Until it pleases God to deliver us from this misery, we can find no ultimate knowledge, but we can, is we are not destructively skeptical, proceed to gain and use scientific knowledge. Time is a child at play. The debates which have surrounded the animal soul or mind have been sensitive indicators of a number of fundamental issues in modern philosophy and science: the immateriality of the human mind, the immortality of the soul, the existence of other minds, and the basis of free will and responsibility. The concept of the animal soul did not give rise to any serious problems until the seventeenth century because to attribute minds to animals would threaten traditional religious beliefs, since the psychological concept of mind was conflated with the theological concept of soul. Some people argued that it would be impious to imagine that animals have souls of the same order as humans and that humans have nothing more to hope for in the afterlife than files and ants have. Similarly, God could not allow sinless creatures to suffer; without souls, animals would not suffer, and humans would be absolved from guilty for exploiting, killing, and eating them. 

However, the most important reason critics deny souls to animals is because of their failure to indicate either by voice or signs that which could be accounted for solely by thought and not by natural impulse. Thus, the use of language became the criterion of thought—the true difference between man and beast. However, like humans, animals do have sensation, imagination, passion, and memory. And to contrive thought to animals involves granting them immortal souls. Animals are said to possess a substantial form, a sensitive soul endowed with all mental attributes except reflection, reason, and will. The purpose was to form a solution to deny animals of an immortal soul. Animals were denied self-consciousness and the power to recognize eternal truths, which were defining attributes of the souls of humans. Different degrees of mentality could be ascribed to creatures at different levels of the scale of beings. However, if all possible gradations in the scale of beings were realized, no qualitative distinctions could be upheld, and no sharp qualitative distinctions could be upheld, and no sharp demarcation would be tenable. Indeed, some extended mental continuity below animals and concerned themselves with the sensations, wishes, and loves of plants; matter alone was held to be completely insensitive.  

The issues became one of deciding which faculties belonged to man alone. The less sure humans felt about their dignity and the power of their reason, the more they accepted the continuity between man and animals; and the more seriously one took biological continuity, the less one could appeal to the clear demarcations on which a faculty of psychology depends. It followed that humans differed only in a degree from the nearest subhuman species, and a heightened interest in apes and primitive tribes reflected this implication. All that was left in doubt was the amount of difference and the means of determining it. Throughout the debate, some measure of mentality has been granted to animals, although their reasons varied. The whole controversy was reduced to absurdity in 1739, when a Jesuit, Father Bougeant, wrote a very telling criticism of the Cartesian doctrine and prevailing alternatives. He concluded that the only solution which would not threaten religion was to grant souls to animals but to consider these the souls of demons or fallen angels inhabiting animal bodies as a punishment. His position allowed him to concede reason and a true language to beasts and neatly to justify their suffering. Father Bougeant’s order rewarded his ironical wit by applying stern disciplinary measures.  

Nonetheless, it is believed that animals are more sensitive to vibrations, much like babies, and have comparatively restricted experiences because their brains are not seemingly as developed at the adult human. Some believe that animals lack language and symbols and rely more heavily on instincts. However, it is believed that animals different from humans in a degree. God promised to resurrect the human body and therefore, it is retained the humans have immortal souls. The association of pleasures and pains with rewards and punishments and the inheritance of acquired habits and structural changes provided the requisite evolutionary mechanism. Any being, create, or plant that is capable of activity, regeneration, sensation, motions, and all other properties usually is explained by appeal to a vital principle or soul. And many of you who have pets or have interacted with animals have noticed that animals are endowed with reason and conscience, and an ape might be taught to employ language, as well as bird. It thus appears that there is but one type of organization in the Universe, and that man is the most perfect example.

Also, one will notice that a lot of new medications and treatments are tested on animals to see how humans might react and valves from a pig’s heart can be used to replace valves in the human heart. Also, animals use tool, form abstract concepts, employ language, and experience beauty and reverence. I sometimes tell my cockatiel Alex that he has pretty feathers and he starts to comb them with his feet and get happy. Also, sometimes when I come home, before I get to the door, he can sense me and gets all exited and starts dancing and singing in his cage. Therefore, it is human’s possession of a highly developed moral sense, or conscience, that constitutes their most important difference from lower animals. The main difference between human and animals is the mental and bodily evolution. However, pay attention to the mental states of the average animal, they tend to be peaceful and proud, while some humans are very savage and troubled. So it is very likely that animals do have souls, and therefore, we should not say we own animals, I strongly dislike when people say, “I own that animal.” Go forth then, and share with your and have a compassionate heart for all living things. Soften harden hearts with love and restore the destitute of their dignity of Spirit.   

