The smart money don’t go to the suburbs. You and your family will stick out like a sore thumb and the Feds will always know exactly where you are. Corporations are legal entities that have no human brain but do have responsible officials and agents who can intentionally acts as being done by the corporation, although everyone knows that the act is done by human agents acting in the name of the corporation. A corporation can be convicted for actions committed by its agents, so long as the agents were acting within the scope of their actual or apparent authority, and this is so even if it had expressly instructed the agents not to engage in criminal conduct. The study of occupational and corporate crimes has become widely accepted within criminology, but the study of state crime had remained on the periphery of the discipline. Recently, however, a number of scholars have attempted to articulate the mature, form, extent, and varieties of state crime. While the labels differ, working in this area agree that governmental, political, or state crimes are illegal or socially injurious acts committed by political actors is consistent with the classic distinction between occupational and corporate crime, and points to the importance of viewing governmental/state/political crime as a form of organizational crime. The threat to use and use of nuclear weapons, that state’s permission of institutionalized racism and sexism, state suppression of civil, political, and human rights, and genocide are examples of state crime. Such crimes can occur internationally or domestically, can be committed by any number of state or state-related agencies, and may or may not be a violation of codified law. #RandolphHarris 1 of 19

While the study of state crime is still in its infancy, a promising and important development has recently been made. Traditionally, the crimes of the state and the crimes of corporations have been viewed as unique and distinct manifestations of organizational behaviour. Thus, a separate body of research and theorizing developed for each of these phenomena. There are linkages between state and corporate goals, be they proximal or distal, and some forms of organizational deviance result from the interaction between governmental agencies and private business. A revised definition of state-corporate crime expanded the concept to include harmful actions that are not directly manifested through active state involvement: “State-corporate crimes are illegal or socially injurious actions that result from a mutually reenforcing interaction between policies and/or practices in pursuit of goals of one or more institutions of political governance and policies and/or practices in pursuit of the goals of one or more institutions of economic production and distribution. The ValuJet crash is a published case study of state-corporate crime that exists in criminological literature. The present examination of the ValuJet crash, then, can increase understanding of state-corporate crime in two ways: through exposing the varied nature and form of the relationships between the policy and corporations that may lead to injurious outcomes that violate laws, and exploring the usefulness of the core theoretical concepts in the organizational crime literature by applying them to an instance of state-corporate crime. #RandolphHarris 2 of 19

State-corporate crime, is a distinct form of organizational deviance because it involves both vertical and horizontal relationships between business and government, which may have generally been viewed as separate, discrete entities. We have identified two forms of state-corporations, employed by the government, engage in organizational deviance at the direction of, or with the tacit approval of, the government. State-initiated state-corporate crime includes cases such as the space shuttle Challenger explosion and the environmental and human injury caused by nuclear weapons production. In both of these instances, a government agency (NASA  in the Challenger case and the Department of Energy in the nuclear weapons case) actively pursued a shared goal with a private corporation (Morton Thiokol and Rockwell International, respectively). The day-to-day manufacture of various parts for the space shuttle and nuclear weapons rests in the hands of private corporations. Both the state and the contracted corporation must produce a commodity in a timely and efficient way to achieve mutually held organizational goals. The illegal corporate practices (environmental contamination and the manufacture of defective products) that resulted from such contractual relationships were either strongly encouraged or otherwise explicitly supported by a state agency. State-facilitate crime occurs when governmental regulatory institutions businesses and government, or because they adhere to shared goals whose attainment would be hampered by aggressive regulation. #RandolphHarris 3 of 19

Viewing state-corporate crime in this manner sensitizes us to the variety of ways in which the state may encourage organizational deviance, or in some other way act as a criminogenic force. Since state-facilitated crime usually involves acts of omission rather than commission, it is one of the least recognizable forms of state involvement in crime. The utility of the concept, however, is not just in its identification of the broader structural state support of the U.S.A. economy and how this can be organizationally criminogenic. There are a variety of identifiable and specific actions or inactions by governmental agencies that may lead to identifiable social harms. In the case study to follow, we will highlight not only the broader structural policies which contributed to the crash, but also the very specific items marginalized or overlooked by the FAA which can be directly linked to deaths of those ValuJet flight 592. These include ignoring two clear recommendations by the National Transportation Safety Broad (NTSB) to: place some detectors in cargo holds exactly like the area in which the fire started on flight 592, and reclassify D cargo holds so that they would contain a fire and not allow it to spread to the rest of the plane. Had the FAA followed these recommendations, flight 592 could have landed safely and more than a hundred lives would have been saved. Furthermore, officials in the FAA also ignored several damning reports about the low quality and maintenance of ValuJet plans, not only from other agencies such as the U.S. Department of Defense, but also by FAA field inspectors. #RandolphHarris 4 of 19

In the case study to follow it will become clear that the crash of ValuJet flight 592 resulted from the “mutually reinforcing interaction” between private corporations (ValuJet and SabreTech) and a governmental agency (the Federal Aviation Administration). As such, the crash represents an example of state-facilitated state-corporate crime in which the pursuit of profit by corporations along with the failure of state agency to effectively monitor them resulted in the violent deaths of 110 people. The ValuJet corporation, founded by Robert Priddy, a former baggage handler, had overcome many obstacles and quickly developed its own niche in the airline industry. ValuJet grew from 2 to 50 aircraft (including the acquisition of 48 aircraft in 31 months), and within four years had a profit of $6.8 million dollars. Based in Atlanta, Georgia, ValuJet was approaching its fourth year of existence when flight 592 crashed. The early years of ValuJet were characterized by rapid growth and the development of a reputation for providing exceptionally low-priced airfares (as low as $39.00) and staying, in the words of Mr. Priddy “lean and mean.” The lean and mean aspect of ValuJet meant, among other things, a non-unionized labour force, paying pilots about half of the industry average, having pilots pay for their own training, and outsourcing maintenance. Like many late-20^th-century corporations, ValuJet was acquiring planes as fast as they could get their hands on them, most of which were older and in need of repairs. At the time of the crash of flight 592 the average age of ValuJet aircraft was 26.4 years old. Since one of the cost cutting measures employed by ValuJet was contracting out maintenance duties, the older planes they purchased were sent to out-of-house contractions. Indeed, the only maintenance ValuJet did itself was routine inspections, and I was not equipped to do heavy maintenance. In all, ValuJet had contracts with 21 different certified maintenance facilities, including Sabre Tech. #RandolphHarris 5 of 19

