The scientist of science-fiction and horror films, whose experimentation leads to disastrously unforeseen consequences, is a more anxious representation of the awareness that the most future-oriented nation in the World shows a deep incapacity to plan ahead. We are, as a people, perturbed by our inability to anticipate the consequences of our acts, but we still wait optimistically for some magic telegram, informing us that the tangled skein of misery and self-deception into which we have women ourselves has vanished in the night. Within the walls of a social establishment, formal rules about important status line in industry can be drawn at the point where employees can be explicitly enjoined to “get to work.” (An extreme is seen, apparently, in some Alabama work camps, where “indifference to work” may be punished by the lash or by “cutting up.”) It is well known that “make-work” occurs in these circumstances; namely, an outward show of task activity, an affection of occasioned main involvement performed at an affectation of occasioned main involvement performed at moments of inspection. This activity can be purely situational since it often accomplishes nothing but show. The problem of maintaining an appropriate main involvement has special bearing on street behavior. The act of purposefully going about one’s business, of looking “…as though [one] is coming from some place or going to some place,” involves a dominating objective that leaves the actual focus of attention free for other things; one’s destination, and therefore one’s dominant involvement, lie outside the situation. #RandolphHarris 1 of 24

Where the subordinate main involvements that can result become intense, as in a heated quarrel or a warm caress, the individual may be seen by others as delinquent in the regard that he owns the gathering at large. In addition to giving the impression of having been diverted from what ought to be the business in mind, individuals may give the impression of having no business at al to get to. Being present in a public place without an orientation to apparent goals outside the situation is sometimes called lolling, when position is fixed, and loitering, when some movement is entailed. Either can be deemed sufficiently improper to merit legal action. On many of our city streets, especially at certain hours, the police will question anyone who appear to be doing nothing and ask him to “move alone.” (In London, a recent court ruling established that an individual has a right to walk on the street but no legal right merely to stand on it.) In Chicago, an individual in the uniform of a less affluent person can loll on “the stem,” but once off this preserve he is required to look as if he were intent on getting to some business destination. Similarly, some mental patients owe their commitment to the fact that the police found them wandering on the streets at off hours without any apparent destination or purpose in mind. An illustration of these street regulations is found in Samuel Beckett’s description of the plight of his fictional disabled hero, Molloy, who tries to manage his bicycle, his crutches, and this tiredness all at the same time. #RandolphHarris 2 of 24

“Thus we cleared these difficult straits, my bicycle and I, together. However, a little further on I heard myself hailed. I raised my head and saw a policeman. Elliptically speaking, for it was only later, by way of induction, or deduction, I forget which, that I knew what it was. What are you doing there? he said? I’m used to that question, I understood it immediately. Resting, I said. Resting, he said. Resting, I said. Will you answer my question? he cried. So it always is when I am reduced to confabulation, I honestly believe I have answered the question I am asked and in reality I do nothing of the kind. I will not reconstruct the conversation in all its meanderings. It ended in my understanding that my way of resting, my attitude when at rest, aside my bicycle, my arms on the handle bars, my head on my arms, was a violation of I do not know what, public order, public decency.” [Molloy is then taken to jail, question, and released.] What is certain is this, that I never rested in that way again, my feet obscenely resting on the Earth, my arms on the handlebars, and on my arms my heard, rocking and abandoned. It is indeed a deplorable sight, a deplorable example, for the people, who so need to be encouraged, in their bitter toil, and to have before their eyes manifestations of strength only, of courage and of joy, without which they might collapse, at the end of the day, and roll on the ground. #RandolphHarris 3 of 24

Lolling and loitering are often, but not always, prohibited. In societies in which café life is institutionalized, much permitted lolling seems to exist. Even in our own society, some toleration is given to “lolling groups,” in which participants open themselves up to any passing momentary focus of attention and decline to maintain a running conversation unless disposed to do so. These clusters of persons passing the time of day may be found on slum corners, outside small-town stores and barber shops, on the streets during clement whether in some metropolitan wholesale clothing districts, and, paradoxically, on the courthouse lawns of some small towns. The rule against “having no purpose,” or being disengaged, is evident in the exploitation of untaxing involvements to rationalize or mask desired lolling—a way of covering one’s physical presence in a situation with a veneer of acceptable visible activity. Thus, when individuals want a “break” in their work routine, they may remove themselves to a place where it is acceptable to some and there some in a pointed fashion. Certain minimal “recreational” activities are also used as covers for disengagement, as in the case of “fishing” off river banks where it is guaranteed that no fish will disturb one’s reverie, or “getting a tan” on the beach—activity that shields reverie or sleep, although, typically with the less affluent lolling, a special uniform may have to be worn, which proclaims and institutionalizes this relative inactivity. #RandolphHarris 4 of 24

As might be expected, when the context firmly provides a dominant involvement that is outside the situation, as when riding in a train or airplane, then gazing out the window, or reverie, or sleeping may be quite permissible. In short, the more the setting guarantees that the participant has not withdrawn from what he ought to be involved in, the more liberty it seems he will have to manifest what would otherwise be considered withdrawal in the situation. Here is useful to reintroduce a consideration of subordinate involvements such as reading newspapers and looking in the shop windows. Because these involvements in our society represent legitimate momentary diversions from the legitimate object of going about one’s business, they tend to be employed as covers when one’s objective is not legitimate, as the arts of “tailing” suspects have made famous. When Sam Spade affects to be examining a suit in a store window, his deeper purpose is not to try to suggest that he is interested in suits but that he has the same set of purposes as a person in a public street who diverts himself for a moment in going about his business to gaze in a window. Similarly, as an former person without a home tells us, when one’s appearance and real purpose put one outside of the current behavior setting, then a pointedly correct subordinate involvement is essential to convince others that one’s dominant involvement is of the kind that is associated with these subordinate involvements. #RandolphHarris 5 of 24

One idiosyncrasy that he [a friend] has discovered but cannot account for is the attitude of station policemen toward book readers. After seven-thirty in the evening, in order to read a book in Grand Central or Penn Station, a person either has to wear horn-rimmed glasses or look exceptionally prosperous. Anyone else is apt to come under surveillance. On the other hand, newspaper readers never seem to attract attention and even the seediest vagrant can sit in Grand Central all night without being molested if he continues to read a paper. Some time ago, I attended a bridge party, I do not play bride—and there was a woman there who did not play bridge either. She had discovered that I had once been Lowell Thomas’ manager before he went on the radio and that I had traveled in Europe a great deal while helping him prepare the illustrated travel talks he was then delivering. So she said: “Oh, Mr. Winchester, I do want you to tell me about all the wonderful places you have visited and the sights you have seen.” As we sat down on the sofa, she remarked that she and her husband had recently returned from a trip to Japan. “Japan!” I exclaimed. “How interesting! I have always wanted to see Japan, but I never got there except for a twenty-four-hour stay once in Tokyo. Tell me, did you visit Tokyo Tower? Yes? How fortunate. I envy you. Do tell me about Japan.” That kept her talking for thirty minutes. She never asked me where I had been or what I had seen. She did not want to hear me talk about my travels. All she wanted was an interested listener, so she could expand her ego and tell about where she had been. #RandolphHarris 6 of 24

Was she unusual? No. Many people are like that. For example, I met a distinguished botanists at a dinner party given by a New York book publisher. I had never talked with a botanist before, and I found him fascinating. I literally sat on the edge of my chair and listened while he spoke of exotic plants and experiments in developing new form of plant life and indoor gardens (and even told me astonishing facts about the humble potato). I had a small indoor garden of my own—and he was good enough to tell me how to solve some of my problems. As I said, we were at a dinner party. There must have been two dozen other guests, but I violated all the cannons of courtesy, ignored everyone ese, and talked for hours to the botanist. Midnight came. I said good night to everyone and departed. The botanist then turned to our host and paid me several flattering compliments. I was “most stimulating.” I was this and I was that, and he ended by saying I was a “most interesting conversationalist.” An interesting conversationalist? Why, I had said hardly anything at all. I could not have said anything if I had wanted to without changing the subject, for I did not know any more about botany than I knew about the anatomy of a penguin. However, I had done this: I had listened intently. I had listened because I was genuinely interested. And he felt it. Naturally that pleased him. That kind of listening is one of the highest compliments we can pay anyone. Few human beings are proof against the implied flattery of rapt attention. I was hearty in my approbation and lavish in my praise. #RandolphHarris 7 of 24

I told him that I had been immensely entertained and instructed—and I had. I told him I wished I had his knowledge—and I did. I told him that I should love to wander the fields with him—and I have. I told him I must see him again—and I did. And so I had him thinking of me as a good conversationalist when, in reality, I had been merely a good listener and had encouraged him to talk. What is the secret, the mystery, of a successful business interview? There is no mystery about successful business intercourse…Exclusive attention to the person who is speaking to you is very important. Nothing else is so flattering as that. Listening is not a science, but a form of activity. Face your interlocutor and hear with your mind and attentively consider what you have to say whole you say it. At the end of an interview the person who has talked will feel they have explained themselves well. Self-evident, is it not? You do not have to study for four years in Harvard to discover that. Yet I know and you know department store owners who will rent expensive space, buy their goods economically, dress their windows appealingly, spend thousands of dollars in advertising and then hire clerks who have not the same sense to be good listeners—clerks who interrupt customers, contradict them, irritate them, and all but drive them from the store. Even the most violent critic will frequently soften and be subdued in the presence of a patient, sympathetic listener—a listener who will be silent while the irate fault-finder dilates like a king cobra and spews the poison out of one’s system. #RandolphHarris 8 of 24

For instance: The New York Telephone Company discovered a few years ago that it had to deal with one of the most vicious customers who ever cursed a customer service representative. And he did curse. He raved. He threatened to tear the phone out by its roots. He refused to pay certain charges that he declared were false. He wrote letters to the newspapers. He filed innumerable complaints with the Public Service Commission, and he started several suits against the telephone company. At last, one of the company’s most skillful “troubleshooters” was sent to interview this stormy petrel. This “troubleshooter” listened and let the cantankerous customer enjoy himself pouring out his tirade. The telephone representative listened and said “yes” and sympathized with his grievance. “He raved on and I listened for nearly three hours,” the “troubleshooter” said as he related his experiences before one of the author’s classes. “Then I went back and listened some more. I interviewed him four times, and before the fourth visit was over I had become a charter member of an organization he was starting. He called it the ‘Telephone Subscribers’ Protective Association.’ I am still a member of this organization, and, so far as I know, I am the only member in the World today besides Mr. Ed. I listened and sympathized with him on every point that he had made during these interviews. He had never had a telephone representative talk with him that way before, and he became almost friendly. #RandolphHarris 9 of 24

