The way medicine approaches human suffering has always been determined by the technology available at any given time. Before the Enlightenment aberrations in behavior were ascribed to God, sin, magic, witches, and evil spirits. However, because of the evil people encounter from other human beings, these ascriptions are starting to gain relevance again. Often time, when commenting in a crime, one will hear people say, “I did not think a human being was capable of something so brutal. Gang rape represents a rare but conceptually unique phenomenon. Unlike the vast majority of rapes where a lone male forces himself on a lone female, gang rapes involve multiple offenders in a collective criminal transaction. Moreover, these crimes often occur on college campuses and are committed by groups of male assailants who are well known to the victim. The rapes are often committed by individuals who share a membership to some sort of cohesive formal organization (id est, a fraternity or sports team). Perpetrators often occupy an elevated or privileged status in the university community. The organization in question tend to be known for their partying and objectification of women. Seemingly harmless group interactions can get out of hand. The attacks usually take place in conjunction with coed social events where alcohol or drug use by the victims and offenders almost always seems to be present. In the Spring of 1984, two “gang rape” trials were in progress. One received a great deal of national publicity. Six men were charged with aggravated rape of a woman at Big Dan’s Tavern in New Bedford, Massachusetts. Four were convicted. #RandolphHarris 1 of 21

The other trial received only local attention and sent a different message. Seven college students were tried for third-degree sexual assault of a 17-year-old Michigan State University (MSU) student in a dormitory. After a three-week trial, in the course of which the five defense lawyers each displayed the victim’s jeans and football jersey before the court and asked her why she was not wearing a bra when she went to the midnight dorm party, the students were acquitted. Questioned about the verdict, an MSU senior was quoted in the local paper as saying, “I don’t believe she was raped…I believe they ran a train on her” (Pierson, 1984, p. 1B). A notable similarity between the two trials—and others—was the community support given to the defendants. In New Bedford, over 6,000 citizens gathered outside the City Hall to protest the conviction of out men (Chancer, 1987). In a similar demonstration, when five Kentucky State University students were arrested on charges of raping and sodomizing a fellow student, 200 students held an angry rally in their support. In both instances, the protestors not only defended the men but also attacked the woman, maintaining she should be punished. This pattern of sympathy suggests that such sexual behavior is acceptable for some men. As further evidence tht such behavior is tolerated in some “decent” young men, the character witness for the Michigan State defendants included a minister and a girlfriend who testified that the men were incapable of rape. The defense argument was that the women had consented or had not clearly expressed her objection. #RandolphHarris 2 of 21

Because the defendants in these cases did not deny having sex with the same woman sequentially or simultaneously, the testimony of the character witnesses and community support for the defendants implied that exemplary moral character is consistent with having sex with a young woman in tandem with several buddies. Group sexual assault is considered normal behavior for some groups of young men in our society. However, many want to know, how often it occurs, who does it, to whom, and why. Although considerable attention has been devoted to rape in psychological and sociological literature over the past decade, group rape has rarely been discussed as a distinct phenomenon. While the exiting literature is extremely helpful in understanding the sociocultural context that supports sexual aggression, there may be important differences between single- and multiple-perpetrators of rape, especially in regard to motivation and situational characteristics. Other differences may include offender characteristics and psychological consequences for victims. They primary focus here is on perpetrators rather than victims. To term it “gang rape” when many men have sex with same individual and the men deny coercion, is to prejudice the issue. May of the cases discussed in this series of reports on gang rape were not determined to be rapes in judicial proceedings. Aside from the fact that many rapists and their victims do not recognize the crime that has been committed, difficulties or proving rape charges are compounded when there are multiple perpetrators. #RandolphHarris 3 of 21

Because prosecutions and convictions are so rare, any case in which a woman alleged that her participation in sex with a group of men was involuntary is considered an instance of gang rape for purposes of this discussion. Cases in which we do not know the woman’s view of the incident and there are no allegations of force will be termed “trains,” in the common vernacular of the subcultures in which such sex is practiced. A group is considered here to consist of three or more men. There are two reasons for adopting this criterion. First, although two persons are often considered a group in social psychology, most of the group dynamics relevant to gang rape are not activated unless there are at least three group members. Second, several female college students in my samples reported soliciting sex with two men, preferring it to sex with one man, but none reported voluntarily engaging in or enjoying sexual encounters with more than two men. The mean number of male participants in the cases I have studied is five. Campus gang rapes are emphasized here. That street gangs or motorcycle gangs have sex with a single female ritualistically, for example, as an initiation rite, is known and is typically accounted for by the social deviance of these groups. The group rapes may be a common practice among college students in the basis of the claim that they are normative and of the hypothesis that they are an outgrowth of conventional sex roles. Campus gang rapes are also usually acquaintance rapes, occurring during social get-togethers. #RandolphHarris 4 of 21

Because there have been no systematic attempts to collect data on the incidence and prevalence of gang rapes in particular, estimates of their occurrence must be extrapolated from the rape literature of from anecdotal evidence and media reports. In a study of the national incidence of acquaintance rape among college students, it was found that 15 percent of women (as victims) and 4 percent of the men (as perpetrators) had been involved in forced intercourse. The mean number of rapes reported by these subjects was above two. Five percent of the women who reported having been raped and about 16 percent of the men who reported having raped said that their most serious incident involved more than one offender. Thus, in this sample, nearly 1 percent of the men and women at colleges across the United States of America identified their most serious experience with sexual aggression as involving two or more men and one woman. These data may provide an underestimate of the occurrence of gang rapes because subjects were asked to report the number of men involved in only their single most serious experience. On the other hand, the data my provide an overestimate because cases involving two men are included but do not meet the criterion for gang rape here. Those most likely to rape or be raped, respectively, are men and women 20 to 24 years old; the next most likely group is 16 to 19-year-old. #RandolphHarris 5 of 21

Thus, sexual assault is most commonly committed by college-age men against women of college age. In our study of men convicted of sexual assault, 26 percent of the 646 rapes we identified were perpetrated by three or more men, and 55 percent of the rapist were involved in group rapes. Major of the men convicted were young adults; the mean age of the rapists was 23 and of the victims, 22. Although some researchers contend that the tendency to be sexually aggressive is associated with social deviance and low socioeconomic status (SES), sexual aggression may actually be predicted by conflict between the genders, across class and economic lines. As with other forms of criminal behavior, particularly abuse within relationships (child and spouse abuse), it may be that law SES individuals are more likely to be detected, prosecuted, and convicted than high SES perpetrators. In fact, in parallel to the groupthink phenomenon, membership in a privileged group may protect a perpetrator from doubts about the propriety of one’s behavior, as well as from the perception of criminality by others. Groupthink can explain disastrous decisions by elite groups, such as the decision by Kennedy’s cabinet to invade Cuba. Impressed by each other, members of such high status groups become convinced of the group’s moral superiority, invulnerability, and consensus. Of the 24 documented cases of alleged gang rape by college students in the past ten years that we have researched, 13 were perpetrated by fraternity men, four by groups of basketball players, four by groups of football players, one by lacrosse players, and only two by men unaffiliated with formal organization. #RandolphHarris 6 of 21

Fraternities have houses where they can have unsupervised parties, serve alcohol, and enjoy privacy from nonmembers in their bedrooms and living rooms. College football and basketball players often live in their own dormitory and have motel rooms when on the road (the University of Minnesota basketball players assaulted their victim in a motel). Thus, these groups are mor likely than others on college campuses to have facilities and opportunities for illicit activities. Their living situation may facilitate gang rape, but other evidence suggests that the cohesiveness of these groups is an equally important factor. First, several of the known gang rapes by college athletes and fraternity brothers have take place not in reserved residence but in regular campus housing. Second, other tightly knit groups of men, such as members of a rock band or biker gang, have been implicated in gang rapes. Although only two of the prosecuted campus gang rapes did not involve football or basketball players or fraternity members, a participant in one of these incidents referred to his codefendants as “the other members,” although they did not belong to any known organization. That is, the assault was perpetrated by such a tightly knit group of friends that they saw themselves as “members.” Often, sone of the team members who rape together come from the same hometown and grew up together. Differential association theory is helpful in formulating predictions. This theory postulates that criminal behavior is learned through symbolic interactions within intimate social groups. #RandolphHarris 7 of 21

Which segments of the population of American men aged 16 to 24 are likely to participate in group sexual assaults? The theory suggests that fraternity members and member of athletic teams may participate in group assaults not only because they have the facilities and are already organized, but also because the behavior is learned within these primary groups and is passed down along with other traditions. In some cases, there seems to be a ritualistic aspect to the assaults. Research on campus rape also shows that athletes and fraternity men are more likely to be sexually aggressive individual than other college students. More fraternity men (35 percent) reported having forced intercourse than did members of other organizations, such as student government (9 percent), or men not affiliated with any organization (11 percent). Football and basketball players representing NCAA-affiliated schools were reported to police for sexual assault approximately 38 percent more often than the average male on a campus, as measured by an FBI survey. However, to be objective, these are the same men that are seen as more desirable by the student body because they tend to be more popular, more outgoing, come from families with money and status, have cool cars, nice bodies and tend to be attractive. Nonetheless, men who would not rape alone may become rapists in the company of their sexually aggressive buddies. Of those convicted of group rape in the sample, whom they identified as “followers” rather than instigators, had raped only in groups prior to their conviction. One of the Kentucky States defendants told police that he left the woman alone when he found her partially clothed in his room because she was unwilling to have sex with him. When he returned and found his friends assaulting her, he joined in. #RandolphHarris 8 of 21

