Violence seems to beget violence, from generation to generation. In violence, we do not just consider injuring others but also give the green light to doing so, often with a forceful as unrestrained as it is self-justified. Vengeance, bloodlust, severe dehumanization, rape, torture, acting with extreme prejudice—whatever its form, violence is aggression with no restraints, further fueled by a mindset that adds an emphatic, not-to-be debated stamp of approval. There are plenty of views about what constitutes and causes violence, but any deep understanding of violence has to include our capacity for extreme aggression and the dehumanizing of others, especially toward those who offend us. How do women cope with their experiences of wife rape? Women implement a variety of coping strategies to deal with the violence in their lives and protect themselves from harm. Women who are abused by their husbands must manage the violence and this involves the attachment of meaning to the violence and development of strategies to cope with it. The meanings the woman attaches to the violence and the resources she believes she has shape strategies for living with, or ending the violence. Women coping with sexual violence is defined as the actions take to avoid or control distress. Women’s coping responses are active, constructive adoptions to the experiences of abuse. The responses of any particular woman will depend on how she defines her experience, the context within which it occurs, and the resources which are available to her at the time and subsequently. #RandolphHarris 1 of 17

Just as battered women and other survivors of repeated acts of violence learn to manage the violence, my research indicates that wide rape survivors too develop strategies to cope with their experiences of sexual abuse, beginning with the first incident. For the majority of women in this study, the first forced sexual experience was merely one in a long line of abuses to come. Indeed, only seven women were able to escape the relationship after having been raped only once. Six of these women terminated their relationships immediately after the first incident of rape. Those women were either separated or seriously considering separation from their partners at the time of the rape, and several had the economic resources to survive on their own. For example, Rhonda and her husband were separated at the time of the incident but maintained an amicable relationship. On the night of the rape, he entered her house, which was not unusual, and then, she says, “It was like something just snaped in him. He grabbed me and said, ‘We gonna have sex, I need to f*ck.’” Rhonda was raped for 7 hours before her husband finally left. At the time of the rape, Rhonda owned her own home, had a job, and was already separated from her assailant, so the decision to remove herself from any further contact with her husband was easy to make. Whereas Rhonda’s circumstances allowed her to immediately end all contact with her husband, most of the women in this study were not in a position to do this. For example, although Karen also identified her first experience as rape, it took her 2 month to save money and finalize her plans to leave. She was raped 11 more times during this period. #RandolphHarris 2 of 17

The vast majority of women in this sample did not leave the relationship after the first incident but instead tried to manage the violence. After the first incident, all of the women reported feeling a similar sense of shock that the assault was happening to them and a general feeling of disbelief that someone they loved was responsible for their pain. Debbie is typical in her response to the first rape: “The first time, I though, ‘I don’t believe this is happening, I just don’t believe it.’ I was in shock—totally numb—and I don’t know how I ever got over being that numb. It just blew me out, and I thought this can’t be happening to me.” Most of the women reported that they though the first assault was an aberrant incident that would never happen again. Shock, confusion, anxiety, fear, helplessness, and a belief that this will only happen once are common psychological responses to victimization. Indeed, for most victims of haphazard crimes, this coping mechanism of treating the incident as a single occurrence may suffice. However, many survivors of wife rape (more than 80 percent of women in this sample) learn that the first incident is not aberrant but an ongoing problem. Thus, after the initial shock has ceased, survivors of wife rape are forced either to develop strategies to manage the violence or end the relationship. Two fundamental goals in managing violence are protecting oneself from injury and justifying the continuation of the relationship. #RandolphHarris 3 of 17

During the course of the relationship, a woman’s coping strategies often change as it becomes clear to her that she will or will not be able to avoid an assault. My interviews revealed that a variety of strategies were employed by women to protect themselves, including minimizing the risk of violence, diminishing injuries once the violence had begun, and emotionally surviving the violence. A primary way women in this sample tried to cope with being raped by their partners was to minimize the risk that violence would occur. As Sally told me, “You know what’s gonna happen, and you’re trying to think in your brain, how can I stop this without getting hurt? And you don’t know how to stop it without angering him because you know you’re going to get killed, and it’s like looking a murderer straight in the eye, and they have this cold-blooded look, and you know you’re dead unless you can do something.” There were several strategies implemented by women to minimize the risk that they would be sexually assaulted. Active resistance—most women in this sample attempted, on at least one occasion, to minimize the risk of violence by physically resisting their partners. One quarter of the women in this sample were successful at least once in resisting their husbands’ attempt to rape them. For example, Erica physically resisted to the point where her husband grew tired and gave up. On one occasion, Samantha was able to kick her husband in the groin and escape. Several other women used weapons, such as guns or knives, to deter their partners; Teri stabbed her partner in the arm with a kitchen knife. #RandolphHarris 4 of 17

Clearly, these women were courageous and creative in their attempts to resist their partners’ attacks. However, most of the women in this sample said they learn not to resist but merely to “give in.” Debbie recalled how she quickly learned not to resist her husband: “I love in an apartment where you go up the steps to get in, and do you know how many times I’ve been dragged up the stairs? Get away? It just doesn’t happen. So I learned quick, and then I never fought back or anything because it would just prolong the agony. It’s over quicker if I just give in.” Avoidance—most of the women in this sample found that a more successful strategy than active resistance was simple avoidance. Indeed, several women tried a tactic similar to Natalie’s: “He would come home from work angry over something and take it out on me. So I would try to stay out of his way.” Danielle knew that she was particularly at risk for being sexually assaulted after her husband watched pornographic movies, so she made extra efforts to avoid him at these times. Many women avoided the bedroom, feigned sleep, or went to bed only after they were certain their partners were asleep. Other women in this sample used more direct tactics to avoid their husbands. For example, Debbie particularly feared her husband when he had been drinking. When he came home drunk, she regularly took advantage of his ulcer by putting tabasco sauce into his food. The result was that he became very thirsty and continued to drink more beer, not realize why he was so thirsty. Debbie says that, “if I was lucky; he would pass out and leave me alone.” Otherwise, Debbie was forced to have sexual intercourse until he passed out from sheer exhaustion. #RandolphHarris 5 of 17

Placating their husbands—the most popular tactic for minimizing the risk of assault was for women to placate their husbands. Placation took many forms, including not seeing close friends of whom their husbands did not approve, quitting their jobs, distancing themselves from their families, maintaining a clean home, having dinner ready at specific times, and keeping the children quiet at all times. These were all components of what these women perceived as their roles as “good wives,” and they tried actively to meet their husbands’ expectations in order to avoid violent episodes. The majority of women told stories similar to this account by Annabel, who remained with her husband for 29 years: “I felt if I could just be what he wanted—a good wife—and stay at home, then he would stop.” Cory remembered thinking, “OK, I can play housewife, I can do that.” Like many battered women, most of the women in this sample understood that if they could fulfill their partners’ expectations about being a good wife and mother, they would reduce their risk of experiencing violence. However, it should be emphasized that these women were not merely passive in their acceptance of their husbands’ demands and gender role expectations; placating their partners was an active coping strategy used to minimize their risk of being abused. Although most of the women went to great lengths to please their husbands, they all learned that they could not manipulate every situation and avoid being sexually assaulted. #RandolphHarris 6 of 17

Thus, they tried to minimize their injuries as a way of maintaining some form of control over the violence. Stacey said, “I would try to manipulate him during the sex, not for my own needs or orgasms, but to control his anger and try to reduce it so I wouldn’t het really hurt.” Many of the women tried to appease their husbands sexually in order to minimize their risk of harm. For example, Annabel knew that she had to “service him [her husband] to keep the peace.” Natalie told me, “I would fake it (orgasm)—I was the best damn actress—I could have won an award. I even did things to him when there were tears in my eyes.” One quarter of the women in this sample said they sometimes performed oral sex on their husbands, although they despised this act, so that the abuse would end quickly. This was particularly difficult for several of the women, who were incest survivors and recall being forced to engage in fellatio with their assailants when they were children. Other women in this sample recalled engaging in what they referred to as “perverse” activities, such as anal intercourse and bondage, to reduce their risk of injury. Although she despised having anal intercourse, Lorraine remembered that she allowed her husband to do this so that he would not severely batter her in front of the children. When rape appeared inevitable, these women had little choice but to focus their energy on limited their injury and emotionally surviving the attack. All of the women who experienced more than one assault described mechanisms that allowed them to survive the actual rape. #RandolphHarris 7 of 17