“The point on which I went to see him was not even mentioned on the first visit, nor was it mentioned on the second or third, but upon the fourth interview, I closed the case completely, he paid all his bills in full, and for the first time in the history of his difficulties with the telephone company he voluntarily withdrew his complaints from the Public Service Commission.” Doubtless Mr. Ed had considered himself a holy crusader, defending the public rights against callous exploitation. However, in reality, what he had really wanted was a feeling of importance. He got this feeling of importance at first by kicking and complaining. However, as soon as he got his feeling of importance from a representative of the company, his imagined grievances vanished into thin air. To become successful, it often pays to talk to successful people and find out about their childhood and how they got their start in business and became a success. When you have successful people that want to listen to you, talk to you, and give you guidance these experiences will imbue you with confidence that is invaluable. These people will fire in an individual a vision and ambition that shapes one’s life. And all this is made possible by taking the time to care about others. However, some people are so concerned about what they are going to say next that they do not keep their ears open. Very important people have told me that they prefer good listeners to good talkers, but the ability to listen seems rarer than almost any other good trait. #RandolphHarris 10 of 24

Since our contacts with others are increasingly competitive, unanticipated, and abrasive, we seek still more apartness and accelerate the trend. When many people call the doctor, all they want is a good audience. They often feel better after they have a conversation. So many people merely want a friendly, sympathetic listener to whom one can unburden oneself. That is what we all want when we are in trouble. That is frequently all the irritated customer wants, and this dissatisfied employee or the hurt friend. If you want to know how to make people shun you and laugh at you behind your back and even despise you, here is the recipe: Never listen to anyone for long. Talk incessantly about yourself. If you have an idea while the other person is talking, do not wait for him or her to finish: bust right in and interrupt in the middle of a sentence. Conversely, if you aspire to be a good conversationalist, be an attentive listener. To be interesting, be interested. Ask questions that other persons will enjoy answering. Encourage them to talk about themselves and their accomplishments. Remember that the people you are talking to are a hundred times more interested in themselves and their wants and problems than they are in you and your problems. A person’s toothache means more to that person than a famine in California which kills a million people. A boil on one’s neck interests one more than forty Earthquakes in Texas. Think of that next time you start a conversation. The desire to be somehow special inaugurates an even more competitive quest.  Be a good listener. Encourage others to talk about themselves. #RandolphHarris 11 of 24

The core of the old culture is scarcity. Everything in it rests upon the assumption that the World does not contain the wherewithal to satisfy the needs of its human inhabitants. A semi-permeable barrier is anything that prevents some kinds of interactions while permitting others. Often people can make an existing barrier or boundary selectively permeable. In fact, many walks have gates and guards who exercise selective control on comings and goings. Nations have immigration rules enforced at their boarders; religions permit conversions on specific conditions; there are systems of e-mail filters that let in some messages and screen out the rest. Indeed, the rise of the Internet has powerfully directed our attention to the design of semi-permeable barriers. There are such low costs to the movement of information in this medium that there is little indirect filtration of the kind accomplished by costs of movement in physical space. To move a letter to your house promptly, someone must pay first-class postage, which discouraged first-class broadcasting on trivial communications. Even at low rates, postage charges on advertisers serve to filter out many messages, most of them unwanted. However, as we all now realize, plummeting costs of all forms of electronic transmission are contributing to monumental volumes of low-value or even harmful communications. The result is a boom in semi-permeable systems such as sophisticated network firewalls, V-chips for televisions, and the PICS metadata standard that facilitates advance and blocking in selection of Web sites. #RandolphHarris 12 of 24

As Information Revolution reduces the cost of moving information in “cyberspace,” we lose a fundamental property of networks embedded in physical space. Those who are “near” you are not necessarily “near” each other. The classical character of conventional social structures is undone, as the mix of connections for each agent contains more relations that lead outside local, mutually connected clusters. This increase of out-group connections changes the spread of rumor and disease and reduces the correlation among the knowledge bases of interacting groups of agents. It also means that many who are near you, or be liked by you. The demand for selective permeability is great when an overwhelming number of interactions that consume time and resources are possible, and the other agents are not well known to you or to those you know well. The introduction of sophisticated filters to achieve semi-permeable barriers in cyberspace is just the most recent episode in a long history of devices that add greater selectivity to simple barriers, whether those barriers are physical or conceptual. Our choice of the label “semi-permeable” reflects some of the earliest inventions of the biological realm, such as members that are able to admit some substances while screening out others. Not only do they function to increase proximity by establishing high concentrations of key resources inside the membrane; in some cases they also affect activation patterns by altering their selectivity as concentrations go above or below key thresholds. #RandolphHarris 13 of 24

Beyond such fundamental biological cases, there are many examples of semi-permeability in the social World. To the guards and immigration officers mentioned earlier we can add the secretaries who control access to their boss’s calendar; the boards that test, accept, and expel members of professions such as law and dentistry; the automatic gates that lock entry to a parking lot when it is estimated to be full; and the priests who enforce rules of religious “immigration.” In all these cases a barrier is conditionally opened or closed to an agent wishing to move through it. It is no accident that many of the examples involve delegating a person to make those choices. The selectivity is important and not easy to automate well—as anyone knows who has looked wistfully at an empty parking place lying just beyond a blocking automatic gate that “thinks” the lot is full. The great advantage of semi-permeable barriers is the increased precision of blocking and permitting movement in physical or social spaces. Crude physical restrictions may amount to “no one may pass.” Conceptual barriers can be more selective, providing more complex rules that allow desirable types to pass. Semi-permeable barriers can allow passage where admission should be governed by momentary conditions, such as parking lot fullness, or in situations where rules cannot cover well all the circumstances that may arise—as may happen at the door of a highly popular discotheque. The great disadvantage is the possible mismatch between the riles or criteria governing the selective admission and the long-term welfare of the system behind the barrier. #RandolphHarris 14 of 24

A religious community may have too few children born or surviving, but the priests may stick to strenuous tests for converts, driving membership below viable levels. The automatic gate may have an error-prone method of estimating the occupancy of the parking lot. Cell walls may admit virus particles with a shape that resembles a needed protein. Both conceptual and semi-permeable barriers may admit the wrong agents or block the right ones. It is also interesting that some viruses are more infections right after a person catches them, than we they have had time to ravage the body. And vaccines and pills do not permit all persons from passing viruses on, they may not work on some people. It is easy to produce examples of the many ways in which Americans attempt to minimize, circumvent, or deny the interdependence upon which all human societies are based. Such large unnoticed changes will also force us to rethink the very functions of the firm. If much of the value added derives from relationships in the mosaic system, then the value a firm produces and its own value comes, in part, from its continually changing position in the super-symbolic economy. Accountants and managers who attempt to quantify added value and assign it to specific subsidiaries or profit centers are compelled to make arbitrary, often quite subjective judgments, since conventional accounting typically ignores the value-generating importance of “organizational capital” and all these like “good will” only crudely and inadequately reflect the mounting importance of such assets. #RandolphHarris 15 of 24

Management theorists are belatedly beginning to speak of “organizational capital.” However, there is also what might be called “positional capital”—the strategic location of the firm in the overall web-work of mosaics and meta-mosaics. In any given industry, a crucial position in one of these wealth-producing systems is money in the bank—and power in the pocket. To be frozen out or forced to the periphery can be disastrous. All this suggests that the big corporation or company is no longer necessarily the central institution for the production of material wealth in the capitalist World and the advanced economies generally. What we are seeing is the divorce of the big corporation from the key material processes of wealth creation. These are performed by small and medium-sized business or by the subcorporations called profit centers. With so much of the hands-on work done in these units, the functions of top management in the large corporation have less and less to do with enduring production and more to do with setting very general strategic guidelines; organizing and accounting for capital; litigating and lobbying; and substituting information for all the other factors of production. This delegation or contracting-out of many of the functions of the large corporation—once the central production institution in the economy—has a historical precedent. The industrial revolution stripped away many of the functions from the traditional family—that other key institution of society. Education went to the schools, care of the elderly went to the state, work was transferred to the factory, and so forth. #RandolphHarris 16 of 24

Today, since many of its former functions can be carried out by small units armed with high-powered information technology, the large business firm is being similarly stripped of some of its traditional reasons for being. The family did not disappear after the industrial revolution. However, it became smaller, took on more limited responsibility, and lost much of its power vis-à-vis other institutions in the society. The same is happening to the large corporation as we transit out of the smokestack era dominated by Brobdingnagian business. In short, even as big corporations expand, the significance of the corporation, as an institution, contracts. It is still too early for any of us fully to understand the power-mosaics that are now rapidly taking form and the long-term destiny of the corporation. However, once thing is certain: The notion that a tiny handful of giant companies will dominate tomorrow’s economy is a comic-book caricature of reality. In 1981, Ronald Regan was a newly elected president with tremendous popular appeal. However, could he carry his vision for tax reform through Congress? The battle lines were drawn in the fight over his first budget proposal. The Democrats wanted Reagan to compromise, sacrificing part of the tax cut for the sake of a smaller deficit. The Republicans wanted the full dose of supply-side economies. The outcome would depend on how the two parties played game. In the Senate, the Democrats went along with Reagan’s budget, hoping to induce some Republican compromise in return for the bipartisan support. However, the Republicans held firm to the original plan. Thus the scene turned to the House of Representatives. Was there some better strategy for the Democrats? #RandolphHarris 17 of 24

A pair of New York Times columns by Leonard Silk neatly laid out the strategic possibilities. As he described the negotiations, each party had two choices and there were four possible outcomes. Republicans triumph, Democrats avoid blame. Republicans win, but vex Reagan; Democrats share credit. Republican program blocked in House; Democrats incur blame. Republicans lose much of program; Democrats look fiscally responsible. The Democrats regard as best the outcome where they attack Regan and the Republicans compromise, because the Democrats can claim the credit for fiscal responsibility while implementing their favored budget. For the Republicans, the best outcome occurs in the top left, where Reagan’s budget gets bipartisan support. When the Democrats attack while the Republicans hold firm, the result is a stalemate and both parties lose. The Democrats would be willing to moderate their attack if the Republicans would compromise; both parties would get their second-best outcome. The Democrats’ main problem is that the Republicans have a dominant strategy: support Regan completely. If the Democrats mainly support Reagan, the Republicans should support Reagan completely to attain their top outcome. If the Democrats attack Reagan, the Republicans should support Reagan to avoid their worst outcome. Whatever the Democrats do, it is always better for the Republicans to support Reagan completely. Reagan completely leaves the Republicans in a better position than the Democrats, no matter what strategy the Democrats choose. #RandolphHarris 18 of 24