One of the maintenance tasks requested of SabreTech by ValuJet was the inspection of oxygen generators on all three planes to determine if they had exceeded their allowable service life of 12 years. One of the planes had generators that were to expire in 1998 or later. However, the other two planes had generators that had already expired or were going to expire shortly. Thus, ValuJet contracted with SabreTech to remove the generations from these planes and replace them. Oxygen generators are cylindrical tubes that provide oxygen in emergency situations, when cabin pressure is lost. The generators, along with the oxygen masks, are mounted behind panels above or adjacent to passenger seats in the plane. The generator cannot be activated until the spring-loaded mechanism strikes a percussion cap containing a small explosive charge at the end of the generator. When struck, this cap provides the necessary energy to create an exothermic chemical reaction, which then cases the generator to expel oxygen and tremendous amounts of heat. When mounted in planes, however, the generators should not cause fires because they are mounted on top of heat shields. The guidelines for removing and disposing of oxygen generators are quite clear. The McDonnell Douglas manual, for instance, explicitly states that “if the generator has not been expended “workers are to “install safety cap over (the) primer” (NTSB, 1997, p.10). Furthermore, this manual states that the generators must be stored in a safe environment (id est, noncombustible surface) where they are not exposed to high temperatures or possible damage until they are expanded. #RandolphHarris 6 of 19

Expenditure of the oxygen generators is done by securing them on a nonflammable surface in an area free of combustible substances. Once the chemical reaction has occurred, and the canister has cooled, it may be disposed of. Of the 144 canisters on the two plane, only six were expended. In March of 1996 SabreTech crews began removing the old oxygen generators from the ValuJet planes and replacing them with new ones. According to the mechanics from SabreTech, almost all the generators that were removed were placed in cardboard boxes and then placed on racks in the hangar near the airplanes themselves. All the work at SabreTech was to have been completed by April 24, 1996, for the first plane, and April 30, 1996, for the second. This time line was established with an agreement between ValuJet and SabreTech, which explicitly stated that ValuJet was to be credited $2,500.00 per calendar day for each day the aircraft was delayed beyond the redelivery date. According to the mechanics at SabreTech, there was considerable pressure to complete work on the aircraft. They reportedly worked 12-hour shifts, 7 days a week to complete the task. The NTSB investigation of the crash of ValuJet flight 592 revealed that the mechanic who signed the work card for ValuJet said that the canisters were placed in the cardboard boxes without packing material between them and without safety caps. He later testified that he assumed that they would not be shipped that way. #RandolphHarris 7 of 19

However, many mechanics asked about acquiring safety caps for the generators. Since this was the first time SabreTech had performed this sort of task, the SabreTech company had no new safety caps from the new generators on the old generators, but their inquiries were not followed up. The supervisor from SabreTech would later claim that no one who had worked with the oxygen generators has asked about safety caps. While ValuJet and other airlines are allowed to outsource maintenance and other critical support functions, they are ultimately responsible for ensuring that any work done for them is done both safely and legally. Federal Aviation Regulations (FARs), under part 121, clearly state that it is the ultimate responsibility of the contracting party to oversee and train any personnel working on responsibility of the contracting party to oversee and train any personnel working on their aircraft. To oversee the tasks and quality of work done by the independent maintenance contractors, ValuJet employed its own technical representatives. Their responsibilities included ensuring the necessary maintenance services provided by contractors like SabreTech had been done satisfactorily and in accordance with FARs. The oxygen generators were eventually packed into five cardboard boxes and brough to SabreTech’s receiving and shipping area for ValuJet. Three of the five boxes were delivered by one of the mechanics who had made earlier inquiries about the lack of safety caps. When asked if he had informed anyone in the receiving and shipping area about the specific contents of these boxes, he said not. #RandolphHarris 8 of 19

Unlike other facilities that do repair maintenance for airlines, SabreTech “had no formal procedure in place that required an individual leaving items in the shipping and receiving area to inform anyone in that area of what the items were, or that they were hazardous” (NTB, 1997, p. 118). To complicate matters, none of the SabreTech mechanics could recall seeing hazardous waste warnings on any of the boxes. After an extensive NTSB investigation, it is still unclear who brought the other two boxes to this area. On May 9 the shipping ticket for the five boxes was prepared by a SabreTech receiving clerk. The receiving clerk was given a piece of paper by the stock clerk and was told to write “Oxygen Canisters—Empty” on the shipping tickets (NTSB, 1997, p.19). When asked later if he knew the contents of the boxes, the receiving clerk said he did not, as the boxes were already sealed. ValuJet’s Atlanta address was then placed on the boxed, and they were brought to the ValuJet loading ramp. The ramp agents for ValuJet loaded the boxes on flight 592 headed for Atlanta, placing them in the forward cargo bin of the plane. None of the boxes were secured, and they were stacked on top of each other and around two spare airplane tires being shipped to Atlanta. One of the ramp agents said the contents of the boxes were “loose” and he heard “clinking” noises when he moved them. The NTSB used recorded radar data, cockpit voice recorder (CVR) comments and sounds, and flight data recorder (FDR) information to reconstruct the flight history of ValuJet flight 592. #RandolphHarris 9 of 19

