In the cybernetic age, the individual becomes increasingly subject to manipulation. His work, his consumption, and his leisure are manipulated by advertising, by ideologies, by what Dr. Skinner calls “positive reinforcements.” The individual loses his active, responsible role in the social process; he becomes completely “adjusted” and learns that the behavior, act, thought, or feeling which does not fit into the general scheme puts him at a severe disadvantage; in fact he is what he is supposed to be. If he insists on being himself, he risks, in police states, his freedom or even his life; in some democracies, he risks not being promoted, or more rarely, he risks even his job, and perhaps most importantly, he risks feeling isolated, without communication with anybody. As we have discussed, criminal events take on a transactional (give-and-take) nature. It was argued that the “form” and “content” of these exchanges can vary across different types of crime. Homicide and assault transactions generally take on the form of a one-on-one, heated interaction between acquaintances. The vast majority of homicide incidents that were reported to the police in 2022 were known to involve a long assailant and a lone victim. Only 20 percent were known to involve more than two offenders and 6 percent involved multiple victims. Similarly, victimization report indicate that multiple offenders were present in only 25 percent of the assault cases occurring in 2022. Turning to the nature of relationship, about one half of all murder and/or assault victims are known to be related or acquainted with their attacker. #RandolphHarris 1 of 19

Moreover, roughly one in ten of these incidents are categorized as cases of intimate violence wherein the combatants are either intimates or are linked via a blood or marital relationship. An analysis of the circumstances surrounding murder reveal that nearly one third of all homicides begin as a simple argument, while less than one in give are committed in conjunction with another felony offense. Homicides and assaults occur disproportionately in loose social settings. Most often, violent exchanges take place at night and on weekends in locations where acquaintances are accustomed to interacting with one another. These types of familiar settings are governed by relaxed social norms that allow individuals to more freely express their emotion. For example, researchers discovered that 55 percent of all homicide cases occur in residences, while 9 percent occur in or near bars. Only 18 percent were found to occur in the more impersonal setting of a street or public park. Most violent predators commit their crimes in close proximity to their residence. The majority of homicide and assault transactions involve individuals of the same age, race, and gender groups. In 2020, the average homicide offender was 28.5 years of age and the average victim was 32.2 years of age. That same year, individuals between the ages of 18 and 24 committed murder at a rate of 28 per 100,000. This figure was more than five times larger than the homicide rate of the 35- to 49-yer-old age group and nearly twenty times higher than for persons over the age of 50. #RandolphHarris 2 of 19

The same type of trend is observable in the victimization rates. Take for example the crime of assault. In 2020, the reported assault victimization rate for individuals between the ages of 12 and 24 years exceeded forty per 1,000 persons or households. This is almost double the rate in the overall population and more than twenty times the rate reported among persons over the age of 65. A similar trend can be observed with regard to the age of the offender. Most victims of assaultive behavior estimate that at least one of their attackers was under the age of 30—this was the case in 60 percent of the single offender assaults and 95 percent of the multiple offender assaults. Murder is no different. In fact, the CDC ranked homicide as the No. 2 cause of death among 18- to 25-year-olds. Only unintentional injuries accounted for more deaths among members of this age group. It is clear that murder and assault take on an intra-aged transactional form, meaning that offenders and victims come from similar age groups. In the case of assault, nearly three fourths of all victims between the ages of 12 and 20 estimate that their attacker comes from this same age group. Similar patterns are observed in the 30 and above age bracket. Race is another telling indicator in homicide and assault transactions. Assault rates among African Americans (28 per 1,000) were slightly higher than those among European American (22) and Hispanics (25). #RandolphHarris 3 of 19

Race is another telling indicator in homicide and assault transactions. The assault rate among African Americans (27 per 1,000) were somewhat higher than those observed among European Americas (23) and Hispanics (25.6). This trend is further reflected in the arrest data—despite comprising only 12 percent of the overall population, African Americans typically account for 30 percent of the aggravated assault arrests each year. The picture becomes even more grim when we focus solely on murder. An African American person faces a one in forty-four chance of becoming a homicide victim at some point in his or her life. Think about that. If you are in a room with 44 African Americans, it is likely one will be a murder victim. That is compared to a one in 253 chance among European Americans. Makes you want to take stalking and death threats more seriously is one has such a high chance of becoming a murder victim, huh? African Americans represent 52 percent of the known homicide offenders and 48 percent of the known homicide victims. Homicide and assault take form as a markedly intraracial crime (occurring within the same racial group). For example, typically 86 percent of European American victims are killed by European American perpetrators and 94 percent of African Americans were killed by other African Americans. A close examination reveals that most interracial (across races) murder involve younger perpetrators victimizing strangers. Shifting to the crimes of assault, 80 percent of European American assault victims claim that their attackers were of the same race and 83 percent of the African American assault victims claim that they were attacked by a fellow African American. #RandolphHarris 4 of 19

It appears that even offenders behave in an intraracial capacity—only one in ten assault victims who was attacked by more than one offender claims that the attackers were of mixed races. Homicide events traditionally involve male participants. For example, generally, 90 percent of the known homicide offenders and 80 percent of the homicide victims. In fact, men are 10 times more likely than females to be a murder offender and more than three times more likely to be a victim. Most homicide events take shape as intragendered (male on male or female on female) transactions, and nearly 70 percent of the known homicides involve all male participants. A slightly different portrait emerges for assault. Here again, males account for the majority of the offender and victim pools. In fact, 80 percent of the individuals who are arrested for aggravated assault, and 58 percent of the pool of the assault victims are men. The fact that men account for only a slight majority of the victim population but a considerably larger majority of the offender pool suggests that many of these assaults manifest themselves as male-on-female or intergendered transactions. In most cases, this male-on-female violence takes its form as intimate partner violence (id est, domestic violence or spousal abuse). A recent survey of representative samples of 8,000 men and women found that 23 percent of women versus 9 percent of the men had been the victim of domestic assault at least once in their lives. It is estimated that a total of 24,546, 840 women who are alive today will at some point be physically assaulted by an intimate partner—at a rate of 1,400,000 per year. #RandolphHarris 5 of 19

Murder and assault rates become particularly problematic when the age, gender, and race variables are included in the same equation. The overall reported U.S.A. homicide offending rate is 6.1 and the victimization rate is 5.5 per 100,000 population. For African American males between the ages of 18 and 24 those rates ballooned to 206 and 102, respectively. Conversely, the homicide offending and victimization rates among European American females 25 years or older is 1 and 2.3, respectively. African American males between the ages 18 and 24 make up 1.5 percent of the U.S.A. population but account for a staggering 30 percent of all known homicide offenders and 15 percent of all homicide victims. The process of the homicide and/or assault transaction is typically marked by brevity and intensity. Most murders and/or assaults last only a few seconds. In the case of murder, the short amount of time required of the act can be attributed to the fact that firearms are present in nearly two thirds of all homicide cases. This is well evidenced by the fact that 30 percent of aggravated assault victims claimed their attacker carried a gun, compared to 7 percent of the overall pool of assault victimizations. When asked why they carried guns, one fourth of violent felons claimed that the gun was originally intended as a scare tactic. Murders and assaults take on an undeniably interactive and escalating flavor. Most homicides are disputes and/or potential assaults that have gone terribly wrong. They are situations in which factors such as ego, reputation, and irreversible moments of misinterpretation regrettably come together to produce lethal consequences. #RandolphHarris 6 of 19

Spies have been busily at work at least since the Egyptian Book of the Dead termed espionage a soul-endangering sin. However, from the Pharaohs to the end of World War II the technologies available for espionage remained primitive, and early spies, like early scientists, were largely untrained amateurs. In the first years of the 20^th century, Robert Baden-Powell, later the founder of the Boy Scouts movement, masqueraded as a dotty butterfly collector when he hiked through the Balkans, sketching fortification and hiding their outline in drawings of complicated butterfly wing. (Baden-Powell insisted that enthusiastic amateurs, who regarded spying as sport, would do the best work.) Another self-taught spy was the Japanese Captain Giichi Tanaka. After serving on the staff of the Japanese military attache in Moscow, learning to speak Russian and claiming adherence to the Russian Orthodox church, Tanaka took a leisurely two-month trip back to Tokyo so he could reconnoiter the Trans-Siberian and Chinese Eastern railroads, brining back with him intelligence used by Tokyo in planning for the Russo-Japanese war of 1905. Much spy literature today still focuses on the derring-do of intrepid individuals pursuing military secrets. The industrial revolution, however, transformed war. The conscripted mass army, the mechanization of transport, the machine gun, mass-produced tanks and airplanes, and the concept of total war were all product of the Second Wave or smokestack era. The potential for mass destruction grew, right along with the rise of mass production, reaching its final point of no return in the U.S.A.-Soviet nuclear stalemate. #RandolphHarris 7 of 19

The industrialization of intelligence followed that of war. In the early 20^th century, spying became more systematic and bureaucratic, with the Tsar’s fearsome Okhrana, forerunner of the KGB, leading the way. Espionage schools were set up. Spies began to be trained as professionals. However, a handful of even well-trained spies could no longer satisfy the growing market for intelligence. Thus, just as individual craft took a back seat to assembly-line production in the factory, attempts were made to mass-manufacture intelligence. By early in the 20^th century, the Japanese were no longer relying exclusively on a handful of full-timers like Tanaka but on thousands of foot-soldiers spies, as it were—emigrants settled in China or Siberia, cooks, servants, and factory workers who reported on their host countries. Japanese intelligence, following the factory production model, used unskilled “espionage workers” to mass-produce information, then built a growing bureaucracy to process the “take.” After the 1917 revolution in Russia, Lenin promoted the idea of “rabcors” or “people’s journalists”—thousands of ordinary workers were encouraged to write to the newspaper denouncing supposedly antirevolutionary saboteurs and traitors. The idea of masses of amateur correspondents was applied to foreign intelligence, too, and by 1929 there were three thousand so-called “rabcors” in France, including workers in state arsenals and the defense industries who were told to write to the Communists press to expose their poor working conditions. These contributions, however, provided useful insights into war production, and the most revealing letters were not published, but sent on to Moscow. It was another attempt at mass collection of low-level intelligence by amateurs. #RandolphHarris 8 of 19

High-level espionage, however, was entrusted to carefully trained professionals. Richard Sorge, born in Baku and raised in Berlin, became one of the most brilliant soviet agents in history. Because of his German boyhood, Sorge was able to penetrate the Nazi Party and get himself sent to Japan posing as the enthusiastically pro-Hitler correspondent for the Frankfurter Zeitung—a cover that won him access to top German and Japanese officials and diplomats in Tokyo. The Soviets were terrified of a Japanese surprise attack on Siberia. Sorge correctly told them it would never happen, but that the Soviet Union would be attacked by Germany instead. In 1941, Sorge actually sent Moscow advance news of the coming Nazi invasion of the U.S.S.R., warning that 150 German divisions were concentrating in preparation. He even pinpointed the date—22 June 1941. However, his information was ignored by Stalin. Sorge was about to tip off Moscow about the coming Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor—once again naming the exact date—when he was captured and later executed by the Japanese. Sorge was subsequently described by General Douglas MacArthur as “a devastating example of a brilliant success of espionage.” Sorge’s career surely underscored the continuing value of the courageous and resourceful individual spy and spymaster. However, World War II also saw remarkable breakthroughs in everything from coding and deciphering equipment to reconnaissance aircraft, radio, and radar—technologies that laid the basis for true mass production of intelligence, some of its high-level stuff indeed. #RandolphHarris 9 of 19