Thus the Republican strategy seems easy to predict. The Democrats should expect the Republicans to support Reagan completely, and then the Democrats do best by following suit and mainly supporting Reagan. This is exactly what happened in the Senate. So far, the outcome greatly favors the Republicans. To improve their position, the Democrats need to make some type of strategic move. They must turn the situation into a sequential move game, moving first and then letting the Republicans respond to their strategy. Since the Republicans are already at their most preferred outcome, there is nothing they can do to improve their position. Their goals is simply to maintain the status quo. It is in their interest to prevent the Democrats from making any strategic move that changes the outcome of the game. Thus we consider what type of threats, promises, or other moves shift the outcome in favor of the Democrats. None of the basic strategies seem to work for the Democrats. Unconditional moves, promises, even threats all fail. Only the combined use of a threat and promise can induce Republican compromise. The problem with unconditionality is that it does not influence the Republican position. The Democrats are currently expected to support Reagan. Committing themselves to this action does not alter the Republicans’ perception and thus leads to the same outcomes. The only strategic possibility is for the Democrats to attack Reagan unconditionally. In this case, they can look forward and reason that the Republicans will still respond by supporting Reagan completely. (The Republicans always prefer to support Reagan completely—it is their dominant strategy.) #RandolphHarris 19 of 24

However, the combination of Democrats attacking with the Republicans giving complete support is worse for the Democrats than the alternative of both parties supporting Reagan. The Democrats want to induce the Republicans to move from completely supporting Reagan to compromise. Therefore, they might promise to support Reagan if the Republicans agree to compromise. If the Republicans agree, the Democrats will have an incentive to renege on the deal. This promise must be irreversible in order to have an effect. However, the promise will not help them. The Republicans know that if they ignore the promise and choose to support Reagan completely, the Democrats’ best response is to support Reagan. The effect of the Democrats’ promise is that they end up unconditionally supporting Reagan. The Republicans appreciate this gesture and proceed to support Reagan completely, maintaining the best outcome. The promise is pointless. The Republicans can safely ignore it. The Democrats have only one threat that they can use to stop the Republican support of Reagan. They can threaten to attack Reagan is the Republicans support him completely. However, the threat is not enough. The effect of the threat is tht the Democrats have unconditionally committed to attack Reagan. If the Republicans support Reagan, the Democrats carry out their threat and attack Reagan; if the Republicans compromise, it is the Democrats’ best interest to attack Reagan. Since the Democrats attack Reagan whatever the Republicans do, the Republicans support Reagan completely, making the best of the two possibilities. #RandolphHarris 20 of 24

A promise ends up being equivalent to unconditional Democrat support for Reagan, while a threat is equivalent to an unconditional Democrat attack on Reagan. Neither is effective in changing the Republicans’ actions. If the Democrats combine a promise with a threat, they can achieve a better result for themselves. They should promise to support Regan if the Republicans compromise and threaten to attach Reagan if the Republicans support Reagan completely. This strategy achieves the Democrats’ goals. With this threat and promise in place, the Republicans must choose between compromising and getting the Democrats to mainly support Reagan, or supporting Reagan completely and thereby provoking the Democrats to attack Reagan. Between these two alternatives, they prefer the compromise. What actually happened was that Republicans supported Reagan completely in both the Senate and in the House. The Senate Democrats went along with the Republicans. In the House, the Democrats’s initial resistance quickly gave way to a third strategy: they out-Reaganed Reagan in the tax-cutting game. The result was a bipartisan “Christmas-tree” tax cut. The economic bills for tht are just coming due, and the negotiations to get out of the difficulty are developing into new strategic games. New problems require thinking beyond the edges of the known, and no problem needs new thinking more than the ever-worsening global energy crisis. Today it is clear that our existing energy system is heading toward a climatic crash, not merely because of the amount of energy required but because of its centralized infrastructures and overconcentrated ownership. Both of these were, and perhaps are still, appropriate for industrial economies. However, they are decidedly inappropriate for dispersed knowledge-intensive economies increasingly based on intangibility. #RandolphHarris 21 of 24

The economic rise of countries such as China and India heightens demand for energy at a time when it costs more and more to extract crude oil from the Earth, when growing reliance on fossil fuels exacerbates ecological problems and when oil comes from some of the most politically unstable regions on the planet. At the beginning of the twenty-first century, approximately 4000 quadrillion Btu of energy per year were bought and sold in World energy markets. They mainly came from oil, natural gas, coal, and nuclear sources, with oil in the dominate source, providing approximately 40 percent of the total. The U.S.A. Department of Energy forecast that by 2025 the total would climb to 623 Btu, a rise of 54 percent. Despite this increase in demand, the DoE assured us that fossil-fuel process are “projected to remain relatively low” and that alternative energy sources “are not expected to become competitive” unless government policies to reduce greenhouse-gas emission, as called for under the Kyoto Protocol, are implemented—at which time “nuclear power and renewable energy sources such as hydroelectricity, geothermal, biomass, solar and wind power could become more attractive.” In short, expect nothing too exciting. Contrast this with forecast of pessimist-in-chief Matthew R. Simmons, an influential energy-industry investment banker. Simmons, using oil as a proxy for the energy picture as a whole, tells us that many of the World’s most important oil fields are in “serious decline,” that we cannot trust the industry’s estimates of underground reserves and that finding new oil more and more expensive. #RandolphHarris 22 of 24

Add the fact that tankers, refineries, drilling rigs and people are all “nearing 100 percent capacity,” he says, and this is a problem that “will take a decade(s?) to correct.” Worse yet, he notes, oil companies and electric utilities, like other industries that have sifted to just-in-time operations, have minimized their backup supplies, setting the stage for catastrophe. The energy crisis is, at least in part, a radical consequence of de-synchronization at work—the rise of Asian demand coming much faster than the industry and the market anticipated. That helps explain why there may not be enough new tankers built in time, enough refineries or enough inventory stored for emergencies. Having made his compelling case, Simmons steps back from doomsday, saying, more cheerfully, that “man’s creativity seems at its best at times of great crisis.” However, none of these projections takes adequate account of many possible developments that could change the picture for better or worse: Social upheavals and economic slowdowns in China, India, or both; regional epidemics causing massive populations of declines; Chinese control of the Malacca Strait and sea lanes by which oil reaches Asia from the Middle East; or little-noticed technological changes that may well reduce energy requirements—for example, the continued miniaturization of products, reducing weight, transport and storage requirements. Even more important is the approaching demise of the internal combustion engine and its replacement by hydrogen-powered fuel cells. Within a few years we will see a million fuel-cell cars on the roads in China, where they do not have as big a legacy gasoline distribution system as we do. #RandolphHarris 23 of 24

We will have cars whose 110-kilowatt fuels cells can also serve as an auxiliary power source. So, in rural areas, where there is no electricity, you can drive to a village, plug it into the car, and provide energy for fuel cells or other proposes. Clearly, while there will be many false steps and failures along the way, we are edging out of the fossil-fuel era. Another area of concern is the human body. Assaults from outside the body turn it into a battlefield where the aggressors sometimes get the upper hand. From parasitic worms to protozoa to fungi to bacteria to viruses, organisms of many kinds have learned to live by entering the body and using their molecular machinery to build more of themselves from the body’s building blocks. To meet this onslaught, the body musters the defenses of the immunes system—an armada of its own molecular machines. Your body’s own amoebalike white blood cells patrol the bloodstream and move out into tissue, threading their way between other cells, searching for invaders. How can the immune system distinguish the hundred of kinds of cells that should be in the body from the invading cells and viruses that should not? This has been the central question of the complex science of immunology. The answer, as yet only partially understood, involves a complex interplay of molecules that recognize other molecules by sticking to them in a selective fashion. These include free-floating antibodies—which are a bit like bumbling guided missiles—and similar molecules that are bound to the surface of white blood cells and other cells of the immune system, enabling to recognize foreign surfaces on contact. First the immune system does not respond to all invaders, or responds inadequately. Malaria, tuberculosis, herpes, and other illnesses have their strategies for evading destruction. Cancer is a special case in which the invaders are altered cells of the body itself, sometimes successfully masquerading as healthy cells escaping detection. Second, the immune system sometimes overresponds, attacking cells that should be left alone. Certain kinds of arthritis, as well as lupus and rheumatic fever, are caused by this mistake. Between attacking when it should not and not attack when it should, the immune system often fails, causing suffering and death. #RandolphHarris 24 of 24

MAGNOLIA STATION AT CRESLEIGH RANCH

Rancho Cordova, CA |

Coming Soon!

Large Lots with mix of Single Story and Two Story homes
2,200 – 3,700 square feet | 3 – 7 Bedrooms | 2 – 5.5 Bathrooms | up to 4-car garage

Cresleigh Meadows at Plumas Ranch

When a child smells something he likes, his natural impulse is to taste it. This also applies to human adults, repressions notwithstanding. It is simply repression of one kind or another that keeps an adult from following up his desire to tastes an object which smells pleasant. Most repression are those which are taught, some wisely, others out of ignorance. We refrain from taking poisonous substances, because someone has told us of the consequences. In dealing with food, a cook should realize that a great deal can be told a man by his eating habits. Once his tastes are known, his food preferences can be catered to. Though it is true that a man’s heart is reached through his stomach, it is more important that he be fed the right foods, relative to his personality, than those you find the most appetizing. Like perfumery, foods that you like best are not necessarily those that he will like best. Many a poor woman has slaved over a hot cauldron, preparing what she considers to be the most delectable meal in the World, only to have it unappreciated. What is even worse, though, is to spend a lot of time on a meal, watch him eat it with apparent enthusiasm and then notice a decided coolness the next time you see him. What this often means is that he said he liked the meal to be polite. Chances are good there are more reasons why he took a powder than your cooking alone, but the wrong choice of food could have been just the nudge he needed to stay away. Had you served the perfect meal, you might have had another chance, and the next time his mood could have been conducive to your success. #RandolphHarris 1 of 22