At 12.03 Flight 592 was cleared for takeoff. By 12.07 the plane was airborne and the pilot was instructed by air traffic controllers to turn left to begin the WINCO transition climb. Within three minutes of takeoff there was an unidentified sound that was recorded on the CVR, and the captain asked “what was that?” (NTB, 1997, p.170). A few seconds later the captain remarked that they were experiencing some electrical problem. Five second later he said “we are losing everything,” and within seconds he stated “we need, we need to go back to Miami” (NTSB, 1997, p. 171). Shortly after, a male voice is heard on the CVR stating “we are on fire, we’re on fire” (NTSB, 1997, p. 171). The plane crashed within 10 minutes of takeoff, about 17 miles northwest of Maimi International Airport (NTSB, 1997). The captain had tuned the plane around but flames had engulfed the plane, causing it to crash nose down into the Florida Everglades. Subsequent tests with oxygen generators indicated that the heat generated by the fire was approximately 2000 degrees Fahrenheit within 10 to 15 minutes of ignition (NTSB, 1997). While ValuJet had a responsibility to oversee and regulate SabreTech’s maintenance of its aircraft, the FAA had the ultimate responsibility of overseeing both ValuJet and SabreTech. However, we suggest that neither the FAA nor ValuJet fulfilled their responsibilities. ValuJet, for example, had outsourced its maintenance to the lowest possible bidder without ensuring that both ValuJet and SabreTech were following Federal Aviation Requirements. #RandolphHarris 10 of 19

To understand why the FAA did not adequately enforce federal regulations that may have prevented this accident, we suggest that their contradictory roles as regulators of airline safety and promoters of the airline industry lie at the core of the problem. The reason why the FAA has such contradictory duties are rooted in its organizational development. However, the organizational development of the FAA is, we will, argue best understood within the broader historical context of laissez-faire economic philosophies. For now, let us turn to an extreme conceptual situation that is the true realm of Lawlessness and Economics, namely an economy lacking any government-provided legal institutions or organizations for protection of property rights and enforcement of contract. Such a society needs to develop its own alternative modes of economic governance. Two general types of such institutions and organizations are observed. They are parallel to the long-term relationships and arbitration, and the private ordering must operate unsheltered, without the shadow of the law. The alternative that has been studied most thoroughly is self-enforcing governance through repeated interaction. If the same parties interact with each other repeatedly, and they value the future sufficiently highly relative to the present, then the prospect of a long-term collapse of the relationship can control the temptation to obtain a short-term gain. This is well understood, both in the theory of repeated games and in practice. However, many economic activities require dealing with different partners at different times. #RandolphHarris 11 of 19

Even bilateral relationships may get severed, requiring one or both parties to find a different partner in the future. Therefore we must consider situations where there is little long-term relationship with the same person, but stable membership of a whole large group. Self-governance in such a group requires that if any one person cheats one’s current partner, the news is conveyed to others in the group who might be the cheater’s future partners. This loss of reputation can lead to ostracization, or other actions by the partners. This loss of reputation can lead to ostracization, or other actions by the group that have the effect of punishing the cheater on behalf of his current victim. In turn, such reputational considerations can deter opportunistic behavior. For this process to work, the society needs good information networks and credible multilateral punishment strategies. Both of these conditions can be fulfilled in stable and cohesive groups or networks, which might be defined by business times, ethnicity, and so on. However, the quality of information and the credibility of punishment both degrade as the size of such a group increases. We need a better understanding of the limits of self-governance. What happens if trading opportunities expand beyond the close group? When does some other mode of governance become better? What happens at the interface between the two systems? #RandolphHarris 12 of 19

Instead of relying on self-governance, the group might attempt to obtain the service for a fee from a private individual or group. One can think of this as a “private government,” established to serve just this one function, as opposed to the broader institution we call the government, which performs a multitude of functions. Credit-rating agencies and similar certification intermediaries can collect and disseminate common arrangement of this kind. In the absence of state law, it cannot rely on the courts’ forbearance to ensure compliance with its verdicts. However, arbitration can use repeated interactions in the group. Thus, if nay member of the group defies the arbitrator’s ruling, the arbitrator can publicize this information to the whole group, and then the group will not deal with the miscreant. In effect, the arbitrator becomes the hub of an information network. The private judges at trade fairs in medieval Europe functioned in this way. Finally, organized crime provides services of information as well as enforcement. In a society without state law, there is no external mechanism to ensure honesty of the arbitrator, the private judge, or the mafioso. That has to be self-enforcing, based on reputation considerations in a long-term relationship. Even though the participants in the economic transactions may not meet the same partner repeatedly, each of them can have a repeated interaction with the persons or organization that provides the governance, so an honest equilibrium of this kind is logically conceivable. Thus far I have concerned with the governance of economic interactions, that is, explicit or implicit contracts between two or more parties, made with mutual consent. #RandolphHarris 13 of 19

The way we make wealth has some different considerations. In 1956, the Society Union’s strongman, Nikita Khrushchev, uttered his famous boast—“We will bury you.” What he meant was that communism would outstrip capitalism economically in the years ahead. The boast carried with it as well the threat of military defeat, and it reverberated around the World. Yet few at the time even dimly suspected just how a revolution in the West’s system for creating wealth would transform the World military balance—and the nature of warfare itself. What Mr. Khrushchev (and most Americans) did not know was that 1956 was also the first year in which white-collar and service employees outnumbered blue- collar factory workers in the United States of America—an early indication that the Second Wave’s smokestack economy was fading and a new, Third Wave economy was being born. To understand the extraordinary changes that have since occurred and to anticipate the even more dramatic changes that lie ahead, we need to look at the main features of the new Third Wave economy. Here, then, at the risk of minor repetition, are the keys not only to business profitability and global competitiveness but to the political economy of the twenty-first century. The West makes its demands: Switch to demand-led domestic growth! Save more and buy American made! Demand-boosting macroeconomic policy of consumerism increases the asset bubble risk. If the risk is not carefully managed, a consecutive bubble burst may bring an economic, social, and political disaster. As far as some economists are concerned, we are living in the Goldilocks years. #RandolphHarris 14 of 19