If you are trying to extract some exclusive information from someone, your threat to kill him unless he reveals the secret will not be credible. He knows that when the time comes, you will realize that the secret dies with him, and will have no incentive to carry out the threat. Hollywood films provide two excellent illustrations of this problem, and how to deal with it. Schelling uses a scene from the film High Wind in Jamacia. “The pirate captain Chavez wants his captive to tell where the money is hidden, and puts his knife to the man’s throat to make him talk. After a moment or two, during which the man keeps his mouth shut, the mate laughs. ‘If you cut his throat he can’t tell you. He knows it. And he knows you know it.’ Chavez puts his knife away and tries something else.” Chavez might have kept the knife out and tried brinkmanship, if only he had seen The Maltese Falcon. There Spade (Humphrey Bogart) has hidden the valuable bird, and Gutman (Sydney Greenstreet) is trying to find out where it is. Spade smiled at the Levantine and answered him evenly: “You want the bird. I’ve got it…If you kill me how are you going to get the bird? If I know that you can’t afford to kill me till you have it, how are you going to scare me into giving it to you?” In response, Gutman explains how he intends to make his threat credible. “I see what you mean.” Gutman chuckled. “That is an attitude, sir, that calls for the most delicate judgment on both sides, because as you know, sir, men are likely to forget in the heat of action where their best interest lies and let their emotions carry them away.” #RandolphHarris 10 of 19

Gutman concedes that he cannot threaten Spade with certain death. Instead, he can expose Spade to a risk, a probability that things might get out of control in the heat of the moment. The outcome is left to chance. It is not that Gutman would actually want to kill Spade, but accidents do occur. And death is irreversible. Gutman cannot commit to killing Spade for sure if Spade refused to talk. However, he can threaten to put Spade in a position in which Gutman cannot guarantee that he will be able to prevent Spade from getting killed. This ability to expose someone to a probability of punishment can be enough to make the threat effective if the punishment is bad enough. The greater the risk of Spade getting killed in this way, the more effective the threat. However, at the same time, the risk becomes less credible. Gutman’s brinkmanship will work if, and only if, there is an intermediate range of probabilities where the risk is large enough to compel Spade to reveal the bird’s location, and yet small enough to be acceptable to Gutman. Such a range exists only if Spade values his own life more than Gutman values the bird, in the sense that the probability of death will frighten Spade into talking is smaller than the risk of losing his information that gives Gutman pause. Brinkmanship is not just the creation of risk, but a careful control of the degree of that risk. Now we have a problem. Many of the mechanisms that generate risk also prevent a sufficiently accurate control of the degree of that risk. #RandolphHarris 11 of 19

We saw how Kennedy could use internal politics and standard operating procedures to ensure that the situation would get somewhat outside his control, and therefore not affected by Kennedy’s temptation to back down. However, those very things make it difficult for him to ensure that the risk does not climb to a degree that is intolerable to the Untied States of America. Kennedy’s own estimate of the risk—between one out of three and even—is a wide range of risk, to the point where one worries if the risk is being controlled at all. We have no perfect or generally valid answer to this dilemma. Brinkmanship is often an effective device, but equally often it remains something of an adventure. Now, when it comes to nanotechnology, it is important that we know how to prepare for a big mistake. The so-called Star Trek scenario (named after an episode of Star Trek: The Next Generation that featured runaway “nanites”) is perhaps the most commonly imagined problem. In this scenario, someone first invests considerable engineering effort in designing and building devices that are bacterial-sized, omnivorous, able to survive in a wide range of natural environment, able to build copies of themselves, and made with just a few built-in safeguards—perhaps a clock that shuts them off after a time, perhaps something else. Then, accidentally, the clock fails, or one of these dangerous replicators builds a copy with a defective clock, and away we go with an unprecedented ecological disaster. #RandolphHarris 12 of 19

This would be an extraordinary accident indeed. Note well, though, that this accident scenario starts with someone building a highly capable device that is almost disastrously dangerous, but held in check by a few safeguards. This would be like wiring your house with dynamite and relying on a safety-catch to protect the trigger: a subsequent explosion could be called an accident, but the problem is not with the safety mechanism, it is with the dynamite installation. Do we need to build nanotechnological dynamite? It is worth considering just how little practical incentive there is for anything even resembling the dangerous replicator just as described. (Note that our topic here is accidents; deliberate acts of aggression are another matter.) When looking at open collusion, there are some illustrations we need to consider. A few attendants tease a patient in order to laugh at their bizarre reactions—such as a nip on the ear or a slap on the head to bring about a temper tantrum. This teasing sometimes becomes cruel, and does not seem to be restricted to trouble-makers among patients. This may be done to break the monotony, or may be due to psychological quirks in the few attendants who do it. Miss Kurt asked the attendant for a cigarette. The attendant replied, “say pretty please.” Miss Kurt, on saying pretty please, was answered, “now say, ‘hello, Miss Crandall’ twice,” pointing to the other attendant. Miss Kurt did not answer. The attendant held a cigarette aloft and said again, “If you say ‘hello Miss Crandall’ twice you will get his cigarette.” Miss Kurt did as requested. #RandolphHarris 13 of 19

Similar interactions can be cited from Central Hospital. For example, an attendant would occasionally take a “pet” patient and dance with him or her while winking broadly to the rest of the ward staff. The wink is a classic device for establishing byplay in our society, but at the same time an item in our involvement idiom that seems to be passing into disuse. The fun reached its climax at the point where the patient was released and the attendant turned back to participation with the rest of the now laughing staff. Similarly, a few patients would sometimes encircle a mute fellow patient who had taken the tack of obeying all commands. They would then address the mute patient, ordering one to do a series of increasingly self-profaning acts, until the circle was excited into laughter. The same sort of treatment is often accorded young children in our society: the child is teased or prodded into responding to a question focusing on the child as an unwitting source of amusement or pride for the adults. Some extreme forms of engagement disloyalty are managed without the butt necessarily becoming aware of what is being done to him. The very obligation to the individual in a two-person encounter to tactfully support his fellow-participant in maintaining the illusion that both desire to be engaged together can itself lead to disaffection which I carefully concealed from the other, but sometimes from him alone. Thus, when one participant fees it is beneath one in some way to be publicly joined to the other in a special relationship of any kind, the disgruntled participant may secretly tease the other participant before the assembled company or communicate in other ways to them that the encounter is not one that should be taken seriously. #RandolphHarris 14 of 19

At Beijing, China dances I occasionally saw a young lady maintain the right of any man to dance by accepting a request from a someone from the southern region, or an international seaman, but once his arms convey by collusive gestures to the circle of people behind his back that the dance-engagement was a lark and that she was not to be judged by it. Cautionary tales in our own society tell of college or high school dances where a male, who may wish to be unburdened of the girl whom he finds himself dancing, holds up a twenty-dollar bill behind her back as they pass the stag-line, a mute but raucous bribe for someone to “cut in.” Of course, the possibility of this kind of sellout is one factor in social control, leading the individual to forego engagements in which his fellow-participants might not be loyal to him. “I do not understand why one should excuse oneself.” One does not want to give up the idea that one can “do,” so that even if one realizes that things just happen, one finds excuses, such as, “This is an accident but tomorrow it will be different.” That is why we cannot realize this idea. All our lives we see how things happen but we explain them as accidents, as exceptions to the rile that we can “do.” Either we forget, or do not see, or do not pay enough attention. We always think that at every moment we can begin to “do.” This is our ordinary way of thinking about it. If you see in your life a time when you tried to do something and failed, that will be an example, because you will find that you explained your failure as an accident, an exception. #RandolphHarris 15 of 19

If things repeat themselves, again you think you will be able to “do,” and if you see this again, again you will explain your failure as just an accident. It is very useful to go though your life from this point of view. You intended one thing and something different happened. If you are really sincere, then you will see; but if not, you will persuade yourself that what happened was exactly what you wanted! You must start with some concrete idea. Try to find what really prevents you from being active in work. It is necessary to be active in work; once can get nothing by being passive. Now we forget the beginning, where and why we started, and most of the time we never even think about aim, but only about small details. No details are of any use without aim. Self-remembering is of no use without remembering the aims of the work and the original fundamental aim. If these ais are not remembered emotionally, years may pass and one will remain in the same state. It is not enough to educate the mind; it is necessary to educate the will. You must understand what our will is. From time to time we have will. Will is the resultant of desires. The moment we have a strong desire, there is will. In that moment we must study our will and see what can be done. We have no will but self-will and willfulness. If one understands that, one must be brave enough to give up one’s will, to pay attention to what was said. You must look for those moments and you must not miss them. I do not mean create them artificially, although in a house [organized according to work principles] special possibilities to give up one’s will are made, so that if you give up your will, later you may have your own will. #RandolphHarris 16 of 19

However, even people who are not in the house, if they watch themselves and are careful, can catch themselves at such moments, and ask themselves what they are to do. Everybody must find what is one’s own situation. “How should we think about our inability to ‘do’ in relation to responsibilities?” You are given certain definite tasks, things to do. When you learn to remember yourself, even a little, you will find you are in a better position in relation to all other things. “Does the system put forward any thesis about will-power other than by using it as it grows, and by disuse it fades away?” The system explains that you have many “I”s and that each has its own will. If instead of being many, you become one, then you will have one will. Will, in normal 1, 2, and 3 men, is only the resultant of desires. Certain conflicting desires, or combinations of desires, make you act in a certain way. That is all. “Is the observing ‘I’ the embryo of Permanent ‘I’? Observing “I” is the embryo of Permanent “I,” but it has no real will. Its will is not opposed to self-will. What can be opposed to self-will? There are only two things opposed to one another: work and self-will. Self-will wants to talk, for instance, and there is a rule against talking. A struggle ensues, and the result is according to which of the two conquers. “The making of effort is what you call struggle, but suppose one is not aware of a struggle?” #RandolphHarris 17 of 19