The World sprang into existence five minutes ago, exactly as it was then with a population that “remembered” a wholly unreal past, it is logically possible. There is a beginning or a potentiality of goodness in human nature because humans are rational beings and have a moral sense and knowledge. Stop listening to the tyranny of your individual natural life and win freedom into the spiritual life. The Savior has set us free from sin, but this is the freedom that comes from being set free from myself by the Son. We tend to rely on our own energy instead of being energized by the power that comes from identification with Jesus Christ. When the Son of God prays, He is mindful and consciously aware of only His Father. God always hears the prayers of His Son, and if the Son of God has been formed in me, the Father will always hear my prayers. However, I must see to it that the Son of God is exhibited in my human flesh. When I come into contact with the everyday occurrences of life as an ordinary human being, is the prayer of God’s eternal Son to His Father being prayed it me?  

Both learning and thinking are indispensable. Without learning there are no data for inquiry. Without thinking no principle or concept can be reached. The senses of hearing and seeing do not think and are obscured by external things. When one thing comes into contact with another, as a matter of course, one leads the other way. Senses never make a person reflect upon oneself. To the mind belongs the office of thinking. By thinking, it gives the right view of things; by neglecting to think, it fails to do this. Aesthetic perfection arises out of the limits of human understanding. People are unable to conceive, as God can, the real, supreme unity in the enormous variety of things. One must therefore content oneself with introducing an artificial unity (uniformity) into some objects in order to perceive them as wholes; and this is beauty. A beautiful object is not necessarily perfect in itself, but must be perfect in its capacity to be perceived. The perception of beauty strengthens the representative activity of the soul and makes it more perfect, thus causing a feeling of pleasure.  

The perception of beauty causes intuitive knowledge; in its highest stage it becomes the aesthetic illusion in which, for example, fable appears as reality. The conception of beauty explains why some people find pleasurable effects in tragedy. In tragedy, murder is the representation of a morally and metaphysically imperfect event, but its representation may be subjectively perfect. In the sublime, the pleasure in awareness of immensity of distance, size, or number is mixed with some pain because of one’s inability to comprehend it completely. In both cases, aesthetic pleasure is the result of the mixed feeling (vermischte Empfindung) arising in one’s soul: even if some element of the perception is unpleasant, the perception as a subjective whole is pleasurable. However, it is essential that you give people the opportunity to act on the truth of God. The responsibility must be left with the individual—you cannot act for another person. It must be on one’s own deliberate act, but the evangelic message should always lead one to action. Faith always works in a person way, because the purpose of God is to see that perfect faith is made real in His Children.  

Aesthetic feelings must be attributed to a faculty different from intellect and desire, a faculty that called the faculty of approval (Billigungsvermogen). The beauty of an object escapes us if we subject it to a process of analysis and definition; therefore, experience of the beautiful cannot be an object of knowledge. A beautiful object gives us aesthetic pleasure even if we do not possess the object; thus, the approval of beauty must be distinct from desire. Metaphysical perfection, unlike beauty, is both know by intellect and an object desire. Beauty is produced by genius. Genius does not imitate nature, but idealizes it, that is, it exhibits natural objects as God would have created them if his aim had been aesthetic and not metaphysical perfection. Genius is independent of rules because it establishes its own rules. A genius’ procedure is instinctive. Both the existence of God and the immortality of the soul can be demonstrated. The soul is a simple substance and therefore indestructible. The soul might nevertheless lose its consciousness, but the divine wisdom and goodness of God will not allow this to happen. 

The soul is a highly personal endeavor that must always remain open and be capable of organic growth in the light of new evidence. It provides a framework for entering into genuine dialogue with the contemporary situation and is essentially an effort of reason reflecting on their data of experience. The soul is a strong affirmative force of the World and has the power to fix the limits of the activity of the mind. Human reason without the assistance of revelation necessarily falls into error. The reality of the World transcends our consciousness of it. Human behavior is a mosaic of reflexes with its emphasis on the involvement of the organism as a whole in all its separate functions. The body is not just an object among objects; nor is it just a contingent fact that our perceptual experience is specially conditioned by what occurs in one particular sector of the physical World. Instead, it is precisely because consciousness has a locus within the World that out knowledge of that World has the perspectivistic and uncompletable character of the soul. The functioning of the human body itself, at least at its higher levels, can be understood only if we attribute to it the intentional structures that the soul would reserve for pure consciousness. We do indeed create our moral being.  