However, keep in mind that college aged men are also raped on campus. A total of 6.8 percent of undergraduate men and 2.5 percent of male graduate students reported nonconsensual sexual contact. In fact, college increases the risk of sexual assault for men. Male college students are 78 percent more likely to experience sexual assault than non-students between the ages of 18-24. Rape of men by other men is a widely neglected yet increasingly recognized form of sexual assault. Information on same-sex rape involving men is frequently absent in campus rape education and prevention programming because the general public and popular culture have traditionally viewed rape in a context of violence against women. Available medical and psychological literature indicates the need for expanded prevention, treatment, and research dealing with men who rape other men. A male University of Michigan student claims he was sexually assaulted after he was unknowingly slipped a “benzo” date-rape drug at a party. The victim told campus police he could hardly remember what happened the night of April 11, 2018, when he and his friends were walking and got chatted up by two college-age men around 10 p.m. The pair invited the group to a house party on Fletcher Street in Ann Arbor, where the student was given a soft drink mixed with alcohol. He woke up the next day with a foggy memory—and injuries consistent with being raped. The victim tested positive for benzodiazepine, and apparently been raped by two men. Some of these men who molest boys and rape men are serial offenders, but police often times are unwilling to do anything about it. So they go on to victimize several boys or men and that is dangerous because they could do ree af diseases or viruses. A lot of times, you will not even know the male same sex rapist is gay. You think you are just hanging out with a regular guy, not someone who plans to rape you. #RandolphHarris 9 of 21

How can one reassure one that what is happening to them is neither frightening, nor evil, nor sad, nor a denial of what one believes about growth and being, nor a waste of life and energy? It just has to be—it is another life experience. One feels sures that one suffers least of all, being in the midst of it all—being granted a kind of understanding and faith in, even an enthusiasm for death. The formular for living with the idea comes with it. It surprises some individuals that the news is so distressing to others…but one may be deeply touched that it matters so much to others. People often share the misfortunes of life, and sometimes their cheerful countenance is false. Physical attacks may not just be due to inexperience, but may also come out of some maladjustment in one’s own life, but it also may be a manifestation of the suffering of humanity in our time. Being people to it (the tensions and distress of people generally) and being the kind of person in whom emotional disturbance results in physical disorder, one may be sexually assault, though it is not only the individual. Not knowing what would be require of one in the endurance of pain, in making the transition to another kind of existence, or in combatting date rape, an individual may share the news because he or she needs the moral support of those who can give it. Following these feelings may be the right thing to do. If one had died, or if instead a miracle prolonged one’s life until another time, the experience is so rich and basic that one never regrets sharing it. The benefits to all concerned are beneficial. #RandolphHarris 10 of 21

Some may wish there were time to write all of the feelings, ideas, and reactions of other that accompany, or rather follow the “death sentence.” With those who are open, it is only necessary to acknowledge the imminence of death one feels after being raped. This may lead individuals to shed a few tears together over the sorrow of being violated. With others it is necessary to help them to accept the fact that each is vulnerable. With those who cannot accept this vulnerability, they may not take caution to protect themselves. However, they are lucky to have someone care for them after the attack. Some people are all alone and just gradually disappear and become quite eager for departure. It can be one of the saddest experiences. But remember to enjoy the days of leisure and creativity. The sensitivity pays off—sensitivity to what is right, what is true, what is good. At the same time, one is almost in agony because one is equally sensitive to what is ugly, false, superficial, disconnected, irrelevant, wasteful of human life and energy. Most people find they can only endure the reality of what has happened to them in small doses. The problem is not how to accept being assault but how to accept life! In relation to the study of consciousness you must remember what you know about sleep and waking state, the different levels in waking state, and the connection of high centers with higher states of consciousness. You must remember that your aim is to produce higher states of consciousness in yourself and to establish connection with higher centers. #RandolphHarris 11 of 21

You must understand that higher center have many unknown functions which cannot be described in ordinary language. They have much more power, and a deeper penetration into the laws of nature. You must remember that many problems insoluble for our ordinary mind can become soluble for higher centers. And you must always return to the idea of permanent “I” and realize how far you are from it and how many efforts and sacrifices are necessary in order to reach it. In the work on consciousness you must understand first of all, that this work is entirely practical. Theoretical study will not help. Second, you must understand that the work on consciousness can give results only when it becomes permanent or as near to permanent as possible. Spasmodic, accidental, interrupted work cannot give results. So try to find how you can make your work on consciousness continuous. Your mind must guide you in the beginning, constantly reminding you of the necessity for remembering yourself, and helping you to catch the moments of not remembering. However, realize that mind can only prepare you for this work and only guide you for a certain distance. You can go further in the work on consciousness only with the help of will and emotion. Remember also, that consciousness can be measure by the length of periods of consciousness and by the frequency these periods. #RandolphHarris 12 of 21

Efforts to create consciousness in oneself feel almost hopeless in the beginning. However, very soon they will begin to give results. You will notice these results by observing moments of consciousness appearing by themselves without any effort on your part. In reality, they are the results of previous efforts. Since thought, or “belief,” originates either from the God of Truth or the father of lies (John 8.44), there is but one basic principle for testing the source of all doctrines and philosophical beliefs held by believers or doctrines and philosophical beliefs held by believers or unbelievers, id est, the test of the revealed Word of God. All genuine “truth” is in harmony with the only channel of revealed truth in the World—the written Word of God. On the other hand, all teachings originating from deceiving spirits: Weaken the authority from the Scriptures; distort the teaching in the Scriptures; add to the Scriptures the thoughts of men; or put the Scriptures entirely aside. The ultimate object of the forces of falsehood is to hide, distort, misuse, or put aside the revelation of God concerning the cross of Calvary, where Satan was overthrown by the God-Man and where freedom was obtained for all his captives. The test of all religious beliefs therefore is: Its harmony with the written Scriptures in its fully body of truth. Its attitude toward the cross and sin. Be careful of demon doctrines. Countless concepts and beliefs which are opposed to the truth of God are injected into the minds of “Christians” by teaching spirits, rendering them ineffective in the warfare with sin and Satan and subject to the power of evil spirits. #RandolphHarris 13 of 21

All new insights and systems of belief should therefore be tested by the truth of God revealed in the Scripture, not merely by texts or portions of the Word but by the principles of truth revealed in the Word. Since Satan will endorse his teachings by “signs and wonders” (Matt. 24.24; 2 Thess. 2.9; Rev 13.13), “fire from Heaven” and other supernatural “signs” are no proof of a teaching being God; nor is a “beautiful life” to be the infallible test, for even Satan’ ministers can be “ministers of righteousness” (2 Cor. 11.13-15). One of these difficulties is that the manner of a patient classified as “regressed” seems without fail to give us the impression that one is utterly and irrevocably different from ordinary human beings—a feeling, incidentally, that sociologists are familiar with from the studies of castes and social classes. This view is associated with the lay-psychiatric assumption that an appropriate level of animation and situational orientation is the natural human state, and that a catatonic-like stillness must be caused by something specific, or at least constitute something specific that must be explained. Thus when a patient “comes out of it,” as one usually does, there is really no very satisfactory way to integrate our present image of one with the past one. Nor can we explain how it is possible for some patients who seem quite out of contact suddenly to give someone a too-knowing wink or express a feeling that is a little too meaningful to e discounted. These discrepancies might be handled sociologically by assuming that the patient had never “gone into” anything in the first place, and that, therefore, there was nothing for one to come out of. #RandolphHarris 14 of 21

It might be claimed that once an individual releases oneself from respect for social gatherings, for whichever of the multitude of possible reasons, then immobility (or, for that matter, motor excitement) becomes a convenient stance, and that what really needs explaining is our normative level of appropriate animation—even though there are only rare exceptions to its maintenance. Of course we need to know what it is that places an individual outside the claims of a gathering, and certainly such alienation is sometimes a symptom of a deep disturbance in the personality; but our attitudes to the situational proprieties that we ourselves religiously sustain makes us bad students of impropriety. We can agree with the lay-psychiatric approach that the human personality has an organic base and ordinarily cannot be expected to undergo fundamental change very quickly, but then we must look elsewhere for an explanation of sudden changes in the patient’s “condition.” And when we do look elsewhere we find that what can and does change utterly and at a moment’s notice is the propriety of one’s situational conduct and one’s choice of strategies for expressing one’s relation to those about one. Both the latter changes may, of course, come solely, but every normal human being has the capacity at a moment’s notice to dynamite the proprieties in a situation. #RandolphHarris 15 of 21

Gin and vermouth: some prefer them straight, while others only drink them mixed, id est, a martini. We have seen examples of both types of preferences. In election to the Football Hall of Fame, some would be happy with either Elway or Marino, but not both, while in cricket others find only the martini combination of Boycott and Gavaskar palatable. Is the budget approval process all that different? How can it be improved? One suggestion is to give the president the power of a line-item veto. “We ask the Congress, once again: Give us the same tool that 43 governors have, a line-item veto, so we can carve out the boondoggles and pork—those items that would never survive on their one.” Ronald Reagan, State of the Union Address, January 27, 1987. Yet, it is possible that this may be a tool the president is better off without. How could this be? One reason is that without a line-item veto, the president is committed to taking what the Congress gives him; he cannot modify it piecemeal to better suit his preferences. Consequently, compromises made in Congress will be honored without fear that the president will pick and choose what segments to keep. Once Congress predicts they will lose all the parts that would not survive on their own, the process of agreeing on a budget will become much more contentious, and a consensus compromise may not be found. Congress may be much less willing to serve the president a martini if her can remix it before presenting it to the nation. #RandolphHarris 16 of 21

Thus a president with a line-item veto might end up with less power, simply because the Congress is less willing (or able) to put proposals on his desk. A simple example helps illustrate the point. President Reagan, the Republican part did not control the Congress. The Democrats’ approval had to be bought. The budget offered to the Democrats a package of social programs that made the defense spending tolerable. The willingness of the Democrats to approve the budget was contingent on the complete package. If they thought that Reagan could use a line-item veto to cut the social programs (in the name of pork), they would be unwell to give him the Star Wars funds. The debate about the effectiveness of the line-item veto for reducing deficits is best settled by looking at the experience at the state level. Columbia University economist Douglas Holtz-Eakin has examined the historical evidence: Gubernatorial veto power is quite old. The President of the Confederacy had (but did not exercise) item veto power during the Civil War and 28 states (out of a total of 45) adopted a line item veto between 1860 and 1900. By 1930, 41 of the 48 states had a provision for line item veto power. The governors of Iowa and West Virginia acquired line item veto power in 1969. And yet, after looking at all these cases, Professor Holtz-Eakin was unable to see any reduction in the budget deficits of states who governor had the line-item veto. #RandolphHarris 17 of 21

