devil deceived the World, and the Church, is when he comes in the guise of somebody, or something, which apparently causes them to go God-ward and good-ward. He said to Even, “Ye shall be as gods,” but he did not say, “and ye shall be like demons.” Angeles and men only knew evil when they fell into a state of evil. Satan did not tell Eve this when he added “knowing good and evil.” His true objective in deceiving Eve was to get her to disobey God, but his wile was, “Ye shall be like God.” Had she reasoned, she would have seen that the deceiver’s suggestion exposed itself, for it crudely receiver’s suggestion exposed itself, for it crudely resolved itself into “disobey God” to be more like God! The lawless tyrant, who denies to know their God, or message to regard, must be compelled by signs and judgments dire; to blood unshed rivers must be turned, frogs, lice and flies must all his palace fill with loathed intrusion, and fill all the land. #RandolphHarris 7 of 21

However, when buffers are shaken, conscience awakes. “How can one discover what one’s own buffers are?,” asked someone else. Sometimes it is possible. If one has the right idea of buffers, one may find one’s own. There is a great difference between excuses and buffers. Excuses may be different every time, but if the excuse is always the same, then it becomes a buffer. Buffers are connected with conscience. Conscience is a word we use generally in a conventional sense, to mean a sort of educated emotional habit. Really, conscience is a special capacity which everybody possesses but which nobody can use in the state of sleep. Even if we feel conscience for a moment accidentally, it will be a very painful experience, so painful that immediately we shall want to get rid of it. People who have occasional glimpses of conscience invent all kinds of methods to get rid of this feeling. It is the capacity to feel at the same time all that we ordinarily feel at different times. Try to understand that all our different “I”s have different feelings. One “I” feels that one like something, while another hates it, and a third “I” is indifferent. However, we never feel these things at the same time because between them are buffers. Because of these buffers we cannot use conscience, cannot feel at the same two contradictory things which we feel at different times. If a man or woman does happen to feel them one suffers. So, in our present state, buffers are even necessary things without which a man or woman would go mad. However, if one understands about them and prepares oneself, then after some time, one may start to destroy the contradictions and break the buffers down. #RandolphHarris 8 of 21

The breaking of a mechanical habit, whether good or bad, may be uncomfortable, because we have mechanical habits such as rules of conduct and moral rules which we get from our education. In most cases, therefore, we do not experience conscience; we have too many buffers. As I have said, they are partitions between our emotional attitudes, and experience of conscience means seeing a hundred things at the same time. Partitions disappear and all inner contradictions are seen at the same time. This is very unpleasant, and as the general principle of life is to avoid unpleasant sensations and realizations we run away from seeing them. In this way we create inner buffers. Contradictions seen one after the other do not appear contradictory; they have to be seen at the same time. We are machines and we must see where we can change something, because in ever machine of every kind there is always a point where it is possible to begin. Sometimes people ask if there is anything permanent in us. There are two things, buffers and weaknesses. The weaknesses are sometimes called features, but they are really just weaknesses. Everyone has one, two or three particular weaknesses, and everybody has certain buffers belonging to one. One consists of buffers, but some are particularly important because they enter into all one’s decisions and all one’s understandings. These features and buffers are all that can be called permanent in us, and it is lucky for us that there is nothing more permanent, because these things can be changed. #RandolphHarris 9 of 21

“Does giving up one’s will mean not to act without understanding?” You see, this is another of your mistakes. You think that giving up will means doing something. This happens very seldom. In most cases you are told not to do something. There is a great difference in this. For instance, you want to explain to someone what you think of him or her, and you must not do it. It is a question of training. Will can be grown if one works on oneself and makes one’s will obey the principles of the work. Things that do not concern the work cannot be connected with it, but the more you enter into the work, the more things begin to touch upon the work. However, this needs time. When their chance comes and people are told to do something, or not to do something, they go against it for what seems to them the very bests of reasons. So they miss their opportunity. Time passes, and later they may see that they have missed their opportunity, but it can no longer be replaced by anything. This is the penalty of self-will. About this idea of giving up one’s will: it must be repeated that men nos 1, 2, and 3 have no will, but only self-will and willfulness. Try to understand what that means. Being willful means that one wants to do or actually does something forbidden, simply because it is forbidden. And an instance of self-will is when someone sees that you are trying to do something that you do not know how to do and wants to help you, but you say, “No, I will do it myself.” These are the two types of will we have. They are based on opposition. Rel will must depend on consciousness, knowledge and Permanent “I.” Such as we are, we have not got it. All that we have is self-will and willfulness. #RandolphHarris 10 of 21