Nature, like mind, always does whatever it does for the sake of something, which something is its end. Never take a description of the origin of an idea for a definition, or an account of the mental and physical conditions through which we become conscious of a proposition for a proof of it. A proposition may be thought, and again it may be true; never confuse these two things. We must remind ourselves, it seems, that a proposition no more ceases to be true when I cease to think of it than the Sun ceases to exist when I shut my eyes. Self-observation (or introspection) is the way to establish the truth by reducing it to the subjective element of an intimate pathway into one’s own mind, body, and spirit. It allows us to experience new levels of self-awareness, and by so doing to live more conscious, harmonious lives. Because of our conditioning and education most of us live our lives as unconscious automatons. Oblivious to our own real potential, our essence, we are totally identified with our personality, our self-image, and with whatever thoughts, feelings, images, daydreams, or sensations capture our attention at the moment. #RandolphHarris 1 of 7

Many believe that we are masters of ourselves, seldom noticing our own inner fragmentation and our lack of will and choice as a result of this fragmentation. We lose ourselves at every moment in one or another aspect of our lives, out of touch with the remarkable wholeness that is our birthright. Psychology will become the foundation of philosophy that allows us to heal ourselves and see who we truly are. Logic, ethics, metaphysics, philosophy of law, philosophy of religion, and philosophy of education are all little more than psychology or applied psychology. With all of the concepts of the philosophical disciplines, only what is formed in the human soul according to these laws are understood with certainty and clarity, then a certain and clear knowledge of those disciplines is likewise achieved in seeking the transcendental ground of truth—the objective validity of human knowledge. This marks both a return to and a great improvement of the soul. The soul is a whole of which spirit and mind are attributes and emerge only gradually. And there are rational and irrational parts of the soul. #RandolphHarris 2 of 7

Reason, spirit, and desire represent different levels of being alive. The rational soul is some kind of active agency which inhibits the body for a brief period. The rational soul inhabits the head because the head is round (the most perfect shape and, hence, an appropriate place for the seat of reason) and the part of the body nearest the Heavens. As like can be known only by like, the soul, in its rational aspect, must also be eternal. The rational soul makes contact with the brain, which are conceived of as a kind of marrow encased in the skull. The irrational soul makes contact with the marrow of the spinal cord in its body sheath. The better part of the irrational soul, spirit, inhabits the heart and functions in such manifestations of life as energy, courage, and ambition; the worse part, desire, functions below the diaphragm, in appetite, nutrition, and reproduction. The rational and irrational parts affect each other through the liver, which acts as a sort of mirror of thought. #RandolphHarris 3 of 7

In sleep the soul is shut up, and its motion subsides. A few agitations remain, however, and produce dreams. Usually dreams are the expressions of desires which are suppressed. The good person controls one’s desires sensibly and so is not unduly disturbed by them in sleep. In sleep the rational soul, if not troubled by irrational desires, can attain truths not otherwise revealed. The human body receives an impression from without and responds with an inner motion. Some parts of the body—for instance, the hair and the nails—are subject to shock but do not respond with inner movements. Sense organs, however, are good conductors of motion. Thus, hearing, for instance, is the end product of a kind of shock. By means of air in the cavities of the body a blow is transmitted through the ears to the blood and brain and then to the soul. Knowledge does not consist just in sensation but in the activity of the soul in relation to what is transmitted. The transmission is complicated by the intervention of memory, imagination, feeling, and association, all of which act as intermediaries between reason and sensation. #RandolphHarris 4 of 7

There is a very intimate connection between the soul and body which is a particular case of the more general relationship between for and matter. The soul is the first actuality of a natural body furnished with organs. If the eye were an animal, eyesight would be its soul, this being the form or capacity of the eye. To speak of soul is to speak of a capacity or propensity to function in a certain way which depends on a certain bodily structure, or it is to speak of the actual exercise of such a capacity or propensity, which is the second kind of actuality. Thus, anger, for instance, can be the appetite of returning pain for pain or the boiling of the blood around the heart, depending on whether the dialectician or the physical scientist is considering it; there is always a biological and a psychological account to be given. Body and soul are a particular case of the more general correlatives, form and matter. When speaking of theoretical reason rather than practical reason, the distinction between matter and form is again exemplified in that reason is both passive and active. However, the active reason comes from without and is divine. It is like the helmsman in a ship. #RandolphHarris 5 of 7

The heart is the seat of life, sensation, and motion. In the transmission of sensation to the heart and in the vitality which flows from the heart, the connatural spirits play an important role. They are thought of as a kind of inner air quite distinct from the outer air which we breathe. Closely associated with the blood, they act as a universal internal medium for the transmission of sensation. Once love has been acknowledged as our Source of all supply—our Being, this is the real secret of prosperity. Love always returns in the form we can use best—its value always being greater than the value we ascribed to the gift we gave. And it is easy to love the loveable. Love, once accepted in whatever form, converts itself into the help one really needs—finds its way into one’s heart and begins to open what was hardened until then, and slowly the object of affection discovers one own Being as the Source. Love gives unto itself and is extended and increases. Besides the specific senses there is sensus communis, which is not a sixth sense but a generic power of sensation as such provides unity for the sensitive soul in its particular manifestations. Love is thus destined as joy accompanied by the idea of an external cause.  #RandolphHarris 6 of 7