The only time you will find a man with a taste in food identical to your own will be when you have found a man who likes exactly the opposite type of woman from what you are! I have seen many aspiring brides fix a meal that is exactly to their guest’s taste using their own taste as a yardstick. These women are terribly pleased when their gentlemen friends gobble up every crumb then ask when the nest dinner will be. Mistakenly, the woman thinks she has found a man who really appreciates good food, in accordance with what she thinks good food should be. Little does she realize how well she has succeeded as a chef, but failed as an aspiring bride, until she awakens to the brutal fact that he is around only for the good food, not for her, and is not the least bit interested in anything but what she can supply him in the way of non-romantic indulgences. These chow-hounds cannot possibly get interested romantically, because so long as you have chosen the menu from your personal taste, and they like what you have selected, you have the wrong man! These cases where the woman’s ego can really get in the way, and the gals that do the most boasting about their special way of preparing a certain dish can often be spotted as the ones who fail as aspiring brides. We can easily imagine circumstances where one would wish to prevent the wasteful destruction of being used. The scorched Earth defense is but one example of a device game theorists called strategic moves. A strategic move is designed to alter the beliefs and actions of others in a direction favorable to yourself. The distinguishing feature is that the move purposefully limits your freedom of action. This can be done in an unconditional way. #RandolphHarris 2 of 22

Freedom can be limited because the strategic move specifies a rule for how to respond under different circumstances. For example, a woman who cooks, until she is able to learn what he likes, she should not goof up by throwing him what she likes! Another example, many states have mandatory sentencing laws for crimes with handguns; these statutes purposefully limit judicial discretion. You might have thought that leaving options open is always preferable. However, in the realm of game theory that is no longer true. Your lack of freedom has strategic value. It changes other players’ expectations about your future responses, and you can turn this to your advantage. Others know that when you have the freedom to act, you also have the freedom to capitulate. To quote Oscar Wilde, “I can resist anything except temptation. Granted that the individual makes information available through body idiom, the question then arises as to what this information is about. We can begin to answer this question by looking at one of the most obvious types of propriety—“occasioned activity.” During any social occasion we can expect to find some activities that are intrinsically part of the occasion in the sense, for example, that a political speech is an expected part of a political rally. Such “occasioned activity” is likely to be legitimated as appropriate in social situations that form under the aegis of the corresponding social occasion, providing one basis for the common-sense notion that “there is a time and a place for everything.” However, we must then ask why a particular activity is defined as appropriate for the social occasion in the first place. #RandolphHarris 3 of 22

More important, the display of properly occasioned activity seems to be only one of general forms of propriety, only one of the ways of fitting in. There is, however, one promising point about these considerations. To be engaged in an occasioned activity means to sustain some kind of cognitive and affective engrossment in it, some mobilization of one’s psychobiological resources; in short, it means to be involved in it. The term “involved” is used in two other additional sense in everyday speech: that of “commitment,” in the sense of having made oneself liable and responsible for certain actions; and that of “attachment,” in the sense of vesting one’s feelings and identification in something. Because of this ambiguity I have elsewhere used the term “engagement.” Further, by asking of any piece of obligatory situational behavior what it conveys about the allocation of involvement of the actor, we find that a limited number of themes occurs, and that each theme is expressed through many different aspects of behavior. In brief, by translating concrete obligatory acts into terms of expressed involvement, we have a way of showing the functional equivalence of aspects of such diverse phenomena as dress, stance, facial expression, and task activity. Underneath apparent differences, we shall be able to glimpse a common structure. To analyze situational proprieties, then, it will be necessary to turn to an analysis of the social regulations that determine the individual’s conceptions and allocations of involvement. The first thing to be noted about “involvement in situations” is the terminology ambiguity of this phrase. #RandolphHarris 4 of 22

I mean to speak now only of situated involvements, those sustained within the situation, whereas the phrase “involvement in the situation” has this meaning and also a more circumscribed one, referring to ways in which the individual may have somehow give himself up to the situation as a whole and its gathering, possessing thus a situational involvement. I propose to use the term “involvement within the situation” to refer to the way the individual handles his situated activities, and will refrain for the moment from using the phrase “involvement in the situation” at all. The involvement is a matter of inward feeling. Assessment of involvement must and does rely on some kind of outward expression. It is here that we can begin to analyze the effect of the body idiom, for it is an interesting fact that just as bodily activities seem to be particularly well designed to spread their information throughout a whole social situation, so also these signs seem well designed to provide information about the individual’s involvement. Just as the individual finds that one must convey the right thing, so also one finds that while present to others one will inevitably convey information about the allocation of one’s involvement, and that expression of a particular allocation of one’s involvement, and that expression of a particular allocation is obligatory. Instead of speaking instead of an “involvement idiom: and of rules regarding the allocation of involvement. Since the involvement idiom of a ground appears to be a learned conventional thing, we must anticipate one real difficulty in cross-cultural or even cross-subcultural studies. #RandolphHarris 5 of 22

The same general type of gathering in different cultures may be organized on the basis of different involvement obligations. The audience of a dramatic production in many Far Eastern societies, for example, is required to exhibit less sustained attentiveness and single-mindedness than the audience of many dramatic productions in American society. However, entirely apart from this kind of difference, it is the case that the same behavioral cue in one society may by convention carry different involvement implications in another. Thus the members of one religious group may show reverent orientation to the House of the Lord by baring the head and the members of another by taking care to cover it. When a difference in situational conduct is found between two cultures, or in the same culture over time, it becomes a complicated matter to determine what part of this discrepancy reflects a difference in the conventional idiom for expressing the underlying involvement, and what part reflects a difference in this involvement itself. If some people are so hungry for a feeling of importance that they actually go insane to get it, imagine what miracle you and I can achieve by giving people honest appreciation this side of insanity. People like Charles Schwab become rich because of their ability to arouse enthusiasm among their people. The greatest assets some people possess, and the way to develop the best that is in a person is by appreciation and encouragement. There is nothing else that so kills the ambitions of a person as criticism from superiors. I never criticize anyone. I believe in giving a person incentive to work. So I am anxious to praise but loath to find fault. If I like thing, I am hearty in my approbation and lavish in my praise. #RandolphHarris 6 of 22

In my wide association in life, meeting with many and great people in various parts of the World, I have yet to find the person, however great or exalted one’s situation, who did not do better work and put forth greater effort under a spirit of approval than one would ever do under a spirit of criticism. When a study was made a few years ago on runaway wives, what do you think was discovered to be the main reason the wives ran away? It was “lack of appreciation.” And I would bet that a similar study made of runaway husbands would come out the same way. A member of one of our classes told of a request made by his wife. She and a group of other women in her church were involved in a self-improvement program. She asked her husband to help her by listing six things he believed she could do to help her become a better wide. He reported to the class: “I was surprised by such a request. Frankly, it would have been easy for me to list six things I would like to change about her—my Heavens, she could have listed a thousand things she would like to change about me—but I did not. I said to her, ‘Let me think about it and give you an answer in the morning.’ The next morning I got up very early and called the florist and had them send six red roses to my wife with a note saying: ‘I cannot think of six things I would like to change about you. I love you the way you are.’ When I arrived home that evening, who do you think greeted me at the door: That is right. My wife! She was almost in tears. Needless to say, I was extremely glad I had not criticized her as she had requested. #RandolphHarris 7 of22

“The following Saturday at church, after she had reported the results of her assignment, several women with whom she had been studying came up to me and, ‘That was the most considerate thing I have ever heard.’ It was then I realized the power of appreciation. There is nothing some people need as much as nourishment of self-esteem. We nourish the bodies of our children and friends and employees, but how seldom do we nourish their self-esteem? We provide them with roast beef and potatoes to build energy, but we neglect to give them kind words of appreciation that would sing in their memories for years like the music of the morning stars. Sincere appreciation can change a person’s life. Some readers are saying right now as they read these lines: “Oh, phooey! Flattery! Bear oil! I have tried that stuff. It does not work—not with intelligent people.” Of course flattery seldom works with discerning people. It is shallow, selfish and insincere. It ought to fail and it usually does. True, some people are so hungry, so thirsty, for appreciation that they will swallow anything, just as a starving man will eat grass and fishworms. Even Queen Victoria was susceptible to flattery. Flattery is counterfeit, and like counterfeit money, it will eventually get you into trouble if you pass it to someone else. The difference between appreciation and flattery? One is sincere, and the other is insincere. One comes from the heart out; the other from the teeth out. One is unselfish; the other selfish. One is universally admired; the other universally condemned. If we stopped thinking about ourselves for a while and begin to think of the other person’s good points, we will not have to resort to flattery so cheap and false that it can be spotted almost before it is out of the mouth. #RandolphHarris 8 of 22

The next time you enjoy filet mignon at the club, send word to the chef that it was excellently prepared, and when a tired salesperson shows you unusual courtesy, please mention it. In our interpersonal relations we should never forget that all our associates are human beings and hunger for appreciation. It is the legal tender that all souls enjoy. Try leaving a friendly trail of little sparks of gratitude on your daily trips. You will be surprise how they will set small flames of friendship that will be rose beacons on your next visit. If someone is doing a job well, sometimes when you praise them, then they will start to perform poorly because they do not understand what they are doing. So sometimes it is best not to say anything. Also when people are preforming poorly, it is not a good idea to give the harsh criticism, but gently guidance. As they grow in their craft, they will see how they can improve and it will be obvious to them when they look back as to how they have grown in their work. The best thing we can do sometimes is lead by example. For instance, some builders are putting apartment type kitchens in grand homes. So, you have to make sure your kitchens are worthy of a half million-dollar house. Although I do not like that the kitchen is the heart of the home, as one who looks at several houses a day, if the kitchen is not congruent with the scale and magnitude of the house, I would pass over buying the house. And so many builders are doing most kitchen in white, but it seems to me white cabinets as a standard and only choice are overdone. To me, wood is a favorite tradition. However, hurting people not only does not change them, it is never called for. #RandolphHarris 9 of 22

What should interact with what and when? The mechanisms dealing with interactions fit conveniently into two classes: external and internal. The external mechanisms are ways to modify the system from the outside—for example, by designing artifact, or by policy making that changes the rules other play by. The internal mechanisms are way to change the interaction patterns that are driven by processes within the system. Interaction is essential to our framework because the events of interest within a system arise from the interactions of its agents with each other and with artifacts. Traces occur when buyer meets seller. Strategies of bidding and offering are enacted. Goods change hands. New animals are created when a male and a female breed. Religious communities grow as adherents proselytize the uninitiated, spreading their strategy to convert other types to their own. Interaction patterns shape the events in which we are directly interested (such as trading), and they provide the opportunity for the spreading and combining of types that are so important in creating (and destroying) variety. Interactions make a Complex Adaptive System come alive. The system becomes not a mere pile of agents of varying types but a population that gives rise to events and has an unfolding history. These events drive processes of selection and amplification that ultimately change the frequency and variety of agent types. Interaction patterns help determine what will be successful for the agents and the system, and this in turn helps shape the dynamics of the interaction patterns themselves. #RandolphHarris 10 of 22