Our will is a resultant of desires. Desires may be very well hidden. For instance, a man may want to criticize someone and one calls it sincerity. However, the desire to criticize may be so strong that one would have to  make a really big effort to stop it, and a man cannot make real efforts by oneself. In order to create will, a man must try to co-ordinate one’s every action with ideas of the work; one must in every action ask oneself: How will it look from the point of view of the work? Is it useful or harmful to me, or to the work? If one does not know, one can ask. If a person has been long in the work, there is practically not a single action that does not touch upon the work; there are not independent actions. In that way one is not free, in the sense that one cannot act foolishly without discrimination. One must think before one acts. If one is not sure, one can ask. This is the only method by which will can be created, and for this method school organization is necessary. Without school one can do nothing. The ward system, which forms a central aspect of the social structure in mental hospitals, can also be delineated in terms of involvement rules—the “bad” wards being ones where tight situational orientation is little demanded; the “good” or convalescent wards being ones where many more exhibitions of respect for the gathering are required. Conversely, the “good” wards are ones where other kinds of privileges are available, and the “bad” ones are places where these are not. When staff use these labels they often mean to refer to differences in situational propriety; patients, on the other hand, tend to have in mind the merely-situated component of privileges on the ward. #RandolphHarris 11 of 21

The same term, then, will designate the same ward but will tend to connote different things to the two status levels. It may be added that, in general, mental hospitals seem to operate on the basis of a privilege quota: the patient who requires situational license must sacrifice the merely-situated component of privilege, and to the degree that one desires the latter, one must be ready to “behave oneself.” The communal institutions of Central Hospital were themselves differently defined as regards tightness. In the large 300-man refectory, which fed the men on 900-patient chronic men’s service, eating with one’s hat on was not forbidden; the place had something of the atmosphere of a train depot. However, at the Red Cross House (containing a large sitting room-dancehall), the staff felt that patients should have some “respect” for the place, and act in it as they would in their homes. Posted signs, collective bawlings-out, and other injunctions established that no hats, no spitting, no refuse on the floor, and no “horsing around” were to be permitted. When we see that some of these controlling factors inhere in the behavior setting, we can more readily understand why some mental patients may improve greatly merely by being brought down to a “better” ward; but we cannot as easily determine how much new human material a setting can incorporate without losing it customary involvement structure. #RandolphHarris 12 of 21

Just as there are differences between situations in regard to the tightness of conduct occurring therein, so, of course, there are differences between different roles, each of these differences being maintained across several different situations. At one extreme we have the mental patient on a chronic ward who has not yet decided to try to get out by good behavior. One may feel that one has earned and paid for the right to act loosely and that one might as well exercise it. One this plays the role of an “involvement freak,” and, as already suggested, shares with children, senior citizens, the homeless, and bohemians the special license and expectation of being frequently remiss in situational obligations. At the other extreme are high ecclesiastical and miliary officers who carry their solemnity in their uniform, and prefer gatherings that are tight enough to be saluted. Here, incidentally, one finds a very pervasive difference between middle- and lower-class males in American society. Those who work without a tie, in clothes they do not have to worry about keeping clean, are persons who can afford to touch and be touched by the physical environment around them. The “informality” of their dress is one part of a complex, the whole of which is the understanding that these persons need not maintain a tight orientation in public situations. While waiting for a bus, the lightrail, or talking to a friend on the street, they can slouch, lean against a building, or squat on any substitute for a seat, and thus express a looseness of orientation to the gathering as such, which is consistent with the role that has been accorded them. #RandolphHarris 13 of 21

That their clothing allows this is as much effect as cause of their situational orientation. (A limiting case is the person such as a chimney sweep or miner, who can soil the environment around one and will therefore have a special basis for circumspection.) Middle-class people in public places, on the other hand, have more obligation to keep relatively erect and stiff, relatively ready to respond interactively. And, again, the fact that their clothing and cleanliness patterns are incompatible with too great a familiarity with the physical environment of the street would seem to be as much effect as cause of their level or orientational discipline. Persons tightly attired can, of course, express meager concern for the gathering, but they are perhaps more likely than those informally dressed to do this by means of relatively subtle cues. Now when it comes time to commuting to work, traffic patterns are a concern. There are two main ways to commute from Berkeley to San Francisco. One is driving over the Bay Bridge, and the other is taking public transportation, the Bay Area Rapid Transit train called BART. Crossing the bridge is the shortest route, and with no traffic, a car can make the trip in 20 minutes. However, this is rarely the case. The bridge had only four lanes and is easily congested. (Sometimes, after earthquakes, it is closed altogether.) We suppose that each additional 2,000 cars the travel time rises to 30 minutes; at 4,000 cars, to 40 minutes. The BART train makes a number of stops, and one has to work to the station and wait for the train. It is fair to say that the trip takes closer to 40 minutes along this route, but the train never fights traffic. When train usage rises, they put no more cars, and the commuting time stays roughly constant. #RandolphHarris 14 of 21