There is beauty here, indeed. If we allow it to be so, our experience of life on Earth can be Heaven on Earth. A reviving personality must be nourished with another kind of new communication—communication with people. Besides opening yourself to the riches of art and knowledge, you must also open yourself to the riches of new friendships, particularly to those which can reinforce your newly expanded interest. What God places on us allows us to transform something negative into something excellent. No power on Earth or in Hell can conquer the Spirit of God living within the human spirit; it creates an inner invincibility. You will see that your burden is then lightened by the sense of companionship. God is the place of the World and the whole system of thinking. Everything is a mode or modification of God. Thus, nothing can be adequately explained unless its occurrence can be deduced from principles applying to the system as a whole. Human beings, as part of nature, must exhibit the general characteristics of modifications of God or nature. They must be determined within a system; they must have a mental and physical aspect’ and they must exhibit conatus, or the striving to persist within their own being. #RandolphHarris 7 of 7

Happiness is dependent solely on moral virtue, which involves practical intelligence and so can be taught, partly from a study of the names of things and definitions. However, the good people also require strength of mind and character. The achievement of virtue necessitates a mental and physical effort to toil through opposing difficulties, suffering, and pain. It may be appropriate to consider first whether American philosophical thought is distinguished by any special characteristics. An examination of American thought of the past and present shows that it has been pluralistic and that no single generation can describe it accurately. The United States has been receptive to a variety of intellectual themes and movements, from Puritanism and idealism to naturalism and positivism. Any formula designed to reduce these diverse elements to a uniform tradition is bound to involve overs implication. It is true that Americans have made extensive use of foreign ideas, but these have been transformed to meet American needs. The successive waves of immigration and the divergent philosophies and ideas that accompanied them were a continuing challenge to American intellectual development but only in recent times can it be said that America has made a contribution to philosophy proper. 

The British, more than any other people, influenced the formation of American institutions; and the New England colonists, especially the Puritans of Massachusetts Bay area, appear to have left an indelible make on the American character. They believed that God is absolutely sovereign and that human being, beset with original sin, is totally dependent upon God. Salvation cannot be earned by virtuous works; God has foreordained who shall be elected to the “Society of Saints,” although presumably the performance of good work predisposes man’s soul to receive God’s grace. The Puritans, therefore, were deeply involved in the conflict between the doctrines of free will and determinism. However, in general it was agreed that life was a moral process, and certain moral virtues such as discipline, devotion, honesty, moderation, temperance, frugality, industry, and simplicity were typically praised. True virtue is the beauty of the heart, and religious love of being in general is a love of God. Humans who are sinful and corrupt, are naturally incapable of true virtue; yet there is a grace of God that is given to those who are elected for salvation. 

A sign of having received this grace of God is an individual’s religious affections and a sense of beauty. Belief in God has its source in the affections of religious love and joy, but these are not to be comprehended by the natural senses and are transmitted from a supernatural source. God is first cause, designed the Universe, and all events are determined by natural laws. Therefore, nature (including humans) are a manifestation of the goodness of God. As rational beings, humans are capable of achieving good life on Earth and do not need to wait for the Heavenly Kingdom to come. Humanistic aims and goals are happiness, not faith, provided that standard of choice. The Enlightenment manifested an optimistic faith in science, reason, and education as the instruments of human progress. There is a general conviction that if one improved the social environment, one might improve humans and thereby achieve social justice. National rights are life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness and constitute the foundation of social justice. #RyanPhillippe 3 of 6

Governments are artificial contracts designed to protect inalienable rights: if they fail to fulfill their original purpose, their claim to rightful authority is void, and they may justly be altered or dissolved. There is not, however, unanimity concerning the form of the new government to be established. We have truth only when our ideas conform to things, which means mist employ the inductive method and pay close attention to the facts. God’s existence, and the immortality of the soul is natural, mental, and moral. The Highest Being is taken to be entirely simple, immutable, and this essentially beyond our fragmentary concepts but, at the same time, to be the supreme source of an all intelligibility and, consequently, the one supremely knowable reality. Thank God for being able to see all that you have not yet been. You have had the vision, but you are not yet to the reality of it just yet. We are not quite prepared for the devastation that may come if we are going to be turned into the shape of the vision. We have seen what we are not, and what God wants us to be, but are we willing to be battered into the shape of the vision to be used by God? 