That means it happened. Things can happen to us in for ways—by accident, through cause and effect, by fate, and by will. Struggle must be by will, intention. And you must be aware of your intention. You cannot make effort and not be aware of it. Will would be if you wanted something, and decided and acted and achieved what you wanted. That is what is important. “I thought I heard is said that if a man studies groups of “I”s, he will understand how groups of “I”s help each other.” What is important in this case is will-action. At first we were told about three things only—will, fate, and accident. Then we came to the conclusion that there must be a fourth class corresponding to Karma. However, as this word had gained many wrong associations from theosophy, we used the words “case and effect,” meaning by them something that happens in this life and refers to oneself only, because from another point of view the whole World is based on cause and effect. “In those four categories, will is not often used, is it?” Will has to be used. We are never ready for work but we must work all the same. If we are ready, then we are given other work for which we are not ready. “Knowing one’s fate, how can one act along a line to avoid accident?” I do not know what you mean by “knowing fate.” It has nothing to do with avoiding accident. One avoids accidents (in our special sense) by creating causes and increasing effects. This is coming to will. It is not will but it is coming to it. Only a certain number of things can happen in an hour or a day, so if one creates more causes, there is less room for accidents to happen. #RandolphHarris 18 of 19

We can take fate only in relation to our physical state, to health and so on. Fate has nothing to do with attainment. Cause and effect begins it. However, cause and effect is when the result depends on one’s own action, but unpremeditated action. In work, one must try to use will—as much as we have of it. If one has one inch of will and uses it, then one will have two inches, then three, and so on. “How can I learn to act differently in life so as to avoid the same limited and recurrent emotions which I now feel?” This is our aim; this is the aim of the whole work. This is why work is organized, why we have to study different theories, to remember different rules, and so on. What you speak of is the far aim. We have to work in the system first. By learning how to act in connection with the system and the organization, we learn how to act in life; but we cannot learn to act in life without first going through the system. “If we are all weakness and no strength, from what source do we draw such strength as is needed even to begin work on ourselves?” We must have certain strength. If we are only weakness, then we can do nothing. However, if we had no strength at all, we should not have become interested in that work. If we realize our situation, we already have a certain strength, and new knowledge increases this strength. So we have quite enough to begin. Later, more strength some from new knowledge and new efforts. #RandolphHarris 19 of 19

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Love keeps the soul on the track of its fate and keeps consciousness at the edge of the abyss of the infinity that is the rage of the soul. However, as a result of the human condition, sometimes the soul becomes disjointed with its reality. This is why we need to understand how and why people commit different varieties of criminal behaviour, and use this tact to provide insights into what can be done to remedy the situation. That is why scholars adopt a crime typology or criminal behaviour system approach to crime. Typology scholars rely on logic-based conceptual frameworks to categorize and theorize about crime. In effect, he or she constructs ad defines a set of underlying dimensions that allows one to justify and substantiate a given typology of crime. Keep in mind that the differences or similarities on any or all of the theoretical dimensions need not be complete. Instead, it is tacitly implied that partial or conditional similarities or differences can exist across or with the framework of the typology. It is argued that this more focused approach to the study of criminal behaviour affords us a fuller understanding of the patterns and dynamics of criminal behaviour. It allows us to speak to the unique factors associated with a given category of crime. At the same time, we can identify similarities that exist between homicide and aggravated assault, rape, or even burglary. When speaking of criminal behaviour systems, it is useful to adopt the criminal events as the unit of analysis. #RandolphHarris 1 of 19

The criminal event is the social context in which the crime occurs, with every criminal event being comprised of an offender, a victim (or target), and a setting. By way of example, the average date rape involves a male offender and a female victim, and takes place in a leisure setting such as the offender’s house. Too often, typology scholars focus exclusively on the offender (criminal) or offense (crime) and lose sight of the meaningful roles that the victim and/or contextual norms of a given setting play in the criminal outcome. Criminal events are best understood when viewed in light of four organizing principles or sensitizing concepts: behavioural aspects, cognitive aspects, cultural aspects and societal reactions. These sensitizing concepts specifically direct one’s attention toward common themes or criteria by which one can compare and contrast the offender, victim, and setting roles across different types of crime and thus serve as the underlying dimensions of the present seven-part classification scheme. In other words, these organizing principles stress the multifaceted aspects of the criminal event (id est, the offender, victim, situation, and legal distinctions) and allow for a more complete appreciation for the category or type of crime in question. Human beings have a knack for patterning and regimenting their behaviour over time. Crime is no different Much like the common behavioural components to swimming, there are common behavioural aspects to homicide. Swimming involves the act of propelling one’s self through water, whereas a homicide manifest itself as the unlawful killing of a human being. #RandolphHarris 2 of 19

Likewise, there are different techniques, patterns, and skills that delineate the various swimming strokes (exempli gratia, breaststroke, backstroke). There are also different techniques, patterns, and skills associated with different subtypes of homicide (exempli, stranger homicide, intimate homicide, serial homicide). The concepts of crime and criminal behaviour have their humble beginnings in the legal definitions, or necessary conditions that are set forth by the criminal code. Most fundamentally, a crime is defined as an act committed or omitted in violation of a law or statue that expressly forbids or commands it and is accompanied by some form of state-sanctioned punishment. In order for the state to establish that said crime has occurred, it must be shown that the event in question satisfies the actus reus (guilty act) and the mens reus (guilty mind) aspects of a particular criminal statue. These two critical components detail the behavioural and mental states required for an event to be defined as criminal. For example, most jurisdictions define burglary as the unlawful entry of a structure (actus reus) with the intent to commit a felony or theft (mens reus). The behavioural aspects of a given type of crime also encompass the skills and techniques that are used by offenders. In the case of homicide, this means that one must speak to the manner in which the offender brings about the death of the victim (exempli gratia, strangulation, blunt-force trauma, gunshot wound). #RandolphHarris 3 of 19

Many crime oblige or even require the offender to master the use of various mechanisms or tools that serve to assist in the commission of the offense. The “tools of the trade” for a murderer might include a wide variety of weapons (exempli gratia, guns, knives, toxins, bare hands). Burglar are often obliged to use deception or disguises, enlist the assistance of various power tools, or simply peer through windows en route to gaining entry into a targeted residence. Collectively, the patterned skills, techniques, and tools of the trade make up the “nuts and bolts” of how offenders effectively yet efficiently perpetrate their criminal acts. Recall all criminal events are comprised of an offender, a victim, and a setting. Criminal events do not occur when these three elements spontaneously combust. Instead, they occur in transactional manner whereby the offender, victim, and audience members negotiate the criminal outcome. Homicide event are “situated transactions” in which the pressure, volatility, and eventual lethal violence progresses through a series of interactional stages that are collectively negotiated by the offender, victim, and audience member. Criminal transaction often takes on a given “form.” For example, some transactions involve a lone offender and a lone victim in an isolated environment. Other criminal transactions involve multiple offenders, multiple victims, and interactive audience member. A full understanding of the patterned form of the criminal transaction is necessary if one is to comprehend the behavioural aspects of a given offense type. #RandolphHarris 4 of 19

There also exists a patterned “process” to criminal transactions whereby stable actions and roles emerge among the offender, victim, and audience member. For example, there are patterned interactions that exist between burglars, illegitimate pawn shop operators (id est, fences), and the pawn shop customers. The behavioural aspects of criminal offending are patterned on yet another, more broadly defined level Namely, offenders tend to progress through what is called a criminal career. Criminal careers are measured in terms of recidivism rates (rates of re-offending) as well as career trajectories (offending routines that emerge as individuals enter into, persist through, and exit their criminal lifestyles). Criminals can specialize in a given type of crime or behave as generalists who engage in a wide variety of criminal behaviours. Both of these career variations, for example, show how female burglars tend to focus their offending in a select few offense categories, while their male counterparts tend to be less discriminatory and adopt more of a “jack of all trades” orientation. The severity of an offender’s wrongdoings may remain relatively stable or they may intensify. #RandolphHarris 5 of 19

Similarly, a criminal career can be short and erratic or it can be long and tightly routinized. The individuals may have frequent contact with the criminal justice system or might be able to allude suspicion and apprehension for extended periods of time. Past research suggests that there tends to be a patterned aspect of criminal career trajectory within a given criminal behaviour system. There are other types of behaviour that are important to focus on, that tend to be more conducive to society. Participation in an accessible engagement not only directly exposes the individual to linguistic and expressive communication with the other participants in the encounter but also opens up the possibility that they will expressively communicate something about one to bystanders. Seeking some degree of intimacy with potential fellow participants in the encounter, the individual can find oneself spurned or otherwise mistreated in a way that is visible to bystanders. Given these potential exposures, we find regulations to safeguard the individual. These constraints appear in two-person engagements as expressions of loyalty to the encounter. In both cases we deal with a participant’s obligation to stay within “his” engagement. One form of containment is found in the obligation of participants to withhold attention from matters occurring outside of the engagement. We can appreciate the operation of this norm by nothing the various context in which the norm is not adhered to. #RandolphHarris 6 of 19

Quite momentary and minor disaffection constantly occurs, as when an individual turns away from a moment to see who has entered the situation, or to find a suitable chair, expressing by one’s manner and by the arts of shielding involvement that somehow one’s spirit is still attached to the engagement. Where individuals do not have to worry about each other’s small slights because of a long-standing relation of familiarity and intimacy—as between some husbands and wives—one participant may hold the engagement together while the other scans the room in search of useful information. When a couple eats at what is for them a “good” restaurant, the member with one’s back to the assembled others may be annoyed to find one’s partner giving attention to the other tables instead of to the talk at hand. Such disloyalty can of course become excessive, by middle-class standards, suggesting a demoralization (or at least an altered understanding) regarding what is ordinarily owed one’s fellow participants. Hollywood restaurants provide good illustrations. There was a stir in Dave Chasen’s Restaurant in Beverly Hills when Dore Schary walked in. Chasen’s is run by the former stage comedian whose name it bears, and it is popular with people in the motion-picture industry…All the other patrons focused their attention of Schary. They seemed to be looking around at everybody except the people they were with and with whom they were managing to carry on conversations. #RandolphHarris 7 of 19

Schary was not a bit self-concious…He was almost the only man in Chasen’s who was not at the moment looking around at someone other than the person he was talking to. More extreme forms of disloyalty are very commonly found among the mentally ill; it is often because of such delicts that persons are identified as mentally ill in the first place. For example, I observed a female psychotic, strongly attached to her mother and to her psychiatrist, who would, in the midst of a conversation, allow all of her steps. At the approach of either her mother or her therapist, the patient’s body would remain in the talk but her head and interest would turn elsewhere. After a few weeks, as she “recovered” from an “episode,” this interaction indelicacy gradually disappeared until it was possible for either of these figures to walk by without causing the patient visible perturbation. Although these figures no doubt still brained away some of her attention, she was able or willing to disguise the fact. The same patient, while “in” a psychotic break, would play ping-pong with one person while allowing her attention to rest openly on a nearby foursome of her age-mates playing bridge. Gradually, as weeks went by and she “came out” of the psychotic break, she increasingly paid deference to her ping-pong game by according it her cognitive and visual attention, and increasingly during play she exhibited civil inattention to neighbouring engagements. #RandolphHarris 8 of 19