When it comes to incest survivors, many victims of sexual assault resort to psychological measures to minimize the trauma. Some women find their time perception and sensory perception altered as they disassociate themselves from the experience or treat it as if it is happening to somebody else. This process is defined as “cutting off” as not just a coping strategy but also an act of resistance. In doing this, a woman refuses to let her partner control her mind and feelings. One of the most prevalent survival strategies was best described by Debbie as “orbing out.” She recalled, “He would be all over me, and then I just went out in my mind—I just wasn’t there anymore. I took myself somewhere else, and I fond out later that I had done that a lot. Even growing up and all, if anything hurts me, I orb out—I get total numb. Although this strategy was consistently employed, particularly by the one quarter of the women in this study who were survivors of incest, some women reported out-of-body experiences only during certain episodes. For example, Karen described having “out-of-body experiences—like I was watching from a corner of the room because I couldn’t feel anything”—only during the sexual assaults but not during the physical assaults. Several other women said they coped with the actual rape by focusing their thoughts ironically on the happy days of their marriages or on other aspects of their lives. For example, Kayla recalled, “I would lay there and pretend it’s not happening to me. I would think of shopping or the kids or whatever else I had to do.” Others, such as Rebecca and Wanda, repeated the same phrase continually in their minds in order to distract themselves from what was happening and help them to cope with the assaults. #RandolphHarris 8 of 17

All of these mechanisms enabled he survivors to cope during the actual time of crisis and to minimize emotional trauma. These offenders cannot be taken lightly. Please try to understand their philosophy of life and society. They have no fear of man-made laws or the laws of God…to them crimes as serious as murder comes easy…these people will stop at nothing. They are like a secretive society, bonded together by a common need and desire to mete out havoc on society. There are plenty of views about what constitutes and causes violence, but any deep understanding of violence had to include our own capacity for extreme aggression and the dehumanizing of other, especially toward those who offend us. The more intimate we are with our own violent urges and their roots, the less likely we are to be irresponsible with such urges, and the deeper our understanding will be of others’ violence. This does not necessarily mean that we will then be more likely to excuse or marginalize it or look the other way, but we will be able to more skillfully related to it and its origins, getting a deeper sense of how to best approach and work with it. As uncomfortable as it may be to bring our own violence or capacity for violence out of the shadows, we owe it to ourselves—and everyone else—to do so. People who are the victims of violence may feel a loneliness, accompanied with the terrors of manic-depression and suicide. It is not just the loneliness, not the shock, not the fear, not the sense of failure, but the sense of a dying, of a relationship dying, and no one can stop it, not really—not yourself, your work, your money, your efforts, your hopes, your dreams; not your realities, not your friends, not anybody. #RandolphHarris 9 of 17

And then the victim comes to realize that there will be more grief to come, more hard realities to face, certainly more hurt and abuse; and they pray, and pray that in the breakdown of their home, their family, their relationship with their husband, that in some way their children ma find enough strength to endure and grow because that is where the real guilt and sense of failure lies. You know you can never repair what has been broke; it is to the children, not anybody else that you have a responsibility. It is them you need to feel for not mama or daddy, not really; it is to them that the dawn must speak and comfort and help grow; it is to them that hopefully out of the mess, their goodness might survive. Man as we know him is regarded not as a completed being but as a being in a certain definite phase of one’s possible transformation. This transformation is considered to be possible in one lifetime, that is, it is considered that a man born in one phase can, during one lifetime, pass into another. If we take the example of a butterfly then a man born in one phase can, during one lifetime, pass into another. If we take the example of a butterfly, then man is approximately a caterpillar. And the vast majority of people die as “caterpillars.” However, out of the masses of caterpillars a small percentage of transforming beings is constantly emerging. These evolving beings are, for us, people of higher mind. We can know of their existence by traces of their activity in history, chiefly in rt and in religions. Possessing a more perfect mind than ordinary people they possess greater knowledge. #RandolphHarris 10 of 17

We have schools that have as their aim to bring ordinary people, who have felt or realized the necessity of escaping from their present state, near to the ideas coming from people of higher mind, because these ideas alone can assist their transformation, that is, their transition to a new level of being. The solution of the thinker must be capable of exciting a sympathetic vibration in the personality of the man. Or more exactly, the thinker instinctively shies away from certain solutions and gravitates toward others simply because they strike or fail to strike a resonance in one’s temperament and background. The process of life can no longer be adequately described by the metaphor “level,” and the metaphor “dimension” must replace it. The multiplicity of beings demands a principle of organization which in the past was the hierarchical principle with the concomitant image of levels. Besides social and political levels, there are other processes described in terms of the body-soul level, the organic-inorganic level, the levels of religion and culture, and the levels of nature and supernature. Levels, however, are static, with no implications between them, and the only interaction is by interference, that is, control of one level by another, or revolt of one against the other. Since the Renaissance and the Reformation, however, these levels have been gradually broken down so that a new insight into the unity and compenetration of life demands a new metaphor. “Dimension” is a geometric image which expresses unity within diversity. Dimensions have their property that they meet in a point but do not interfere with each other. They do not life next to one another, nor above one another, nor below one another. They lie in one another, and are untied in the point where they meet. #RandolphHarris 11 of 17

Though all dimensions are present at any given point one of the will predominate in the process of life. This dominant dimension is called a “realm” (Bereich), as for example, the inorganic and organic realms and the historical and spiritual realms. The simultaneous presence of all dimensions is explained by the distinction between the potential and the actual. Both are realities, for the potential has a power for being that has not yet been activated. Potential dimensions exist within actual ones. Since the actualization of potencies is a gradual, evolutionary process that extends in its totality over millions of years, some dimensions will prevail over others. However, these successive realms do not constitute a pyramid of levels, for the lie within, not atop one another. One can say, therefore, that in the atom is present the spiritual power that created Shakespeare’s Hamlet, just as the movements of the atoms in Shakespeare’s body participated in the spiritual acts that produced Hamlet. Evidently, tensions and ambiguities exist in every life process, but these are not conflicts between levels. They are conflict between forces that operate in every dimension. The four dimensions are the social, historical, intellectual, and personal. No specifically religious dimension is constructed because religion cannot be confined to a special realm; it permeates all dimensions, giving them depth. #RandolphHarris 12 of 17

The hour of need always brings a corresponding measure of power from God to meet that need. The Church of Christ must lay hold of the equipment of the apostolic period for dealing with the ongoing influx of evil spirits hosts among her members. Believers today may receive the equipment of the Holy Spirit whereby the authority of Christ over the demon hosts of Satan is manifested, for this is proved not only by the instance of Philip the deacon in the Acts of the Apostles, but also by the writings of the “Fathers” in the early centuries of the Christian era. These writings show that the Christians of that time recognize the existence of evil spirits, knew that they influenced, deceived, and possessed men, and believed that Christ gave His followers authority over them through His name. And this authority through the name of Christ, is available for the servants of God even at this present time. The Spirit of God is making this known in many and diverse ways. God gave a recent object lesson through a Chinese Christian, Pastor His, who acted upon the Word of God in simple faith without the questioning caused by the mental difficulties of Western Christendom. And He has awakened a portion of the Church in the West through the last Revival in Wales—by an outpouring of the Spirit of God which has not only manifested the power of the Holy Spirit at work in the twentieth century as in the days of Pentecost, but has also unveiled the reality of satanic powers in active opposition to God and His people, spotlighting the need among the Spirit-filled children of God for equipment for dealing with them. #RandolphHarris 13 of 17

Incidentally, too, the Revival in Wales has thrown light upon the Scripture records, showing that the highest point of God’s manifested power among men are invariably the occasion for concurrent manifestations of the working of Satan. For it was like that when the Son of God came forth from the wilderness conflict with the prince of darkness and found the hidden demons in many lives aroused to malignant activity, so that from all parts of Palestine crowds of victims came to the Man before whom the possessing spirits trembled in impotent rage. The awakened part of the Church of today has now no doubt of the real existence of spirit-beings of evil, and that there is an organized monarchy of supernatural powers set up in opposition to Christ and His kingdom who are bent upon the eternal ruin of every member of the human race. And these believers know that God is calling them to seek the fullest equipment obtainable for withstanding and resisting these enemies of Christ and His Church. In order to understand the methodology of this deceiver-prince of the power of the air, and become acute to discern his program and his tactics in deceiving men, we should search the Scriptures thoroughly to obtain a knowledge both of his character and how hi evil underlines are able to possess and use the bodies of men. The World is in process of becoming a Kosmos, a unified, structured, historical whole in which all the parts interact with one another. However, the forms of thought and action are still chaotically individualistic, and so the World as a historical reality is being born in labor pains of two wars. #RandolphHarris 14 of 17