The safest way for American leadership is not to stimulate private consumption and domestic demand in general, but to cool them down through a tighter monetary policy, again relying on exports as the major growth driver. High savings also remain a very important factor of America’s economic strength, and also of social stability. On the one hand, they strengthen American families’ confidence in their future. On the other, they support large-scale investment and steady production growth needed to create jobs. Through investment is somewhat restrained by a deflationary macroeconomic policy, it is still growing fast, as exports are robust. It is possible that economists are wrong and the West will not fall into a recession soon because of government stimulation of private consumers and corporations. Some fear this could lead to a market collapse in the next 24 months as people are priced out of the market for housing and other goods and services, to the point they stop spending, and are left only to pay their bills. This is why it is so important to consume made in American goods and switch to exporting products, rather than importing. This growth pattern would boost our foreign reserves, enhancing Washington’s role as a major creditor. For the American political establishment, by becoming a creditor nation again would be good news. This would allow capitalism to thrive and make it easier for America to persuade the counterparts to accept America’s rules of the game, not only on economic issues. #RandolphHarris 15 of 19

This is a really big political game. For the country’s rulers it is far more important than giving American families a chance to live better with a stronger dollars and wider access to American made products. Intimately related to the hereditarian conception of familism which has been steadily weakened in past decades is the much less rapidly crumbling restriction of caste inferiority which is imposed upon large sections of the population. Both brands of hereditarianism are based upon the population. Both brands of hereditarianism are based upon a normative, hierarchical conception of the family and society, which has similarity to feudal notions where each person was supposed to be content in the place to which one had been born. Certain family agencies have clearly recognized this connection. Unions, for example, concerned with discrimination in employment of women and ethnic minorities, treat both as facets of the same problem. Some interesting questions for research in this area are suggested by the pregnant hypothesis of Horkheimer and Fromm that the pattern of authority in the family is extended to society at large and vice versa. Some latter-day Freudians of conservative persuasion, on the other hand, find psychological reasons for discouraging women from taking up what are perceived as men’s occupations. A less psychological and more historical approach to equality of opportunity might start with an account of how America was primarily settled by religious dissenters, who eventually were able to establish as official policy the separation of church and states, and a private attitude of live-and-let-live among the multitudinous dissenting groups. #RandolphHarris 16 of 19

The later waves of immigration from Europe had much the same effect as sectarianism, for they perpetuated a multiplicity of subcultures and subcommunities within the larger whole. While both religious and ethic differentiation continue, though in diminished degree, there has been a steady increase in the differentiation of subcultures based upon occupational stratification and on similarities of interest—recreational, educational, avocational, and political. Due to the pioneer necessity of co-operative self-help, voluntary associations of all kinds have always been a conspicuous feature of American life, but vastly improved communications have made the formation of such groups much easier and increased leisure has made more people eager to join them. The decline of sectarianism and the success of “Americanization” thus have not diminished the heterogeneity of American communities. Contrary to those who profess to see, especially in occupational differentiation, a trend toward hierarchical strata, a persuasive case can be made for the thesis that American society is more unified and equalitarian than ever. For the American theory and practice of equality has never set a dead-level homogeneity as an ideal, but rather mutual respect for qualitative differences which constitute neither superiority nor inferiority. No doubt a hierarchy can be observed among those who share a particular value; moreover, some values such as wealth, education, and prestige are often gathered in families longest in a community. #RandolphHarris 17 of 19

Nevertheless, the vital point is that in their pursuit of happiness the American people are committed to no single, central, supreme value. They pursue a multitude of values, which they have in most cases found to be distinctly separable, not to say often inconsistent or contradictory, even at times for a single personality. Equality in the American sense is not a leveling with respect to some fixed category or value; on the contrary, concentration of values into some preferred hierarchy leads almost inevitably so some repressive or even totalitarian scheme of social structure. The best guarantee of equality is a multiplicity of ends pursued, and freedom to elaborate and actualize news ones. Multiple ends lead to multiple forms of organization, multiple organizations means no one organization can expect to gain a permanent majority. The crisscrossing of memberships in these many groups creates bonds of identification not possible in a society where activities cutting across strata and subcultures are discouraged if not forbidden. Psychopathological offenders may push a person to painful public confessions of wrongdoing, which one hopes will result in one’s regaining an “experience” apparently lost; but all in vain. These confessions instigated by deceiving offenders may be recognized by their compulsory character. The human is forced  to “confess” conduct disorder—and ofttimes conduct disorder which have no existence, expect in the accusations of the enemy. As it does not dawn upon one that psychopathological offenders will drive a human to do what looks like a most meritorious thing, and which the Scriptures declare is the one condition for obtaining forgiveness, one yields to the pressure upon one, simply to get relief. #RandolphHarris 18 of 19