“Is there a place in the static triad where a group of ‘I’s unconnected with magnetic center is active and false personality passive?” Certain group of “I”s or personalities become active, and they are centered round magnetic center. First magnetic center itself, and then those “I”s that range themselves round magnetic center are opposed to false personality. Then, at a certain moment, magnetic center becomes active and false personality passive. Magnetic center is a combination of a certain group of interests. Magnetic center does not lead you, for leading would mean progress and you remain in one place. However, when things come, then with the help of magnetic center you will be able to see which is which or whether you are interested or not interested in a thing. You can make a choice. Before one comes into the work, magnetic center has reached a certain point which transforms it into a certain group of interests When one meets the work it becomes interested in school-work and then it disappears as magnetic center, because magnetic center is a weak thing. For instance, in the first triangle of the triad, it is composed of body, soul and essence (=), false personality (+), and “I”s (-). Now supposing that these “I” are already divided into certain groups, maybe not attached, but still not hostile to the magnetic center, which can exist and eventually develop into something better. The groups of “I”s which are always hostile and always harmful are false personality itself. #RandolphHarris 9 of 19

Somebody asked whether the change from one form of the static triad to another depended on change being. Yes, every small change is a change of being although this expression is generally applied to bigger, more serious changes. When we speak about change of being we speak about change from men nos 1, 2, and 3 to man no. 4 for instance. This is change of being, but of course this big jump consists of many small jumps. The static triad represents you. It shows the state of your being, what you are at a given moment. One of the points, body and essence, is always the same, but the relation of the other two points changes. If body and essence are normal they are impartial and do not take one side or the other, but if there is something wrong in them they are on the side of false personality. When in a state of doubt remember to try and bring up other “I”s which have a certain valuation. This is the only way to conquer doubts. In order to develop you must have some capacity for valuation They only practical approach is to think of the different sides of yourself and to find the sides that can work and the sides that cannot. Some people have real values, some have false values and some have no values at all. It is the same with different “I”s; some value real things, some wrong things and some value nothing. People can spend their lives studying systems and system words and never come to real thing. Three-quarter or nine-tenths of our ordinary knowledge does not really exist; it exists only in imagination. #RandolphHarris 10 of 19

In October 1962, the Cuban missile crisis brought the World to the brink of nuclear war. The Soviet Union, under its mercurial leader Nikita Khrushchev, had begun to install nuclear missiles on Cuba, 90 miles from the American mainland. On tographs of missile sites under construction. After a week of tense discussions within his administration, on October 22 President John F. Kennedy announced a navel quarantine of Cuba. Had the Soviet Union taken up the challenge, the crisis could have escalated to the point of all-out nuclear war between the superpowers. Kennedy himself estimated the probability of this as “between one out of three and even.” However, after a few anxious days of public posturing and secret negotiation, Khrushchev shied away from the confrontation. In return for a face-saving compromise involving eventual withdrawal of U.S.A. missiles in Turkey, he ordered the Soviet missiles in Cuba dismantled and shipped back. Khrushchev looked over the nuclear brink, did not like what he saw, and pulled back. The name “brinkmanship” seems apt for the strategy of taking your opponent to the brink of disaster, and compelling one to pull back. (Many people erroneously say “brinksmanship”—which sounds more like the art of robbing an armored truck.) Kennedy’s action in the Cuban missile crisis is generally accepted as an instance of successful exercise of brinkmanship. The rest of us also practice brinkmanship, but with less than global stakes. #RandolphHarris 11 of 19

A management team and trade union facing a devastating strike, stubborn spouses whose failure to compromise is leading toward divorce, and a divided Congress risking a government shutdown if it fails to ratify a budget are all engaged in brinkmanship. They are deliberately creating and manipulating the risk of a mutually bad outcome in order to induce the other party to compromise. Brinkmanship is a subtle strategy fraught with dangers, and if you want to practice it successfully, you must first understand it thoroughly. We aim to help your grasp the subtleties, using the Cuban missile crisis as a case study. Upon discovering that the Soviets had secretly places missiles in Cuba, the Kennedy administration contemplated a range of options: do nothing, take a complaint to the United Nations (in practice, almost the same thing as doing nothing); impose a quarantine or blockade (the course actually adopted); launch an air strike on the missile sites in Cuba; or—at the extreme end—make an immediate preemptive total nuclear strike on the Soviet Union. After the United States of America imposed a navel quarantine, the Soviets had many possible responses. They could back down and remove the missiles; stop their ships carrying missiles in mid-Atlantic (the course actually adopted); try to run the blockade either without or with navel support; or take the extreme step of launching a preemptive strike on the United States of America. #RandolphHarris 12 of 19

In this spectrum of moves and countermoves, some of the possible actions were clearly safe (such as the United States of America doing nothing or the Soviet removing the missiles) while others were clearly dangerous (such as launching an air strike on Cuba). However, in the large middle range, where does safety end and danger begin? In other words, just where was the brink in the Cuban missile crisis? Was there a borderline such that the World was safe to the one side of it, and doomed as soon as the line was crossed? The answer, of course, is that there was no such precise point, only a gradually increasing risk of uncontrollable future escalation. Had the Soviets tried to defy the blockage, for example, the United States of America was unlikely to launch its strategic missiles at once. However, events and tempers would have heated up another notch, and the risk of Armageddon would have increased perceptibly. The key to understanding brinkmanship I to realize that the brink is not a sharp precipice, but a slippery slope, getting gradually steeper. Kennedy took the World some way down this slope; Khrushchev did not risk going father, and then the two arranged a pullback to the safe ground above. This this was the effect of Kennedy’s actions, it is at least plausible that it was also his intention. Let us examine the strategy of brinkmanship in this light. The essence of brinkmanship is the deliberate creation of risk. This risk should be sufficiently intolerable to your opponent to induce him to eliminate the risk by following your wishes. This makes brinkmanship a strategic move. #RandolphHarris 13 of 19

Like any strategic move, it aims to influence the other’s actions by altering his expectations. In fact brinkmanship is a threat, but of a special kind. To use it successfully, you must understand it special features. Governments rely increasingly on computer-stored data bases. While Sununu’s withholding of access to data is an example of ordinary info-tactics at work, subtle tampering with the data base is an example of meta-tactics. Meta-tacticians attack the data base not by controlling access to it, but by determining what may or may not be included in it in the first place. The ten-year census questionnaire used in the United States of America must be approved by Congress. Says a senior Census official: “Congress puts various pressures on us. We do a sample survey on farm finance. We’ve been directed by Congress not to collect that data because it might have been used to cut federal support for farmers.” Companies in every industry also pressure the Census Bureau to ask, or to avoid asking, certain questions. For example, it has been asked to include a question about mobile homes in its housing survey to supply data needed by a company in that business. Since the number of questions that can be included in the questionnaire is always limited, lobbyists fight one another and apply fierce pressure on the Bureau. No matter how computerized and seemingly “objective,” data baes thus reflect the values and power relationships of society. #RandolphHarris 14 of 19

Controlling what goes on into today’s endlessly multiplying data base is, however, only the simplest of meta-tactics. Far more subtle are attempts to control the way data are broken into categories or classes. Well before the computer era, at a time when the U.S.A. government was concerned about overconcentration in the auto industry, General Motors employed a lobbyist who sat in a little-known body, the Federal Statistics Users Council. His job was to assure that figures for the industry were lumped together so they could never be publicly disaggregated—thus, the degree of economic concentration might be given in terms of how large a share of the industry was controlled by the “top three” companies, but never by the top company alone—General Motors. Today, advanced systems are used to index, classify, and categorize the data flowing into computer data bases. With the help of computers the same data can be “cut” or recategorized many different ways. Thus, intense political battles are waged over more and more obscure, abstract, seemingly technical questions. Many power struggles take place over the indicators used in data bases and the relative importance assigned to them. If you want to know how many angels can dance on the tip of a warhead, do you count their haloes or their harps? #RandolphHarris 15 of 19

Hospital beds, which are easily counted, are sometimes presumed to be an indicator of the level of health services in a community. However, would the number of doctors per thousand residents be a better measure? Ans what do either of these reveal about the actual healthy of local residents? The number of beds may reflect government subsidy programs that reward or penalize hospitals based on bed-count, rather than on the provision of real services to the community. To get a true picture of the population’s health needs, should one count patients? Cures? Life expectancy? Infant mortality? The choice of an indictor or group of indicators will heavily affect the output. Meta-tacticians know the WYMIWYG Principle—What You Measure Is What You Get. Panels of experts, teams of government specialists, lobbyists, and others wrestle frequently with such questions. Whole some participants are not clever enough to ask deep-probing questions or to understand the hidden significance, others can and do. In so doing, they typically fight for their own commercial or departmental interest. While couched in highly technical jargon, the conflicts are often, in fact, strongly political. Most of this skirmishing takes place out of sight of the public, and well below the level of senior officials and Cabinet members, who rarely have the time or inclination to understand the hidden issues in any case. Lacking these and the training needed to cut through the barrage of facts and pseudo-facts themselves, decision-makers are forced to rely more on technical specialists. #RandolphHarris 16 of 19

The monitoring of more variables, plus the enormous jump in data processing capacity made possible by computers changes the problem facing political decision-makers from information underload to information overload. This overload also means that interpretation becomes more important than simple collection. Data (of varying quality) are plentiful. Understanding is rare. However, shifting the emphasis to interpretation means more processing at higher levels in the mind-work hierarchy. This alters power relationships among the experts themselves. It also shifts the info-tacticians’ playing field to a much higher, meta-level. A perfect example has to do with the latest satellite observation systems used to monitor U.S.A.-Soviet arms control agreements. Recently launched satellites deliver such a deluge of data—from their locations in space they can detect objects as small as a few inches—that interpreter drown in the flood. In the past the problems have been mostly connected with sensing the data. Now, they are more in filtering and interpreting it. The sheer volume threatens to overwhelm even armies of analysts, leading to pressures to automate the interpretation function. This, in turn, encourages a reliance on artificial intelligence and other “knowledge engineering” tools. However, their use raises the level of abstraction still further, and buries the critical assumptions of the system under still heavier layers of inference. #RandolphHarris 17 of 19

In business, corporations are looking to embed the inferencing capabilities of expert systems into their existing computer systems. Some 2,200 such expert systems are already opening in North America, doing everything from diagnosing factory tools that malfunction to analyzing chemical spills and evaluating applications for life insurance. Expert systems are spreading in government, too, where they have even been used by the FBI to help investigate serial murders. What this implies is a dependence on complex rules elicited from experts of various kinds, weighted, systematized, and installed in computers to support the making of decisions. We can expect the spread of similar technologies throughout government—including the political life itself, where decisions often have to be take on the basis of a mass complex, imprecise, cross-related, ambiguous facts, ideas, images, and proposals, and just plain deceits intended to produce power shifts. What these tools mean, however, is that the logic driving decisions is further “embedded” and, so to speak, invisibilized. Paradoxically, the very system that delivers clarifying information itself becomes more opaque to most of its end-users. This is no reason to avoid artificial intelligence and expert systems. However, it points to a deep process with important ramifications for democracy. #RandolphHarris 18 of 19