It is clear that the domino-wave of revolutions that swept Eastern Europe in 1989 was a consequence of three convergent forces: the long-term failure of socialism to deliver the economic wealth it promised; the announcement by the Soviet Union that it would no longer prop up communist governments with the treat of military intervention; and the avalanche of information that poured into communist countries despite all the efforts of their censors—information carried by the new means of communication. During the quarter-century dictatorship of Nicolae Ceausescu, Romania imposed the harshest censorship of any communist regime in Eastern Europe, controlling everything that appeared in the press and especially on television. Ceausescu himself was a television fan, and especially liked episodes of Kojak, the American cop-show starting Telly Savalas. However, for all his viewing, Ceausescu failed to understand the World media revolution and paid with his life on Christmas Day, 1989. Had Ceausescu studied the role of the new global media system, for example, in the overthrow of Ferdinand Marcos in the Philippines, he would have known that control of the domestic media is no longer enough to keep a people in ignorance, and that domestic political events are increasingly played out on a global stage. “What happened in the Philippines,” said Professor William Adams, a media expert at George Washington University, “was an epic step toward a new kind of revolution—a revolution via the media and via symbols.” #RandolphHarris 18 of 21

Because of historically close connections between the Philippines and the United States of America and the continuing presence of U.S.A. military bases there, Marcos and his main political opposition courted U.S.A. support. Both sought out foreign journalists to tell their story. As opposition mounted, Marcos reluctantly agreed to hold an election in 1986. The ensuing campaign was given saturation coverage by the American TV cameras, drawn by the drama of Cory Aquino, widow of an assassinated hero, confronting the corrupt old dictator. At first President Reagan supported Marcos. However, as the U.S.A. TV coverage continued, Americas saw the middle-class peaceful demonstrators opposed by Marcos goons, and Reagan’s position began to shift. It did not look good to be allied with this nasty little man on TV. Reagan sent an official team to Manila to monitor the elections for corruption and fraud. Led by Senator Richard Lugar, the team found ample evidence of both and disclosed its conclusions to television audiences even before reporting back officially to the President. Its reports further hurt the Marcos campaign, and what Americans saw on their TV screens instantly seeped back into the Philippines. The TV coverage also influenced the White House, which ultimately backed an anti-Marcos military faction, and with that, the combination of force and information squeezed Marcos out of the office. In the end, faces with the inevitable, Marcos feld the country and was permitted to settle in Hawaii. #RandolphHarris 19 of 21

If he had been one of the twentieth century’s great tyrants, he would have kicked out the media and opened up with machine guns. Yet the reverse might well have been true for Ceausescu. Had he allowed the media in and not opened up with machine guns, he might conceivably have survived. The initial overthrow of communists regimes in other Eastern European countries in the dramatic winter of 1989 was peaceful. Only in Romania did the machine guns stutter. One of the dictator’s last acts was to order the massacre of protestors in the city of Timisoara. As Romanians swarmed into the streets of Bucharest after that, fighting broke out between the military and Ceausescu’s feared security forces, the Securitate. The strife continued for days, the Securitate battling on even after Ceausescu and his wife were given a drumhead trial and shot by a firing squad. By now the revolution was centered in Studio 4 of “Free Romanian Television.” Even as snipers and commandos tried to retake the studio from them, leaders of the revolution, in control of their airwaves, played and replayed pictures of the corpses of the dictator and his wife. Only after that did the bloodshed cease. His dictatorship has been replaced by a “videocracy.” Following the overthrow of communist regimes all across Eastern Europe, the Financial Times exulted: “The medium which George Orwell saw as the tool of enslavement has proved the liberator; not even a Ceausescu could blindfold his people.” #RandolphHarris 20 of 21

Yet overfocusing on television, many observers miss the larger story. For it is not just television that is revolutionary, but the combined interplay of many different technologies. Millions of computer, mobile phones, fax machines, printers and copying machines, DVD players, DVDs, VCRs, videocassettes, advanced telephones, along with cable and satellite technologies, now interact with one another and cannot be understood in isolation. Television is only a part of this much larger system, which links up at points with the intelligent electronic networks that business and finance use to exchange computerized data. This new overarching media system is a cause of (and a reaction to) the rise of the new, knowledge-based economy, and it represents a quantum jump in the way the human race uses symbols and images. No part of this vast web is entirely cut off from the rest. And that, in turn, is what makes it potentially subversive—not just for the remaining Ceausecus of the World but for all power-holders. The new media system is a powershift accelerator. Along with the media system powershift is the changing power balance between the emerging superpower China and the old developed economies of the West: mainly the USA, Europe, and Japan. People complain that China is taking over the World, however, the United States of America is speeding up this powershift by borrowing money from China, outsourcing jobs not only to China, but also other countries, which allows them to gain access to our financial, medical, and economic information. A radically changing economic environment requires new government policies and business strategies, but is the United States of America willing to put America first? #RandolphHarris 21 of 21

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It is difficult to form a correct estimate of the significance of contemporary events, and the danger that our judgment will remain caught in subjectivity is great. Among gang rapists, most of whom were in their late teens or early twenties when convicted, rape represented recreation and adventure, another form of delinquent activity. Part of rape’s appeal was the sense of male camaraderie engendered by participating collectively in a dangerous activity. To prove one’s self capable of “performing” under these circumstances was a substantial challenge and also a source of reward. One gang rapist articulated this feeling very clearly. “We felt powerful, we were in control. I wanted sex and there was peer pressure. She wasn’t like a person, no personality, just domination on my part. Just to show I could do it—you know, macho.” Our research revealed several forms of gang rape. A common pattern was hitchlike-abduction rape. In these cases, the gang, cruising an area, “Looking for girls,” picked up a female hitchhiker for the purpose of having sex. Though the intent was rape, a number of men did not view it as such because they were convinced that women hitchedhiked primarily to signal sexual availability and only secondarily as a form of transportation. In these cases, the unsuspecting victim was driven to a deserted area, raped, and in the majority of cases physically injured. Sometime, the victim was not hitchhiking; she was abducted at knife or gun point from the street usually at night. Some of these men did not view his type of attack as rape either because they believed a woman walking alone at night to be a prostitute. In addition, they were often convinced “she enjoyed it.” #RandolphHarris 1 of 22

“Gang date” rape was another popular variation. In this pattern, one member of the gang would make a date with the victim. Then, without her knowledge or consent, she would be drive to a predetermined location and forcibly raped by each member of the group. One young man revealed this practice was so much a part of his group’s recreational routine, they had rented a house for the purpose. From hi perspective, the rape was seen by the deviant group as justified because “usually the girl had a bad reputation, or we knew it was what he liked.” Solitary rapist also used terms like “exciting,” “a challenge,” “an adventure,” to describe their feelings about rape. Like the gang rapists, these men found the element of danger made rape all the more exciting for them. Typifying this attitude was one man who described his rape as intentional. He reported: “It was exciting to get away with it (rape), just being able to beat the system, not women. It was like doing something illegal and getting away with it.” Another rapist confided that for him “rape was just more exciting and compelling” than a normal sexual encounter because it involved forcing a stranger. A multiple rapist asserted, “it was the excitement and fear and the drama that made rape a big kick.” At the time of their interviews, many of the rapists expressed regret for their crimes and had empirically low self-esteem ratings. The experience of being convicted, sentenced, and incarcerated for rape undoubtedly produced many, if not most, of these feelings. What is clear is that, in contrast to the well-documented severity of the immediate impact, and in some cases, the long-term trauma experience by the victims of sexual violence, the immediate emotional impact on the rapist is slight. #RandolphHarris 2 of 22

When the men were asked to recall their feelings immediately following the rape, only eight percent indicted that guilt or feeling bas was part of their emotional response. The majority said they felt good, relieved or simply nothing at all. Some indicated they had been afraid of being caught or felt sorry for the victim. Feeling good or nothing at all about raping women is not an aberration limited to some men in prison. In our study we found undetected rapist—rapists outside of prison—found that raping women had no impact on their lives nor did it have a negative effect on their self-image. Significantly a number of men volunteered the information that raping had a positive impact on their feeling. For some the satisfaction was in revenge. For example, the man who had raped and murdered five women: “It seems like so much bitterness and tension had built up and this released it. I felt like I had just climbed a mountain and now I could look back.” Another offender characterized rapes as habit forming: “Rape is like smoking. You can’t stop once you start.” Finally one man expressed the sentiments of man rapists when he stated, “After rape, I always felt like I had just conquered something, like I had just ridden the bull at Gilley’s.” So far, we have explored rape from the perspective of a group of convicted, incarcerated rapist to discover how these men viewed sexual violence and what they gained from their behavior. We found that rape was frequently a means of revenge and punishment. Implicit in revenge-rapes was the notion that women were collectively liable for the rapists’ problems. #RandolphHarris 3 of 22

In some cases, victims were substitutes for significant women who the men desire to take revenge on. In other cases, victims were thought to represent all women, and rape was used to punish, humiliate, and “put them in their place.” In both cases women were seen as a class, a category, not as individuals. For some men, rape was almost an after-thought, a bonus added to burglary or robbery. Other men gained access to sexually unavailable or unwilling women through rape. For this group of men, rape was a fantasy come true, a particularly exciting form of impersonal sex which enabled them to dominate and control women, by exercising a singularly male form of power. These rapists talked of the pleasures of raping—how for them it was a challenge, an adventure, a dangerous and “ultimate” experience. Rape made them feel good and, in some cases, even elevated their self-image. The pleasure these men derived from raping reveals the extreme to which they objectified women. Women were seen as sexual commodities to be used or conquered rather than as human beings with right and feelings. One young man expressed the extreme of the contemptful example of women when he confided to the female researcher. “Rape is a man’s right. If a woman doesn’t want to give it, the man should take it. Women have no right to say no. Women are made to have sex. It’s all they are good for. Some women would rather take a beating, but they always give in; it’s what they are for.” #RandolphHarris 4 of 22