Most Complex Adaptive Systems have distinctive interaction patterns. These patterns are neither random nor completely structured. Here are two examples. A leader may have the opportunity to broadcast messages simultaneously to many others, who usually do not have as much capability to broadcast back. The pattern of interactions is highly asymmetric, very different from one where each agent interacts equally with all others. It is convenient to shop in stores near our homes. Schools and churches are often in our neighborhoods. In fact, some builders will not build homes in communities where there is not a Wal-Mart in close proximity. In all these places, we meet new people. As a result, our network of acquaintances has a strong local bias. We know many people near where we live or work, and only a minuscule proportion of others in the World. Again, the pattern is far from uniform. It is surprising in considering these everyday examples that so few tools are available to help understand the effects that flow from nonuniform patterns of interaction. A major contribution of research on Complex Adaptive Systems has been to develop ideas that help us see the sources and consequences of distinctive (nonuniform) interaction patterns. There is a way to harness complexity by altering patterns of interaction. Based on extensive research in diverse regions of Germany, the key factor is “social capital,” the feature of social organization, such as networks, norms, and trust, that facilitate coordination and cooperation. Social capital enhances the benefits of investment in physical and human capital. Working together is easier in a community or organization blessed with a substantial stock of stock of social capital. #RandolphHarris 11 of 22

In successful regions, citizens are engaged by public issues, not by patronage. They trust one another to act fairly and obey the law. Social and political networks are organized horizontally, not hierarchically. These “civic communities” value solidarity, civic participation, and integrity. In unsuccessful regions, the very concern of citizen is stunted. There is little engagement in social and cultural associations. From the point of view of the inhabitants, public affairs are someone else’s business—the “bosses” or the “politicians.” Laws, almost everyone feels, are made to be broken, but, fearing others’ lawlessness, everyone demands sterner discipline. Trapped in these interlocking vicious circles, nearly everyone feels powerless and exploited. The historical roots of these differences are astonishingly deep in Germany. Enduring traditions of civic involvement and social solidarity can be traced back nearly a thousand years, to the eleventh century. That is why much of Germany today is able to enjoy civic engagement and successful government. At the center of this civic heritage are rich networks of organized reciprocity and civic solidarity—guilds, religious fraternities, and “tower societies” for self-defense in the medieval communes. The horizontal civic bonds have supported levels of economic and institutional performance generally much higher than in other countries, where social and political relationships have been vertically structured. These communities did not become civic simply because they were rich. The historical record strongly suggests precisely the opposite: they have become rich because they were civic. The social capital embodies in norms and networks of civic engagement seems to be a prerequisite for economic development, as well as for effective government. #RandolphHarris 12 of 22

Social capital supports good government and economic progress in several ways. First, networks of civic engagement foster sturdy norms of generalized reciprocity: I will do this for you now in the expectation that down the road you or someone else will return the favor. A society that relies on generalized reciprocity is more efficient than barter. Trust lubricates social life. Second, networks of civic engagement facilitate coordination and communication and amplify information about the trustworthiness of others. When economic and political activity is embedded in dense networks of social interaction, incentives for opportunism are reduced. Dense social ties facilitate gossip and other valuable ways of cultivating reputation—and essential foundation for trust in a complex society. Finally, networks of civic engagement embody past success at collaboration, and serve as a cultural template for future collaboration. The civic traditions of Germany provide a historical repertoire of forms of cooperation that, having proved their worth in the past, are available for dealing with new problems of collective action. Unlike conventional capital, social capital is a public good, meaning that it not the private property of those who benefit from it. Like other public goods, from clean air to safe streets, social capital tends to be underprovided by private agents. Therefore, social capital must often by a by-product of other social activities. Social capital typically consists of ties, norms, and trust that are transferable from one social setting to another. #RandolphHarris 13 of 22

The economic implications of social capital are illustrated by the integrated industrial districts of Germany. These are districts for automobile production, high-fashion textiles, mini-motorbikes, and ceramic tiles, among others. Many of them are based on small-scale, technologically advanced production. Among the distinguishing features of these decentralized but integrated industrial districts is a striking combination of competition and cooperation. Firms compete over style and efficiency, while cooperating on administrative services, raw materials purchases, financing, and research. These findings on these industrial districts can be understood in terms of social capital. These networks of small firms have low vertical integration and high horizontal integration. They do this through extensive subcontracting and “putting out” of extra business to temporarily underemployed competitors. Industrial associations provide administrative and even financial aid, while local government provides the necessary social infrastructure and services. Norms of reciprocity and networks of civic engagement are essential for the success of those industrial districts. Networks facilitate the flow of information about such vital things as technological developments, the creditworthiness of would-be entrepreneurs, and the reliability of individual workers. Innovation relies on continual informal interaction. Social norms that forestall self-interested opportunism at the expense of community obligations arise more often here than in other areas characterized by different social networks. What is crucial about these small industrial districts is mutual trust, social cooperation, and a well-developed sense of civic duty—the hallmarks of social capital. #RandolphHarris 14 of 22

There is a great deal of evidence that horizonal networks of informal social interaction help develop social capital, and that social capital, in turn, fosters economic growth. Examples include trust in wholesale diamond markets, rapid formation of firms in Silicon Valley, dense networks of clothing manufacturers in the New York garment district, and social cohesion among the ethic Germans in America. Value creation within organization also relies on social capital as the basis for the recombining of concepts that generates ideas for new products and services. Simple procedures such as maintaining relations with former co-workers can dramatically alter the flow of valuable business information. Actively engaging subordinates can enhance the accuracy of managers’ self-perceptions. Social capital affects not just economic activity. Effective social ties reduce neighborhood crime, help students achieve their potential, and even increase one’s life expectancy. Social capital illustrates how the pattern of interaction has important effects for the performance of networks of agents. However, fiscal expansion and monetary contraction will lead to a large budget deficit. The high interest rates would hurt such important sectors as autos and construction especially hard. Foreign capital would flow in, attracted by the high U.S.A. interest rates. The dollar would rise and our international competitiveness would suffer. Fiscal contraction and monetary expansion would have just the opposite effects—low interest rates and low dollar—favoring auto and construction industries, and making our traded goods more competitive. #RandolphHarris 15 of 22

Tomorrow’s inevitable crises will occur on each of the “game boards” against the background of what we have called the great non-linear, ever-more-complex, ever-interacting and accelerating “meta-game.” This means that even the shrewdest national strategy of China or the United States of America—or any state—can be blunted, reversed or made irrelevant if it fails to take into account the neo-gams being played by NGOs, religions and other participants in the greater meta-game. Much of America’s trouble in Iraq can be traced to its overemphasis on the role of nation-states and its underestimate of the role played by non-national forces like anti-war NGOs, religious sects and tribal groupings. In tomorrow’s new game the United States of America, like every nation, will continue to look after its own perceived economic self-interest (or that of its influential elites). However, as this great meta-game plays out, how long will—or can—the United States of America remain the World’s dominant economic power? All dominance is temporary, and China is breathing hard. Washington itself is split between those resigned to the idea that China will, in a few decades, lead the World economically and those committed, at all costs, to maintaining America’s leadership. Here, too, American policy overemphasizes nation-states rather than NGOs, religions and other players. However, this division is too simple. A more important question is to what degree does America’s fragile wealth depend on economic dominance? The U.S.A. percentage of the World GDP—its heft in the global economy—to shrink, while its citizens’ wealth actually increased. Is that still true? If so, how? #RandolphHarris 16 of 22

If America is, as charged, an imperialist power, greedily enriching itself at the expense of others, how much of its growth and net work is actually a consequence of its “imperial” policies? Does anyone know? Many imperialists in the past have actually lost money in the deal. Conversely, how much of America’s wealth is a result of the work, creativity and fast-accumulating knowledge of its producers and prosumers? How will the U.S.A. economy—and, indeed, the relative position of all countries—change when prosuming and productivity are fully taken into account, as will inevitably be the case? What new forms of money, what future payment systems, what new financial institutions, will be needed to incorporate these changes? Will the United States of America become wealthier by continuing to spread the latest technologies, advance management models, and media to other countries—or will they flow in the reserve direction? Will outsourcing Research and Development (R&D) and high-end tasks to India and other countries permit those countries to leapfrog the United States of America? Could the United States of America present that even if it chose to? The ongoing theft of intellectual property by China and other countries suggests otherwise. Revolutionary wealth is no longer an exclusive American possession. It is a global fact of life. How, then, would the present trisection—division of the World into three different wealth systems—change if the leading edge came from Asia rather than America? And would the World’s poorest regions really fare any better? #RandolphHarris 17 of 22

Global dominance, however, is a matter not just of wealth but of security, values, human rights, cultural and moral independence and influence. What would the World—including its economy—look like if China were dominant; or a Europe led by France and Germany; or a resurgent India, Russia or anyone else? Many pundits today call for a new global “balance of power.” However, would a so-called multipolar World, divided into competing alliances or regional blocs really be economically better off and more peaceful than a unipolar World led or dominated by one country or region? This historical evidence has the scholars hopelessly divided. However, even if they were not, how relevant is past experience to the nonlinear, meta-game future? Balance implies equilibrium, and just how “equilibrial” is the World economy? We should all by now have learned from complexity theory that equilibrium is no more than natural state of affairs than disequilibrium and chaos. Can the balance-of-power diplomacy that worked for Prince Metternich is the nineteenth century work in the twenty-first? A balance of power in his time referred to nations. A balance of non-nation-state forces as well—including corporations and NGOs—including religions. The great Austrian diplomat also lived at a time when new technologies were making headlines and the industrial revolution was still spreading in Europe. However, the pace of “modernization” was glacial by today’s standard. It left time for people and institutions to adapt. Revolutionary wealth does not. #RandolphHarris 18 of 22

America cannot control the most powerful economic, political, cultural and religious changes rushing toward us today. At best it can try, while transforming its own economy and internal institutions, to head off external threats and reduce some of the common dangers that confront us all. This has also led to meat-cleaver management. Inside the firm the nature of hierarchy itself is changing. For along with the creation of profit centers, the 1980s witnessed a so-called “flattening of the hierarchy,” otherwise known as the massacre of the mid-ranks. Like the shift to profit centers, this change, too, was driven by the need to regain control of the knowledge system in business. As large companies slashed their middle ranks, managers, academics, and economists who once had chorused that “bigger is better” began to sing a different tune. They suddenly discovered the “diseconomies” of scale. These diseconomies are chiefly a result of the collapse of the old knowledge system—the bureaucratic allocation of information to departmental cubbyholes and to formal channels of communication. Much of the work of middle managers in industry consisted of collecting information from their subordinates, synthesizing it, and passing it up the line to their own superiors. As operations accelerated and became more complex, however, overloading the cubbyholes and channels, the entire reporting system began to break down. #RandolphHarris 19 of 22