At almost the precise midpoint of the 20^th century, George Orwell published 1984, hi scorching indictment of totalitarianism. The book pictured a government in total control of the mass media. Mr. Orwell’s brilliant neologisms, like newspeak and doublethink, entered the language. The book became a powerful assault weapon in the fight against censorship and mind-manipulation, which is why it was banned for decades in the Soviet Union. While it helped rally forces opposed to dictatorship of the mind, however, the book’s projection of the future turned out to be highly questionable. Mr. Orwell correctly envisioned such technologies as two-way television screens that could be used to deliver the state’s propaganda to viewers while simultaneously spying on them, and his warnings about potential invasions of privacy are, if anything, understated. However, he did not foresee—nor did anyone else at the time—the most important revolution of our era: the shift from an economy based on muscle to one dependent on mind. He did not, therefore, anticipate today’s astonishing proliferation of new communication tools. The number and variety of these technologies is now so great, and changing so swiftly, that even experts are bewildered. To confront the army of technical abbreviations, from HDTV and ISDN to VAN, ESS, PABX, CPE, OCC, and CD-I, is to sink into alphabetical asphalt. Even to scan the advertisements for consumer electronics is to come away dazed. Rise above this clutter, however, and the basic outlines of tomorrow’s Third Wave media become strikingly clear. #RandolphHarris 15 of 17

The electronic infrastructure of the advanced economies will have six distinct features, some of which have already been foreshadowed. These half-dozen keys to the future are: interactivity, mobility, convertibility, connectivity, ubiquity, and globalization. When combined, these six principles point to a total transformation, not merely in the way we send messages to one another, but in the way we think, how we see ourselves in the World, and, therefore, where we stand in relationship to our various governments. Put together, they will make it impossible for governments—or their revolutionary opponents—to manage ideas, imagery, data, information, or knowledge as they once did. Our account of bargaining has so far focused on just one dimension, namely the total sum of money and its split between the two sides. In fact there are many dimensions to bargaining: the union and management care not just about wages but health benefits, pension plans, conditions of work, and so on. The United States of America and its NATO allies care not just about total defense expenditures, but how they are allocated. In principle, many of these are reducible to equivalent sums of money, but with an important difference—each side may value the items different. Such differences open up new possibilities for mutually acceptable bargains. Suppose the company is able to secure group health coverage on better terms than the individual workers would obtain on their own—say, $1,000 per year instead of $2,000 per year for a family of four. Now the workers would rather have health coverage than an extra $1,500 a year in wages, and the company would rather offer health coverage than an extra $1,5000 in wages, too. #RandolphHarris 16 of 17

It would seem that the negotiators should throw all the issues of mutual interest into a common bargaining pot, and exploit the differences in their relative valuations to achieve outcomes that are better for everyone. This works in some instances; for example, broad negotiations toward trade liberalization in the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) have had better success than ones narrowly focused on particular sectors or commodities. However, joining issues together opens up the possibility of using one bargaining game to generate threats in another. For example, the United States of America may have had more success in extracting concessions in negotiations to pen up the Japanese market to its exports if it threatened a breakdown of the military relationship, thereby exposing Japan to a risk of Soviet or Chinese aggression. The United States of America had no interest in actually having this happen; it would be merely a threat that would induce Japan to make the economic concession. Therefore, Japan would insist that the economic and military issues be negotiated separately. #RandolphHarris 17 of 17

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Many view aggression not as innate, but as a disposition fueled and governed by personal and cultural conditioning. According to social learning theory, aggression is a self-serving learned behavior: we assume we need or deserve something, and we find that we can get it—and sometime even more—through being aggressive, whether directly or indirectly (as when we manipulate another into acting out our aggression). This starts very early in life. Very young children can get aggressive simply though seeing others getting what they want through being aggressive. Not surprisingly, aggression is commonly imitated when it seems that it is justified. Such justification can be very primitive, being no more than a matter of “I want it; therefore it should be mine.” The  logic is starkly simple: if you have it and I want it, and I can take it from you through being aggressive with you, then I will. This type of rationalization can be very dangerous. The experience of women who were raped by their partners differed not only by the type of violence they suffered but also in terms of the frequency of the incidents. For a few women in this sample, rape was a relatively rare occurrence. For example, Abigail was married to her partner for 25 years and was raped once early in the relationship. Other women were raped so frequently they lost count. Debbie was raped as often as three times a say over a period of 8 years. Most women (55 percent) were raped frequently—more than twenty times during the course of their relationship. Also, 50 percent of the women in the ample were raped more than twenty times. Although there is a wide range of experiences represented in this sample, rape was not an infrequent occurrence but the norm for most women. #RandolphHarris 1 of 18

Women who are raped by their husbands experience not only vaginal penetration but a variety of unwanted, forced sexual acts. In fact, marital rape survivors are more likely to experience unwanted oral and anal intercourse than women who are raped by acquaintances. About 57 percent of the women in my sample were vaginally raped by their partners. However, 40 percent of the women reported at least one incident of anal rape, and 33 percent have been forced to perform oral sex on their partners. Thus, we see considerable variation in the type of sexual violence women experienced and the frequency with which they were raped by their partners. The women in this sample offered many explanations for the rapes inflicted on them by their partners. However, it is significant to note that these explanations were offered after they had ended the violence. While the relationships were ongoing, many of the women said, they blamed themselves for the violence. In retrospect, they were more likely to hold their husbands responsible for sexually abusing them. One of the most popular explanations women offered was that their partner believed that he had the right to sexual intercourse on demand; when refused, he had the right to take it. Such thinking is created and perpetuated, not necessarily by the patriarchal family structure, but because of hierarchical or status seeking behavior in youth. When this type of aggression is supported by parental and social rewards, it becomes innate. Also, this type of aggressive behavior that some men impose on their wives can be part of social modeling. #RandolphHarris 2 of 18

Social modeling can play a huge role in the arising and development of aggression, as shown through research indicating that witnessing physical abuse between one’s parents is more strongly correlated to later involvement in marital violence than being hit by one’s parents. The glorification of aggression—admiring those who claw their way to the top, blitz the opposition, run over the competition—makes non-aggression seem bland, flat, not very pleasurable, and not very manly. Patriarchal society is unfairly blamed for all the ills in society. However, most patriarchs are not deviant. Also, the first thing people who when something grows wrong in the how is that there was not a strong role model. So, no matter what men do, they are seen to be at fault for everything that goes wrong. Nonetheless, the ideal of sex as a conjugal right is particularly evident among men who rape their wives. Research reveals that some men feel a sense of entitlement to their wives’ bodies and thus do not regard forced sex as rape. The majority of women in this sample indicated that their husbands felt a sense of ownership that gave them the sexual rights to their wives’ bodies at all times. For example, Wanda remembered that her husband tole her repeatedly “That’s my body—my ass, my tits, my body. You gave them to me when you married me and that belongs to me.” Similarly, Emily recalled that on the night her husband raped her, “he was saying something like I’m his wife and I’m supposed to have sex with him and by law I was his or something like that—his possession.” #RandolphHarris 3 of 18

When several of the women in this study informed their partners that the act they had committed was rape, the men still adamantly denied this because of their sense of sexual entitlement. For example, Rhonda’s husband told her, “You’re my wife—this ain’t rape.” When Terri confronted her partner, he said, “Girl, I didn’t rape you. How can I rape my own woman?” I have often heard other men express these kind of ideas, but they also tend to not be the most highly educated people. Often times, these ideas are shared by men who view sex as their duty and mission in life. In fact, many of us think that men who have like eight kids before the age of 40 are being reckless and making mistakes. However, they, in some cases, are doing this on purpose. Getting women pregnant is a for of control. Furthermore, the Christian Bible tells men to procreate. Also, as Dr. Darwin explained, it could also be about survival of one’s race. So not only may men get women pregnant as a form of control, it could also have something to do with their biological function. Whereas other men have different socializing. They want to be fathers, be their for their children, take care of them and establish a career, so they will usually be more careful about the number of children they produce to make sure they can afford them. There are people in society who believing in saving up for their child’s education. They want to rely as little of the government as possible. Whereas others may need government assistance or feel they are entitled to it. Nonetheless, even after eight of the women in the sample filed criminal charges against their partners for sexual assault, the majority of the men continued to deny that their actions could legally be rape. #RandolphHarris 4 of 18