If, during the rush hour, 10,000 commuters want to go from Berkeley to San Francisco, how will the commuters be distributed over the two routes? Each commuter will act selfishly, choosing the route that minimizes one’s own transportation time. Left to their own devices, 40 percent will drive and 60 percent will take the train. The commuting time will be 40 minutes for everyone. This outcome is the equilibrium of a game. We can see this result by asking what would happen if the split were different. Supposed only 2,000 drivers took the Bay Bridge. With less congestion, the trip would take less time (30 minutes) along this route. Then some of the 8,000 BART commuters would find out that they could save time by switching, and would do so. Conversely, if there were, say, 8,000 drivers using the Bay Bridge, each spending 60 minutes, some of them would switch to the train for the faster trip it provides. However, when there are 4,000 drivers on the Bay Bridge and 6,000 on the train, no one can gain by switching: the commuters have reached an equilibrium. Is this equilibrium good for the commuters as a whole? Not really. It is easy to find a better pattern. Suppose only 2,000 take the Bay Bridge. Each of them saves 10 minutes. The 2,000 who switch to the train are still spending the same time as they did before, namely 40 minutes. So are the 6,000 who continue to take the train. We have just saved 20,000 person-minutes (or almost two weeks) from the total travel time. #RandolphHarris 15 of 21

Why is this saving possible? On in other words, why were the drivers left to themselves not guided by an invisible hand to the best mix of routes? The answer lies in the cost that each user of the Bay Bridge inflicts on the others. When an extra driver takes this road, the travel time of all the other users goes up by a little bit. However, the newcomer is not required to pay a price that reflects this cost. One takes into account only one’s own travel time. What traffic pattern is best for the group of drivers as a whole? In fact, the one we constructed, with 2,000 cars on the Bay Bridge and a total time saving of 20,000 minutes, is best. To see this, try a could of others. If there are 3,000 cars on the Bay Bridge, the travel time is 35 minutes in all. With only 1,000 cars, the travel time is 25 minutes, and each saves 15 minutes, but the total saving is again only 15,000 minutes. The intermediate point with 2,000 drivers, each saving 10 minutes, is best. How can the best pattern be achieved? Devotees of central planning will think of issuing 2,000 licenses to use the Bay Bridge. If they are worried about the inequity of allowing those with licenses to travel in 30 minutes while the other 8,000 must take the train and spend 40 minutes, they will devise an ingenious system of rotating the licenses among the population. A market-based solution charges people for the harm they cause others. Supposed each person values an hour of time at $25, that is, each would be willing to pay $12 to save an hour. Then charge a toll for driving on the Bay Bridge; set the $2 above the BART fare. #RandolphHarris 16 of 21

By our supposition, people regard an extra $2 cost as equivalent to 10 minutes of time. Now the equilibrium commuting pattern will have 2,000 cars on the Bay Bridge and 8,000 riders on BART. Each user of the Bay Bridge spends 30 minutes plus an extra $2 in commuting costs; each BART rider spends 40 minutes. The total effective costs are the same, and no one wants to switch to the other route. In the process we have collected $4,000 of toll revenue (plus an additional 2,000 BART fares), which can then go into the county’s budget, thus benefiting everyone because taxes can be lower than they would otherwise be. A solution even closet to the spirit of free enterprise would be to allow private ownership of the Bay Bridge. The owner realized that people are willing to pay for the advantage of a faster trip on a less congested road. One charges a price, therefore, for the privilege. How can one maximize one’s revenue? By maximizing the total value of the time saved, of course. The invisible hand guides people to an optimal commuting pattern only when the good “commuting time” is priced. With the profit-maximizing toll on the bridge, time really is money. Those commuters who ride BART are selling time to those who use the bridge, Finally, we recognize that the cost of collecting the toll sometimes exceeds the resulting benefit of saving people’s time. Creating a marketplace is not a free lunch. The toll booths may be a primary cause of the congestion. If so, it may be best to tolerate the initial inefficient route choices. #RandolphHarris 17 of 21