Screw-ups and misunderstandings proliferated. Catch-22’s multiplied, driving customers crazy. More people end-ran the Kafkaesque system. Transaction costs skyrocketed. Employees ran harder to accomplish less. Motivation plummeted. Few managers understood what was happening. Show most chief executives a defective part or a broken machine on the factory floor, and they know what to do about it. Show them an obsolete, broken-down knowledge system, and they do not know what you are talking about. What was clear was that top management could not wait for the step-by-step synthesis of knowledge down below, with messages slowly making their way up the chain of command. Moreover, so much knowledge fell outside the formal cubbyholes and moved outside the formal channels, and so much began moving instantaneously from computer to computer, that the masses of middle managers increasingly came to be seen as a bottleneck, rather than as a necessary aid to swift decision. Facing competitive pressures and takeover threats, the same managers who allowed the knowledge infrastructure to become antiquated in the fist place now search desperately for ways to cut costs. A frequent first reaction was to cut costs by padlocking plants and throwing rank-and-file workers out on the street, seldom considering that, by doing so, they were tampering with the firm’s knowledge system. “Cost-cutting” layoffs are actually counterproductive for this reason. #RandolphHarris 20 of 22

Where union contracts call for senior workers to “bump” junior workers at layoff time, the result is a cascade of job changes. For every worker actually laid off, three or four others are transferred downward into job for which they lack the necessary knowledge. Long-established communication links are ruptured. The result is a fall-off, rather than the expected increase, in post-layoff productivity. Undaunted, the top officials next zero in on the armies of middle managers they added over the years to handle the information avalanche. American bosses who chop the payroll without regard for social consequence, or understanding of what that does to the firm’s knowledge structure, are commended for “getting rid of fat.” (The same is not true for managers in Japan who consider it failure to lay people off. It is also different in many parts of Europe, where unions are represented on the board and must be persuaded that all other options have been exhausted.) These meat-cleaver layoffs of middle managers are a belated, mostly unconscious attempt to redesign the firm’s information infrastructure and speed up communication. It turns out that many of mid-management’s uncreative tasks can now be done better and faster by computers and telecommunications networks. (IBM, as we saw, estimates that just one part of its internal electronic network—the PROFS sub-net—replaces work that would otherwise have required 40,000 additional middle managers and white-collar workers.) #RandolphHarris 21 of 22

With new networks being laid in place daily, communications are flowing sideways, diagonally, skipping up and down the levels, ignoring rank. Thus, whatever top management may have thought it was doing, one result of the retrenchments has been to change the information infrastructure in the firm—and with it the structure of power. When we create profit centers, flatten the hierarchy, and shift from mainframes and to one another, we make power in the company less monolithic and more “mosaic.” When it comes to environmental restoration—a central problem in environmental restoration is reversing environmental encroachment. We are killing mountain lions, displacing deer, and hunting fish and forests into extinction. We tend to see land as being gobbled up by housing, because the land where we live generally is. Farming, though, consumes more land, and the variant of farming called “forestry” consumes still more. By rolling back our requirement for farmland, and for wood and paper, nanotechnology can change the balance of forces behind environmental encroachment. This should make it more practical, politically and economically, for people to move toward environmental restoration. Restoring the environment means returning land to what it was—removing what has been added and, where possible, replacing what has been lost. We have seen how this can be done, in part, by removing pollutants and some of the pressures for ploughing and paving. A more difficult problem, though, is restoring the ecological balance where the changes have been biological. Much of Earth’s biological diversity has been a result of biological isolation, of islands, seas, mountains, and continents. This isolation has been breached, and reversing the resulting problems is one of the greatest challenges in healing the biosphere. The focus should not be about electric cars, but how to heal the plant by the variety of methods we have available. #RandolphHarris 22 of 22

Cresleigh Homes

Imagine holiday gatherings in a space that looks like this!

With ample natural light and seating for everyone, your get-togethers will become the highlight of the season.

Residence 3 at #MillsStation has everything a home-owner needs to enjoy their space – including Universal Design elements that meet you and your family’s diverse needs. Come on over and take a look!

Residence Three at Mills Station boasts 2,394 square feet in this expansive two story home. There are three bedrooms, two and a half bathrooms, and a two car garage plus workshop!

The charming front courtyard welcomes you home and the high ceilings and thoughtfully designed floor plan let you know that you’ve made the right choice with Cresleigh.

You can fully embrace the indoor/outdoor lifestyle so organic to Northern California with a covered patio located right off kitchen with sliding glass doors on all three sides. https://cresleigh.com/mills-station/residence-3/

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The heart that leaps at the thought that life has some higher meaning, some better worth has learned the art of living. There is only one way under high Heaven to get anybody to do anything. Did you ever stop to think of that? Yes, just one way. And that is by making the other person want to do it. Remember, there is no other way. Of course, you can make someone want to give his or her Rolex watch by sticking a revolver in his or her ribs. You can make your employees give you cooperation—until your back is turned—by threatening to fire them. You can make a child do what you want it to do by a whip or a threat. However, these crude methods have sharply undesirable repercussions. The only way I can get you to do anything is by giving you what you want. What do you want? Dr. Sigmund Freud said that everything you and I do springs from two motives: pleasures of the flesh and the desire to be great. John Dewey, one of America’s most profound philosophers, phrased it a bit differently. Dr. Dewey said that the deepest urge in human nature is “the desire to be important.” Remember that phrase: “the desire to be important.” It is significant. You are going to hear a lot about it in these reports. What do you want? Not many things, but the few things that you do wish, you crave with an insistence that will be denied. Some of the things most people want include: Health and the preservation of life, food, sleep, money and the things money will buy, life in the hereafter, gratification involving pleasures of the flesh, the well-being of our children, a feeling of importance. #RandolphHarris 1 of 21

Almost all these wants are usually gratified—all except one. However, there is one longing—almost as deep, almost as imperious, as the desire for food or sleep—which is seldom gratified. It is what Dr. Freud calls “the desire to be great.” It is what Dr. Dewey calls the “desire to be important.” President Lincoln once began a letter saying: “Everybody likes a compliment.” William James said: “The deepest principle in human nature is the craving to be appreciated.” He did not speak, mind you, of the “wish” or the “desire” or the “longing” to be appreciated. He said the “caring” to be appreciated. Here is a gnawing and unflattering human hunger, and the rare individual who honestly satisfies this heart hunger will hold people in the palm of his or her hand and “even the undertaker will be sorry when he dies.” The desire for a feeling of importance is one of the chief distinguishing differences between mankind and the animals. To illustrate: When I was a farm boy out in San Jose, my father bred fine Duroc-Jersey hogs and pedigreed white-face cattle. We used to exhibit our hogs and white-face cattle at the country fairs and livestock shows throughout the Middle West. We won first prizes by the score. My father pinned his blue ribbons on a sheet of white muslin, and when friends or visitors came to the house, he would get out the long sheet of muslin. He would hold one end and I would hold the other while he exhibited the blue ribbons. The hogs did not care about the ribbons they had won. However, Father did. These prices gave him a feeling of importance. #RandolphHarris 2 of 21

If our ancestors had not had this flaming urge for a feeling of importance, civilization would have been impossible. Without it, we should have been just about like animals. It was this desire for a feeling of importance that led some law books he found in the bottom of a barrel of household plunder that he had bought for fifty cents. You have probably heard of this grocery clerk. His name was Lincoln. It was this desire for a feeling of importance that inspired Dickens to write his immortal novels. This desire inspired Sir Christopher Wren to design his symphonies in stone. This desire made Rockefeller amass millions that he never spent! And this same desire made the richest family in your town build a house for too large for its requirements. This desire makes you want to wear the latest styles, drive the latest cars, and talk about your brilliant children. It is this desire that lures many boys and girls into joining gangs and engaging in criminal activities. The average young criminal, according to E. P. Mulrooney, onetime police commissioner of New York, is filled with ego, and his first request after arrest is for those lurid newspapers that make him out a hero. The disagreeable prospect of serving time seems remote so long as he can gloat over his likeness sharing space with pictures of sports figures, movie and TV stars and politicians. If you tell me how you get your feeling of importance, I will tell you what you are. That determines your character. That is the most significant thing about you. For example, John. D. Rockefeller got his feeling of importance by giving money to erect a modern hospital in Peking, China, to care for millions of poor people whom he had never seen and never would see. #RandolphHarris 3 of 21

Dillinger, on the other hand, got his feeling of importance by being a bandit, a bank robber and killer. When the FBI agents were hunting him, he dashed into a farmhouse up in Minnesota and said, “I’m Dillinger!” He was proud of the fact that he was Public Enemy Number One. “I’m not going to hurt you, but I’m Dillinger!” he said. Yes, the one significant difference between Dillinger and Rockefeller is how they got their feelings of importance. History sparkles with amusing examples of famous people struggling for a feeling of importance. Even George Washington wanted to be called “His Mightiness, the President of the United States of America”; and Columbus pleaded for the title “Admiral of the Ocean and Viceroy of India.” Catherine the Great refused to open letters that were not addressed to “Her Imperial Majesty”; and Mrs. Lincoln, in the White House, turned upon Mrs. Grant like a tigress and shouted, “How dare you be seated in my presence until I invite you!” Our millionaires helped finance Admiral Byrd’s expedition to the Antarctic in 1928 with the understanding that ranges of icy mountains would be named after them, and Victor Hugo aspired to have nothing less than the city of Paris renamed in his honor. Even Shakespeare, mightiest of the mighty, tried to add luster to his name by procuring a coat of arms for his family. People sometimes became invalids in order to win sympathy and attention, and get a feeling of importance. For example, take Mrs. McKinley. She got a feeling of importance by forcing her husband, the President of the United States of America, to neglect important affairs of state while he reclined on the bed beside her for hours, at a time, his arm about her, soothing her to sleep. #RandolphHarris 4 of 21