Politics were no purer in some earlier Golden Age. From China’s Lord Shang to the Borgias of Italy, those in power have always manipulated the truth to serve their needs. What is changing dramatically today is the level at which these mind-games are played. The World will face staggering new problems in the decades ahead—dangers of global ecological catastrophe, the breakup of longstanding military balances, economic upheavals, technological revolutions. Every one of these requires intelligent political action based on a clear apprehension of the threats and potentials. However, how accurate are the images of reality on which governments base their survival decisions? How accurate can they be when all the date and information on which they are based are vulnerable to repeated and invisible “meta-massage”? As countries have grown richer, their people have lived longer despite pollution and automobile accidents. Greater wealth means safer roads, safer cars, safer homes, and safer workplaces. Throughout history, new technologies have brought new risks, including risks of death, injury, and harm to the environment, but prudent people have only accepted new technologies when they are offered an improved mix of risks and benefits. Despite occasional dramatic mistakes, the historical record says that people have succeeded in choosing technologies that reduce their personal risks. This must be so, or we would not be living longer. Molecular manufacturing and its products should continue this trend, not as an automatic consequence, but as a result of continued, vigilance, of people exercising care in picking and choosing which technologies they allow into their daily lives. Nanotechnology will give better control of production and products, and better control usually means greater safety. Nanotechnology will increase wealth, and safety is a form of wealth that people value. Public debate, product testing, and safety regulations are standard parts of this process. #RandolphHarris 19 of 19

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Creativity may assume many different forms. It might at times be saturnine, so that a bout with depression, for example, might be understood as a particularly creative time. Brooding generates its own style of awareness and its own brand of insight, and out of depressive moods important elements of culture and personality can emerge. Some people’s interpersonal relationships are profound because they trust more, empathize and associate more with other person than the typical person, they seem to develop greater love. They are able to disclose themselves to others and break down the barriers that we all build up. Their love is warm and comfortable, seldom clinging and possessive. They have many acquaintances and casual contacts, but usually a small, select circle of deep friendships. They tend to select friends who exhibit similar traits. It has been suggested that those in an accessible encounter are obliged to keep their activity in tune with the ethos of the social occasion, being obliged to exhibit within the situation a degree of occasioned mood and involvement. However, it was also implied that each accessible encounter will properly carry its participants some distance from the mood prevailing in the situation. Indeed, should this fail to occur, the social occasion may be blamed for failing to provide a setting in which individuals can be brought into face engagements and caught up spontaneously in them. In the latter case, the encounter may have to draw on the standard supplies of the social occasion for all of its sustenance. #RandolphHarris 1 of 19

Similarly, if an individual fails to let go of one’s concern about the gathering as a whole or the progress of the occasion enough to be caught up in a situated engagement, it may be felt one has failed to give oneself up to the social occasion. A nice balance is thus required between keeping in step and stepping lively. Of special interest in this connection is the phenomenon of drift. Jut as a social occasion as a whole is likely to manifest an “involvement contour,” carrying all of its encompassed encounters in a developing direction, so each particular encounter can manifest dynamic properties of its own, not only generating a World for its participants but carrying them further and further into it. It is this movement of drift of individual encounters away from the gathering at large and its social occasion that we shall now consider. Given the presence in a social situation of different face engagements—different clusters of persons engaged exclusively together in a talk, a game, or a joint task—how far may the participants of any one of these little circles allow their mutual involvement to carry them from the other persons in the situation? The problem of drift can perhaps be seen most clearly in those social occasions where a fairly high pitch of some kind of affect is defined as appropriate. This, at a wedding it is not proper for any cluster of individuals to become too serious or to quarrel in any way; obviously this would be out of keeping. Should a quarrel start, it must be quickly checked lest it carry the encounter past the range of variation permitted. #RandolphHarris 2 of 19

Similarly, in the case of funeral visits, knots of people not containing any of the immediately bereaved may begin a quiet chat, but find themselves getting gayer and gayer until their interaction becomes out of place and must be brought back to the sober tone of the surroundings. Drift, of course, occurs not only at ceremonials. Thus, in a surgery observed, the nurses scrubbing at the four scrub sinks just before the medical staff arrived would carry on the light sociable chatter that seemed fixed to the sink area. Sometimes, however, their talk would become louder and louder, more and more boisterous, until the charge nurse of the ward would have to come into the scrub area and shush them. So, too, there were moments when the anesthetist and his helper began a whispered conversation that carried them further and further away from the occasion, until a point was reached where the surgeon or the surgical nurse glanced up and across the barrier between operating field and anesthetic equipment with a look of amusement, wonderment, or disapproval, which was often followed by a “cutting back” of the drifting conversation. In considering the tendency for accessible encounters to drift, we should not overlook other problems of affective movement. During occasions such as social parties, wakes, and other celebrations, a mood of hilarity or sadness or grimness ma begin to develop, and soon may carry all participation units away from their emotional starting point. (Sometimes this developing contour of involvement may be assisted by means of pharmacological agencies such as spirits.) #RandolphHarris 3 of 19

When all the encounters in a situation begin to drift at the same time in the same direction, they may together move past the point of propriety implicit in the social occasion. It is thus that an etiquette manual can warn that liquor at a christening should not be of the kind to turn into a cocktail party. A second issue may be mentioned. When a social occasion has taken hold of its participants, and the engagements occurring within it have together moved in a particular affective direction, a latecomer to the occasion may find oneself out of step affectively with the prevailing mood and may have difficulty in catching up, in “getting with it.” A sober person coming to an inebriated gathering can have quite the same problem, and create the same offense, as an inebriated person arriving at a still sober occasion. Wakes are of special interest here, because persons longest on the spot will have “worked through” some of their affective concern about the deceased, while at the same time they are likely to have been the “closet” to the individua and to be therefore held most responsible for giving a worthy show of grief. A latecomer may find a certain callousness among those present, which they may in turn be forced to conceal b a kind of recapitulation of the mourning process performed within the confines of the face engagement in which the latecomer is welcomes to the place of mourning. #RandolphHarris 4 of 19

“Does our capacity for work increase just so much as we are able to weaken false personality?” Everything one can get, one can get only at the expense of false personality. Later, when it is not present, one can get many things at the expense of other things, but for a long time one has to live, so to speak, off false personality. “Is false personality the main barrier to being aware?” First of all, yes. However, many mechanical habits besides. Sometimes even mechanical habits in other centers. “If you could eliminate false personality…” someone began. You cannot eliminate anything; it is just the same as trying to cut your head off. However, you can make false personality less insistent and less permanent. If at a certain moment you feel the danger of the manifestation of false personality and you can find a way to stop it, this is what you have to begin with. The question of elimination does not enter at all; that is connected with quite different things. You must learn to control manifestations. However, if people think that they can do something and at the same time refuse to work on acquiring this control, then things become bad for them. People can be enthusiastic about what they have to do until they know what they have to do. When they know, they often times become very negative and try to avoid it or explain it in some other way. #RandolphHarris 5 of 19

This is what you must understand—that false personality defends itself. You must understand, too, that you cannot even begin to work such as you are, on your present level. First you have to change one thing or another thing. However, you can only find out what to change as the result of your own observations, and it is different for different people. Sometimes it becomes quite clear what has to be changed and then the fight begins, because false personality defends itself. In order to struggle with false personality always do something which false personality does not like and you will very soon find out what it does not like. If you continue, it will get more and more irritated and will show itself more and more clearly, so that soon there will be no question about it. However, if you can do nothing to check false personality, it grows. It cannot diminish by itself. Tastes may change and so on, but it grows. This is the only development that happens in mechanical life—nothing else. “Repression of the life force” is a diagnosis and it would fit most emotional problems. Throughout human history, the expression of individuality has been felt as a threat to the status quo. For all its expressed championing of the individual, our culture in many ways favours conformity. At each stage of live, there seems to be a necessity for choice. In the choice between staying at the level of safety and going onto the level of loving, the easiest choice is of safety, because it has already been experienced and is “known.” Loving and belonging involves a lot of risk. They involve putting oneself on the line, out on the limb of initiative. And that is scary! #RandolphHarris 6 of 19

Notion of copying are central both to biology and to computer science, two disciplines that have contributed enormously to complex systems research. These two traditions do not have identical notions of copying, and the differences between them are reflected in our framework. The biological approach to making copies is much closer to our discussions of selecting at the level of agents. For most agent copying, material resources have to be assembled, and copies are made using the same materials that constitute the copied agents. By contrast, copies as conceived in computer science concentrate on preservation of abstract form. This view corresponds more closely to our discussions of selection at the level of strategies. This alternative view of copies reaches an impressive level of abstraction in binary-encoded information that preserves its essential character across arbitrary embodiments. A digital recording of a Bach fugue is a series of “ones and zeros” that can be represented as spots of magnetism, pits in an optical disk, or a series of voltage pulses or light waves. Both notions of copy have a place in our framework because the way copies spread through a Complex Adaptive System does not always conform to the patterns seen in natural selection. There can be adaptation, but through patterns that are not necessarily like those seen in biology. It was once thought that a computer virus could spread much faster than a successful physical virus. However, we have learned that both a physical virus and a computer virus, within hours, can infect thousands of humans and computers all over the World with copies of itself. #RandolphHarris 7 of 19

Therefore, physical viruses and computer viruses are very similar with respect to both time and space. Being immaterial, it can spread incredibly rapidly, and it can spread though a space in which “nearby” machines are physically far away. A Complex Adaptive System framework needs to encompass much more than the biological cases, even if those have provided much of its inspiration. Just as the difference between copying strategies and agents matters, so too do the detailed differences among various copying processes. Imitating someone’s method for making telephone charity requests is not an identical process to passing along a photocopy of a fund-raising letter. Both involve copying, but the former involves far more integration of a pattern into one’s own behaviour. Setting an example that trigger imitation is very different when the population comprises nation-states than it is when the population is made up of schoolyard playmates. By calling many different processes “copying,” it has not been out intention to deny the important differences of detail. Indeed, details have to be studied very closely. Errors and recombining processes depend on those details. And the character of the variation in the system is shaped by them in turn. Making fund-raising calls using your friend’s method is much more of a recombination of strategies than is photocopying and forwarding of a funding request. #RandolphHarris 8 of 19

While the detailed character of copying processes is of great significance, it is also important to discuss coping processes in the aggregate. That makes clear the deep similarities among Complex Adaptive Systems. Our aim in discussing “copying” in general is to guide designers and policy makers to ask questions about how copies are made, and how destruction happens, for the agents and strategies in the systems they work with. We want to simulate the recognition of many different kinds of processes as “copying,” from duplicating computer files to replicating fast-food franchises. Once copying mechanisms are identified, the questioner will have knowledge of the important details that we cannot have. In this way, the framework aims to suggest fruitful questions. Why would someone want to copy the visible behavior of a leader? In the ambiguous and hard-to-predict World of a Complex Adaptive System, agents often do not know what criteria of success they should use or how to evaluate the strategies they could select. This is especially important in an age of uncertainty and rapid change. When adaptive agents live in a rapidly changing environment, they tend to look to other agents to see which performance measures tend to work and which ones tend to fail. When agents are not able to predict the effects of various possible behaviour of agents who seem to be successful, or who at least have more experience with the new environment. Imitating others who are successful or experienced is a form of implicit attribution of credit that certainly has its disadvantages. #RandolphHarris 9 of 19