Herein lies the danger of widespread “confessions of conduct disorder” during times of revival, when a veritable “wave” of confession passes over a community, and the depths of lives full of conduct disordered are exposed to the gaze of others. This enables the psychopathological offenders to disseminate the very position of the pit into the atmosphere, and into the minds of the listeners. “God” is the name for man’s ultimate concern. However, this is not to say that there is first a supreme being who then obliges man to render the homage of ultimate concern. It means that whatever concerns a man ultimately becomes god for him, and conversely, it means that man can be concerned ultimately only about that which is god for him. Within ultimate concern there is a constant tension between fixation upon the concrete and the drive toward an ultimacy which tends to be universal and hence abstract. This tension between the concrete and abstract elements accounts for the fact that the idea of God has a history, a history that ranges from every type of polytheism to the most stringent type of monotheism. We place great stress upon an experienced phenomenology of the holy, for without an encounter with God in the center and the ground of our personal existence, God is an empty word. God is the creative ground of everything and in everything, who is always present, always creating and destroying, always experienced as nearer to ourselves than we ourselves are, always unapproachable, holy, fascinating, terrifying, the ground and meaning of everything that is. This is the living God, dynamic in Himself, life as the ground of life. The mysterium tremendum et fasinosum. #RandolphHarris 19 of 19

Cresleigh Homes

Once upon a time, 📖 a family moved into #CresleighMeadows at #PlumasRanch. They choose Residence 2 – a spacious single story with 2,372 of luxurious living. ✨

Needless to say…they lived happily ever after. 😍 https://cresleigh.com/cresleigh-meadows-at-plumas-ranch/quick-move-homesite-78/

#CresleighHomes

Each society is structuralized and operates in certain ways which are necessitated by a number of objective conditions. These conditions include methods of production and distribution which in turn depend on raw materials, industrial techniques, climate, size of population, and political and geographical factors, cultural traditions and influences to which society is exposed. There is no “society” in general, but only specific social structures which operate in different and ascertainable ways. Although these social structures do change in the course of historical development, they are relatively fixed at any given historical period, and society can exist only by operating within the framework of its particular structure. The members of the society and/or the various classes or status groups within it have to behave in such a way as to be able to function in the sense required by the social system. It is the function of the social character to shape the energies of the members of society in such a ways that their behavior is not a matter of conscious decision as to whether or not to follow the social pattern, but one of wanting  to act as they have to act and at the same time finding gratification in acting according to the requirements of the culture. In other words, it is the social character’s function to mold and channel human energy within a given society for the purpose of the continued functioning of this society. Because of massive changes in society cannot occur without conflict, we believe the metaphor of history as “waves” of change is more dynamic and revealing than talk about a transition to “post-modernism.” #RandolphHarris 1 of 18

Waves are dynamic. When waves crash in on one another, powerful crosscurrent are unleashed. When waves of history collide, whole civilizations clash. And that sheds light on much that otherwise seems senseless or random in today’s World. The wave theory of conflict tells us that the main conflict we face is not between Island and the West or “the rest against the West.” Nor is America in decline. Nor are we facing the “end of history.” The deepest economic and strategic change of all is the coming division of the World into three distinct, differing, and potentially clashing civilizations that cannot be mapped using the conventional definitions. First Wave civilization was and still in inescapably attached to the land. Whatever local form it takes, whatever language its people speak, whatever its religion or belief system, it is a product of the agricultural revolution. Even today, multitudes live and die scrabbling at the unyielding soil as their ancestors did centuries ago. Second Wave civilization’s origins are in dispute. However, life did not fundamentally change for large numbers of people until, roughly speaking, three hundred and twenty years ago. That was when Newtonian science first arose. It is when the steam engine was first put to economic use and the first factories began to proliferate in Britain, France, and Italy. The less affluent began moving into cities. Daring new ideas began to circulate: the idea of progress, the odd doctrine of individual rights, the Rousseauian notion of a social contract, secularism, the separation of church and state, and the novel idea that leaders should be chosen by popular will, not divine right. #RandolphHarris 2 of 18

Driving many of these changes was a new way of creating wealth—factory production. And before long many different elements came together to form a system: mass production, mass consumption, mass education, mass media all linked together and served by specialized institutions—schools, corporations, and political parties. Even family structure changed from the large, agrarian-stye household in which several generations lived together to the small, stripped-down nuclear family typical of industrial societies. However, as of 2015, we are starting to see suburban houses growing larger in square footage, many people working in their private electronic cottage, and even large houses which encompass an apartment for elderly parents or adult children. These houses also have more than one master bedroom, sometimes as many as three. These are known as multi-generational homes. Cresleigh Homes and Millhaven Homes have many great floor plans to choose from. Nonetheless, to the people actually experiencing these many changes, life must have seemed chaotic. Yet the changes were, in fact, all closely interrelated. They were merely steps toward the full development of what we came to call modernity—mass-industrial society, the civilization of the Second Wave. That term, “civilization,” may sound pretentious, especially to many American ears, but no other term is sufficiently all-embracing to include such varied matters as technology, family life, religion, culture, politics, business, hierarchy, leadership, values, sexual morality and epistemology. #RandolphHarris 3 of 18

Swift and radical changes are occurring in every one of these dimensions of society. Change so many social, technological and cultural elements at once and you create not just a transition but a transformation, not just a new society but the beginnings, at least, of a totally new civilization. This new civilization entered history with a roar in Western Europe, fiercely resisted at every step. IN every industrializing country bitter, often bloody battles broke out between Second Wave industrial and commercial groups and First Wave landowners in alliance very often with the church (itself a great landowner). Masses of peasants were forced off the land to provide workers for the new “satanic mills” and factories that multiplied over the landscape. Strikes and rebellions, civil insurrections, border disputes and nationalist uprisings erupted as the war between First and Second Wave interest became the master conflict—the central tensions from which other conflicts derived. This pattern was repeated in almost every industrializing country. In the United Stares of America is required a terrible Civil War for the industrial-commercial interest of the North to vanquish the agrarian elites of the South. Only a few years later, the Meiji Revolution broke out in Japan, and once more Second Wave modernizers triumphed over the First Wave traditionalists. The Spread of Second Wave civilization, with its strange new way of making wealth, destabilized relationships between countries as well, creating power vacuums and power shifts. #RandolphHarris 4 of 18