This man murdered his victim because she would not “give in.” Undoubtedly, some rapes, like some of all crimes, are idiopathic. However, it is not necessary to resort to pathological motives to account for all rape or other acts of sexual violence. Indeed, we find that men who rape have something to teach us about the cultural roots of sexual aggression. They force us to acknowledge that rape is more than an idiosyncratic act committed by a few “sick” men. Rather, rape can be viewed as the end point in a continuum of sexually aggressive behaviors that reward men and victimize women. In the way that the motives for committing any criminal act can be rationally determined, reasons for rape can also be determined. Our data demonstrate that some men rape because they have learned that in this culture sexual violence is rewarding. Significantly, the overwhelming majority of these rapists indicated they never thought they would go to prison for what they did. Some did not fer imprisonment because they did not define their behavior as rape. Others knew that women frequently do not report rape and of those cases that are reported, conviction rates are low, and therefore they felt secure. These men perceived rape as a rewarding, low risk act. Understanding that otherwise normal men can and do rape is critical to the development of strategies for prevention. #RandolphHarris 5 of 22

The ”teachings” of deceiving spirits now being promulgated by them are too many in number to enumerate in a small compass. They are generally recognized only in “false religions,” but the teaching spirits with their “doctrines” or religious ideas suggested to the minds of men are ceaselessly at work in every clime, seeking to play upon the religious instinct in men and give a substitute for truth. Therefore, truth alone dispels the deceptive doctrines of the teaching spirits of Satan—the truth of God, not merely “views of truth”: truth concerning all the principles and laws of the God of Truth. “Doctrines of demons” simply consist of that which a man “thinks” and “believes” as the outcome of suggestions made to his mind by deceiving spirits. All “thought” and “belief” belongs to one of two realms: the realm of truth, or the realm of falsehood—each having its source in God or Satan. All truth comes from God, and all that is contrary to truth is from Satan. Even the “thoughts” that apparently originate in a man’s own mind come from one of these two sources, for the mind itself is either darkened by Satan (2 Cor. 4.4) and therefore fertile soil for his “teachings,” or is renewed by God (Eph. 4.23) and hence clarified from the veil of Satan and made open to the reception and transmission of truth. In many cases, our greatest loneliness comes not from other, it comes from within—a cry from the deepest part of an individual, and it cries up the loudest that one moment you ceased to listen to it. It hurts so to be apart from others, lovely because they hear you not. However, what can ever come close to the pain, the brokenness inside one that was created when one who once listened…once heard…once understood, chose not to hear—and stopped listening? #RandolphHarris 6 of 22

Try to remember and keep in your mind constantly all the lines on which you have to work. You have to work on mind, on consciousness, on emotions and on will. Try to understand that each line of work needs special attention, special methods and special understanding. After some time all four will begin to help one another and later they will merge into one, but in the beginning the four lines must go separately. Try to understand the work on mind. To do this work you must constantly revise all ideas of the system referring to man and the Universe, and particularly those referring to psychology, the study of emotions, many “I”s, the division of man, false personality, permanent “I”, esotericism, schools and methods of school work. Keep your mind on these ideas or at least return to them as often as possible. You mind must never be idle. At every possible moment you must reflect on one or another idea, on one or another aspect of the system and methods. Try to understand the necessity for introducing the methods and principles of the work in your personal life and first of all the necessity for right thinking on all personal question and their possible relation to your work. Without this, you will never reach unity. You cannot allow one part of yourself to think wrongly and hope that another part will think rightly. Understanding of principles, rules and methods of school work is one of the most important parts of the work on mind. Mind must be trained not to hesitate in its choice between right and wrong, must understand perfectly right relations to me, to other people in the work and to the people outside. #RandolphHarris 7 of 22

Mind must understand that in the very beginning of serious work on oneself one gives up one’s freedom. Certainly it is an illusionary freedom, but when one puts oneself under the laws of the work, one is naturally under more laws than someone outside the work. Try to understand the meaning of silence in the work, the meaning of sincerity and the meaning of truth. If one cannot keep silence when it is not necessary to speak for the sake of the work, one can never expect to get anything from the work. People generally talk too much, talk for their own gratification, from self-pride, from vanity, from desire to live again through pleasant or painful experiences; they talk because they cannot resist identification with talking or because they do not realize that they should not talk in this particular way or on this particular subject. Very often the special attraction of talking, for them, is in the fact that they know that they should not talk. I do not even mean talking to people outside the work. That must have been dealt with long before any possibility of serious work on oneself arises. What I mean is that one must be very guarded even in speaking to one’s friends in the work, unless one is told by me to speak. Also, one cannot expect anything if one cannot be sincere with oneself and with me. With other people in the work one can have a mutual arrangement regarding sincerity about everything or about particular subjects, but this can only be done with my approval and with my complete knowledge of what is said. #RandolphHarris 8 of 22

Further, if one is afraid or reluctant to speak the truth to me even without being told to do so, one cannot expect to get anything from the work. You must understand that nobody who wishes to remain in the work can ask another person in the work to keep something secret from me, and nobody can give the promise to keep anything secret. This is a very important point. One must always be ready to tell me anything about oneself any anything one may learn about another person. And one must do so by oneself without being reminded, and do it with full understanding that this is an essential part of the work. You must understand that you cannot accept part of the rules and reject or forget another part. You must understand the importance of discipline in the work. You must understand the meaning of the words: sacrifice your suffering, and the right moments, right methods and the aim and possible results of such sacrifice. You must understand the necessity for being careful when saying “I.” You can say “I” when speaking about yourself only when you are sure that you speak about work or ideas or rules and principles of the work, or in accordance with all rules and principles. In all other cases you must try to understand which part of you is speaking or thinking, and name it accordingly. This idea must not be exaggerated. You can say without harm: I am going to buy some premium cranberry juice. However, you cannot say: I dislike this man. You must find which part of you dislikes him and why, and not ascribe this dislike to all of you. #RandolphHarris 9 of 22

You must clearly understand the necessity of self-observation for self-study. You must understand the difference between functions and consciousness. Thinking of functions, you must always be able to distinguish the intellectual, emotional, moving and instinctive functions; positive and negative parts of centers in the intellectual and instinctive centers; moving, emotional and intellectual parts in all centers. You must study attention and understand how, by the study of attention, you can distinguish parts of centers. Yes, we live in perilous times, but as we stay on the covenant path, we need not fear. We fear failure, rejection, disappointment, and the unknown. We fear hurricanes, earthquakes, and fires that ravage the land and out lives. We fear not being chosen, and on the flip side, we fear being chose. We fear not being good enough; we fear that the Lord has no blessings for us. We fear change, and our fears can escalate to terror. We may or may not have chariots of fire sent to dispel our fears and conquer our demons, but the lesson is clear. The Lord is with us, mindful of us and blessing us in ways only He can do. Prayer can call down the strength and the revelation that we need to center our thoughts of Jesus Christ and His atoning sacrifice. The Lord knew that at times we should feel fear. I have been there and so have you. Our love of God and His gospel dispels fear. #RandolphHarris 10 of 22

Our desire to always have His Spirit with us will push fear aside for a more eternal view of our mortal lives. In coming days, it will not be possible to survive spiritually without the guiding, directing, comforting, and constant influence of the Holy Ghost. When we stand in holy places—our righteous homes, our dedicated chapels, the consecrated temples—we feel the Spirit of the Lord with us. We find answers to questions that trouble us or the peace to simply set them aside. That is the Spirit in actions. These sacred places in the kingdom of God on Earth call for our reverence, our respect for others, our best selves in living the gospel, and our hopes to lay aside our fears and seek the healing power of Jesus Christ through His Atonement. There is no room for fear in these holy places of God or in the hearts of His children. Why? Because of love. God love us—always—and we love Him. Our love of God counters all fears, and His love abounds in holy places. Think about it. When we are tentative in our commitments to the Lord, when we stray from His path leading to life eternal, when we question or doubt our significance in His divine design, when we allow fear to open the door to all its companions—discouragement, anger, frustration, disappointment—the Spirit leaves us, and we are without the Lord. If you know what that is like, you know it is not a good place to be. In contrast, when we stand in holy places, we can feel God’s love and “perfect love casteth out all fear.” The next promise is “Be not troubled.” No matter how much wickedness and chaos fill the Earth, we are promised by our daily faithfulness in Jesus Christ the “peace of God, which passeth all understanding.” And when Christ comes in all power and glory, evil, rebellion, and injustice will end. #RandolphHarris 11 of 22

The basic position of layman and psychiatrist are still sound: it can be argued that the important thing about some improprieties is not that the rules have been broken, but that the offender elected, or had cause, to do so odd a thing as to break these particular rules. There is concerned when an individual responds to an unpleasant event by falling into a catatonic stupor, but obviously our concern (it is claimed) is and should be for what has happened to the mind of the offender, not for what has happened to the gathering in which the stupor occurs. It can also be claimed that the more grievously the individual offends the prevailing rulings, the more profoundly is one’s underling personality damaged and the more profoundly is one sick, although this claim is more the operating assumption of administrative and office psychiatry than it is the avowed doctrine of Freudian psychodynamics. A good example here is the person with Huntington’s chorea, whose gradual social deterioration is claimed to reflect an irreversible gradual loss in basic organic capacity for being a human being. No doubt there is much truth in this position, but none the less a supplementary, if not alternative, sociological argument should be introduced alongside it. A particular gathering, as a gathering, may have hardly any significance at all. (The several individuals who make up the gathering will, of course, have human significance in their own right.) Take together, however, gatherings have great significance, for it is though these comings together that much of our social life is organized. #RandolphHarris 12 of 22