When features that are copied are only superficially relevant, the results can be wasteful or even comical. Nevertheless, following the practices of those with more experience or success is often a good strategy in an uncertain World. There are three basic reasons a leader in a formal organization or other social system is especially likely to be copied. First, a leader can sometimes set standards that provide incentive for others to copy. Second, a leader’s actions or performance measures are typically seen to be successful and hence worth emulating. Third, a leader may set an example that helps establish beneficial norms in a community. Leadership in setting a standard can cause other to go along for their own reasons. Consider the case of Norway as a country that writes much of the World’s maritime insurance. When the standards body in Norway set certain regulations for insuring oil platforms, the makers of oil platforms had an incentive to build in ways that met those standards. Thereafter other marine insurers tended to gravitate toward similar regulations. Norway’s regulations helped shape the industry in ways that led other maritime insurers to copy their visible behaviour. The emulation of a leader need not be based on a full understanding of how the emulation will help. Other agents may wish to emulate the actions or performance measures of a visibly successful leader in the hopes that what worked for the leader will work for them. #RandolphHarris 10 of 19

A business leader who wishes to promote environmentally friendly production can, of course, make decisions that give high weight to environmental concerns. However, if the firm is highly visible and is able to show that it becomes more successful because of its environmental practices and reputation, then a much more powerful dynamic comes into play. Imitation of the firm’s performance measures by other firms creates a cascade that can transform an industry. Many forms of inspirational leadership work in this same fashion. For example, Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr.’s criterion of nonviolence was advanced throughout the World by the success its practitioners achieved in winning Civil Rights in America. Dr. King’s leadership was successful in large part because he visibly embodied the very values he was advocating. This led others to emulate not only his tactics but also his values. Visible leadership can also be exercised by setting an example that helps establish beneficial norms in a community. In Complex Adaptive Systems, norms are often important regulatory mechanisms. Central monitoring and control can be difficult when many agent interactions are widely distributed across physical or social alternative. Especially when they become internalized, norms regulate not through fear of consequences but through the belief that some actions are right and others wrong. This is extremely important when monitoring by central authorities is costly or intrusive. Moreover, once established, a norm can be reinforced and spread by dispersed agents who accept the norm and are willing to punish others who deviate from in. #RandolphHarris 11 of 19

The Internet is a vast example of opportunities for one agent to exploit another from afar. The eventual character of its culture will be established in large measure by decisions made in the next few years, as significant and highly visible leaders promote the norms they will exemplify and expect others to enforce. The major providers of e-mail and chat facilities provoke widespread debates when they announce or modify positions on how they will handle unwanted advertisements or offensive language. The dialogs that occur build communities of users who may well enforce standards among each other more effectively than central authorities could hope to do. It is very important, in business, and life to build networks of reciprocal interaction that foster trust and cooperation. Also, people take on big ideas, like ending corruption. However, it is best to look for shorter-term, finer-grained measures of success that can usually stand in for longer-run, broader goals. For instance, building a wall at the Southern Boarder, would not only fortify national security, but it would also be a form of immigration reform, save lives of patrol agents, reduce costs of court cases, and housing, weed out crime, and decrease voter fraud. Then one can move on to another segment of ending corruption. There has to be a coherent approach to designing interventions in a complex World. We all must intervene in Complex Adaptive Systems daily. We all face situations where the classical approach of formulating alternative actions and their likely consequences assume more understanding and predictive power than we actually have. #RandolphHarris 12 of 19

Our framework shows how the accumulating scientific insights into variation, interaction, and selection fit together and can be used to harness complexity. However, why are there so few instances of businesses using randomized behaviour out in the real World? First, it may be difficult to build in the idea of leaving the outcome to chance in a corporate culture tht wants to maintain control over the outcome. This is especially true when things go wrong, as they must socially when moves are chosen randomly. While some people understand that a football coach has to fake a punt once in a while in order to keep the defense honest, a similarly risky strategy in business can get you fired if it fails. However, the point is not that the risky will always work, but rather tht it avoids the danger of set pattens and predictability. One application in which mixed strategies improve business performance is price couponing. Companies use price discount coupons to build market share. The idea is to attract new customers, and not just to give a discount to your present market. If competitors simultaneously offer coupons, then customers do not have any special incentive to switch brands. Instead, they stay with their current brand and take the discount. Only when one company offer coupons while the others do not are new customers attract to try the product. The price coupon strategic game for competitors such as Coke and Pepsi is then quite analogous to the coordination problems of Sarah and William. Both companies want to be the one to give coupons. However, if they try to do this simultaneously, the effects cancel out and both are worse off. #RandolphHarris 13 of 19

One solution would be to follow a predictable pattern of offering coupons every six months, and the competitors could learn to alternate. The problem with this approach is that when Coke predicts Pepsi is just about to offer coupons, Coke should step in first to preempt. The only way to avoid preemption is to keep the element of surprise that comes from using a randomized strategy. There is some strong statistical evidence that Coke and Pepsi reached a cooperative solution for their couponing. There was a span of 52 weeks in which Coke and Pepsi each offered 26 price promotions and there was no overlap. The chance that this would occur by luck if the two companies were acting independently and each offered 26 weeks of couponing is 1/495918532948104—or less than 1 in 1,000 trillion. There are other case in which businesses must avoid set patterns and predictability. Some airlines offer discount tickets to travelers who are wiling to buy tickets at the last minute. However, they will not tell you how many seats are left in order to help you estimate the chances of success. If last-minute ticket availability were more predictable, then there would be a much greater possibility of exploiting the system, and the airlines would lose more of their otherwise regular paying customers. The most widespread use of randomized strategies in business is to motivate compliance at a lower monitoring cost. This applies to everything from tax audits to drug testing to parking meters. It also explains why the punishment should not necessarily fit the crime. #RandolphHarris 14 of 19

The typical fine for illegal parking at a mete is many times the meter fee. If the meter rate is a dollar per hour, would a fine of $1.01 not suffice to keep people honest? It would, provided the traffic police were sure to catch you each time you parked without putting money in the meter. Such enforcement would be very costly. The salaries of the traffic wardens would be the largest item, but the cost of administering the collection mechanism needed to keep the policy credible would be quite substantial, too. The authorities have an equally effective and less costly strategy, namely to have larger fines and relax the enforcement efforts. When the fine is $25, a 1 in 25 risk of being caught is enough to keep you honest. A much smaller police force will do the job, and the fines collected will come closer to covering the administrative costs. This is another instance of the usefulness of mixed strategies. In many ways, it is similar to the tennis example we used in the past, but it is also different in some respect. Once again, the authorities choose a random strategy because it is better than any systematic action: no enforcement at all would mean misuse of scarce parking places, and a 100 percent enforcement would be too costly. However, the other side, the parking public, does not necessarily have a random strategy. In fact the authorities want to make the detection probability and the fine large enough to induce the public to comply with the parking regulations. #RandolphHarris 15 of 19

Random drug testing has many of the same features as parking meter enforcement. It is too time-consuming and costly to test every employee every day for evidence of drug use. It is also unnecessary. Random testing will uncover those who are unable to work drug free and discourage others from recreational use. Again, the probability of detection is small, but the fine when caught is higher. That is one of the problems with the IRS audit strategy. The penalties are small given the chances of getting caught. When enforcement is random, it must be that the punishment is worse than the crime. The rule should be that the expected punishment should fit the crimes, where the expectation takes into account the chance of being caught. Those hoping to defeat enforcement can also use random strategies to their benefit. They can hide the true crime in the midst of many false alarms or decoys, and the enforcer’s resources become spread too thin to be effective. For example, an air defense must be able to destroy nearly 100 percent of all incoming missiles. A cost-effective way of defeating the air defense is for the attacker to surround the real missile with a bodyguard of decoys. It is much cheaper to build a decoy missile than the real thing. Unless the defender can perfectly distinguish among them, one will be required to stop all incoming missiles, real and fake. The practice of shooting dud shells began in World War II, not by the intentional design of building decoy missiles, but as a response to the problem of quality control. #RandolphHarris 16 of 19

The elimination of defective shells in production is expensive. Someone got the idea then of manufacturing duds and shooting them on a random basis. A military commander cannot afford to have a delayed time bomb buried under one’s position, and one never knew which was which. The bluff made one work at every unexploded shell that came over. When the cost of defense is proportional to the number of missiles that can be shot down, attackers can make this enforcement cost unbearably high. This problem is one of the major challenges facing those involved in the “Star Wars” defense; it may have no solution. In Seoul, South Korea, in December 1987, after sixteen years of military rule, a general election took place. The results of this bitterly fought three-way contest were ultimately accepted and the country got on with its business. However, in the immediate aftermath, political observers noted certain peculiarities in the balloting. The winner’s percentage of margin, established in the earliest returns, remained strangely unchanged throughout the night and across regions. A highly popular opposition candidate cast doubt on the size of his own victory in Kwangju Province, saying he could not believe that he had actually garnered 94 percent of the votes. At best, he claimed, he should have won a maximum of 80 percent. The suspicion grew that someone was tampering not with the ballot boxes, but with the computers that complied the results. This suspicion was never confirmed, but it would have been extremely easy to draw up a computer model of an acceptable decision result. This could be adjusted for people’s perceptions of voter choice, regional, class, and age background, and events during the campaign. Such a model could design the size of the majority. #RandolphHarris 17 of 19

Such a model could also, presumably, be used to tailor the results so subtly in key districts as to provide a victory without leaving an overt trail. This is possible if a sophisticated programmer, gaining access to the right password, instructs the computer to credit some percentage of the votes of one candidate to another and then to spring a “trapdoor”—which, in effect, erases any record of what has been done. The Election Watch project of the Urban Policy Research Institute, basing itself in part on work done by two Princeton University computer scientists, Jon R. Edwards and Howard Jay Strauss, concludes that “the advent of computerized vote counting over the past two decades has created the potential for election fraud and error on a scale previously unimagined.” Therefore, it looks like President Donald Trump was right about voter fraud and being cheated out of the election. Many current election officials disagree, but Election Watch gains support from Willis H. Ware, a senior researcher at the Rand Corporation. Ware puts it even more dramatically: The vulnerability of electronic voting systems is such that “there is probably a Chernobyl or a TMI [Three Mile Island] waiting to happen in some election, just as a Richter-8 Earthquake is waiting to happen is waiting to happen in California.” Given these admittedly speculative scenarios a further twist. Imagine what might be done if the computer were “fixed” by technicians, programmers, or systems integrators working for a multinational corporation that wants a particular senator, say, driven from office. #RandolphHarris 18 of 19