Industrial civilization, the product of the great Second Wave of change, took root most rapidly on the northern shores of the great Atlantic Basin. As the Atlantic powers industrialized, they needed markets and affordable raw materials from distant regions. The advanced Second Wave powers thus wages wars of colonial conquest and came to dominate the remaining First Wave states and tribal units all over Asian and Africa. It was the master conflict again—Second Wave industrial powers versus First Wave agrarian powers—but this time on a global rather than domestic scale, and it was this struggle that basically determined the shape of the World until recent times. It set the frame within which most wars took place. Tribal and territorial wars between different primitive an agricultural groups continued as they had throughout previous millennia. However, these were of limited importance and often merely weakened both sides, making them easy prey for the colonizing force of industrial civilization. This happened, for example, in southern Africa, as Cecile Rhodes and his armed agents seized vast territories from tribal and agrarian groups busy fighting one another with primitive weapons. Elsewhere, too, many seemingly unconnected wars around the World were, in fact, expressions of the main global conflict not between competing states but competing civilizations. Yet the very biggest and most murderous wars during the industrial age were intra-industrial—wars that pitted Second Wave nations like Germany and Britain against one another, as each one struggled for global dominance while keeping the World’s First Wave populations in their subordinate place. #RandolphHarris 5 of 18

The ultimate result was a clear division. The industrial era bisected the World into a dominant and dominating Second Wave civilization and scores of sullen but subordinate First Wave colonies. Many of us grew up in this World divided between First and Second Wave civilizations. And it was perfectly clear which one held power. Today, the lineup of World civilizations is different. We are speeding toward a totally different structure of power that will not create a World cut in two but sharply divided into three contrasting and competing civilizations—the first still symbolized by the hoe, the second by the assembly line, and the third by the computer. In this trisected World the First Wave sector supplies agricultural and mineral resources, the Second Wave sector provides affordable labor and does the mass production, and a rapidly expanding Third Wave sector rises to dominance based on the new ways in which it creates and exploits knowledge. Third Wave nations sell information and innovation, management, culture and pop culture, advanced technology, software, education, training, medical care and financial and other services to the World. One of those services might well also turn out to be military protection based on its command of superior Third Wave forces. (That is, in effect, what the high-tech nations provided for Kuwait and Saudi Arabia in the Gulf War.) America’s impressive economic performance resulted first and foremost from its structural and macroeconomic strengths. The role of domestic demand was particularly important. A dramatic plunge of exports was largely offset by an increase in investment and dynamism of private consumption. #RandolphHarris 6 of 18

Decoupling raised expectations about the global economy rebalancing in the post-downturn period. The global economy rebalancing idea, advocated by President Trump is based on the presumption that Americans and Europeans should increase their savings, exports, and working population. This will help to reduce the nation deficit, increase America wages. The America government is urged to encourage the purchase of American products by offering tax credits and/or rebates on the purchase of all American vehicles, regardless of if they are new or use. Reduce the taxes on farmland and subsidize their crops to make America meat, produce, dairy and poultry more affordable to Americans, which will also increase the demands for exports. It is better to stimulate the market through the reduction of taxes, which will make American products more appealing, but will also keep Americans employed, which will reduce their use of transport payments. When people are working and earning a living, it improves their physical and mental health, in boosts their self-esteem, it increases tax revenue and keep people out of trouble with the law. They are also better able to educate their children so they become productive members of this community. Work also keeps many people from abusing drugs and alcohol because they do not have time for substance abuse with the increased responsibilities. By making America more of a close economy, through tax rebates and decreased taxes, we will reduce our dependence on other countries and reduce of federal deficit. #RandolphHarris 7 of 18

Chastity is sexual purity. Those who are chaste are morally clean in their thoughts, words, and actions. Chastity means not having any sexual relations before marriage. It also means complete fidelity to husband or wife during marriage. Sometimes people try to convince themselves that relations outside of marriage are acceptable if the participants love one another. This is not true. Breaking the law of chastity and encouraging someone else to do so is not an expression of love. People who love each other will never endanger one another’s happiness and safety in exchange for temporary personal pleasure. Sexual immortality is the selling off of sexual purity and involves any type of sexual expression outside the boundaries of a biblically defined marriage relationship. In all but one of the respondents’ narratives, and regardless of their specific prostitution-related experiences, was an identification of prostitutes-as-victims. Drawing on discourses of “victimhood” whereby victims are seen as being “blameless” and “not responsible” for the fate that befalls them, these twenty interviewees talked about themselves as individuals who were unable to control the events of their lives and who were controlled by others that hurt, mistreated or injured them. Most of the women discussed how past events (especially sexual and/or physical abuse) had “turned” them into prostitutes because, as a result of such events, all they knew “was how to be used and abused.” Witness Margie: “I didn’t have a clue then. All I knew was how to be raped, and how to be attacked and how to be beaten up and that’s all I knew. By the time he put me on the game I was already a victim, I was just a born victim. (Margie, age 37.) #RandolphHarris 8 of 18

Their identification as victim was also seen in the way that the women recounted the injurious actions of others (usually their pimps) as displacing any agency they may have had. Barbara’s comments exemplify this: “I did as I was told. You have to, otherwise you’re dead. When they’ve got a gun pointed to your head, you do as you’re told.” In contrast, in eighteen women’s accounts there was also an identification of prostitutes-as-survivors in which the women talked about themselves as successfully surviving and negotiating the risks they encountered, as battling for control over their own money (in relation to pimps) and their own physical well-being (in relation to johns). All but two of these eighteen women described themselves as “lucky” and such talk suggests their survivor-identity. Witness Georgie’s characterization of herself when she was being pimped by her last boyfriend: “I guess I was one of the lucky ones, I had clothes. I could pay my rent. I wasn’t as bad off as some. I suppose I was lucky and because of that I’ve survived.” Interestingly, it was in their talk of luckiness and being survivors that the paradoxical nature of prostitution becomes especially clear. “I get treated a lot better than most, as luck would have it. I keep some of my money, but only for the fact that he knows I’ve been to prison cuz I killed someone. He knows what I’m capable of. And he knows I’ll always make sure I survive. (Katrina, aged 21.) “There’s two sorts of prostitutes. There’s the ones that are out there for themselves, and there’s the ones that are working for their guy. #RandolphHarris 9 of 18