Additional concern for the rules governing behavior in social situations derives from the fact that infractions may be taken as a sign that the offender cannot be trusted to refrain from exploiting one’s position in the situation for purposes of assault, interference, or accosting, even though the original infraction itself may be felt to be harmless. Hence, those who practice a particular involvement idiom are likely to sense that their rules for participating in gatherings are crucial for society’s well-being—that these rules are natural, inviolable, and fundamentally right. And these persons will need some means of defending themselves against the doubt that are cast on these rules by persons who break them. The greater the infringement, the greater will be the need for this compensative defense. One way of correcting situational offenses is to look upon the offender as someone who is unnatural, who is not quite a human being, for then the offense becomes a reflection on one and not on what one has offended. To the degree that the broken rule is important for the organization of gathering, to that extent and in that measure there will be a need to treat its infraction as a profound indictment of the self or being of the offender. Current psychiatric diagnosis and treatment—in practice, although not according to some psychological theories—offer this way out, although the offender is accused of psychological sickness, not of witlessness or possession by the devil. Here, apparently, the relatively small number of organic cases that in fact support this view can be used as the basis of a not too conscious model. #RandolphHarris 13 of 22

Psychiatrists seem little to suspect that they assume and support a kind of prearranged harmony that is almost too good to be true. For what can be more pleasing to one’s sense that all is right with the World than to be given a scientific evidence that the kind of bad behaviour we cannot explain by our other methods is simply due to the sickness of the person who so behaves, and that, naturally, those worse he behaves, the sicker he is? Whatever psychiatry does, then, for the offender—and this varies greatly—it functions additionally to protect the sanctity of the social occasions and the sentiments of the participants. This is an important service. We need to think that situational offenders are sick; sometimes, of course, it may be demonstrable that they really are sick, but even then this demonstrability may not be the reason for our thinking them so. If the position is take that many nonorganic “functional” forms of mental disorder are not forms of sickness at all, but a class of situational offenses that is punished and neutralized by the imputation of illness, then certain difficulties in the laypsychiatric perspective can be resolved. Incentive to distort one’s preferences appear in other situations, too. One instance occurs when you can move first and use this opportunity to influence others. Take for example the case of charitable contributions by foundations. Suppose there are two foundations, each with a budget of $250,000. They are presented with three great applications: one from an organization helping the homeless, one from the University of Michigan, and one from Yale. #RandolphHarris 14 of 22

The first is then left with no alternative but to provide $200,000 to the homeless, leaving only $50,000 for Michigan. If the two foundations have split the grant to the homeless, then Michigan would have received $150,000, as would Yale. Thus the second foundation has engineered a transfer of $100,000 from Michigan to Yale through the homeless. In a sense, the foundation has distorted its preferences—it has not given anything to its top charity priority. However, the strategic commitment does serve its true interests. In fact, this type of funding game is quite common. (One explicit example is the strategic game played between the Marshall and Rhodes Scholarships. The Marshall Fund’s objective is to have the maximum influence over who is given a scholarship to study in England. If someone has the potential to win both a Marshall and a Rhodes, the Marshall Fund prefers to have the person study as a Rhodes Scholar; that brings the person to England at no cost to the Marshall Fund and thus allows the Marshall Scholarship to select one more person. Hence the Marshall Fund waits until the Rhodes scholarships have been announced before making its final selections.) By acting first, small foundations exercise more influence over which secondary priorities get funded. Large foundations and especially the federal government are then left to fund the most pressing needs. This strategic rearranging of priorities has a direct parallel with voting. Before the 1974 Budget Act, Congress employed many of the same tricks. Unimportant expenditures were voted on and approved first. Later on, when the crunch appeared, the remaining expenditures were too important to be denied. To solve this problem, Congress now votes first on budget totals and then works within them. #RandolphHarris 15 of 22

When you can rely on others to save you later, you have an incentive to distort your priorities by exaggerating your claim and taking advantage of the others’ preferences. You might be willing to gain at the expense of putting something you want at risk, if you can count on someone else bearing the cost of the rescues. The principle of forcing others to save you can turn the outcome all the way around, from your worst to your best alternative. Here we show how this is doing using the votes of a corporate board of trustees facing a hostile takeover. Their immediate problem is how to respond. Four options have been proposed, each with its own champion. The founding president is looking for a way to keep the company intact. His first preference is to initiate a poison-pill provision into the company charter. The poison pill would be deigned to prevent any outside party from attaining controls without board approval. The two young members of the board feel the situation is more desperate. They believe that a takeover is inevitable and are concentrating on finding a way to make the present transaction more acceptable. Their preferred action is to look for a white knight, a buyer who is acceptable to management and the board. The management representation on the board suggests a third possibility. The present managers would like the opportunity to but the company through a management buyout, an MBO. The fifth member of the board is an outside director. He is cautiously optimistic about the present raider and argues that there is time to see how the offer develops. #RandolphHarris 16 of 22

After these four options have been discussed, everyone ends up with a clear picture of where the others stand (or sit) on the four proposals. For example, the founder is a man of action; his worst outcome is the Wait & See position. The two young board members agree with the fifth that the MBO options is unattractive; whenever management compete with an outside bidder it opens the door to conflict of interest and insider trading, for managers are the ultimate insiders. The complete set of preferences is: Founder’s Ranking: 1^st Poison Pill, 2^nd MBO, 3^rd White Knight, 4^th Wait & See. Two Young Directors’ Rankings: 1^st White Knight, 2^nd MBO, 3^rd White Knight, 4^th Wait & See. Management’s Ranking: 1^st MBO, 2^nd Poison Pill, 3^rd Wait & See, 4^th MBO. Management’s Ranking: 1^st MBO, 2^nd Poison Pill, 3^rd Wait & See, 4^th White Knight. Outside Director’s Ranking: 1^st Wait & See, 2^nd White Knight, 3^rd Poison Pill, 4^th MBO. Faced with these options, the board must make a decision. Everyone recognizes that the voting procedure may well influence the outcome. Even so, they decide there is a natural order to the decision-making process: begin by comparing the active courses of action and then decide whether the best one is worth doing. They first compare an MBO with a White Knight, and the more preferred alternative is then compared with the Poison Pill option. Having found the best active response, they decide whether this is worthy doing by comparing it with Wait & See. #RandolphHarris 17 of 22

The tree above should remind you of a tennis tournament in which some players are seeded. We are seeding “Wait & See” all the way into the finals, “Poison Pill” into the semifinals, and giving no seed to “MBO” and “White Knight.” Boxing and chess both work this way, too. There is a series of challenges that you must win in order to go against the presiding World champion. The U.S. presidential election process also works this way. When there is an incumbent president, that person is typically a shoo-in for his or her party’s nomination. The opposing party runs a primary to decide who will go against the incumbent in the final elections. The primary process, the ensuing party nomination, and the presidential election can be thought of as a series of elimination elections. However, back to the boardroom. We suppose that the five board members have enough foresight to realize the consequences of their actions in successive rounds, and vote according to their true preferences. Backward reasoning makes this problem easy to solve. You can work out the solution and see that the White Knight option wins (or you can jump to the next paragraph), but that is not the point of this story. We are interested in showing how the founder can improve the outcome from one’s perspective by making a commitment to distorted preferences. How is it that the White Knight option wins under foresighted voting? The last election must be Wait & See versus something. In this final election everyone has an incentive to vote honestly, sense this will determine the actual outcome. Three possibilities are easy to calculate: Wait & See vs. Poison Pill, Poison Pill wins 4-1. Wait & See vs. MBO, Wait & See wins 3-2. Wait & See vs. White Knight, White Knight wins 3-2. #RandolphHarris 18 of 22

Now we go back one previous round. The contest will be either Poison Pill vs. White Knight or Poison Pill vs. MBO. In the first case, both Poison Pill and White Knight are preferred to Wait & See. So whatever wins the second round will be implemented. The board members prefer White Knight to Poison Pill, 3-2. In the second case, a vote for MBO is in reality a vote for Wait & See. Board members can anticipate that if MBO beats Poison Pill for the active course, it will lose out in the next comparison with Wait & See. So when deciding between Poison Pill and MBO, board members will act as if deciding between Poison Pill and Wait & See, with the result that Poison Pill wins 4-1. Thus the first-found comparison is truly between Poison Pill and White Knight. White Knight is chosen by a 3-2 margin and is then selected in each of the subsequent comparisons. Once the founder recognizes what will happen, there is a strategy one can employ to get one’s preferred option, the Poison Pill. Look what happens if the founder “adopts” the preferences of the outside board member. Of course it is essential that this change of preferences is credible and is made know to all the other voters. Supposed the founder simply gives one’s vote to the outside director and leaves the meeting. At first glance this seems nothing short of crazy; the adopted preferences are almost the opposite of one’s true ones. However, look at the effect. The votes will now go as follows: Wait & See vs. Poison Pill, Poison Pill wins 3-2. Wait & See vs. MBO, Wait & See wins 4-1. Wait & See vs. White Knight, Wait & See wins 3-2. #RandolphHarris 19 of 22

The only active option that can beat Wait & See is Poison Pill. Right from the start the board members should predict that is Poison Pill ever loses, the outcome will be Wait & See. Yet both MBO and White Knight supporters prefer Poison Pill to Wait & See. They are forced to vote for Poison Pill as it is their only viable alternative; thus Poison Pill wins. By transferring his support to the opposition, the founder is able to make a credible threat that it is either Poison Pill or Wait & See. As a result, all but the die-hard Wait & See supports dump the White Knight option (which can no longer beat Wait & See) in favor of the Poison Pill. Superficially, this transfer of a vote doubles the strength of the Wait & See supporters. Actually, it leads to an outcome that is worse from their viewpoint—Poison Pill rather than White Knight. In voting, strength can be weakness. Of course, if the outside director sees through the game, one should refuse to accept the founder’s proxy. If you regard this story as farfetched, something quite like it did occur in the 1988 Wisconsin presidential primary. The Republican governor of the state said that of the Democratic candidates, Jesse Jackson was the most interesting. Many commentators though this was a Machiavellian attempt to get Republicans to cross over and vote for Jackson in the Democratic primary, thereby helping produce a more easily beatable opponent for Bush in the November election. Apparently, Michael Dukakis was sufficiently easy for George Bush to beat, even without this help. #RandolphHarris 20 of 22