A wonderful thing about God’s silence is that His stillness is contagious—it gets into you, causing you to become perfectly confident so that you can honestly say, “I know that God has head me.” God’s silence is the very proof that He has. If Jesus Christ is brining you into the understanding that prayer is for the glorifying of His Father, then He will give you the first sign of Hid intimacy—silence. The Universe is totally dependent on God’s creative power, and its nature and purpose are determined by his nature and reason. The essential reality of every creature is measured by its conformity to God, the supreme and creative Truth. Insofar as creatures reflects the divine reason and will, they realize the authentic order of creaturely existence, truth, and rightness. The rational creature is capable of thought, of choice, and action, and all three capacities are subject to the same ultimate standard. The criterion of the sound mind, the good will, and the right action is its truth, its intelligible rightness, its order grounded in the divine Being itself. The fundamental form of spiritual order is truth, the rightness of intelligence. Unless the mind is informed by the inherent rational order of God’s World, right choice and action are impossible. Furthermore, it is evident that for a rational understanding of the real order of things is in itself a spiritual good. 

The quality of personal life is decisively determined, however, by will and action, rather than by thought. The rational creature, whose mind can apprehend the order of God’s truth and whose will can accept that order for its own decisions and actions, is obligated to maintain moral rightness or righteousness (iustitia) in the exercise of its freedom, which was bestowed on it for that very purpose. When it freely conforms will, word, and deed to the order of righteousness, the rational creature is right and just. To live righteously is to subordinate all creaturely loves and relationships to love for God and the quest for communication with him. It is because righteousness is essentially an orientation to the supreme and transcendent Good that one can see in it the supreme value of creaturely life, to be cherished for its own sake, and the gift of God, rather than human achievement. By Christ’s death man is restored to that righteousness which one had lost by one’s own fault, yet no violence is done to the justice and order of God’s treatment of His creatures. 

Every person has also in his moral backside which he does not show except under the stress of necessity and which he covers as long as possible with the pants of good breeding. To be in doubt about a proposition is to withhold assent both from it and from its contradictory. Although people sometimes withhold assent with no reason for doing so and persist in this even after conceding that they have no reason doubt is rational only when one has a reason for it and reasonable only when the reason is a good one. Doubt may be accompanied by various feelings, but it seems unlikely that there are specific feelings uniquely associated with it; in general, the feelings associated with distrust are anxiety or hesitation, which are identified as feelings of uncertainty when they arise in context involving questions of belief. The motives for our actions may be arranged like the thirty-two winds, and their names may be classified in a similar way, e.g., Bread-bread-glory or Glory-glory-bread. I did not come to bring peace but a sword. If you are sensitive to God’s way, your message as His believer will be merciless and insistent, cutting to the very root. Otherwise, there will be no healing. We must drive the message to the house so forcefully that a person cannot possibly hide but must apply the truth. #RandolphHarris 1 of 9

In any case, philosophers are not ordinarily concerned with psychological characterizations of a doubter’s state of mind. Their attention is primarily devoted to understanding the conditions under which doubt is reasonable and to defining the limits of reasonable doubt. Whether it is reasonable for a person to doubt a proposition cannot always be decided solely by considering the evidence which the person possess relevant to the proposition or, in a situation in which the purportedly noninferential knowledge, by considering his ground for assent. Doubts that are reasonable in another, although the available evidence or ground is the same in both cases. For example, special caution is appropriate when the penalties for error are particularly great; hence, an ordinarily acceptable basis for assent may be inadequate if much depends upon avoiding error, although the gravity of the risk does not in itself constitute evidence. Moreover, a basis for assent that would be entirely compelling in normal circumstances may be insufficient if otherwise remote possibilities of error must be taken seriously because of threats posed by a resourceful deceiver. Deal with people where they are until they begin to realize their true need. Until, at last, the buttons tore from the pants of his patience. #RandolphHarris 2 of 9

Nowadays, failure is much praised—the failed start-up has become a badge of honor among Silicon Valley entrepreneurs—and rightly so. Failure is part of the process, the error in “trial and error,” trying repeatedly for success. Originality requires venturing out into the unknown, dwelling in uncertainty, and learning an instance of wrong or improper conduct. And the more inventive a product, the less one knows about its chances of success. Innovation drags one into the realm of ambiguity—a continuous area or expanse that is free, available, or unoccupied. The dimensions of height, depth, and width within all things exist and move. In some scientific fields, experiments fail more than 70 percent of the time. Between more than 70 and 80 percent of new food products are failures. Venture capitalists, film producers, book editors, video game programmers, and pharmaceutical researchers all face extraordinarily high average failure rates. Failure is central to the discovery and creativity, and failures are more common than success. Today’s economic instability and globally competitive markets have also made remaining positioned on the top of someone or something harder than ever. The average time that a company spends in the S&P 500 index in 2016, is 25 percent of the average time in 1936. #RandolphHarris 3 of 9