When they were forbidden, for medical reason, to have sex with their partners, several women in this study said that their risk of being raped increased because their partners’ sense of entitlement was challenged. In one of the most brutal examples in my study, Stacy returned home from having a cesarean section to have this encounter with her husband, who was a physician: “I told him [my husband] I couldn’t have intercourse, and he told me ‘Skin heals in 72 hours.’ I’ll never forget that. Then he kneeled with a knee on either side of my shoulder and smacked his penis across my face and said, ‘You suck me, b*tch.’” Stacy’s husband reasserted “his rights” by forcing her to have an oral intercourse, after which he sodomized her. This sense of entitlement often lasts even after the couple is separated or divorced, as was the case with 20 percent of the women in this sample. For example, after she was separated, Lisa was raped frequently by her partner when he showed up to give his child support payments. She said, “I dreaded the weekends. It was like clockwork, and he would jut make me do it, and I knew it was coming and that made it worse.” When they are separated or divorced, women are particularly at risk of being raped because despite the dissolution of the marital bond, this sense of entitlement and the belief that their (ex) wives are their property live on. Several of the women in my sample believed that the sexual abuse was their partners’ attempt to punish either their loved ones or the women themselves. For example, Sally recalled the following exchange that occurred one night, just before her rape: “I think he thought I was his wife, and he could do anything to me, and if he wanted sex, he got sex. And he could do anything and do no wrong and I belonged to him. Like one night when my daughter came back from her date, he flipped because the boy didn’t shake his hand, and he screamed, ‘She’s never going out with him again.’ And he went on and on and said, ‘Now it’s time for you to pay. It’s time to pay up like you did the other night.’” #RandolphHarris 5 of 18

Sally was punished for the actions of her daughter’s boyfriend. Other women were raped as punishment for their own “sins,” as Natalie described here: “A lot of times it [rape] happened because he was so jealous. He always thought tht I was looking at other men. Like the time my brother and his friend—who I grew up with—were over, and he thought I was looking at his friend, and he was really mad. He started hitting me and then forced me to have sex.” Tanya remembered a similar linkage between punishment and rape: “He [her partner] would try to choke me, and then I would pass out. Then he would rape me. He would put me to sleep and then rape me. Sometimes when we were out somewhere, and he didn’t like something I did, he would ay ‘You wanna go to sleep?’ and laugh like it was real funny. It was like a punishment.” Like Natalie and Tanya, several women in this study recalled tht their partners force them “to pay” sexually as punishment. Ultimately, these women perceived the assaults as their partners’ attempt to control their behavior. The majority of women in this sample saw the sexual violence as their partners’ way to assert power and control over them. As Pam told me, “The more control he thought he was losing, the worse it got. If I got a job or I was doing good, he would take it away. He would beat me up and force me up and force me [to have sex] just to get that control back.” Nine of the women told me that their partners, in an ultimate attempt at control, raped them in order to impregnate them so they would not leave the relationship. In five cases, their partners’ efforts were successful. For example, Annabel said, “We had five children. I think he raped me to keep me pregnant all the time because he knew I would never leave the kids.” #RandolphHarris 6 of 18

Whereas some partners used pregnancy to control their wives, several women told me that their husbands were angered by their pregnancies, possibly because this represented a loss of control over them. Indeed, three women in this study talked about their partners’ attempts to make the “lost the baby” through increased violence and/or coerced abortions because they believed that their wives had been unfaithful to them. For example, Wanda recalled that her husband, “tried to force me to have an abortion because he didn’t believe it was his child….When I refused to get an abortion, he took me to [the] women’s clinic, and I was on the table and I was far enough along that the doctor said he couldn’t do it.” Although he was not successful in forcing his wife to have an abortion, her husband continued to sexually and physically abuse her throughout her pregnancy, Wanda said, possibly with the hope that she would lose the baby. In this sample, pregnancy was a factor that appeared to place women at a higher risk of being both physically and sexually abused. Researchers have noted that there is a correlation between battering and pregnancy. Women who were sexually abused by their partner were also more likely to be abused during pregnancy. One third of the women in my sample spoke about the increase in physical and sexual violence they experienced during pregnancy. The women who were raped during their pregnancies were traumatized, not only by the sexual assaults but also by the fear of how their unborn children might be affected by their partners’ violent behavior. However, most of the women felt that there was little they could do to stop the sexual abuse and their husbands’ attempts to dominate them in this way. #RandolphHarris 7 of 18

We see that there are a variety of explanations offered by women to explain the sexual violence in their lives. Furthermore, it is clear that the sexual violence the women in this sample experienced varied greatly. Indeed, no stereotypical depiction of the “average wife rape” emerges from their description. Despite individual differences among the participants’ experiences, there were similarities in how these women managed the sexual violence. Aggression is not just a matter of physiology or social conditioning, but a result of biological, psychological, and social factors operating in conjunction. Biological reductionism (assigning biology and genetics too much responsibility for bad behavior) leaves unchallenged our habit of overlooking or vastly underestimating the power of our conditioning to determine or aggressiveness. This can easily lead to an overreliance on medication to deal with aggressiveness, as if all we needed to do to truly reduce our aggressiveness was to take some pills. Where biological reductionism looks at aggression and sees not much more than “chemical imbalance” (a questionable concept that is started to lose its moorings), environmental reductionism (assigning external factors, such as family structure and cultural conditions, too much responsibility for bad behavior) looks at aggression and sees not much more than something simply requiring behavioral modification. Aggression cannot be reduced to physiology, nor to behavior, nor to cognition, nor to socialization, for it arises for each of us from a uniquely evolving weave of all these. #RandolphHarris 8 of 18

In the midst of aggression, we have an opportunity to experience the instinctual and the conditioned, the reflexive and the reflective, the biological and the biographical, all happening at the same time. We can begin with facing our aggressiveness; then unearth the anger that underlies it, developing more and more intimacy with that anger, eventually feeling deeply empowered, simultaneously vulnerable and filled with a healing courage. There is undeniable growth in such work, requiring both a keenly discerning awareness and a full “yes” to passion, bringing together heart, guts, and head in ways that sever our highest good. It is important to come to terms with the strong and powerful feelings we experience. Something is usually always very much alive in us of the pain we know. Each time some individuals try to speak of the pain they feel inside, they chock and the words never come out. It can be a struggle to say farewell to a World that one has known from the beginnings, a World of tenderness and caring, to know that with the end of a relationship, this World may never exist again. While offenders may have a chemical imbalance that causes them to abuse their wives, the life she provides for them may be the only comfort they know and that could be a reason why they fight so hard to keep it. Even though abuse does not justify their behavior. They too fear that loss of human support being sharply and suddenly gone. However, offenders need to deal with the shattering awareness that abuse is not acceptable and seek professional help to deal with the darkness and uncertainty. #RandolphHarris 9 of 18

We all have to find joy and fulfillment, and create that World on our own. It can be hard to live with this truth, with all the barriers and obstacle that others put before us. In relationships, love is supposed to flower between two individuals. We should be able to cherish one’s music, one’s joking ways, how one enters a room and stands, one’s quickness, one’s putting everything one has into what matters to that individua, and how one has been able to grow through steady persistence. This is what allows a coupe to enjoy what they share. Love should be here all the time. It should enrich one’s life, making sense of the absurdity, bringing light into the darkness, contributing to one’s life as a human being. This love goes with you into that unknown World we face everyday and comforts us with a steady presence when we face the problems and issues of living and it shines like a beacon to light one’s way back home. What is meant by growth of knowledge and growth of being? The growth of knowledge means a transition from the particular to the general, from details to the whole, from the illusory to the real. Ordinary knowledge, or what is called knowledge, is always a knowledge of details without knowledge of the whole, a knowledge of the leaves, or the veins and serrations in the leaves, without a knowledge of the tree. Real knowledge not only shows a given detail, but the place, the function and the meaning of this detail in the whole. In our ordinary knowledge there are times which bring us near to real knowledge. For instance, in the ordinary system of notation any number not only defines the power but shows the place of this power in the series of powers from zero to infinity. All real knowledge is of this nature. #RandolphHarris 10 of 18

Real knowledge comes from higher mind, that is, from the minds of men who have attained the fullest development possible for men. It is called objective knowledge, as distinct from the knowledge of ordinary men, which is called subjective knowledge. Objective knowledge is always school knowledge, that is, knowledge acquire in a school. A man cannot arrive at it with his own mind or get it from books. One of the first ideas of objective knowledge is that a knowledge of the real World is possible, but only on the condition of being able to make use of the principles of relativity and scale and then knowing of the fundamental laws of the Universe, the law of three and the law of seven. The approach to the study of objective knowledge begins with the study of an objective language. The next step is the study of oneself which begins with the understanding of man’s place in the Universe and the study of the human machines. The knowledge of oneself is both an aim and a means. A man who has not had school teaching, that is, a man of a subjective way of thinking, lives surrounded by illusions, first of all about oneself. One thinks that one has will and the possibility of choice every moment of one’s life; one thinks that one can do; one thinks that one has individuality, that is, something permanent and unchangeable; one thinks one has an “I” or an Ego likewise permanent and unchangeable; one considers oneself a conscious being and supposed that one is able to arrange life on Earth by following the indications of reason and logic; one’s usually state of consciousness, in which one lives and acts, one calls clear consciousness when in reality it is sleep. #RandolphHarris 11 of 18