“I’ll give anyone credit for standing out on the streets, doing it for themselves, taking their money home. But I can’t understand anyone that can stand out there and, then, give it all to some man. [But you were in that situation for over two years.] Yea. But at least I got out of it. I survived. In the end, I’m one of the lucky ones. I’m strong.” (Lois, aged 21.) Both of these women (Lois and Katrina) were strident in presenting their engagement in prostitution as a trap threatening their physical, material and social survival. They both talked about being forced to prostitute through fear of death, about being pimped by men who were sadistic and brutal, who had battered and raped them. And yet, here, both women identified as being survivors. When people care for one another enough to keep the law of chastity, their love, trust, and commitment increase, resulting in greater happiness and unity. In contrast, relationships built sexual immorality sour quickly. Those who engage in sexual immorality often feel fear, guilt, and shame. Bitterness, jealousy, and hatred soon replace any positive feelings that once existed in their relationship. Our Heavenly Father has given us the law of chastity for our protection. Obedience to this law is essential to personal peace and strength of character and to happiness in the home. Those who keep themselves sexually pure will avoid the spiritual and emotional damage that always come from sharing physical intimacies with someone outside the marriage. #RandolphHarris 10 of 18

Those who keep themselves sexually pure will be sensitive to the Holy Ghost’s guidance, strength, comfort, and protection and will fulfill an important requirement for receiving a temple recommend and participating in temple ordinances. In seeking to deceive the self-actualized, the first great effort of psychopathological offenders is directed toward getting one to accept their suggestions and workings as being the speaking, working, or leading of God. Their initial device is to counterfeit a “Divine Pressence,” under cover of which they can mislead their victim as they wish. Remember, the word “counterfeit” means THE SUBSTITUTION OF THE FALSE FOR THE TRUE. The condition on the part of the believer which gives the deceiving spirits their opportunity is sometimes a mistaken belief regarding the location of God. God is present either in them (consciously), or around them (consciously). When they pray they think of and pray to God in themselves, or else to God around them—in the room or atmosphere. They use their imagination, and try to “realize” His presence, and they desire to “feel” His presence in them or upon them. This locating of God in or around the believer usually comes about at the time of some special crisis in one’s life, before which one lived more by the acceptance of facts declared in the Scriptures, as understood by one’s intelligence. However, then one becomes more “conscious” of the presence of God by the Spirit and in the Spirit, and so begins to locate the Person of God as in, around, or upon one. So one turns inward, and begins to pray to God as within one—which in time may even result in prayer to psychopathological offenders. #RandolphHarris 11 of 18

The logical sequence of prayer to God as located within can be pressed to absurdity, id est, if a person can pray to God residing in oneself, why not pray to God in another, elsewhere? The possible dangers arising from this misconception of truth—the subjectivizing of God as a Person within—are obvious. Some self-actualized live so inwardly in communion, worship and vision as to become spiritually introverted, and cramped and narrow in their outlook; with the result that their spiritual capacity and mental powers become dwarfed and powerless. Others become victims to the “inner voice” and the introverted attitude of listening to it—which is the ultimate result of the location of God as a Person within—so that eventually the mind becomes fixed in the introverted condition with no out-going action at all. In fact, all turning inwards to a subjective location of God as indwelling, speaking, communing and guiding—in a materialistic or conscious sense—is open to the gravest danger; for upon this thought and belief, sedulously cultivated by the powers of psychopathological offenders, the most serious deceptions of deceiving offenders have taken place. Philosophers have labored for thousands of years to discover and organize ontological concepts and have assigned them a variety of names: principles, categories, ultimate notions, elements, structures, and so on. #RandolphHarris 12 of 18

Ontological concepts are a priori in the strict sense of the word. They determine the nature of experience. They are present whenever something is experienced. This is not to say that they are known prior to experience nor that they constitute an immutable framework. However, if an experience is had, it presupposes a structure. The experience changes only because its a priori structure changes. Consequently, as long as there is experience in any definite sense of the word, there is a structure of experience which can be recognized within the process of experiencing and which can be elaborated critically. We are dealing with the experience of being and nonbeing. Because these are such ultimate notions, we cannot spell out the ontological concepts with “definitional” precision, but only by “configurational” consistency, id est, by describing their stable configuration in a variety of contexts. Not only is the strict definition of ontological concepts impossible, but also their strict verification. There is certainly not an experimental way, but there is an experiential way. The only answer, but sufficient answer, which can be given to the question of ontological verification is the appeal to intelligent recognition. To help with the evolution of family agencies in general, the first problem was treated by extending a helping private or public hand to the few with the lowest income or the most extreme misfortune. This called for charity by philanthropic individuals and associations, or assistance through government relief offices. #RandolphHarris 13 of 18