The long-term health of [the American] economy and full economic recovery depend upon finding ways to encourage far more innovation. Only innovators and entrepreneurs will be safe from losing their jobs to automation or outsourcing. In a World where, say, a refrigerator instruction manual can be edited cheaply and proficiently by an English teacher in the country of Afghanistan, and where tax preparation can be done by algorithm, the people most likely to succeed and flourish are those who are creating new economic opportunities. Tomorrow’s workforce needs to handle the uncertainty and failure that go along with innovation. Unfortunately, today’s students are woefully unprepared. When is one entitled to regard a proposition as indubitable? It might be maintained that one is not entitled to do so as long as anything which can serve as evidence relevant to the proposition remains unexamined, on the ground that when this evidence comes to be examined, it may turn out to require an alteration of belief. When you are not playing eighteen holes of golf, you have to be inventive. You do not hit the same shot twice in a row with the same club. You are switching clubs, the slopes of the course are changing, and the ball is always in a different position relative to the hole. A better way to practice at the golf range, would be to train to face new and shifting challenges.  #RandolphHarris 4 of 9

The practice range has it uses, of course. For building basic skills, repetition is great. Hitting buckets of call is what you should be doing. Golfers have to learn the baseline mechanics before they can apply them, just as physics students need to memorize basic equations. By virtue of the empirical and logical connections among facts, the truth-values of an unlimited number of proposition are relevant to that of any proposition to examine each of these other propositions, no proposition could ever be regarded as indubitable if it were first necessary to examine everything that may serve as evidence relevant to its truth-value. On the other hand, it seems that this impasse can be avoided only if it is possible to settle in advance the important matters that have not been examined. Instead of treating technique as the be-all and end-all, I emphasize training to face playing situations. Ideally, I want players to practice on the widest range of golf courses under different conditions, but that is not so realistic in terms of resources. We can viably transform the driving range into a place where golfers do not just learn to hit shots mechanically, but also prepare to adjust fluidly while something or someone is operating or moving. One has to simulate the unpredictability of the golf course by switching clubs, alternating distances, and playing out different scenarios. #RandolphHarris 5 of 9

It is best to prepare of competition by withholding feedback, something that many pupils and even fellow teachers are initially uncomfortable with. Whenever a golfer hits a shot, he or she gets nonverbal feedback from how the body feels, how the ball moved, and how it sounds. Golfers perform better during training if they can adjust to a coach’s constant feedback, but that very feedback can be a crutch, hurting them later on when they have to think for themselves. Since it is impossible to examine each of these other propositions, no proposition could ever be regarded as indubitable if it were first necessary to examine everything that may serve as evidence relevant to its truth-value. On the other hand, it seems that this impasse can be avoided only if it is possible to settle in advance the important of matters that have not been examined. The impossibility of checking all the consequences of an empirical proposition must always remain dubitable. Graduates confronted with a labor market that increasingly puts a premium on creativity, exploring uncertainties and learning from failure, yet many college professors still act like antiquated-school golf instructors focused on automatically applying skills, rather than helping students learn to deal with the challenges of invention. The current education system was designed and conceived and structured for a different age. Western education system has become obsolete; it is preparing workers for a World that no longer exists. Can we not do better? #RandolphHarris 6 of 9

Under what conditions is it reasonable to make such a requirement of incorrigibility—to arrange that nothing count as evidence against a certain proposition? In some cases (for instance, when a geometrical proposition is supported by a well-understood proof, or when a basic proposition is grounded in immediate experience) it may seem fairly clear that the conditions are satisfied. However, philosophers have failed to provide a general account of these conditions; instead they have usually limited themselves to identifying particular instances of their satisfaction. Some philosophers have claimed with considerable plausibility that certain elementary mathematical propositions (such as that 2 + 2 = 4) may be regarded as indubitable without proof, but they have done little to explain systematically why this should be so. Today’s pedagogic driving range is the university lecture, the standard form of teaching in higher education for six hundred years. In a typical classroom, students are neatly arranged using clear, declarative statements. Lectures are not usually designed to help students grapple with ambiguous problems. Professors do not generally include gaps in logic for students to fill in, or contradictions to workout, or pauses that encourage students to reflect. #RandolphHarris 7 of 9