Or imagine that the election ballot box is under the indirect, secret control not of a party or corporation but of a foreign power, which may suspect is that case with the Democratic Party and President Biden, California Governor Newsom, and Sacramento Mayor Steinberg. An election, may have been swung by adding or subtracting a tiny—unnoticed—number of votes from each precinct. And no one ever knows because they refuse to investigate, make claims seem outlandish by calling a person crazy or saying it is a conspiracy theorist. Caveat Candidate! With all the corruption, crimes, health crisis, energy crisis, inflation, food costs, housing costs, and changes in employment, along with the wide open boarders, and riots on the streets in America, the average person is feeling what it means to suffer from future shock. People have not even had a chance to catch their breath because there is so much going on in the nation and around the World. However, when more nanotechnology arrives, will it bring more future shock? Some segments of society today are already getting practice in dealing with rapid technology advance. Those getting the most vigorous workout are in the computer field, where a machine two years old and regarded as obsolete, and software must be updated every few months to keep abreast of the new development. The rapid increase of computer speed had helped make computers easier to use. Some people will learn to adapt to technology, but in the future technology will learn to adapt to us. The most effective government and private agencies will endure. More options will continue to be invented. #RandolphHarris 19 of 19

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We have learned something from the vast collections of data on primitive man: that if he was not in bondage to the authority of living persons, he was at the utter mercy of the power of the spirits. One might say, as a general rule, that acquainted person in a social situation require a reason not to enter into a face engagement with each other, while unacquainted persons require a reason to do so. There is here, apparently, a noticeable difference between the Anglo-American tradition and the Latin tradition, the latter being one where entrance into an encounter with strangers is apparently more broadly licensed. In these two riles, the same fundamental principle seems to be operative, namely, that the welfare of the individual ought not to be put in jeopardy through one’s capacity to open oneself up for encounters. In the case of acquainted persons, a willingness to give social recognition saves the other from the affront of being overlooked; in the case of unacquainted persons, a willingness to refrain from soliciting encounters saves the other from being exploited by inopportune overtures and requests. If the assumption is correct that a kind of tacit contract underlies communication conduct, then we must conclude that there are imaginable circumstances when any two unacquainted persons can properly join each other in some kind of face engagement—circumstances in which one person can approach another—since it will always be possible to imagine circumstances that would nullify the implied danger of contract. I should like now to consider some of these circumstances under which some kind of engagement among the unacquainted is permissible, and sometimes even obligatory, in our American middle-class society. #RandolphHarris 1 of 17

Every social position can be seen as an arrangement which opens up the incumbent to engagement with certain categories of others. In some cases these others will be chiefly limited to persons with whom the individual is already acquainted or to whom he has just been introduced in the current engagement. In other positions, such as that of salesperson or receptionist, the individual will be obliged to hold oneself ready to be approached by unacquainted others, providing this is in line of daily business. (This face makes some persons enjoy performing the entailed role and other consider it as socially inferior.) We have here an important example of engagement among the unacquainted, and one that does not disturb social distances because there is a patent reason why properly mannered customers would desire to initiate such encounters. There are social positions, however, that open up the incumbent to more than mere occupational-others. Thus, in cities, policemen, priests, and often corner newsstand vendors are approached by a wide variety of others seeking a vast array of information and assistance, in part because it is believed to be clear that no one would seek to take advantage of these public figures. Policemen and priests are especially interesting, since they may be engaged by strangers merely initiating a greeting as opposed to a request for information. Furthermore, there are broad statuses in our society, such as that of old persons or the very young, that sometimes seem to be considered so meager in sacred value that it may be thought their members have nothing to lose through face engagement, and hence can be engaged at will. #RandolphHarris 2 of 17

None of these persons, it may be noted, has the kind of uniform that can be taken off; none can be off duty during part of the day. Here, then, persons are exposed, not merely incumbents; they are “open persons.” There is still another general circumstance opens up an individual for face engagements; namely, that one can be out of role. Given the assumption that the interests of the individual ought not to be prejudiced by forcing one into contact, and given the fact that these interests of one’s will be expressed through one’s playing one’s serious roles, we can expect that when one is not engaged in one’s own roles there will then be less reason to be careful with one as regards communication; and this, in fact, is the case. Thus, when an individual is visibly intoxicated, or dressed in a costume, or engaged in an unserious sport, one may be accosted almost at will and joked with, presumably on the assumption that the self projected through these activities is one from which the individual can easily dissociate oneself, and hence need not be jealous of or careful with. Similarly, when an individual find oneself in a momentarily peculiar physical position, as when one trips, slips, or in other ways acts in an awkward, unbecoming fashion, one lays oneself open for light comment, for one will need a demonstration from others that they see this activity as one that does not prejudice one’s adult self, and it is in one’s own interest to allow them to initiate a joking contract with one for this purpose. Thus, as might have been predicted, the first persons in American to drive Volkswagens laid themselves open to face engagements from all and sundry, since they did not seem to be seriously presenting themselves in the role of driver, at least s a driver of a serious car. #RandolphHarris 3 of 17

I have considered in terms of the language of status ad role some of the grounds on which the individual’s usual right to be unmolested by overtures is set aside. There are still other times of license, but ones when the terminology of social role is not very suitable. Thus, if an individual is in patent need of help, and if this help is of little moment to the putative giver, then satisfying this “free need” provides a nonsuspect basis for initiating communication contact. For example, when an individual unknowingly drops something in the street, one momentarily becomes open for overtures, since anyone has a right to tell one what has happened. As current etiquette suggests: Women must thank all those, including strangers, who do them little services. For example, if a stranger, man or women, opens a door for a woman, or picks up something she has dropped, a woman should not allow timidity or shyness to stop her from saying thank you in a pleasant impersonal way. If the stranger seems to be trying to start an unwelcome conversation, one can, still with politeness but with increasing firmness, refuse to converse. However, it is more attractive to take for granted that the gesture was motivated by politeness only than it is immediately to suspect another motive. It should be added that in the past some writers have felt that the very threat of a lady being accosted in a public place, or even being seen to be alone, is sometimes cause enough for a pure-minded stranger to beat others to the draw: If a lady is going to her carriage, or is alone in any public place where it is usual or would be convenient for ladies to be attended, you should offer her your arm and service, even if you do not know her. To do so in a private room, as in the case mentioned, might be thought a liberty. #RandolphHarris 4 of 17

A more contemporary version of this courtesy is found in the tack occasionally taken by a man passing a strange woman at night on a narrow isolated walk: instead of conspicuously according the female civil inattention, the man ma proffer a fleeting word to show that, unlike a would-be assailant, he is willing to be identified. A final basis of exposure may be mentioned. An individual’s actions can create a need in others that exposes them to engagement. For example, if the others have been bumped into or tripped over (or in other ways deprived of their right to unmolested passage) by him, he can claim the right to engage them in order to convey assistance, explanation, apology, and the like, the others’ need for such redress presumably outweighing their reluctance to being engaged by a stranger. The same holds true for potential, as well as actual, offenses. In a train compartment, for example, individuals may be asked by a fellow-passenger if it is all right if he smokes, or if he opens (or closes) a window. As these opening engagements are patently in the interests of those whose comfort might be affected, the offense or injury the individual might create by his inclinations thus exposes fellow-passengers to solicitous inquiries in advance. As one has seen in life, truth, even though it is often stranger than fiction, it is not enough. No one believes the truth because it is too vivid, interesting, dramatic. The only time drama seems to work is when someone is trying to sale something. #RandolphHarris 5 of 17

Experts in window display know the power of dramatization. For example, the manufacturers of a new rat poison gave dealers a window display that included two live rats. The week the rats were shown, sales zoomed to five times their normal rate. If a worker says he cannot accept any wage increase less than 5 percent, why should the employer believe that he will not subsequently back down and accept 4 percent? Money on the table induces people to ty negotiating one more time. The worker’s situation can be improved if he has someone else to negotiate for him. When the union leader is the negotiator, his position may be less flexible. He may be forced to keep his promise or lose support from his electorate. The union leader may secure a restrictive mandate from one’s members, or put one’s prestige on the line by declaring one’s inflexible position in public. In effect, the labour leader becomes a mandated negotiating agent. His authority to act as negotiating one more time. The worker’s situation can be improved if he has someone else negotiate for him. When the union leader is the negotiator, positions may be less flexible. He may be forced to keep his promise or lose support from his electorate. The union leader may secure a restrictive mandate from his members, or put one’s prestige on the line by declaring one’s inflexible position in public. In effect, the labour leader becomes a mandated negotiating agent. His authority to act as a negotiator is based on his position. In some cases he simply does not have the authority to compromise; the workers, not the leader, must ratify the contract. In other cases, compromise by the leader would result in his removal. #RandolphHarris 6 of 17

In practice we are concerned with the means as well as the ends of achieving commitment. If the labour leader voluntarily commits his prestige to a certain position, should you ( do you) treat one’s loss of face as you would if it were externally imposed? Someone who tried to stop a train by tying oneself to the railroad tracks may get less sympathy than someone else who has been tired there against one’s will. A second type of mandated negotiating agent is a machine. Very few people haggle with vending machines over the price; even fewer do so successfully. According to the U.S. Defense Department, over a five-year period seven servicemen or dependents were killed and 39 injured by soft-drink machines that toppled over while being rocked in an attempt to dislodge beverages or change. “Is it possible to have emotional feeling in the idea of recurrence?” Yes, it is possible, particularly if one has even some small recollection. I do not mean everything, but even a slight memory can give interesting emotional understanding. “When one has a strong feeling of an event having happened before, can one use that to develop memory?” Oh, it can happen in many different ways; only after a very long and very serious investigation can one come to the conclusion that there may be facts. “I was wondering whether, if we could do something about this work before we die, it might not help in our next recurrence.” #RandolphHarris 7 of 17

Yes, what happens before many determine what happens afterwards in many different ways. This is not recurrence. The question is how can one prepare oneself for recurrence. Suppose in a certain life you want to do something and you find you cannot do it. This needs help. If you cannot physically get this help, you begin to think about it and you realize that you have to prepare for this help during the life before. This life is too late; the next life is too late; the life before is the only chance. Think about it. Perhaps you missed some opportunity. If a man finds that he cannot do something he thinks of a precious time when perhaps he could have done it, or perhaps he could not. Think what this implies. “Would he not have had to have some memory to realize mistakes in his past life or his lack of preparation?” There may have been no mistake, simply lack of preparation. Quite right. One need preparation. One says one is not prepared. Perhaps one could have been prepared before. Can you do anything about it? It is difficult, I know. However, one may realize one is not prepared for a certain thing. We spoke of six triads. In one triad you can do one thing, in another another thing. However, this changes all ideas of recurrence. What could be right for one man would not be right for another. For instance, I said that even theoretical knowledge of recurrence changes one’s whole relation to recurrence. It depends, too, how deeply a man knows; there are many degrees. #RandolphHarris 8 of 17