At the second stage, there are privately organized bodies such as the National Foundation for Infantile Paralysis and special clinics maintained by subscription for such purposes as cancer detection. On the public side there are organized preventive agencies such as the health departments, and state institutions like mental and tuberculosis hospitals, such as the one Sarah L. Winchester established in New Haven, Connecticut in memory of her beloved husband, William Wirt Winchester. The third stage has only arrived for scattered segments of the population, and only partially for most of these, despite the vast interest of the America public in health as a value, an interest which is reflected in advertising and every other medium. Most notable of the private agencies at this stage are the voluntary group insurance plans fostered by the various state medical and hospital societies (Blue Shield and Blue Cross), whose combined coverage is now said to be above fifty million persons. There are a multitude of other risk-sharing agencies, which are sponsored by companies, unions, fraternal organizations, and, of course, private insurance companies. On the public side, the only agencies which could be called co-operative are Workmen’s Compensation bureaus at the state level, and Veterans Administration provisions at the national level. And even in these, the recipients’ participation in policy-making is slight and only possible through the awkward medium of labor and veterans’ pressure groups. It is impossible to anticipate what effect a continued rise and wide distribution of real per capita incomes will have upon the adoption of such a scheme. #RandolphHarris 14 of 18

Schemes of this kind raise a real problem as to how desirable it is to shift the economic responsibility for proper medical care further away from the family. Perhaps families can be adequately equipped to discharge this function through lesser expedients than national health insurance, which was the part of the Ewing program which aroused most opposition. In any case, both advocates of a federal program such as the Committee for the Nation’s Health, and opponents of it such as the American Medical Association, seem to agree that the problem in financing adequate medical care is limited financial resources of middle-income families. Well-to-do families have adequate resources to meet all their medical costs; dependent families, though suffering a higher incidence of sickness, receive considerable, if as yet inadequate, care through the various private and public relief agencies. Yet between these two segments of the population there is a large group who fall far short of the level of medical care they could receive through a comprehensive program. The grounds of judgment as to appropriate action here are patently debatable, as also are the latest proposals for the reinsurance of companies offering private plans for entire families. Whatever decisions emerge, Americans can well take pride in the vigor and rational nature of the present discission of national policy. Whether the ultimate decision is for a private or a public plan, it seems that meanwhile the stage of concerted action is spreading rapidly and embracing more than a mere segment of the population. #RandolphHarris 15 of 18

A number of medical agencies, while maintaining a vigorous interest in their therapeutic and preventive functions, have moved beyond these stages to a concern for planning for more general values of maximum physical and mental health. This is most conspicuous in the field of medical research, where one can indeed speak of positive programs and of genuine, even spectacular progress. Medical research has moved long beyond the etiology of disease to fundamental theoretical research in a great array of fields such as physiology, biochemistry, bacteriology, and the like. Medical research is now in a position to give authoritative guidance on the hygienic conditions optimal for the physical competence of the nation’s family members. The bulk of such research is now conducted by salaried investigators in public institutions, or through tax-exempt foundations and nonprofit corporations such as universities, within which the commercial incentive, as distinguished from the professional incentive, is subordinate if not absent. A parallel development in the commercial field is the excellent research done under the sponsorship of certain pharmaceutical houses. The interpenetration of medical problems, like social problems, as well as the cost, makes researcher turn for support to the whole community. In the United States of America Public Health Service, appropriations for research divisions are now a substantial part of the appropriations for the disease control divisions. Another field of positive planning is the health programs of the schools. #RandolphHarris 16 of 18

Where these are most fully developed, they include periodically physical examinations and recommendations to parents, instruction in hygiene and sex, physical training, and planed school lunches. While these programs ostensibly only cover school children, much of what the children learn is passed on to their parents. The controversial problems that arise in the school health programs such as diet, sex instruction, or immunization again bring up the issue of the extent to which the school claim functions previously or potentially the responsibility of the family. Most of this controversy is conducted in terms of moral and religious beliefs, without much thought for the allocation of resources between school and family which would result in the development of each child’s maximum competence. A third promising trend is in pediatrics, where there is a movement toward child development in the positive sense, as exemplified in such growing institutions as well-baby clinics. Well-baby clinics are gradually perfecting measures of child development and procedures for training parents in matter-of-fact and reliable methods for fostering optimal development, but they still have far to go. Obstetric programs also are giving increasing pre-parental instruction to mothers and fathers, on both delivery and infant care. #RandolphHarris 17 of 18

As such schemes evolve, they will seem less like medical agencies and more like schools. “Social hygiene” has come to mean “training for personal and family living.” Planned parenthood clinics are turning toward the correction of infertility in the sedentary classes, to nonmedical counseling, and to preparing young couples for marriage in other respects. Public health nursing and health education have become distinct professions. Apart from the gains being made through biological research, programs to advance the health and physical competence of the people in the positive sense will in the future be conducted as much through economic, social service, counseling, educational, and recreational agencies, as directly through the medical agencies, as directly through the medical agencies themselves. And the medical professions, as they intensify their concern with prevention of ill health and with public health generally, are not only finding themselves linked with other professions, but with their clients. Their clients as fellow-citizens become partners in organizing the conditions for the growth of competence. The prognosis of the decay and barbarism into which the twenty-first century is sinking into made by the people of the most varied philosophical and political views. The number of self-employed entrepreneurs has deceased considerably, and many corporate businesses are failing. However, capitalism appears as the system which corresponds perfectly to human nature, and places it beyond the reach of criticism. #RandolphHarris 18 of 18

MAGNOLIA STATION AT CRESLEIGH RANCH

Rancho Cordova, CA | low $600s

Now Selling!

A Cresleigh Home will speak to you and tell you to breathe calm, be strong, even when your swimming out so deep you can’t breathe because this is exactly where you belong. You will feel like you are right for the first.

Models now open at Magnolia Station! Located at the corner of Rancho Cordova Parkway and Douglas Road, residents of Cresleigh Ranch will benefit from a brand new neighborhood with convenient access to the new Raley’s Shopping Center, Sunrise Boulevard, and much more!

Every time a Cresleigh Home takes you in, you will feel your heart skip a beat again, as you find yourself drowning in a sea of love.

#CresleighHomes