On June 30, 1988, in Victorville, California, near Los Angeles, the Sheriff’s Department received a complaint. Five Mexican me were blasting loud music, drinking beer, and urinating on the lawn in a party that lasted over twelve hours. When six sheriff’s deputies came to investigate and tried to quiet the men down, fists and night sticks began to fly. For the sheriff’s men, it was hardly a unique event. Except for one thing. Unknown to them, as they struggled to subdue the five, using night sticks and choke holds, a next-door neighbour pointed a videocamera out the window. Public outrage against alleged police brutality erupted instantly after the four-minute tape was shown to the town’s Latino community. Civil rights protests followed, then a lawsuit against the deputies, charging them with the use of excessive force. Said Armando Navarro, executive director of the Institute for Social Justice, a local civil rights organization, “I’ve dealt for twenty-one years in community activism, but I’ve never had something so classic, showing the violence in living color.” Lawyers for the deputies, on the other hand, contended that the tape did not tell the truth because it did not show what happened before the camera was turned on—when, the deputies say, violence was used against them. (That is why I say self-defense is difficult to prove and you may still end up in jail and have to plead your case before a judge, even if you have witnesses. And even if you did use self-defense, you could still end up being charged with a crime based on what the jury determines. It is best to avoid altercations.) #RandolphHarris 21 of 22

Nonetheless, the case took on larger dimension when the people who shot the tape disappeared and when a representative of Mexico’s consulate in Los Angeles began showing up in the courtroom to monitor the trial, evidencing concerns about anti-Mexican discrimination in the United States of America. In the end, a federal court ruled against the sheriff’s men and awarded the Mexicans $1 million. It is unlikely that the revolutionaries who overthrew the communist government in Czechoslovakia in 1989 ever heard of the “Victorville Five.” However, in the streets of Prague, students set up TV monitors on street corners and played video rapes showing the brutality of Czech authorities trying to suppress antigovernment street rallies. The students also played tapes of speeches by dramatist Vaclav Havel, who went from being a political prisoner to the presidency. Elsewhere, in Taiwan, too, the political opposition has used videocameras and monitors to expose what they called government violence. All across the World, new communication media, or new ways of using old ones, are being exploited to challenge—and sometimes overthrown—the power of the state. In the words of Solidarity founder Lech Walesa, describing the political upheavals in Eastern Europe, “These reforms are a result of civilization—of computers, satellite TV [and other innovations] that present alternative solutions. #RandolphHarris 22 of 22

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Our work takes on narcissistic qualities when it does not server well as a reflection of self. When that inherent reflection is lost, we become more concerned instead with how our work reflects on our reputations. We seek to repair our painful narcissism in the glow of achievement, and so we become distracted from the soul of the work for its sake. We are tempted to find satisfaction in secondary rewards, such as much, prestige, and the trappings of success. It is obvious that climbing the ladder of success can easily lead to a loss of a soul and lead people to commit criminal acts to feel powerful and obtain more assets. Burglary and robbery commonly accompany rape. Among our sample, 39 percent of rapists had also been convicted of one or the other of these crimes committed in connection with rape. In some cases, the original intent was rape and robbery was an after-thought. However, a number of the men indicated that the reverse was true in their situation. That is, the decision to rape was made subsequent to their original intent which was burglary or robbery. This was the case with a young offender who stated that he originally intended only to rob the store in which the victim happened to be working. He explained that when he found the victim alone, “I decided to rape her to prove I had guts. She was just there. It would have been anybody.” Similarly, another offender indicated that he initially broke into his victim’s home to burglarize it. When he discovered the victim asleep, he decided to seize the opportunity “to satisfy an urge to go to bed with a white woman, to see if it was different.” #RandolphHarris 1 of 22

Indeed, a number of men indicated that the decision to rape had been made after they realized they were in control of the situation. The attitude of these men toward rape was similar to their attitude toward burglary and robbery. Quite simply, if the situation is right, “why not.” From the perspective of these rapists, rape was just another part of the crime—an added bonus. In an effort to change public attitudes that are damaging to the victims of rape and to reform laws seemingly premised on the assumption that women both ask for and enjoy rape, many writers emphasized the violent and aggressive character in the crime. The data clearly indicate that from the rapists’ point of view rape is in part sexually motivated. Indeed, it is the sexual aspect of rape that distinguishes it from other forms of assault. The psychodynamic function of sex in rape is that rapists’ aggressive needs are expressed through sexuality. In other words, rape is a means to an end. We argue, however, that rapists view the act as an end in itself and that sexual access most obviously demonstrates the link between sex and rape. Rape as a means of sexual access also shows the deliberate nature of this crime. When a woman is unwilling or seems unavailable for sex, the rapist can seize what is not volunteered. In discussing his decision to rape, one man made this clear. “All the guys wanted to f*ck her…a real fox, beautiful shape. She was a beautiful woman and I wanted to see what she had.” #RandolphHarris 2 of 22

The attitude that sex is a male entitlement suggests that when a woman says “no,” rape is suitable method of conquering the “offending” object. If, for example, a woman is picked up at a party or in a bar or whole hitchhiking (behavior which a number of the rapists saw as a signal of sexual availability), and the women later resists sexual advances, rape is presumed to be justified. The same justification operates in what is popularly called “date rape.” The belief that sex was their just compensation compelled a number of rapists to insist they had not raped. Such was the case of an offender who raped and seriously beat his victim when, on their second date, she refused his sexual advances. “I think I was really pissed off at her because it did not go as planned. I could have been with someone else. She led me on but wouldn’t deliver…I have a male ego that must be fed.” The purpose of such rapes was conquest, to seize what was not offered. Despite the cultural belief that young women are the most sexually desirable, several rapes involved the deliberate choice of a victim relatively older than the assailant. Since the rapists were themselves rather young (26 to 30 years of age on the average), they were expressing a preference for sexually experienced, rather than elderly, women. Men who choose victims older than themselves often said they did so because they believed that sexually experienced women were more desirable partners. They raped because they also believed that these women would not be sexually attracted to them. #RandolphHarris 3 of 22

Finally, sexual access emerged as a factor in the accounts of men who consciously chose to rape women of another race. The majority of rapes in the United States of America today are intraracial. However, for the past 50 years, interracial rape has become a trend. Indeed, we may be experiencing a historical anomaly. The current structure of interracial rape, however, reflects contemporary racism and race relations in several ways. Segregation and other factors continue to militate against interracial coupling. Thus, the desire for sexual access to higher status, unavailable women, an important function in interracial rape, does not motivate men to rape women of another race. Equally important, demographic and geographic barriers interact to lower the incidence of interracial rape. Segregation as well as the poverty expected in some neighborhoods undoubtedly discourages many people who are not from those areas from choosing such areas as a target for house-breaking or robbery. Thus, the number of rapes that would occur in conjunction with these crimes is reduced. Reflecting in part the standards of sexual desirability set by the dominant society, a number of rapists indicated they had been curious about women in the dominant society. Blocked by racial barriers from legitimate sexual relations white these women of another race, they raped to gain access to them. They described raping women from the dominant race as “the ultimate experience” and “high status among my friends. It gave me a feeling of status, power, macho.” For another man, raping a woman of the dominate culture has a special appeal to some because it violates a “known taboo,” making it more dangerous and, thus more exciting, to him than raping a woman of his own race. #RandolphHarris 4 of 22

The idea that rape is an impersonal rather than an intimate or mutual experience appealed to a number of rapists, some of whom suggested it was their preferred form of sex. The fact that rape allowed them to control rather than care encouraged some to act on this preference. For example, one man explained, “Rape gave me the power to do what I wanted to do without feeling I had to please a partner or respond to a partner. I felt in control, dominant. Rape was the ability to have sex without caring about the woman’s response. I was totally dominant. Another rapist commented: “Seeing them laying there helpless gave me the confidence that I could do it…With rape, I felt totally in charge. I’m bashful, timid. When a woman wanted to give in normal sex, I was intimidated. In the rapes, I was totally in command, she totally submissive.” Perhaps we should note here that the appeal of impersonal sex is not limited to convicted rapists. The amount of male sexual activity that occurs in homosexual meeting places as well as the widespread use of prostitutes suggests that avoidance of intimacy appeals to a large segment of the male population. Through rape men can experience power and avoid the emotions related to intimacy and tenderness. Further, the popularity of violent pornography suggests that a wide variety of men in this culture have learned to be aroused by sex fused with violence. #RandolphHarris 5 of 22

Consistent with this observation, recent experimental research demonstrates that some men are aroused by images that depict women as orgasmic under conditions of violence and pain. They found that for many female students, arousal was high when the victim experienced an orgasm and no pain, whereas male students were highly aroused where the victim experience an orgasm and pain. On the basis of the results, it is suggested that forcing a woman to climax despite her pain and abhorrence of the assailant makes the rapist feel powerful, he has gained control over the only source of power historically associated with women, their bodies. In the final analysis, dominance was the objective of most rapists. Life leaves many people suffering the inevitable. It is a thing one cannot escape from unless one hides from life. Some wonder that if when others see human sorrow, should that make them want to take the easy road? Many says that they ask nothing better than to be allowed the very high privilege of living with they have passion for, and they only ask that they may suffer for the things that are high and brave and lovely and that they may not be weak when suffering comes. For the end success, failure, ruin or achievement matters to some so little. The stuff of life that matters to many successful people is experience. All that some people ask is that they may be permitted to love much, to serve to the utmost limit of their capacity and to keep faith with that high vision which they call God. Most important to many people is that they never stop caring. #RandolphHarris 6 of 22