In this sleep, one lives, writes books, invents theories, carries on wars, kills other sleeping people and dies oneself without even suspecting for a moment that one can wake. One does not realize the possibility of development or growth. One ascribes to oneself that which one does not possess. However, one does not know how much it is that one could acquire it. If one is a man of scientific views, one does not admit the possibility of any individual evolution of man beyond the limits of ordinary intellectual development during life. Instead one acknowledges the possibility of the evolution of man as a species and one considers such evolution to be entirely mechanical, that is, not dependent upon anybody’s will. If one is a religious man, one believes in a future life and that one is guided for one’s own good by higher powers with whom one can have intercourse by means of prayer. If one is familiar with theosophy, one believes in the law of Karma and in reincarnation; one considers that one has an astral body, a mental body and a causal body, and that through an inevitable evolution one will attain to the very highest degrees, if not on Earth, then on some other planet. If one has already understood the inadequacy and the illusory nature of scientific, religious and theosophical ideas and realizes the necessity for inner change in man, one does not realize the difficulty of this, one does not realize the necessity for lengthy and systematic efforts which are impossible without a knowledge of the human machine. It seems to one that what can come must come. However, in reality, nothing comes of itself. #RandolphHarris 12 of 18

A person must free oneself from illusions and then work to attain another being. This work requires long and systematic efforts and knowledge. In the post-apostolic period this manifested power of God continued in varying degrees, rising and subsiding. Then the forces of darkness gained, and, wit intermittent intervals and exceptions, the professing Church sank down under their power, until, in the darkest hour, which we call the Middle Ages, sins having their rise through the deceptive workings of the evil spirits of Satan were as ride as in Canaan before its conquest. Moses had written by the command of God: “Thou shalt not learn to do after the abominations of those nations. There shall not be found with thee…one that useth divination, or that practiceth augury, or an enchanter, or a sorcerer, or a charmer, or a consulter with a familiar spirit, or a wizard, or a necromancer” (Deut. 18.9-11). However, even as in Old Testament times, this admonition was again often ignored. Why Christendom in the present century doe not universally recognize the existence and workings of evil supernatural forces can only be attributed to its low condition of spiritual life and power. Even at the present time, when the existence of evil spirits is recognized by the heathen, this is often looked upon by the Western missionary as “superstition” and ignorance. Actually, such ignorance is on the part of the shepherd who is blinded by the prince of the power of the air to the revelation given in the Scriptures concerning these satanic powers. #RandolphHarris 13 of 18

The “ignorance” on the part of the heathen is in their propitiatory attitude to evil spirits. They seek to appease the spirits because of their ignorance of the gospel message of a Deliverer and Saviour sent to “proclaim release to the captives” (Luke 4.18), and who, when He was on Earth, went about healing all who were “oppressed by the devil” (Acts 10.38). He also sent His messengers to open the eyes of the bound ones, that they might “turn from darkness to light, and from the power of Satan unto God” (Acts 26.18). If missionaries to the heathen recognized the existence of evil spirits, and that the darkness in heathen lands was caused by the prince of the power of the air (Eph. 2.2; 4.18; 1 John 5.19; 2 Cor. 4.4), and then proclaimed to the heathen the message of deliverance from the evil hosts they know so well to be real and malignant foes—this in addition to the remission of sins and victory over sin through the atoning sacrifice of Calvary—a vast change would come over the mission field in a few brief years. When it comes to brinkmanship and strikes, before an old contract expires, the union and the firm begin the negotiations for a new labor contract. However, there is n sense of urgency during this period. Work goes on, no output is sacrificed, and there is no apparent advantage to achieving an agreement sooner rather than later. It would seem that each party should wait until the last moment and state its demand just as the old contract is about to experience and a strike looms. That does happen sometimes, but often an agreement is reached much sooner. In fact, delaying agreement can be costly even during the tranquil phase when the old contract still operates. The process of negotiation has its on risk. There can be misperceptions of the other side’s impatience or outside opportunities, tensions, personality clashes, and suspicion that the other side is not bargaining in good faith. The process may break down despite the fact that both parties want it to succeed. #RandolphHarris 14 of 18

Although both sides may want the agreement to succeed, they may have different ideas about what constitutes success. The two parties do not always look forward and see the same end. They may not have the same information or share the same perspective, so they see things different. Each side must make a guess about the other’s costs of waiting. Since a side with a low waiting cost does better, it is to each side’s advantage to claim its cost is low. However, these statements will not be taken at face value; they have to be proven. The way to prove one’s waiting costs are low is to begin incurring the costs and then show you can hold out longer, or to take a greater risk of incurring the costs—lower costs make higher risks acceptable. It is the lack of a common view about where the negotiations will end that leads to the beginning of a strike. The situation is tailor-made for the exercise of brinkmanship. The union could threaten an immediate breakdown of talks followed by a strike, but strikes are very costly to union members as well. While time for continued negotiation remains, such a dire threat lacks credibility. However, a smaller threat can remain credible: tempers and tensions the union does not really want it to. If this bothers the management more than it bothers the union, it is a good strategy from the union’s perspective. The argument works the other way around too; the strategy of brinkmanship is a weapon for the stronger of the two parties—namely, the one that fears a breakdown less. Sometimes wage negotiations go on after the old contract has expired but without a strike, and work continues under the terms of the old contract. #RandolphHarris 15 of 18

This might seem to be a better arrangement, because the machinery and the worker are not idle and output is not lost. However, one of the parties, usually the union, is seeking a revision of the terms of the contract in its favor, and for it the arrangement is singularly disadvantageous. Why should the management concede? Why should it not let the negotiation spin on forever while the old contract remains in force de facto? Again the threat in the situation is the probability that the process may break down and strike may ensue. The union practices brinkmanship, but now it does so after the old contract has expired. Time for routine negotiations is past. Continued work under an expired contract while negotiations go on is widely regarded as a sign of union weakness. There must be some chance of a strike to motivate the firm to meet the union’s demands. When the strike happens, what keeps it going? They key to commitment is to reduce the threat in order to make it credible. Brinkmanship carries the strike along on a day-by-day basis. The threat never to return to work would not be credible, especially if the management comes close to meeting the union’s demands. However, waiting one more day or week is a credible threat. The loses to the workers are small than their potential gains. Provided they believe they will win (and soon), it is worth their while to wait. If the workers are correct in their beliefs, management will find it more affordable to give in and in fact should do so immediately. Hence the workers’ threat would cost them nothing. The problem is that the firm may not perceive the situation the same way. If it believes the workers are about to concede, then losing just one more day’s or week’s profits is worth getting a more favorable contract. In this way, both sides continue to hold out, and the strike continues. #RandolphHarris 16 of 18

Earlier, we talked about the risk of brinkmanship as the chance that both sides would fall together down the slippery slope. As the conflict continues, both sides risk a large loss with a small but increasing probability. It was this increasing exposure to risk that induced one side to back down. Brinkmanship in the form of a strike imposes costs differently, but the effect is the same. Instead of a small chance of  large loss, there is a large chance, even certainty, of a small loss when a strike begins. As the strike continues unresolved, the small loss grows, just as the chance of falling off the brink increases. The way to prove determination is to accept more risk or watch strike losses escalate. Only when one side discovers that the other is truly the stronger does it decide to back down. Strength can take many forms. One side may suffer less from waiting, perhaps because it has valuable alternatives; winning may be very important, perhaps because of negotiations with other unions; losing may be very costly, so that the strike losses look smaller. This application of brinkmanship applies to the bargaining between nations as well as that between firms. When the United State of America tries to get its allies to pay a greater share of the defense costs, it suffers from the weakness of negotiating while working under and expired contract. The old arrangement in which the Americans bear the brunt of the burden continues in the meantime, and the U.S.A. allies are happy to let the negotiations drag on. Can—and should—the United States of America resort to brinkmanship? #RandolphHarris 17 of 18