She fed her gnawing desire for attention by insisting that he remain with her while she was having her teeth fixed, and once created a stormy scene when he had to leave her alone with the dentists while he kept an appointment with John Hay, his secretary of states. The writer Mary Roberts Rinehart once told me of a bright, vigorous young woman who became an invalid in order to get a feeling of importance. “One day,” said Mrs. Rinehart, “this woman had been obliged to face something, her age perhaps. The lonely years were stretching ahead and there was little left for her to anticipate. She took to her bed; and for ten years her old mother traveled to the third floor and back, carrying trays, nursing her. Then one day the old mother, weary with service, lay down and died. For some weeks, the invalid languished; then she got up, put on her clothing, and resumed living again. Some authorities declare that people may actually go insane in order to find, in the dreamland of importance that has been denied them in the harsh World of reality. There are more patients suffering from mental diseases in the United States of American than from all other diseases combined. What is the cause of insanity? Nobody can answer such a sweeping question, but we know that certain diseases, such as syphilis, break down and destroy the brain cells and result in insanity. In fact, about one-half of all mental diseases can be attributed to such physical causes as brain lesions, alcohol, toxins and injuries. However, the other half—and this is the appalling part of the story—the other half of the people who go insane apparently have nothing organically wrong with their brain cells. #RandolphHarris 5 of 21

In post-mortem examinations, when their brain tissues are studied under the highest-powered microscopes, these tissues are found to be apparently just as healthy as yours and mine. Why do these people go insane? The head physician of one of our most important psychiatric hospitals, who received the highest honors and the most coveted awards for his knowledge of the subject, told me frankly that the did not know why people went insane. Nobody knew for sure. However, he did say that many people who go insane find insanity a feeling of importance that they were unable to achieve in the World of reality. As already suggested, when individuals come into one another’s immediate presence in circumstances where no spoken communication is called for, they none the less inevitably engage one another in communication of a sort, for in all situations, significance is ascribed to certain matters that are not necessarily connected with particular verbal communications. These comprise bodily appearance and personal acts: dress, bearing, movement and position, sound level, physical gestures such as waving or saluting, facial decorations, and broad emotional expression. In every society these communication possibilities are institutionalized. While many such usable events may be neglected, at least some are likely to be regularized and accorded a common meaning. Half-aware that a certain aspect of one’s activity is available for all present to perceive, the individual tends to modify this activity, employing it with its public character in mind. Sometimes, in fact, he may employ these signs solely because they can be witnessed. #RandolphHarris 6 of 21

And even if those in his presence are not quite conscious of the communication they are receiving, they will none the less sense something sharply amiss should the uncustomary be conveyed. There is, then, a body symbolism, an idiom of individual appearances and gestures that tends to call forth in the actor what it calls forth in the others, the others drawn from those, and only those, who are immediately present. Now these embodied expressive signs can function to qualify others and thus play a role in focused interaction of, say, a conversational gathering. However, it is the special character of many of these events, when seen as communications, that they cannot be easily focused or shielded, tending, in the extreme, to be accessible to everyone in the situation at large. Further, while these signs seem ill suited for extended discursive messages, in contrast to speech, they do seem well designed to convey information about the actor’s social attributes and about one’s conceptions of oneself, of the other present, and of the setting. These signs, then, form the basis of unfocused interaction, even though they can also play a role in the focused kind. In this realm of unfocused interaction, no one participant can be officially “given the floor”; there is no official center of attention. #RandolphHarris 7 of 21

Although the individual may exert special care over this kind of conduct in order to make a good impression on a particular person in the setting—as when a girl wears a perfume she knows her boyfriend likes—such a performance tends to be presented as if it were primarily for the benefit of everyone in the vicinity. Body idiom, then, is a conventionalized discourse. Those who really like you and do not resent your success or happiness will understand if your technique is explained to them. If things are not going the way you would like and you change your speech pattern and your few so-called “friends” say they “liked you better the way you were,” you may assume that means they liked to see you held down and getting nowhere fast! This applies to all changes self-development may bring about in your appearance and personality that will gain your new powers of enchantment. Aggressive men tend to want to be fought, not express love. So if you are not into intimate partner violence, it is best to avoid those types. That old-time fundamentalist coined the term, “demon rum” because liquor does not bring out the spirits in us, but more often than not, the demon. The demonic, however, is not always bad. Music is considered to be a gift from Satan. The demonic element of any musician will be exercised in one’s musical instrument. Small wonder professional musicians are already “in love” and present an attractive challenge. When one has no other love, one will employ a representation of one’s Demonic layer in the form of they musical instrument one will love. #RandolphHarris 8 of 21

Many women, and especially those who are inclined to be predators, are decidedly masculine in their drives. The biggest threat to any man is that which attacks his ego in a feminine form. The most aggressive male will be a willing “slave,” so long as his ultimate male ego is allowed to remain intact. Once a man has been charmed by a woman, he should be unable to resist whatever he wishes might be. The more a man is secure in his manhood, the less aggressive he is when it comes to pleasures of the flesh. This is a rule all women must learn. The person who torments others at the drop of a hat is the masochist, because he secretly wishes to be beaten for his rude and offensive behavior and does what he can to engender such retribution. Such is the overly-aggressive male, who paws every woman he comes near. This type of man seldom gets his come-uppance at the hands of a real woman, because women instinctively think of him as a dominant and aggressive type, when actually, he is crying out to be mastered. All that needs to be done is to act as brash and insulting as possible and he will fall helplessly in love with you. However, because he may react violently, I would recommend just leaving him alone. If a man’s Demonic is careered to in another form, leaving him with a care like himself, he may not need you at all, but at least you know you will not be competing with a BMW! There tends to be agreement not only about the meaning of behaviors that are seen but also about the behaviors that ought to be show. #RandolphHarris 9 of 21

Although an individual can stop talking, he cannot stop communicating through body idiom; he must say either the right thing or the wrong thing. He cannot say nothing. Paradoxically, the way in which he can give the least amount of information about oneself—although this is still appreciable—is to fit in and act as persons of his kind are expected to act. (The fact that information about self can be held back in this way is one motive for maintaining the proprieties.) Finally, it should be noted that while no one in a society is likely to be in a position to employ the whole expressive idiom, or even a major part of it, nevertheless everyone will possess some knowledge of the same vocabulary of body symbols. Indeed, the understanding of a common body idiom is one reason for calling an aggregate of individuals a society. This brings us to a final set of observations about the creation and destruction of variety. Typically, real populations have finite numbers of discrete agents. This means that the destruction of agents or strategies can result in the complete loss of all instances of some type. In many conventional theories for analyzing populations this is not so. Those theories are often based on assumptions of continuous variables. Some complexity researchers have taken to calling this the nano-fox property, after conventional predator-prey models that have continuous numbers of animals in them, growing and shrinking by proportionality constants. In such conventional models a tiny fraction of each animal type is always around, so that no matter how severe the starvation, the predator population will rebound as soon as prey return. There is no complete extinction in such models. A nano-fox is always lurking in the shadows. #RandolphHarris 10 of 21

However, in real populations the difference between having a few animals and zero animals is usually not just a little extra waiting time. Recreating a lost type is very unlikely, and occupation of the vacant ecological niche by another species is far more to be expected. Because Complex Adaptive Systems researchers are especially interested in variety, they often use modeling tools that allow genuine extinction. This is much more than a minor difference about the technical tools of systems modeling. The tools embody widespread habits of thinking about variation. A habit of ignoring the sharp effect of an extinction is inconsistent with many important social and policy settings. The legal system distinguishes death from the most severe and permanent incapacitation. Bankruptcy has quite different effects on a firm’s history than mere extreme debt. These “zero points” in social situations correspond to shape changes in the later dynamics. Compare what can happen before of after the last speaker of a language dies or the last copy of an ancient manuscript is lost. Our way of thinking about variety has to capture these compelling aspects of social life. A related notion in continuous modeling traditions is that all possible types already exist in tiny quantities. This is akin to Plato’s notion of discovery as a form of remembering truths already dimly known. Again, the Complex Adaptive Systems view is based on a discrete view of events and entities. It therefore suggests that a new idea may not simply be waiting in the wings for the circumstances that will bring it rapidly to prominence. It matters enormously whether the number of people who have thought of it is one or zero. #RandolphHarris 11 of 21

We see this when we observe, once a theorem is known to be true, how readily theorists obtain the second and subsequent—shorter and more elegant—proofs. The distinction has relevance for policy strategies such as “counting on the market to find a solution,” which can be expected to work far more rapidly and reliably in domains where several approaches have been partially worked out, as opposed to domains in which a feasible approach is yet to be conceived. The underlying source of this sharp effect of zero is that copying mechanisms work quite differently from mechanisms that recombine types in context. Consider human imitation. A copying process can rapidly spread an existing type, such as double-entry bookkeeping or the Grameen banking system for microcredit. However, simple imitation—even with random error—will only very rarely invent new innovations are the result of processes like crossover for constraint relaxation. A type may spread rapidly by copying once an instance of it exists, but the time required for mechanisms to create an instance of a particular type can be very long. While reproduction can be quick, creation may require a long wait. This argument about the special value of rare types has become very visible in recent years through debates about preserving plant species for future medicinal incubation of small businesses and preservation of skills that are vanishing in the Information Revolution. #RandolphHarris 12 of 21

Variety plays a crucial role in Complex Adaptive Systems. Our focus has been on mechanisms that create and destroy variety in populations of agents. These are fundamental to the way populations of agents change their composition over time. They include simple copying, copying with the introduction of errors, and recombining mechanisms that create new types by systematically reusing or modifying old ones. The notion of type makes it easier to discuss the categories of which agents are instances and the way that the mechanisms alter a population’s variety. We have shown that there is a fundamental trade-off between exploitation and exploration, between creating agents or strategies similar to types that have already been successful and creating agents or strategies that are likely to be substantially novel. We examined four factors that may reduce the relative cost of exploration: long time horizons, fast and reliable feedback, low risk of catastrophe from exploration, and danger in the status quo. Finally, extinction of types is especially significant in Complex Adaptive Systems. Shortly after its creation, a good new type of agent or strategy may be a rarity. Chance events when frequencies are low can have large effects, as valuable rare types (new or old) can be lost, or amplified into a more secure and effective role in population. We have examined the way that new types can arise among agents or strategies. We are now ready to consider patterns of agent interaction and how they influence the development of agent populations. Who interacts with whom in a complex system, and what difference does that pattern of interactions make? #RandolphHarris 13 of 21