Often times, it takes a loved one being on their death bed, dying for others to confess their love for the individual, to embrace that person; and yet, deep inside they have wanted to for so many years but always felt restrained by the mores of our country. It is at this point where people are most freely able to express that all of their experiences together can never be taken away and how their meanings are only between those two individuals. In the end, waiting so long leaves so many people weeping unashamed because that is what they feel. There can be an effect on the conscience of the teachings by evil spirits. How teaching spirits teach, we find described by Paul, for he says they speak lies in hypocrisy, that is, speak lies as if they were truth. And the effect of their working is said to “cauterize” the conscience; id est, if a man accepts the teachings of evil spirits as divine, because they come to one “supernaturally,” and one obeys and follows those teachings, conscience is unused, so that it practically becomes dulled and passive—or seared. And a man will do things under the influence of supernatural “revelation” which an actively awakened conscience would keenly rebuke and condemn. Such people “give heed” to these spirits, by listening to them, and then by obeying them; for they are deceived by accepting wrong thoughts about God’s presence, and about divine love, and unknowingly give themselves up to the power of lying spirits. Working in the line of “teaching,” deceiving spirits will insert their lies spoken in hypocrisy into “holiness” teaching and deceive believers about sin, themselves, and all other truths connected with the spiritual life. #RandolphHarris 7 of 22

Scripture is generally used as the basis of these teachings and is skillfully woven together like a spider’s web, so that the listeners are caught in the snare. Single text are wrenched from their context, and from their place in the perspective of truth; sentences are taken from their correlative sentences, or texts are aptly picked out from over a wide field and so netted together as to appear to give a full revelation of the mind of God—but the intervening passages, giving historical setting, actions and circumstances connected with the speaking of words, and other elements which give light on each separate text, are skillfully dropped out. A wide net is thus made for the unwary or the untaught in the principles of Scripture exegesis, and many a life is sidetracked and troubled by this false use of the Word of God. Because the experience of most professing Christians in regard to the devil is limited to knowing him as a tempter, or as an accuser, they have no concept of the depths of his wickedness and of the wickedness of evil spirits, and are under the impression that they will not quite Scripture, whereas they will quote the whole Book if the can but deceive one soul. Think very seriously before you decide to work on yourself with the idea of changing yourself, id est, to work with the definite aim of becoming conscious and of developing connection with higher centers. This work admits of no compromise and it requires a great amount of self-discipline and readiness to obey all rules and particularly, direct instructions. #RandolphHarris 8 of 22

Think very seriously: are you really ready and willing to obey, and do you fully understand the necessity for it? There is no going back. If you agree and then go back, you will lose everything that you have acquired up to that time, and you will lose more really, because all that you acquired will turn into something wrong in you. There is no remedy against this. Understanding of the necessity for obeying rules and direct instructions must be based on the realization of your mechanicalness and your helplessness. If this realization is not strong enough, you had better wait and occupy yourself with ordinary work; study of the system, work in groups, et cetera. If you do this work sincerely and remember all the rules, it will bring you to the realization of your state and your needs. However, you must not delay too long. If you want to come to real work you must hurry. You must understand that the opportunity that exists today may not come your way again. You may lose all your chances by hesitating and waiting too long. If you decide to work and accept all that comes in the work, you must learn to think quickly. If you are offered a task you must answer at one that you accept it. If you hesitate or take time to answer, the offer of the task will be withdrawn and it will not be repeated. You may be given time before actually doing what you were told to do, but you must accept the task at once. An attempt to talk things over, an ironical, suspicious or negative attitude, fear, or lack of confidence, these will make the task impossible at once. #RandolphHarris 9 of 22

If you feel hesitation about the task offered to you, think about your mechanicalness, think about your negativeness, about your self-will—but think quickly. You can do nothing against your weak sides by yourself. The tasks offered to you have the aim of helping you. If you hesitate or refuse them, you refuse help. This must be quite clear in your mind. The realization of your helplessness and your deep sleep must be permanent in you. You can strengthen it by constantly reminding yourself of your nothingness, of your meanness, of your weakness of all possible sorts. You have absolutely nothing to be proud of. You have nothing to base your judgement on. You can see, if you re sincere with yourself, all the blunders and all the mistakes which you made when you tried to act by yourself. You cannot think rightly. You cannot feel rightly. You need constant help, and you can have it. However, you must pay for it—at least, by not arguing. You have to do gigantic work if you want to become different. How can you ever hope to get anything if you hesitate and argue on the first steps, or do not even realize the necessity for help, or become suspicious and negative? If you want to work seriously you have to conquer many things in yourself. You cannot carry with yourself your prejudices, your fixed opinions, your personal identifications or animosities. #RandolphHarris 10 of 22

However, at the same time try to understand that personal is not always wrong. If it is not cleared by the struggle with identification and by the realization of your mechanicalness and your weakness, personal can even help in the work but personal can be very dangerous too. Trying to understand the necessity for deliberate suffering and conscious effort. These are the only two things that can change you and bring you to your aim. Deliberate suffering does not mean necessary suffering inflicted on you by yourself. It means attitude towards suffering. Suffering may come as a result of your feelings, thoughts, and actions connected with your task; it may come by itself as a result of your own faults or as a result of other people’s actions, attitudes or feelings. However, what is important is your attitude toward it. If you do not rebel against it, if you do not try to avoid it, if you do not accuse anybody, if you accept it as a necessary part of your work at the moment, and as a means for attaining your aim, it becomes deliberate. Conscious effort is the effort based on understanding; understand of its necessity first of all, and understanding of causes which make it necessary. The chief cause for conscious effort is your need for breaking the walls of the mechanicalness, of self-will and of lack of self-remembering which constitute your being at present. In order to understand better the necessity for accepting tasks given to you without hesitation, the necessity for deliberate suffering and conscious effort, think about the ideas which brought you to the work, think about the first realization of your mechanicalness and the first realization that you know nothing. #RandolphHarris 11 of 22

In the beginning you realized this and you came for help, but now you doubt whether you must really do as you are told. And you try to find ways to evade it, to stand on your own judgement and on your own understanding. You understood clearly once, that your judgment and your understanding are false and weak, but now you try to keep them again. You do not want to give them up. Well, you can keep them, but you must understand that with them you will keep all that is false and weak in yourself. There are no half measures. You must decide. Do you want the work or not? At present, the psychiatrist who carries an appreciable load of diagnostic and commitment work in an office or hospital tends to give weight to one’s own spontaneous response to the conduct of the individual to whom one is giving a diagnostic interview, and it is largely in terms of this response that the psychiatrist decides whether the behavior of the subject is appropriate or inappropriate in the situation. If the behavior is inappropriate, one decides whether it is to be placed in one of the nonsymptomatic classes of situational impropriety, or whether it betokens mental illness. Some of the grounds already suggested for nonsymptomatic impropriety are: accidents (defining these as inappropriate behavior which the actor could and would have avoided had one known in advance that one was to act thusly); temporary emotional states involving tiredness, nervousness, inebriation, and the like; understandable preoccupation, as when an expectant father cannot submerge himself properly in a situation; organic but not mental conditions, as when a deaf person cannot orient oneself properly in a situation; or circumstantial conditions, as when an individual is unfamiliar with the ritual idiom of the persons one finds oneself amongst. #RandolphHarris 12 of 22

In this course, of course, one is acting somewhat like a layman, however expert in one’s analysis of the psychodynamic implications of a particular impropriety, because while everyone in the society also makes these distinctions, there is no great consensus, especially in regard to the milder offenses, as to how the distinctions should be applied. It can be argued that the distinctions between symptomatic and nonsymptomatic impropriety is a thoroughly ingrained mode of thinking in our society, leading us to divide up any set of improprieties in this twofold way regardless of the goodness of the fit or even its relevance. This dichotomizing tendency is, of course, heavily reinforced by our institutional arrangements, for, after all, an individual who conducts oneself improperly must either be placed in a mental hospital or not placed in a mental hospital, and in either case an appropriate rationale must be provided, since the differential consequences for the offender and one’s kin are very great. Like everyone else, the psychiatrist is apt to interpret some conduct as improper merely because one is not familiar with the involvement idiom and the involvement rulings of the culture of the group from which the patient comes. It is possible to observe, for example, a male, lower-middle-class, middle-aged, refugee psychiatrist make confident detailed judgments about the symptomatic significance of the affective tone of a female, lower-class, adolescent patient—an interesting achievement, since there are not many engagements in which both of these persons could find the immediate presence or the conduct of the other a natural, easeful thing. #RandolphHarris 13 of 22

Similarly, those who know a mental patient slightly, and see one only during fleeting encounters, are likely to interpret one set of acts as symptomatic of one’s mental disorder, while those who have lived with one are likely to pass by these acts and focus upon others. So, also, acts that appear to be signs of mental disorder to an outsider, such as the sight of a mental patient lying on the floor or taking food from a neighbor’s plate, can become normatively natural when, having become familiar with the behavior setting, one learns that the floor is used because the benches are hard or of insufficient number, and that, since no one owns the food, and there is sometimes enough of it, one might as well pick it from the neighbors’ plates as stand in line for more. And from psychiatrist themselves once learns that most regressive “primitive” kind of act can sometimes eventually be “understood” in which a way that its bizarre “meaningless” quality recedes and its pathetic human quality becomes evident. Strange how, with the quiet peace of being alone so many are always aware of the pain of separation. Even stranger is that with an intimate partner, the aloneness turns to loneliness and one becomes one with the separateness. Of all those one has ever known, an intimate partner can be the only one who hears you crying through the laughter, see your tears as you smile. Only this person can come and touch you by saying: “It is lonely, is it not?”…understanding all you feel within you…and they can give you that gift of flight—the method, not the ability, and with it comes the realization of how very lonely…how heavy deep inside one feels, when one is free. #RandolphHarris 14 of 22