“Can the Law of Seven be observed in the way things happen or appear?” The Law of Seven you can speak about when you find two intervals in an octave. “Can one only see it in operation over a period of many years, or at once?” You can use memory. That does not mean that you observe actual facts. And you must see two intervals in an octave. “What can one do to understand the illusion of time?” One can understand that there is no such thing as time. And why? Because there are facts which show the non-existence of time. Eternal recurrence is not compatible without our present time-sense. The whole thing is in that, so you have to get rid of time-sense. Recurrence refers to eternity, not time. “Can we keep the pattern from repeating?” If you have good memory, you can. “You say that if one really accepted the theory of recurrence it would make a difference?” If one studies, if one works, there is material for understanding. We use understanding and lack of understanding. If we think enough, we may understand something and we may actually change recurrence. “Would it be right to say that the only claim for recurrence is that in this life some people remember that they lived before?” No, that is very weak. Very few people remember and you can always say that they are lying. “Would not belief in recurrence result in a great urgency to make effort?” Belief will not help; belief is deadening; it has not sufficient power. However, realization may. We can understand some things by thinking. For example, the questions as to whether all people are affected in the same way by recurrence. #RandolphHarris 9 of 17

It is impossible to say simply yes or no because what can be applied to one man cannot be applied to another. For one man it will be the same way, the same house, the same cats. However, for other people it may be different. Great poets, great writers, they may not need to walk by the same streets. They may walk by different streets and yet do the same things. This difference may not be due to efforts but capacities, to achievement and to scope of thinking and feeling. A great poet may not need to write the same verses again. Perhaps he got not all, but sufficient, out of his environment, so that he may try something else that he did not try the last time. “After hearing the lectures, people always ask if great poets have the being of man 1, 2, and 3. Now you say that a poet need not do the same thing over and over again.” No. He may be a great poet and yet not belong to objective art. Others less great may produce objective art. Think about some of these ideas, but do not think you know. There are many variations, many possibilities. Think, because there is nothing more important for you. How should natural selection be employed to promote adaptation? Natural selection in evolutionary biology provides a familiar and well-studied example of how selection can work. Although selection in a Complex Adaptive System need not operate in the same way as natural selection, evolutionary biology is a good place to start our analysis. #RandolphHarris 10 of 17

Evolution by natural selection requires three things. First, it requires a means to retain the essential character of the agent. In biological systems, genetic material preserves the key patterns. Evolution by natural selection also requires a source of variation. In the simplest biological systems, this can be achieved by mutation. In sexual reproduction, novelty is generated through recombination. Finally, evolution requires amplification, changes in the frequencies of types. In biological systems this is the result of some individuals having many offspring while others have few or none. If you want to design a system that is able to explore new possibilities while being able to exploit what has already been achieved, biological evolution provides an important benchmark. It demonstrates that adaption can be achieved even without the agents (or anyone else) having any understanding of how the system works. While natural selection provides an important paradigm for how an adaptive system can work, it also has some serious disadvantages compared with more directed methods of achieving adaptation. Whenever it is feasible to attribute success to something more specific than the entire agent, there is the possibility of selecting strategies rather than whole agents. If you find that quinine-related compounds reduce malaria, you can spread them through the World instead of waiting many generations for natural selection to breed malaria-resistant humans. This is especially valuable since the main antimalarial solution nature has so far evolved makes the carrier susceptible to sickle-cell diseases, itself a debilitating condition. #RandolphHarris 11 of 17

When attribution is sufficiently precise—and this can be far from perfectly accurate—it can pay handsomely to make numerous copies of a good strategy on a fast time scale that would be impossible if complete agents had to be reproduced. These two approaches, selecting at the level of entire agents and selecting at the level of strategies, share the need to make copies that retain effective adaptations, to incorporate variation for further adaptation, and to amplify the success (and cull the failure) that does occur. However, they differ in the level at which they operate—and selection at the two levels can work very differently. Selection of one advertising agency from a population of competing firms can have quite different dynamics from selecting among a population of advertising themes proposed by a single agency. Nonetheless, whether it is whole agents or strategies that are evaluated and undergo reproduction, a design for an adaptive system of selection must deal with four issues: Defining criteria of success. Determining whether selection is at the level of agents or strategies. Attributing credit for success and failure. Creating new agents or strategies. While these elements do not separate neatly in the everyday World, distinguishing them will help simplify our discussion without introducing too much distortion. #RandolphHarris 12 of 17

The revolutionary new economy will transform not only business but government. It will do this by altering the basic relationships between politicians and bureaucrats, and by dramatically restricting the bureaucracy itself. It is already causing power to shift among the various bureaucracies. A prime example is the rise of the Japanese Ministry of Posts and Telecommunications (MPT). From 1949 on this ministry had three basic functions. It handled the mail and, like many European postal services, offered customers insurance and savings accounts. (These were originally set up to serve people living in remote rural regions largely ignored by the banks and insurance companies.) In power-conscious Tokyo, the Teishin-sho, as it was called, was regarded as a minor ministry. Today the renamed MPT is one of the giants, often hailed as the “Ministry of the 21^st Century.” It achieved this new status after 1985, when—in what must have been a knockdown nawabari-arasoi, or turf battle—it won responsibility for the development of the entire Japanese telecommunications industry, from radio and television broadcasting to data communication. It thus combines in a single agency financial functions (which are increasingly dependent on advanced telecommunications) and the telecommunications functions themselves. No organizational intersection is likely to be more strategic. Explaining MPT’s rise to power, the Journal of Japanese Trade and Industry writes: “A sophisticated information-oriented society in which information circulates smoothly thanks to telecommunication is not complete in itself. #RandolphHarris 13 of 17

“When information flows, people, goods and money also flows. When information about a product is disseminated, as in advertising, people go and buy it. The flow of information is accompanied by “physical flow” and “cash flow.” The MPT alone among the ministries has a direct interest in all three of these phenomena.” Other governments, of course, divide the functions of their ministries and departments differently, but it hardly needs a wizard to anticipate that power will flow toward those agencies that regulate information in the super-symbolic economy and win jurisdiction over expanding functions. As education and training become central to economic effectiveness, as scientific research and development become more significant, as environmental issues gain importance, agencies with jurisdiction in those fields will gain clout relative to those that deal with declining functions. However, these inter-bureaucratic power shifts are only a minor part of the unfolding story. After half a century in which governments continually took on more tasks, the decades since the start of the super-symbolic economy have seen a truly remarkable development. In the advanced economies, leaders as different as Republicans Ronald Reagan and Socialist Francois Mitterand began to systematically strip away governmental operations or functions. They have been emulated by Carlos Salians de Gortari in Mexico, Saddam Hussein in Iraq, by dozens of other leaders around the World, and most important by reformers throughout Easter Europe, all of whom sudden began calling for key government enterprises to be denationalized or their tasks contacted out to be performed by others. Privatization became a global buzzword. #RandolphHarris 14 of 17

This is widely taken to be a sign of the triumph of capitalism over socialism. However, the push toward privatization cannot be simply written off as a “capitalist” or “reactionary” policy, as it so often is. Opposition to privatization and similar measures is not “progressive.” Whether recognized or not, it is a defense of the unelected Invisible Party, which holds massive power over people’s lives, irrespective of whether their governments are “liberal” or “conservative,” “right-wing” or “left-wing,” “communist” or “capitalist.” Moreover, few observers have noticed the hidden parallels between the privatization push in the public sector and today’s restructuring of business in the private sector. We have already seen big firms splitting themselves into small profit centers, flattening their pyramids, and installing free-form information systems that break up bureaucratic cubbyholes and channels. Few seem to have considered that if we change the structure of business and leave government unchanged, we create a gaping organizational mismatch that could damage both. An advanced economy requires constant interaction between the two. Thus, like a long-married couple, government and business eventually must take on some of each other’s characteristics. If one is restructured, we should expect corresponding changes in the other. When it comes to our inadequate abilities—bacterial diseases are mostly controllable today. Sanitation limits the ways in which plague can spread. These measures are just good enough to lull us into imagining the problem is solved. #RandolphHarris 15 of 17

The only really effective treatments for viral diseases are preventative, not curative. They work either by preventing exposure, or by exposing the body beforehand to dead or harmless or fragmentary forms of the virus, to prepare the immune system for future exposure. Scientists are even predicting that no vaccine will be made in the next for decades for deadly sexually transmitted viruses and believe that can mutate and become as infectious as the flu. The deaths from the next great plague could have begun in a village last week, or could begin next year, or a year before we learn to deal with new viral illness promptly and effectively. With luck, the plague will wait until a year after. Immune machines could be set to kill a new virus as soon as it is identified. The instruments nanotechnology brings will make viral identification easy. Someday, the means will be in place to defend human life against viral catastrophe. From eliminating viruses to repairing individual cells, improving our control of the molecular World will improve health care. Immune machines working in the bloodstream seem about as complex as some engineering projects human beings have already completed—projects like large satellites. Other medical nanotechnologies seem to be of a higher order of complexity. Somewhere in the progression from relatively simple immune devices to molecular surgery, we have crossed the fuzzy line between systems that teams of clever biomedical engineers could design in a reasonable length of time and one that might take decades or prove impossibly complex. #RandolphHarris 16 of 17

Designing a nanomachine capable of entering a cell, reading its DNA, finding and removing a deadly viral DNA sequence, and then restoring the cell to normal would be a monumental job. Such tasks are advanced applications of nanotechnology, far beyond mere computers, manufacturing equipment, and half-witted “smart materials.” To succeed within a reasonable number of years, we may need to automate much of the engineering process, including software engineering. Today’s best expert systems are nowhere near sophisticated enough. The software must be able to apply physical principles, engineering rules, and fast computation to generate and test new designs. Calling automated engineering. Automated engineering will prove useful in advanced nanomedicine because of the sheer number of small problems to be solved. The human body contains hundreds of kinds of cells forming a huge number of tissues and organs. Taken as a whole (and ignoring the immune system), the body contains hundreds of thousands of different kinds of molecules. Performing complex molecular repairs on a damaged cell might require solving millions of separate, repetitive problems. The molecular machinery in cell-surgery devices will need to be controlled by complex software, and it would be best to be able to delegate the task of writing that software to an automated system. Until then, or until a lot more conventional design work gets done, nanomedicine will have to focus on simpler problems. #RandolphHarris 17 of 17

CRESLEIGH HAVENWOOD

Lincoln, CA | from the high $600s

Now Selling!

No appointment needed! Cresleigh Havenwood features four distinct floor plans ranging from 2,293 – 3,377 square feet and offering up to five bedrooms.  Each plan has been thoughtfully designed and includes great features such as single story homes, guest suites, optional offices, garage workshops, and more!

Get the most out of your new home with Cresleigh’s All Ready smart home featuring all the connectivity needed to keep your house running. Best of all, each Cresleigh home comes with owned solar included! 

Located off of Virginiatown Road and McCourtney Road, residents of the 83 homesites of Cresleigh Havenwood will benefit from a brand new neighborhood in the charming City of Lincoln. Palo Verde Park, is  just down the street and there’s plenty of recreation to take part in all around town. https://cresleigh.com/havenwood/