 Risk and brinkmanship change the process of bargaining in a fundamental way. In the earlier accounts of sequences of offers, the prospect of what  would come later induced the parties to reach an agreement on the very first round. An integral aspect of brinkmanship is that sometimes the parties do go over the brink. Breakdowns and strikes can occur. They may be genuinely regretted by both parties, but may acquire a momentum of their own and last surprisingly long. In China, wall campaigners were a traditional First Wave tool of protest in China. Early in 1989 campaigners began showing up on the walls near Beijing University, asking for more representation so they could be more like the privileged children of the party’s top leaders. Urging for broadened democracy, students thanked Premier Li Peng and others for their leadership and requested to speak with them. By late spring, that other First Wave communications team, the crowd, came into play. Using the memorial service for the late Hu Yaobang, a reformist Communist Party leader, students from Beijing universities politely asked for freedom of expression. The peaceful crowds were assured that the request would be met and thanked the government. They returned to classes. The World was impressed with how civil, kind and peaceful China was and Asian culture became more popular in America, as well as America’s interest in China. Today, the Second Wave mass media still exert enormous influence. As the World speeds deeper into the Powershift Era, the Second Wave tools of mind control, once so overwhelming, will themselves be overheled by the subversive media of tomorrow. #RandolphHarris 18 of 18

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The way medicine approaches human suffering has always been determined by the technology available at any given time. Before the Enlightenment aberrations in behavior were ascribed to God, sin, magic, witches, and evil spirits. However, because of the evil people encounter from other human beings, these ascriptions are starting to gain relevance again. Often time, when commenting in a crime, one will hear people say, “I did not think a human being was capable of something so brutal. Gang rape represents a rare but conceptually unique phenomenon. Unlike the vast majority of rapes where a lone male forces himself on a lone female, gang rapes involve multiple offenders in a collective criminal transaction. Moreover, these crimes often occur on college campuses and are committed by groups of male assailants who are well known to the victim. The rapes are often committed by individuals who share a membership to some sort of cohesive formal organization (id est, a fraternity or sports team). Perpetrators often occupy an elevated or privileged status in the university community. The organization in question tend to be known for their partying and objectification of women. Seemingly harmless group interactions can get out of hand. The attacks usually take place in conjunction with coed social events where alcohol or drug use by the victims and offenders almost always seems to be present. In the Spring of 1984, two “gang rape” trials were in progress. One received a great deal of national publicity. Six men were charged with aggravated rape of a woman at Big Dan’s Tavern in New Bedford, Massachusetts. Four were convicted. #RandolphHarris 1 of 21

The other trial received only local attention and sent a different message. Seven college students were tried for third-degree sexual assault of a 17-year-old Michigan State University (MSU) student in a dormitory. After a three-week trial, in the course of which the five defense lawyers each displayed the victim’s jeans and football jersey before the court and asked her why she was not wearing a bra when she went to the midnight dorm party, the students were acquitted. Questioned about the verdict, an MSU senior was quoted in the local paper as saying, “I don’t believe she was raped…I believe they ran a train on her” (Pierson, 1984, p. 1B). A notable similarity between the two trials—and others—was the community support given to the defendants. In New Bedford, over 6,000 citizens gathered outside the City Hall to protest the conviction of out men (Chancer, 1987). In a similar demonstration, when five Kentucky State University students were arrested on charges of raping and sodomizing a fellow student, 200 students held an angry rally in their support. In both instances, the protestors not only defended the men but also attacked the woman, maintaining she should be punished. This pattern of sympathy suggests that such sexual behavior is acceptable for some men. As further evidence tht such behavior is tolerated in some “decent” young men, the character witness for the Michigan State defendants included a minister and a girlfriend who testified that the men were incapable of rape. The defense argument was that the women had consented or had not clearly expressed her objection. #RandolphHarris 2 of 21

Because the defendants in these cases did not deny having sex with the same woman sequentially or simultaneously, the testimony of the character witnesses and community support for the defendants implied that exemplary moral character is consistent with having sex with a young woman in tandem with several buddies. Group sexual assault is considered normal behavior for some groups of young men in our society. However, many want to know, how often it occurs, who does it, to whom, and why. Although considerable attention has been devoted to rape in psychological and sociological literature over the past decade, group rape has rarely been discussed as a distinct phenomenon. While the exiting literature is extremely helpful in understanding the sociocultural context that supports sexual aggression, there may be important differences between single- and multiple-perpetrators of rape, especially in regard to motivation and situational characteristics. Other differences may include offender characteristics and psychological consequences for victims. They primary focus here is on perpetrators rather than victims. To term it “gang rape” when many men have sex with same individual and the men deny coercion, is to prejudice the issue. May of the cases discussed in this series of reports on gang rape were not determined to be rapes in judicial proceedings. Aside from the fact that many rapists and their victims do not recognize the crime that has been committed, difficulties or proving rape charges are compounded when there are multiple perpetrators. #RandolphHarris 3 of 21

Because prosecutions and convictions are so rare, any case in which a woman alleged that her participation in sex with a group of men was involuntary is considered an instance of gang rape for purposes of this discussion. Cases in which we do not know the woman’s view of the incident and there are no allegations of force will be termed “trains,” in the common vernacular of the subcultures in which such sex is practiced. A group is considered here to consist of three or more men. There are two reasons for adopting this criterion. First, although two persons are often considered a group in social psychology, most of the group dynamics relevant to gang rape are not activated unless there are at least three group members. Second, several female college students in my samples reported soliciting sex with two men, preferring it to sex with one man, but none reported voluntarily engaging in or enjoying sexual encounters with more than two men. The mean number of male participants in the cases I have studied is five. Campus gang rapes are emphasized here. That street gangs or motorcycle gangs have sex with a single female ritualistically, for example, as an initiation rite, is known and is typically accounted for by the social deviance of these groups. The group rapes may be a common practice among college students in the basis of the claim that they are normative and of the hypothesis that they are an outgrowth of conventional sex roles. Campus gang rapes are also usually acquaintance rapes, occurring during social get-togethers. #RandolphHarris 4 of 21

Because there have been no systematic attempts to collect data on the incidence and prevalence of gang rapes in particular, estimates of their occurrence must be extrapolated from the rape literature of from anecdotal evidence and media reports. In a study of the national incidence of acquaintance rape among college students, it was found that 15 percent of women (as victims) and 4 percent of the men (as perpetrators) had been involved in forced intercourse. The mean number of rapes reported by these subjects was above two. Five percent of the women who reported having been raped and about 16 percent of the men who reported having raped said that their most serious incident involved more than one offender. Thus, in this sample, nearly 1 percent of the men and women at colleges across the United States of America identified their most serious experience with sexual aggression as involving two or more men and one woman. These data may provide an underestimate of the occurrence of gang rapes because subjects were asked to report the number of men involved in only their single most serious experience. On the other hand, the data my provide an overestimate because cases involving two men are included but do not meet the criterion for gang rape here. Those most likely to rape or be raped, respectively, are men and women 20 to 24 years old; the next most likely group is 16 to 19-year-old. #RandolphHarris 5 of 21

Thus, sexual assault is most commonly committed by college-age men against women of college age. In our study of men convicted of sexual assault, 26 percent of the 646 rapes we identified were perpetrated by three or more men, and 55 percent of the rapist were involved in group rapes. Major of the men convicted were young adults; the mean age of the rapists was 23 and of the victims, 22. Although some researchers contend that the tendency to be sexually aggressive is associated with social deviance and low socioeconomic status (SES), sexual aggression may actually be predicted by conflict between the genders, across class and economic lines. As with other forms of criminal behavior, particularly abuse within relationships (child and spouse abuse), it may be that law SES individuals are more likely to be detected, prosecuted, and convicted than high SES perpetrators. In fact, in parallel to the groupthink phenomenon, membership in a privileged group may protect a perpetrator from doubts about the propriety of one’s behavior, as well as from the perception of criminality by others. Groupthink can explain disastrous decisions by elite groups, such as the decision by Kennedy’s cabinet to invade Cuba. Impressed by each other, members of such high status groups become convinced of the group’s moral superiority, invulnerability, and consensus. Of the 24 documented cases of alleged gang rape by college students in the past ten years that we have researched, 13 were perpetrated by fraternity men, four by groups of basketball players, four by groups of football players, one by lacrosse players, and only two by men unaffiliated with formal organization. #RandolphHarris 6 of 21

Fraternities have houses where they can have unsupervised parties, serve alcohol, and enjoy privacy from nonmembers in their bedrooms and living rooms. College football and basketball players often live in their own dormitory and have motel rooms when on the road (the University of Minnesota basketball players assaulted their victim in a motel). Thus, these groups are mor likely than others on college campuses to have facilities and opportunities for illicit activities. Their living situation may facilitate gang rape, but other evidence suggests that the cohesiveness of these groups is an equally important factor. First, several of the known gang rapes by college athletes and fraternity brothers have take place not in reserved residence but in regular campus housing. Second, other tightly knit groups of men, such as members of a rock band or biker gang, have been implicated in gang rapes. Although only two of the prosecuted campus gang rapes did not involve football or basketball players or fraternity members, a participant in one of these incidents referred to his codefendants as “the other members,” although they did not belong to any known organization. That is, the assault was perpetrated by such a tightly knit group of friends that they saw themselves as “members.” Often, sone of the team members who rape together come from the same hometown and grew up together. Differential association theory is helpful in formulating predictions. This theory postulates that criminal behavior is learned through symbolic interactions within intimate social groups. #RandolphHarris 7 of 21