After the White Hose, election to Cooperstown may be the next most coveted national honor. Membership in the Baseball Hall of Fame is determined by an election. There is a group of eligible candidates—for example, a player with ten years of experience becomes eligible five years after retirement. However, if the player has been on the ballot for fifteen years and failed to get elected, then eligibility is lost. For otherwise ineligible players, there is an alternative route to election. An Old Timers’ committee considers special cases and sometimes elects one or two candidates a year. The electors are the members of the Baseball Writers Association. Each voter may vote for up to tend candidates. All candidates capturing votes from more than 75 percent of the total number of ballots returned are elected. One problem with this system is that the electors do not have the right incentives to vote for their true preferences. The rule that limits each voter to tend choices forces the voter to consider electability as well as merit. Some sportswriters may believe a candidate is deserving, but do not want to throw away the vote if the player is unlikely to make the cutoff. This same issue arose from voting in presidential primaries, and it appears in any election in which each voter is given a fixed number of votes to distribute among the candidates. #RandolphHarris 15 of 22

Two experts in game theory propose an alternative way to run elections. Steven Brams and Peter Fishburn, one a political scientist and the other an economist, argue that “approval voting” allows voters to express their true preferences without concern for electability. Under approval voting, each voter may vote for as many candidates as one wishes. Voting for one person does not exclude voting for any number of others. This there is no harm in voting for a candidate who has no hope of winning. Of course, if people can vote for as many candidates as they wish, who gets elected? Like the Cooperstown rule, the electoral rule could specify in advance a percentage of the vote needed to win. Or it could pre-specify the number of winning candidates, and then the positions are filled by those who gather the most votes. Approval voting has begun to catch on, and is used by many professional societies. How would it work for the Baseball Hall of Fame? Would Congress do better if it used approval voting when deciding which expenditure projects should be included in the annual budget? We look at the strategic issues associated with approval voting when a cutoff percentage determines the winners. Imagine that election to the different sports halls of fame was decided by approval voting, in which all candidates capturing above a fixed percentage of the votes are elected. At first glance, the voters have no incentive to misstate their preferences. The candidates are not in competition with one another, but only with an absolute standard of quality implicit in the rule that specifies the required percentage of approval. #RandolphHarris 16 of 22

If I think Ricky Henderson should be in the Baseball Hall of Fame, I can only reduce his chances by withholding my approval, and if I think he does not belong there, I can only make his admission more likely by voting contrary to my view. However, candidates may compete against one another in the voters’ minds, even though nothing in the rules mandates it. This will usually happen because voters have preferences concerning the size or the structure of the membership. Suppose Dan Marino and John Elway come up for election to the Football Hall of Fame. I think Mr. Marion is better quarterback, although I will admit that Mr. Elway also meets the standard for a Hall of Fame berth. However, I think it overridingly important that two quarterbacks not be elected in the same year. My guess is that the rest of the electorate regards Mr. Elway more highly and he would get in no matter how I vote, but that Mr. Marino’s case will be a very close call, and my approval is likely to tip him over. Voting truthfully means naming Mr. Marino, which is likely to lead to the outcome in which both are admitted. Therefore I have the incentive to misstate my preferences and vote for Mr. Elway. Two players may complement each other, rather than compete, in the voters’ minds. I think neither Geoff Boycott nor Sunil Gavaskar belongs in the Cricket Hall of Fame, but it would be a gross injustice to have one and not the other. If in my judgment the rest of the electorate would choose Mr. Boycott even if I do not vote for him, while my vote may be crucial in deciding Mr. Gavaskar’s selection, then I have an incentive to misstate my preference and vote for Mr. Gavaskar. #RandolphHarris 17 of 22

In contrast, a quota rule explicitly places candidates in competition with one another. Supposed the Baseball Hall of Fame limits admission to only two new people each year. Let each voter be given two votes; he can divide them between two candidates or give both to the same candidate. The candidates’ votes are totaled, and the top two are admitted. Now supposed there are three candidates—Joe DiMaggio, Marv Throneberry, and Bob Uecker. (Marv Throneberry played first base for the ’62 Mets, possibly the worst team in the history of baseball. His performance was instrumental to the team’s reputation. Bob Uecker is much better known for his performance in Miller Lite commercials than for his play on the baseball field.) Everyone rates Mr. DiMaggio at the top, but the electors are split equally between the other two. I know that Mr. DiMaggio is sure to get in, so as a Marv Throneberry fan I give my two votes to him to increase his chances over Bob Uecker. Of course everyone else is equally subtle. The result: Mr. Throneberry and Mr. Uecker are elected and Mr. DiMaggio gets no votes. Government expenditure projects naturally compete with one another so long as the total budget is limited, or congressmen and senators have strong preferences over the side of the budget. We will leave you to think which, if any, is the DiMaggio project, and which ones are the Throneberrys and Ueckers of federal spending. #RandolphHarris 18 of 22

Shifts of financial power over the media always spark hot controversy. Today the sheer size of the media empires provokes anxiety. Established networks and other media are threatened. Moreover, the concentration of financial control in the hands of the Murdochs and Berlusconis conjures up memories of the great press lords of the past, such as William Randolph Hearst in the United States of America or Lor Northcliffe in Britain, men whose political influence was enormous and by no means universally admired. The first and most common criticism heard today is that the new global media will homogenize the World. The failure of the “global marketing” theory, however, suggests this fear is overdrawn. The mass media had their strongest homogenizing effects when there were only a few channels, few different media, and hence little audience choice. In the future, the reverse situation will prevail. While the content of each individual program may be good or bad, the most important new “content” of all is the existence of diversity itself. The shift from a low-choice to a high choice media environment holds no only cultural but political implications. High-tech governments face a future in which multiple, conflicting, custom-tailored commercial, cultural, and political messages will bombard their people, rather than a single message repeated in unison by a few giant media outlets. The old “politics of mass mobilization” and the “engineering of consent” both become far more difficult in the new media environment. Expanded media choice is itself inherently democratic. It makes life difficult for politicians who offer their followers a choiceless environment. #RandolphHarris 19 of 22

A second set of complaints about the new media barons relates to their personal political views. Mr. Murdoch is charged with being too conservative. Mr. Maxwell is too close to the British Labour Party. Mr. Turner is an unpredictable maverick. This one has sold his soul to French President Mitterand, while that one is in bed with someone else. If all these charges were true, they would soon cancel one another out. Far more important than their personal political views, and alliances are the interests they hold in common. Of course, all are capitalists operating in a capitalist framework. As such, we can assume that, in general, the bottom line interest them more than any political line. What matters most about these media lords is not whether they favor left-wing or right-policies and politicians. Far more significant is their support, through their actions more than their words, of the ideology of globalism. Globalism, or at least supranationalism, is a natural expression of the new economy, which must operate across national boundaries, and it is in the self-interest of the new media moguls to spread this ideology. This self-interest, however, collides with another. For if their television and radio stations, their newspapers and magazines are to succeed financially, they will have to de-massify—which means they will have to search for niches, carry specialized material, and appeal to very local audiences interest. The familiar slogan “Think global, act local” perfectly describes the new media imperatives. The very existence, however, of powerful media communication capable of spanning continents will shift power as between national political leaders and the global community. Thus, without necessarily intending it, the new media barons are drastically changing the role of “global opinion” in the World. #RandolphHarris 20 of 22

Just as in the past century national leaders were compelled to justify their actions before the court of national “public opinion,” tomorrow’s national leaders will confront a much-enhanced “global opinion.” And just as the work of Benjamin Day or Henry Hetherington of Emile de Girardin brought the poorer classes into the political life of nation, the activities of today’s media lords will bring new millions into the global decision-making process. Today, nations flout global opinion without worrying over much about the consequences. World opinion did not save the victims of Auschwitz, the people of Cambodia, or, more recently, the boat people fleeing hunger and oppression in Asia. Nor did it prevent the homeless crisis in California. Nevertheless, global opinion has sometimes stayed the hand of killer regimes. The history of human rights is filled with cases in which global protests have prevented the torture or murder of  domestic political prisoner. It is unlikely that Anatoly Shcharansky would have survived his encounter with Soviet prison camps had the outside World not put pressure on Moscow to release him. Andrei Sakharvo’s chances for survival were improved when he won the Nobel Prize and became a household word because of the constant media attention around the World. The global media system will not make nations behave like Boy Scouts. However, it raises the costs of defying World opinion. In the World being constructed by the media barons, what outsiders say about a nation will carry more weight inside than it ever did before. #RandolphHarris 21 of 22

Governments will no doubt invent more sophisticated lies with which to rationalize their self-serving actions and manipulate the increasingly systemic media. They will also step up propaganda efforts to improve their global image. However, if such efforts fail, they could suffer significant economic penalties for behavior frowned on by the rest of the World. South Africa may deny that sanctions hurt its economy or that its pariah image also damaged the country economically. However, its senior officials know better. Global opinion sets the stage for global action. Even if an outraged World does not impose formal trade sanctions on a rogue regime, international agencies like the World Bank may reject their pleas for multibillion loans. Private banks may shy away, foreign investors and tourists go elsewhere. Worse yet, companies and countries still willing to do business with a pariah nation are in a position to drive a harder bargain than might have been the case otherwise. Power in the negotiations shifts as a result of global imagery. What is more, as the importance of global opinion grows in parallel with the spread of the systemic media, shrewd power-players will wield it as an unconventional weapon. It will be used not only to save some political prisoners, or to direct instant relief to disaster zones, but to spare us from some, at least, of the ecological ravages that might otherwise be inflicted on a bleeding planet. When Armenians are attacked by Azeris in Baku, Armenians in Los Angeles know it instantly and begin mobilizing political actions. When Jesuits are murdered by death squad in El Salvador, the entire World knows it. When a trade unionist is jailed in South Africa, the words get out. The new global media are basically in business to make a profit. However, they are inadvertently raising the level of cross-national political action by a dazzling diversity of activist groups. Without even intending it, Mr. Murdoch and Mr. Maxwell, Mr. Turner and Mr. Mohn, Mr. Berlusconi and other new media magnates are creating a powerful new tool and placing it in the hands of the global community. However, that hardly scratches the surface of what is happening. The new global media system has, in fact, become the prime tool of revolution in today’s fast-changing World, but that does not mean it is keeping the World informed. #RandolphHarris 22 of 22

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