That is because teachers get nervous or impatient and then answer their own queries. With regard to empirical propositions, neglect of the problem of clarifying the conditions in which they may be accepted as indubitable has resulted in part from widespread controversy over whether the problem properly arises at all. It is estimated that ten second usually elapsed between their questions and then the professor resumed speaking. Another study revealed a stunning ratio of teacher-to-student questions: an instructor in one causes posed eighty-four questions, while students asked only two. A more general obstacle to a sound understanding of the basis of indubitably lies in a tendency to look for it in the wrong place. Lectures do little to inspire interest, encourage conceptual or active thinking, change students’ minds, or help students learn how to respectfully disagree with their peers (since they are not discussing material with another). A proposition is indubitable when there could be no reason to doubt it, but this impossibility is not in general inherent in the logical character of the proposition itself. indubitability is an epistemic property which depends on the relation between a proposition and the evidence or ground for assent with which it is considered. #RandolphHarris 8 of 9

In particular, dubitability and indubitability must not be confused with logical contingency and logical necessity.   The logical contingency of a proposition may reasonably be doubted by someone who is not in a position to appreciate its necessity and who therefore must concede the possibility that further inquiry will uncover evidence against it. Moreover, it is a mistake to suppose that evidence for a proposition it not conclusive unless its conjunction with the denial of the proposition is self-contradictory. To be sure, a proposition is indubitable if and only if no basis for assenting to its alternative is conceivable, but something may be inconceivable even though it contradicts neither itself nor what has already been established. To support the claims that a certain proposition is indubitable, it is not sufficient to understand the conditions in which such claims are justified; it is also necessary to know what the conditions are fulfilled in the particular case in question. The regress supports no more than the mordant comment that it is never reasonable to insist that the question of whether one is being reasonable is entirely closed. Lectures are often as good as reading the textbooks. They convey facts. The role is fitting, since in the Middle Ages, a lecture meant that a professor would read aloud from an original source. The problem is not with the lecture, but comprehension and discussion of the material. You may need to spend five years in Kappa Tau Gamma and Omega Chi Delta or Zeta Beta Zeta. #RandolphHarris 9 of 9

Victorian writers who tried, in different ways, to work out a humanistic morality capable of satisfying the deep human needs that they thought the antiquated religiously based morality could no longer satisfy, understood that hereditary and social influences on character are heavily emphasized, as is the effects one’s repeated actions or evasions will have on one’s own character and hence on one’s future actions. The morality that springs from this view is primarily one of sympathy and compassion. The complexity and obscurity of motives and the mixture of good and evil in personality and deed are constantly displayed by an individual’s behavior, speech, and actions. To know what one ought to do in particular cases, one must rely ultimately on one’s deepest feelings when these are enlightened by sympathy and by knowledge of circumstances and consequences. Wrongdoing is usually traces to stupidity, callousness, or thoughtlessly excessive demands for personal satisfaction, rather than to deliberate malice or personal satisfaction. Vice and crime are shown as eventually bringing retribution, but the reward of virtue is at best the peace that comes with acceptance of one’s lot. #RandolphHarris 1 of 9

 Renunciation and patient selflessness are chief virtue (behavior showing high moral standards). God cannot give until one asks. It is not that He wants to withhold something from us, but that is the plan He has established for the way of redemption. As redemption creates the life of God is us, it also creates the things which belong to that life. The only thing that can possibly satisfy the need is what created the need. This is the meaning of redemption—it creates and it satisfies. I do not like to be alone, as much as I give out. And I do not want to be alone at this moment. I do not think you know much about what I do. I love paintings. I love the soft colors. I love the sailboats and all the agreeable people, people in fancy clothes. There is a sweetness to paintings. I suspect they soothe people’s nerves. At the time, living on a small estate in Rixdorf, near Berlin in Germany, I gathered around myself a circle of free spirits (including my brother) and we frequented Berlin cafes. Five Elephant Coffee & Cake Shop was one of my favorite. Around my brother, I would be decadent and treat myself to a slice of Kasekuchen and an ice latte, so delicious. It would bring back wonderful memories. #RandolphHarris 2 of 9

That twinge of Autumn again in my beloved heart. I closed my eyes. I cleared my mind of all random images. I called out to my father and the dessert reminded me of the myths he told me about a tribe of all beings, tender of bone, ancient, simple, tangled with my fledgling, unknown to the World of records, history and location essential to the sanity of those I love. Guidance. Mistakes I have made with my fledgling, spiraling out of control. Father, give to me your wisdom, your keen hearing, your vision. Where are the tall creatures? I am your loyal subject. More or less. I send my love. Would he answer? I did not know. My father is an intelligent person who does great things for others and settled into a life of benevolence, as it is the only feasible way of achieving lasting good.  Kasekuchen always reminded me of him. He brought one home when I was five, and I did not care much for it as a child for it was not sweet, but I grew to love it, and it reminded me of times we spent together. He taught me that religion, arts, laws, and intellectual activity—is the conscious expression of the total culture, the whole way of life. #RandolphHarris 3 of 9