Which segments of the population of American men aged 16 to 24 are likely to participate in group sexual assaults? The theory suggests that fraternity members and member of athletic teams may participate in group assaults not only because they have the facilities and are already organized, but also because the behavior is learned within these primary groups and is passed down along with other traditions. In some cases, there seems to be a ritualistic aspect to the assaults. Research on campus rape also shows that athletes and fraternity men are more likely to be sexually aggressive individual than other college students. More fraternity men (35 percent) reported having forced intercourse than did members of other organizations, such as student government (9 percent), or men not affiliated with any organization (11 percent). Football and basketball players representing NCAA-affiliated schools were reported to police for sexual assault approximately 38 percent more often than the average male on a campus, as measured by an FBI survey. However, to be objective, these are the same men that are seen as more desirable by the student body because they tend to be more popular, more outgoing, come from families with money and status, have cool cars, nice bodies and tend to be attractive. Nonetheless, men who would not rape alone may become rapists in the company of their sexually aggressive buddies. Of those convicted of group rape in the sample, whom they identified as “followers” rather than instigators, had raped only in groups prior to their conviction. One of the Kentucky States defendants told police that he left the woman alone when he found her partially clothed in his room because she was unwilling to have sex with him. When he returned and found his friends assaulting her, he joined in. #RandolphHarris 8 of 21

However, keep in mind that college aged men are also raped on campus. A total of 6.8 percent of undergraduate men and 2.5 percent of male graduate students reported nonconsensual sexual contact. In fact, college increases the risk of sexual assault for men. Male college students are 78 percent more likely to experience sexual assault than non-students between the ages of 18-24. Rape of men by other men is a widely neglected yet increasingly recognized form of sexual assault. Information on same-sex rape involving men is frequently absent in campus rape education and prevention programming because the general public and popular culture have traditionally viewed rape in a context of violence against women. Available medical and psychological literature indicates the need for expanded prevention, treatment, and research dealing with men who rape other men. A male University of Michigan student claims he was sexually assaulted after he was unknowingly slipped a “benzo” date-rape drug at a party. The victim told campus police he could hardly remember what happened the night of April 11, 2018, when he and his friends were walking and got chatted up by two college-age men around 10 p.m. The pair invited the group to a house party on Fletcher Street in Ann Arbor, where the student was given a soft drink mixed with alcohol. He woke up the next day with a foggy memory—and injuries consistent with being raped. The victim tested positive for benzodiazepine, and apparently been raped by two men. Some of these men who molest boys and rape men are serial offenders, but police often times are unwilling to do anything about it. So they go on to victimize several boys or men and that is dangerous because they could do ree af diseases or viruses. A lot of times, you will not even know the male same sex rapist is gay. You think you are just hanging out with a regular guy, not someone who plans to rape you. #RandolphHarris 9 of 21

How can one reassure one that what is happening to them is neither frightening, nor evil, nor sad, nor a denial of what one believes about growth and being, nor a waste of life and energy? It just has to be—it is another life experience. One feels sures that one suffers least of all, being in the midst of it all—being granted a kind of understanding and faith in, even an enthusiasm for death. The formular for living with the idea comes with it. It surprises some individuals that the news is so distressing to others…but one may be deeply touched that it matters so much to others. People often share the misfortunes of life, and sometimes their cheerful countenance is false. Physical attacks may not just be due to inexperience, but may also come out of some maladjustment in one’s own life, but it also may be a manifestation of the suffering of humanity in our time. Being people to it (the tensions and distress of people generally) and being the kind of person in whom emotional disturbance results in physical disorder, one may be sexually assault, though it is not only the individual. Not knowing what would be require of one in the endurance of pain, in making the transition to another kind of existence, or in combatting date rape, an individual may share the news because he or she needs the moral support of those who can give it. Following these feelings may be the right thing to do. If one had died, or if instead a miracle prolonged one’s life until another time, the experience is so rich and basic that one never regrets sharing it. The benefits to all concerned are beneficial. #RandolphHarris 10 of 21

Some may wish there were time to write all of the feelings, ideas, and reactions of other that accompany, or rather follow the “death sentence.” With those who are open, it is only necessary to acknowledge the imminence of death one feels after being raped. This may lead individuals to shed a few tears together over the sorrow of being violated. With others it is necessary to help them to accept the fact that each is vulnerable. With those who cannot accept this vulnerability, they may not take caution to protect themselves. However, they are lucky to have someone care for them after the attack. Some people are all alone and just gradually disappear and become quite eager for departure. It can be one of the saddest experiences. But remember to enjoy the days of leisure and creativity. The sensitivity pays off—sensitivity to what is right, what is true, what is good. At the same time, one is almost in agony because one is equally sensitive to what is ugly, false, superficial, disconnected, irrelevant, wasteful of human life and energy. Most people find they can only endure the reality of what has happened to them in small doses. The problem is not how to accept being assault but how to accept life! In relation to the study of consciousness you must remember what you know about sleep and waking state, the different levels in waking state, and the connection of high centers with higher states of consciousness. You must remember that your aim is to produce higher states of consciousness in yourself and to establish connection with higher centers. #RandolphHarris 11 of 21

You must understand that higher center have many unknown functions which cannot be described in ordinary language. They have much more power, and a deeper penetration into the laws of nature. You must remember that many problems insoluble for our ordinary mind can become soluble for higher centers. And you must always return to the idea of permanent “I” and realize how far you are from it and how many efforts and sacrifices are necessary in order to reach it. In the work on consciousness you must understand first of all, that this work is entirely practical. Theoretical study will not help. Second, you must understand that the work on consciousness can give results only when it becomes permanent or as near to permanent as possible. Spasmodic, accidental, interrupted work cannot give results. So try to find how you can make your work on consciousness continuous. Your mind must guide you in the beginning, constantly reminding you of the necessity for remembering yourself, and helping you to catch the moments of not remembering. However, realize that mind can only prepare you for this work and only guide you for a certain distance. You can go further in the work on consciousness only with the help of will and emotion. Remember also, that consciousness can be measure by the length of periods of consciousness and by the frequency these periods. #RandolphHarris 12 of 21

Efforts to create consciousness in oneself feel almost hopeless in the beginning. However, very soon they will begin to give results. You will notice these results by observing moments of consciousness appearing by themselves without any effort on your part. In reality, they are the results of previous efforts. Since thought, or “belief,” originates either from the God of Truth or the father of lies (John 8.44), there is but one basic principle for testing the source of all doctrines and philosophical beliefs held by believers or doctrines and philosophical beliefs held by believers or unbelievers, id est, the test of the revealed Word of God. All genuine “truth” is in harmony with the only channel of revealed truth in the World—the written Word of God. On the other hand, all teachings originating from deceiving spirits: Weaken the authority from the Scriptures; distort the teaching in the Scriptures; add to the Scriptures the thoughts of men; or put the Scriptures entirely aside. The ultimate object of the forces of falsehood is to hide, distort, misuse, or put aside the revelation of God concerning the cross of Calvary, where Satan was overthrown by the God-Man and where freedom was obtained for all his captives. The test of all religious beliefs therefore is: Its harmony with the written Scriptures in its fully body of truth. Its attitude toward the cross and sin. Be careful of demon doctrines. Countless concepts and beliefs which are opposed to the truth of God are injected into the minds of “Christians” by teaching spirits, rendering them ineffective in the warfare with sin and Satan and subject to the power of evil spirits. #RandolphHarris 13 of 21

All new insights and systems of belief should therefore be tested by the truth of God revealed in the Scripture, not merely by texts or portions of the Word but by the principles of truth revealed in the Word. Since Satan will endorse his teachings by “signs and wonders” (Matt. 24.24; 2 Thess. 2.9; Rev 13.13), “fire from Heaven” and other supernatural “signs” are no proof of a teaching being God; nor is a “beautiful life” to be the infallible test, for even Satan’ ministers can be “ministers of righteousness” (2 Cor. 11.13-15). One of these difficulties is that the manner of a patient classified as “regressed” seems without fail to give us the impression that one is utterly and irrevocably different from ordinary human beings—a feeling, incidentally, that sociologists are familiar with from the studies of castes and social classes. This view is associated with the lay-psychiatric assumption that an appropriate level of animation and situational orientation is the natural human state, and that a catatonic-like stillness must be caused by something specific, or at least constitute something specific that must be explained. Thus when a patient “comes out of it,” as one usually does, there is really no very satisfactory way to integrate our present image of one with the past one. Nor can we explain how it is possible for some patients who seem quite out of contact suddenly to give someone a too-knowing wink or express a feeling that is a little too meaningful to e discounted. These discrepancies might be handled sociologically by assuming that the patient had never “gone into” anything in the first place, and that, therefore, there was nothing for one to come out of. #RandolphHarris 14 of 21