In the 1980s, at the very height of the merger mania, businesses “discovered” the profit center. With an enthusiastic rush, companies began to break themselves into a larger number of units, each of which was told to operate as though it were an independent small business. By doing so, the largest corporations began shifting from monolithic internal structures to mosaics made of scores, often hundreds of independently accounted units. While few managers realized it, this restructure was propelled by changes in the knowledge system. The idea of setting up separate profit centers inside the same firm was hardly new. However, it was resisted in the pre-computer age because it implied a significant loss of control by top management. Even after the mainframe computer arrived on the scene, it was difficult for companies to monitor the operations of large numbers of separately accounted “centers.” It was not until personal computers began showing up in businesses en masse that the profit-center idea began to win serious attention in executive boardrooms. However, more precondition was needed. The micros had to be networked to mainframes. Once this began to happen in the 1980s, the profit-center concept caught fire. At first, stand-alone microcomputers shifted power downward. Armed with these new tools, junior executives and even rank-and-file employees tasted an unaccounted degree of power and autonomy. However, once the micros were connected to central mainframes, they also allowed top management to keep tabs on key parameters in a multiplicity of small units. It became practical to grant these units considerable freedom while still holding them financially accountable. #RandolphHarris 14 of 21

The information revolution thus began to widen the gulf between finance and operations, making it possible for financial concentration to go hand in hand with a considerable de-concentration of operational power. At present, most profit centers are still only mirror images of the parent firm, baby bureaucracies hived off from the mother bureaucracy. As we advance toward the flex-firm, however, these will begin to diversify organizationally, and form themselves into mosaics of a new kind. At S. Appolinare Nuovo in Ravennea a procession of saints is pictured on a mosaic wall. Imagine, however, a kind of kinetic mosaic, a moving mosaic composed not on a flat solid wall, but on many shifting see-through panels, one behind the other, overlapping, interconnected, the colors and shapes continually blending, contrasting, and changing. Paralleling the new ways that knowledge is organized in data bases, this begins to suggest the future form of the enterprise and of the economy itself. Instead of a power-concentrating hierarchy, dominated by a few central organizations, we move toward a multidimensional mosaic form of power. The basic properties of clarity, niceness, provocability, and forgiveness seem likely to be true of any good rule of behavior for extricating oneself from a prisoners’ dilemma. However, for tit-for-tat is too quick to punish someone who has a history of cooperating. We need to find a strategy that is more discriminating: it should be more forgiving when a defection appears to be an exception, and it should punish when defection appears to be the rule. #RandolphHarris 15 of 21

You can consider the following guidelines as a step in that direction. Begin cooperating. Continue cooperating. Keep count of how many times the other side appears to have defected while you have cooperated. If this percentage becomes unacceptable, revert to tit-for-tat. Note that unlike before, tit-for-tat is the punishment if it appears that the other side is trying to take advantage of you. To determine what is unacceptable percentage of defections, you need to know both a short-, medium, and long-term history of the other side’s actions. The long run is not enough. Just because someone has been cooperating for a long time does not mean that he will not take advantage of you while he runs down his reputation. You also need to know “What have you done for me lately?” Here is an example of one such strategy. It is nicer, more forgiving, not quite as provovable, and a little more complicated than tit-for-tat. Start cooperating and continue to do so until one of the four tests below fails. First impression: A defection on the first move is unacceptable. Revert to tit-for-tat. Short term: Two defections in any three turns is unacceptable. Revert to tit-for-tat. Medium term: Three defections out of the last twenty periods is unacceptable. Revert to tit-for-tat. Long term: Five defection out of the last one hundred periods is unacceptable. Revert to tit-for-tat. The punishment of tit-for-tat need not last forever. Keep track of how often the other side had violated any of these four tests. On the first violation, return to cooperation after twenty periods of the tit-for-tat “echo” of alternating defections. #RandolphHarris 16 of 21

However, put the other side on probation. Reduce the number of defections allowed in the medium- and long-term tests by one. If the other side does not violate the probation for fifty periods, then strike the record clean and return to the original standards. If the other side violates the probation, resort to tit-for-tat forever. The exact rules for this, short-term, medium-term, and long-term impressions will depend on the probabilities of error or misperception, the importance you place on future gains and current losses, and so on. However, this type of strategy is likely to outperform tit-for-tat in the imperfect real World. The important principle to remember is that when misperceptions are possible, you should not punish every defection you see. You have to make a guess as to whether a misperception has occurred, either by you or by your partner. This extra forgiveness allows others to cheat a little on you. However, if they cheat, they use up their goodwill. When the eventual misperceptions arise you will no longer be inclined to let the incident pass. Oppportunism on the part of your opponent will be self-defeating. What might have been—and what could still give hope to the World’s dispirited Muslim youth—is the fact that knowledge increasingly defines the line between wealth and poverty, between capability and powerlessness and between human fulfillment and frustration. A country able to mobilize and diffuse knowledge can rapidly raise its level of development, help all its citizens to grow and flourish and take its proper place on the 21^st Century global stage. #RandolphHarris 17 of 21

The Arab World is based on five principles: Freedom of opinion, expression and association. Quality of education…available to all. Embedding science in Arab society…and joining the information revolution decisively. Shifting rapidly toward knowledge-based and higher-value-added production. Developing an enlightened Arab knowledge model that encourages critical thinking, problem solving and creativity, while promoting the Arabic language, cultural diversity and openness to other cultures. A large part of Arab economic activity is concentrated on primary commodities, as in agriculture, which remains largely traditional while at the same time, the share of the capital goods industry and of industries embodying higher technology continues to shrink. Access to digital media is among the lowest in the World, but in terms of computers per population and Internet access. Scientific R&D figures are equally telling. The number of scientists and engineers in R&D in the Arab World per million people is approximately a third that of the World rate, according to the report. And while Arabs constitute 5 percent of the World population, Arab countries publish only 1.1 percent of its books. A key point made by the team is the degree to which Islam, at lest in the Arab World, cuts itself off from the ideas, knowledge and innovative thinking in the rest of the World. Isolation from the rest of mankind, inward-looking in a closed circuit, surrounded by a wall without doors does not mean Muslim identity. #RandolphHarris 18 of 21

Contrast that with the Islamist vision of yesterday imposed on tomorrow. In terms of the deep fundamentals of time, space and, above all, knowledge, therefore, Islamic terrorist promise murder to the outside World—and nothing but misery with their own. We have devoted more space to Islam and the Middle East and their lost opportunities because of current urgencies, but Africa and Latin America, too, must face the future. They seethe with wave conflicts over land ownership, urban poverty, agribusiness, indigenous tribes, ethnicity and the environment, intensified and complicated by racism and narco-terrorism. The United States of America has been so preoccupied with the Middle East that it has paid too little attention to these other volcanic rumbles—especially those in an angry South America about to erupt. Shortages often spur environmental damage. Faced with a food shortage, herdsmen can graze grassland down to bare dirt. Faced with an energy shortage, industrial countries can approve destructive projects. The growth of population and the consumption of resources by twentieth-century industry have placed growing pressures on Earth’s ability to support us in the manner to which we have become accustomed. The resource problem will look quite different in the twenty-first century, with a new technology base. Today, we cut trees and mine iron for structures. #RandolphHarris 19 of 21

We pump oil and mine goal for our energy. Even cement is born in the flames of burning fossil fuels. Almost everything we build, almost everything we make, consumes something ripped from the Earth. This need not continue. Our civilization uses materials for many things, but mainly to make things with a certain size, shape, and strength. These structural uses include everything from fibers in clothing to paving in roads, and most of the mass of furniture, walls, cars, spacecraft, computers—indeed, most of the mass of almost every product we build and use. The best structural materials use carbon, in forms like diamond and graphite. With elements from air and water, carbon makes up the polymers of wool and polyester, and of wood and nylon. A twenty-first century civilization could mine the atmosphere for carbon, extracting over 300 billion tons before lowering the CO2 concentration back to its natural, pre-industrial level. For a population of 10 billion, this would be enough to give ever family a large house with lightweight but steel-strong walls, with 95 percent left over. Atmospheric garbage is an ample source of structural materials, with no need to cut trees or dig iron ore. Plants show that carbon can be used to build solar collectors. Laboratory work shows that carbon compounds can be better conductors than copper. A whole power system could be built without even touching the rich resources of metal buried in garbage dumps. Carbon can make windows, of plastic or diamond. Carbon can make things colorful with organic dyes. Carbon can be used to build nanocomputers, and will be the chief component of high-performance nanomachines of all kinds. The other components in all these materials are hydrogen, nitrogen, and oxygen, all found in air and water. Other elements are useful, but seldom necessary. Traces would often be ample. #RandolphHarris 20 of 21

With a new technology base making recycling easy, there need be no steady depletion of Earth’s resources, just to keep a civilization running. The sketch just made shows that recycling just one form of garbage—excess atmospheric CO2—can provide most needs. Even 10 billon wealthy people would not need to strip the Earth of resources. They could make do with what we have already dug up and thrown away, and they would not even need all of that. In short, a twenty-first-century industry, supplemented with modest amounts of air, water, and sunlight. This will not necessarily happen, yet the very fact that it is possible gives a better sense of what the new technology base can mean for the relationship between humanity, resources, and the Earth. Green products are ones that: are not dangerous to the health of people or animals. Do not cause damage to the environment during manufacture, use, or disposal. Does not consume a disproportionate amount of energy and other resources during manufacture, use, or disposal. Does not cause unnecessary waste, due either to excessive packaging or to a short useful life. Does not involve the unnecessary use of or cruelty to animals. Does not use materials derived from threatened species or environments. Ideally, does not trade price, quality, nutrition, or convenience for environmental quality. With its ability to make almost anything at low cost—including products designed for extreme safety, durability, efficiency—without mining, logging, harming animals or environments, or producing toxic wastes, molecular manufacturing will make possible greener products than any yet seen in a store. Nanotechnology can replace old wealth with green wealth. And instead of focusing on reduce emission from cows, how about we eliminate leaf blowers, they cause so much sound pollution and air pollution and waste tones of water because people have to wash their cars more due to the dirt they blow around. #RandolphHarris 21 of 21

CRESLEIGH HAVENWOOD

Lincoln, CA | from the high $600s

Now Selling!

No appointment needed! Cresleigh Havenwood features four distinct floor plans ranging from 2,293 – 3,377 square feet and offering up to five bedrooms.  Each plan has been thoughtfully designed and includes great features such as single story homes, guest suites, optional offices, garage workshops, and more! Get the most out of your new home with Cresleigh’s All Ready smart home featuring all the connectivity needed to keep your house running. Best of all, each Cresleigh home comes with owned solar included! 

Located off of Virginiatown Road and McCourtney Road, residents of the 83 homesites of Cresleigh Havenwood will benefit from a brand new neighborhood in the charming City of Lincoln. Palo Verde Park, is  just down the street and there’s plenty of recreation to take part in all around town. https://cresleigh.com/havenwood/quick-move-homesite-67/