Special pleading can be pure, and can replace blindness with true conceptions, and can bring about the fundamental change in human consciousness that would really be liberating. History will, by its own logic, bring about the transformation which no deliberate program can institute: what criticism has destroyed in thought today, history will destroy in fact tomorrow. These means can be justified by means of a metaphysic of consciousness, according to which the World is a projection of the ego. Matter is the as yet unclarified aspect of the World; evil social conditions are the product of uncritical and self-alienated principles. Christianity, for example, freed the ego from its thralldom to the material World, but only through an alienation of spirit from matter that had in its turn created a new burden. However, once Christianity’s historical roots are exposed, its self-alienating power is broken; hence the importance of criticism. The same must be done with other forms of human bondage: revolutionary programs which do not reach to the roots of consciousness are futile. #RandolphHarris 4 of 9

Any statement of fact is true or false in virtue of some existing state of affairs in the World. Several current and various reform movements are insufficiently radial. The urban and sports agitation for political rights, for example, should be encouraging students to study and earn good grades so they can improve their futures. Instead of protesting, which could get them in trouble. People would have so much more sympathy and understanding if students around the World, stopped playing sports and video games and formed study groups and prayer groups and their grades improved significantly. The real problem is economic class behavior. Social conditions can be changed by changing people’s minds. These protest are getting people talking, but the disruption that they are causing is deemed to generally be too eccentric to be relevant. In many cases the truth-value of a statement is determined by appealing to the truth-values of certain other statements because most conflict seems destructive given how poorly conflict is typically managed in groups. #RandolphHarris 5 of 9

When conflict spirals out of control it is destructive. Reaction to injustice by interference in the form of verbal abuse, physical abuse, murder, and vandalism may be incompatible with your perceived goals because it is perceived as destructive conflict. Destructive conflict is characterized by domination, escalation, retaliation, competition, defensiveness, and inflexibility. Participants lose sight of their initial goals and focus on hurting their adversary. If a proposition contains expressions standing for complexes, the sense of the proposition will depend upon the truth of other propositions describing these complexes. When you see that you are engaging in petty, even infantile, tactics to win an argument, you are getting less than smart. Becoming physically and verbally aggressive moved the conflict into destructive territory. This does not mean that you can never raise your voice, express frustration, or disagrees with others. Conflict can remain constructive even when discussion becomes somewhat contentious. #RandolphHarris 6 of 9

When conflict becomes more emotional than reasonable, however, when you cannot think straight because you are too consumed by anger, then conflict has become destructive. I understand how people can be frustrated because we are living in an age where some people in positions create conflict for no other means, but to be evil and hurt others, and when you call it to their attention they ignore you, threaten you, or pretend they do not understand what is going on and continue with the hurtful behavior. However, it is your job to rise above this futile behavior. We know that all things work together for good to those who love God. God may cause our circumstances to suddenly fall apart, which may bring the realization of our unfaithfulness to Him for not recognizing that He had ordained the situation. This is where the test of our faithfulness comes. If we just will learn to worship God even during the difficult circumstances, He will change them for the better very quickly if He so chooses. #RandolphHarris7 of 9

The principal focus is on trying to achieve a solution between struggling parties that is mutually satisfactory to everyone. Resolution suggests settling conflict or terminating the struggle, as if ending conflict by any means is always desirable. However, since conflict can be an essential catalyst for growth in a system, resolving conflict is not necessarily desirable. In some instances, increasing conflict may be requires to evoke change. Human rights demonstrators purposely provoke conflict to challenge racism. Women who file sexual harassment lawsuits provoke conflict in order to end an evil. These classes of statements provide an unshakeable, indubitable foundation. However, I believe more in conflict management. Managing conflict implies no end to the struggle. Although some conflict episodes do end with a group and are therefore resolved, conflict overall in a system is a continuous phenomenon varying only in intensity. Management of conflict also implies no judgment on the goodness or badness of struggles in general. Communication is central to conflict in groups. Our communication can signal that conflict exists, it can create conflict, and it can be the means for managing conflict constructively or destructively. #RandolphHarris 8 of 9

Many of the driving forces of modern society—especially its false emphasis on profit, its substitution of exploitation of men and things for right use, and its general adoption of commerce as the central human concern—are in fact hostile to any Christian life in the World. Once you have put someone on notice and made and effort to resolve the situation and let them know several times that they are causing you harm, then that leaves them open to penalties. When we compromise, we lower our expectations and goals. When compromising, we give up something to get something. Compromising is choosing a middle ground. Half a loaf is better than starvation—not in all circumstances, but certainly in some. Christianity can foster many valuable emotions and all actions must be for the glory of God. What we do will have good effect on future generations and we shall be remembered by them with love as there is a sufficient motive to virtue and a sufficient replacement of the belied in personal immortality and personal reward. #RandolphHarris 9 of 9