It might be claimed that once an individual releases oneself from respect for social gatherings, for whichever of the multitude of possible reasons, then immobility (or, for that matter, motor excitement) becomes a convenient stance, and that what really needs explaining is our normative level of appropriate animation—even though there are only rare exceptions to its maintenance. Of course we need to know what it is that places an individual outside the claims of a gathering, and certainly such alienation is sometimes a symptom of a deep disturbance in the personality; but our attitudes to the situational proprieties that we ourselves religiously sustain makes us bad students of impropriety. We can agree with the lay-psychiatric approach that the human personality has an organic base and ordinarily cannot be expected to undergo fundamental change very quickly, but then we must look elsewhere for an explanation of sudden changes in the patient’s “condition.” And when we do look elsewhere we find that what can and does change utterly and at a moment’s notice is the propriety of one’s situational conduct and one’s choice of strategies for expressing one’s relation to those about one. Both the latter changes may, of course, come solely, but every normal human being has the capacity at a moment’s notice to dynamite the proprieties in a situation. #RandolphHarris 15 of 21

Gin and vermouth: some prefer them straight, while others only drink them mixed, id est, a martini. We have seen examples of both types of preferences. In election to the Football Hall of Fame, some would be happy with either Elway or Marino, but not both, while in cricket others find only the martini combination of Boycott and Gavaskar palatable. Is the budget approval process all that different? How can it be improved? One suggestion is to give the president the power of a line-item veto. “We ask the Congress, once again: Give us the same tool that 43 governors have, a line-item veto, so we can carve out the boondoggles and pork—those items that would never survive on their one.” Ronald Reagan, State of the Union Address, January 27, 1987. Yet, it is possible that this may be a tool the president is better off without. How could this be? One reason is that without a line-item veto, the president is committed to taking what the Congress gives him; he cannot modify it piecemeal to better suit his preferences. Consequently, compromises made in Congress will be honored without fear that the president will pick and choose what segments to keep. Once Congress predicts they will lose all the parts that would not survive on their own, the process of agreeing on a budget will become much more contentious, and a consensus compromise may not be found. Congress may be much less willing to serve the president a martini if her can remix it before presenting it to the nation. #RandolphHarris 16 of 21

Thus a president with a line-item veto might end up with less power, simply because the Congress is less willing (or able) to put proposals on his desk. A simple example helps illustrate the point. President Reagan, the Republican part did not control the Congress. The Democrats’ approval had to be bought. The budget offered to the Democrats a package of social programs that made the defense spending tolerable. The willingness of the Democrats to approve the budget was contingent on the complete package. If they thought that Reagan could use a line-item veto to cut the social programs (in the name of pork), they would be unwell to give him the Star Wars funds. The debate about the effectiveness of the line-item veto for reducing deficits is best settled by looking at the experience at the state level. Columbia University economist Douglas Holtz-Eakin has examined the historical evidence: Gubernatorial veto power is quite old. The President of the Confederacy had (but did not exercise) item veto power during the Civil War and 28 states (out of a total of 45) adopted a line item veto between 1860 and 1900. By 1930, 41 of the 48 states had a provision for line item veto power. The governors of Iowa and West Virginia acquired line item veto power in 1969. And yet, after looking at all these cases, Professor Holtz-Eakin was unable to see any reduction in the budget deficits of states who governor had the line-item veto. #RandolphHarris 17 of 21

It is clear that the domino-wave of revolutions that swept Eastern Europe in 1989 was a consequence of three convergent forces: the long-term failure of socialism to deliver the economic wealth it promised; the announcement by the Soviet Union that it would no longer prop up communist governments with the treat of military intervention; and the avalanche of information that poured into communist countries despite all the efforts of their censors—information carried by the new means of communication. During the quarter-century dictatorship of Nicolae Ceausescu, Romania imposed the harshest censorship of any communist regime in Eastern Europe, controlling everything that appeared in the press and especially on television. Ceausescu himself was a television fan, and especially liked episodes of Kojak, the American cop-show starting Telly Savalas. However, for all his viewing, Ceausescu failed to understand the World media revolution and paid with his life on Christmas Day, 1989. Had Ceausescu studied the role of the new global media system, for example, in the overthrow of Ferdinand Marcos in the Philippines, he would have known that control of the domestic media is no longer enough to keep a people in ignorance, and that domestic political events are increasingly played out on a global stage. “What happened in the Philippines,” said Professor William Adams, a media expert at George Washington University, “was an epic step toward a new kind of revolution—a revolution via the media and via symbols.” #RandolphHarris 18 of 21

Because of historically close connections between the Philippines and the United States of America and the continuing presence of U.S.A. military bases there, Marcos and his main political opposition courted U.S.A. support. Both sought out foreign journalists to tell their story. As opposition mounted, Marcos reluctantly agreed to hold an election in 1986. The ensuing campaign was given saturation coverage by the American TV cameras, drawn by the drama of Cory Aquino, widow of an assassinated hero, confronting the corrupt old dictator. At first President Reagan supported Marcos. However, as the U.S.A. TV coverage continued, Americas saw the middle-class peaceful demonstrators opposed by Marcos goons, and Reagan’s position began to shift. It did not look good to be allied with this nasty little man on TV. Reagan sent an official team to Manila to monitor the elections for corruption and fraud. Led by Senator Richard Lugar, the team found ample evidence of both and disclosed its conclusions to television audiences even before reporting back officially to the President. Its reports further hurt the Marcos campaign, and what Americans saw on their TV screens instantly seeped back into the Philippines. The TV coverage also influenced the White House, which ultimately backed an anti-Marcos military faction, and with that, the combination of force and information squeezed Marcos out of the office. In the end, faces with the inevitable, Marcos feld the country and was permitted to settle in Hawaii. #RandolphHarris 19 of 21

If he had been one of the twentieth century’s great tyrants, he would have kicked out the media and opened up with machine guns. Yet the reverse might well have been true for Ceausescu. Had he allowed the media in and not opened up with machine guns, he might conceivably have survived. The initial overthrow of communists regimes in other Eastern European countries in the dramatic winter of 1989 was peaceful. Only in Romania did the machine guns stutter. One of the dictator’s last acts was to order the massacre of protestors in the city of Timisoara. As Romanians swarmed into the streets of Bucharest after that, fighting broke out between the military and Ceausescu’s feared security forces, the Securitate. The strife continued for days, the Securitate battling on even after Ceausescu and his wife were given a drumhead trial and shot by a firing squad. By now the revolution was centered in Studio 4 of “Free Romanian Television.” Even as snipers and commandos tried to retake the studio from them, leaders of the revolution, in control of their airwaves, played and replayed pictures of the corpses of the dictator and his wife. Only after that did the bloodshed cease. His dictatorship has been replaced by a “videocracy.” Following the overthrow of communist regimes all across Eastern Europe, the Financial Times exulted: “The medium which George Orwell saw as the tool of enslavement has proved the liberator; not even a Ceausescu could blindfold his people.” #RandolphHarris 20 of 21

Yet overfocusing on television, many observers miss the larger story. For it is not just television that is revolutionary, but the combined interplay of many different technologies. Millions of computer, mobile phones, fax machines, printers and copying machines, DVD players, DVDs, VCRs, videocassettes, advanced telephones, along with cable and satellite technologies, now interact with one another and cannot be understood in isolation. Television is only a part of this much larger system, which links up at points with the intelligent electronic networks that business and finance use to exchange computerized data. This new overarching media system is a cause of (and a reaction to) the rise of the new, knowledge-based economy, and it represents a quantum jump in the way the human race uses symbols and images. No part of this vast web is entirely cut off from the rest. And that, in turn, is what makes it potentially subversive—not just for the remaining Ceausecus of the World but for all power-holders. The new media system is a powershift accelerator. Along with the media system powershift is the changing power balance between the emerging superpower China and the old developed economies of the West: mainly the USA, Europe, and Japan. People complain that China is taking over the World, however, the United States of America is speeding up this powershift by borrowing money from China, outsourcing jobs not only to China, but also other countries, which allows them to gain access to our financial, medical, and economic information. A radically changing economic environment requires new government policies and business strategies, but is the United States of America willing to put America first? #RandolphHarris 21 of 21

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