The coming eco-wars—another growth business for tomorrow’s spies is the environment. Environmental problems increasingly cross national boundaries, so that pollution from the Rhine affect Holland as well as Germany, acid rain ignores frontiers, and the deforestation of the Amazon has global concerns. Increasing environmental knowledge can help reduce such problems, but it also opens the way to sophisticated manipulation of one country’s environment by another’s political policy-makers. A crude example was the 1989 announcement by Turkey that it would shut off the flow of Euphrates River water to Iraq and Syria for a month. The shutdown threatened Iraqi agriculture and Syrian electrical supplies. Its purpose, according to the Turks, was to do repair work on the Ataturk Dam. However, skeptics insisted there was more to the story. Across Turkey’s southern border in Iraq and Syria are the remote bases of Kurdish separatists belonging to the Marxist Kurdish Workers Party. KPW guerrillas have been slipping across into Turkey. In turn, Turkey has been demanding that Iraq and Syria guard the border and prevent such penetrations. This incursion did not stop, and were followed by the Turkish announcement of a dam shutdown. This, in turn, was followed four days later by a guerrilla raid that left twenty-eight dead in a Turkish village on the Iraqi line. The Turkish press clamored for a reprisal against the guerrilla bases in Syrian-controlled territory. #RandolphHarris 18 of 21

Whether the water cutoff was or was not intended to prod the Iraqi and Syrian governments into military action against the guerrillas, it was an event with significant ecological implications, an opening shot, one might say, in the eco-warfare that will become more common and far more sophisticated in the decades ahead. Someday nations may unleash genetically altered insects against an adversary, or attempt to modify weather. When that day comes, intelligence will provide ammunition for the eco-wars. On a more optimistic note, however, because of their satellite remote sensing systems, intelligence agencies may be well placed to take on the task of verifying compliance with environmental treaties, as they now verify arms control agreements. Eco-intelligence will be integrated more closely with political and military planning as both eco-war and eco-treaties become part of the new global system. The spread of new system of wealth creation thus begins to transform one of the universal functions of the nation-state—the collection of foreign intelligence. What we have glimpsed so far, however, are only the most superficial changes. Far deeper ones lie in store. For instance, nanoparticles can get into the body through the skin, lungs and digestive system. This may create “free radicals,” which can cause cell damage and damage to the DNA. There is also concern that once nanoparticals are in the bloodstream they will be able to cross the blood-brain barrier.  #RandolphHarris 19 of 21

For all practical purposes, nanotechnology seems inevitable. With work, it can be made beneficial, but only if we exercise ordinary care in avoiding accidents and extraordinary care in preventing abuse. It is hard to get people to take future technologies seriously. Present-day problems dominate discussions, and ideas about future possibilities take effort to judge. Because of this inertia, broad international regulations of nanotechnology will not be possible until nanotechnology already exists, until people begin to see its results. And then, for regulation to be most effective, researchers and governments in many countries will need to cooperate and be on speaking terms with the technology’s critic. What, then, is the socially responsible course of action, the approach most likely to avoid serious abuse of nanotechnology and most likely to deliver some of its potential benefits? It is, we believe, to point out potential dangers and abuses and how they can be avoided, but also to emphasize the civilian applications in medicine, the environment, and the economy. It is these benefits that provide grounds for advocating open civilian development programs, and for international cooperation that can provide a basis for effective international guidance. To guide nanotechnology will not be simple. We will be confronted with a range of choices greater than we have faced before in history. It is only by grappling with those choices that we will be able to affect them for the better. #RandolphHarris 20 of 21

O Lord, our hope in every generation, we rejoice in the wondrous deliverance Thou didst bring to pass for our fathers. When Haman rose to crush us, Thou wast at our side. Thou didst bring to naught his base designs, delivering us from destruction. In our day, too, O Lord our God, we trust in Thy saving power. We know it is Thy will that evil be subdued and righteousness prevail. Keep us ever steadfast and just, that no weapon formed against us may prosper. Inspire us like Mordecai of old, to be unswering in our devotion to Thee. Like Esther, may we ever be eager to serve our people, even at the peril of our lives. Cause us to know as Mordecai knew, that whether we be born to high or low estate, we share alike our people’s lot. That though we dwell in safety, blessed with abundance, our brother’s hurt is our hurt, in their sorrow, ours. Hasten the day when all oppression shall cease, and tyranny shall forever be crushed; when strife shall no longer set off man from man, but all shall unite in true brotherhood to serve each other, and thus, O Lord, serve Thee. We, who were young and loved each other blindly, now come to know each other in love, married by what we have done, as much as by what we intend. Our hair turns white with our ripening as though to fly away in some coming wind, bearing the deed of what we know. It was bitter to learn that we come to death as we come to love, bitter to face the just and solving welcome that Heaven prepares. It is better to pray than worry, for we will have the sweetness of ripening. How sweet to the Lord by the signs of the World. #RandolphHarris 21 of 21

Cresleigh Homes

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Add 25-30 drops of your favorite essential oil (lemon, lavender, or orange are great options!) to a small spray bottle. Fill the bottle halfway with witch-hazel, and fill the rest with distilled water. Voila!

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#CresleighHomes