The World we have created is a product of our thinking; it cannot be changed without changing our thinking. Experience has shown each one of us that reality is very easily able to deceive ourselves to believe something which later experience shows us is not so. How can I tell whether this tentative belief has some real relationship to observed facts? I can use, not one line of evidence only, but several. I can surround my observation of the facts with various precautions to make sure I am not deceiving myself. I can consult with others who have also been concerned with avoiding self-deception, and learn useful ways of catching myself in unwarranted beliefs, based on misinterpretations of observations. I can, in short, begin to use all the elaborate methodology which science has accumulated. I discover that stating my hypothesis in operational terms will avoid my blind alley and false conclusions. If, as a scientist, I like the way I have gone about my investigation, if I have been open to all the evidence, if I have selected and sued intelligently all the precautions against self-deception which I have been able to assimilate from others or to devise myself, then I will give my tentative belief to the findings which have emerged. I will regard them as a springboard for further investigation and further seeking. It has been suggested that one can rely upon one’s audience to accept minor cues as a sign of something important about one’s performance. #RandolphHarris 1 of 21

If in the last few years, you have not discarded a major opinion or acquired a new one, check your pulse, you may need to be give the kiss of life. Feedback is a convenient fact that has an inconvenient implication. By virtue of the same sign-accepting tendency, the audience may misunderstand the meaning that a cue was designed to convey, or may read an embarrassing meaning into gestures or events that were accidental, inadvertent, or incidental and not meant by the performer to carry any meaning whatsoever. In response to these communication contingencies, performers commonly attempt to exert a kind of synecdochic responsibility, making sure that as many as possible of the minor events in the performance, however instrumentally inconsequential these events may be, will occur in such a way as to convey either no impression or an impression that is compatible and consistent with the over-all definition of the situation that is being fostered. When the audience is known to be secretly skeptical of the reality that is being impressed upon them, we have been ready to appreciate their tendency to pounce on trifling flows as a sign life we have been less ready to appreciate that even sympathetic audiences can be momentarily disturbed, shocked, and weakened in their faith by the discover of a picayune discrepancy in the impressions presented to them. #RandolphHarris 2 of 21

 Some of these minor accidents and unmeant gestures happen to be so aptly designed to give an impression that contradict the one fostered by the performer that the audience cannot help but be startled from a proper degree of involvement in the interaction, even though the audience may realize that in the last analysis the discordant event is really meaningless and ought to be completely overlooked. The crucial point is not that the fleeting definition of the situation caused by an unmeant gesture is itself so blameworthy but rather merely that it is different from the definition officially projected. This difference forces an acutely embarrassing wedge between the official projection and reality, for it is part of the official projection that it is the only possible one under the circumstances. Perhaps, then, we should not analyze performances in terms of mechanical standards, by which a large gain can offset a small loss, or a large weight a smaller one. Artistic imagery would be more accurate, for it prepares us for the fact that a single note off key can disrupt the tone of an entire performance. You are what you are and where you are because of what has gone into your mind; you change what you are and where you are by changing what goes into your mind. To exist is to change, to change is to mature, to mature is to go on creating oneself endlessly. #RandolphHarris 3 of 21

In regard to the findings of science, the subjective foundation is well shown in the fact that at times the scientist may refuse to believe one’s own findings. “The experiment showed thus and so, but I believe it is wrong,” is a theme which every scientist has experiences at some time or other. Some very fruitful discoveries have grown out of the persistent disbelief, by a scientist, in one’s own findings and those of others. In the last analysis one may place more trust in one’s total organismic reactions than in the methods of science. There is no doubt that this can result in serious error as well as in scientific discoveries, but it indicates again the leading place of the subjective in the use of science. Wading along a coral reef in the Caribbean this morning, I saw a large blue fish—I think. If you, quite independently, saw it too, then I feel more confident in my own observation. This is what is known as intersubjective verification, and it plays an important part in our understanding of science. If I take you (whether in conversation or in print or behaviorally) through the steps I have taken in an investigation, and it seems to you too that I have not deceived myself, and that I have indeed come across a new relationship which is relevant to my values, and that I am justified in having a tentative faith in this relationship, then we have the beginnings of Science with a capital S. It is at this point that we are likely to think we have created a body of scientific knowledge. #RandolphHarris 4 of 21

Actually there is there is no such body of knowledge. There are only tentative beliefs, existing subjectively, in a number of different persons. If these beliefs are not tentative, then what exists are strict and rigid doctrines, not science. If on the other hand, no one but the investigator believes the finding then this finding is either a personal and deviant matter, an instance of pathology, or else it is an unusual truth discovered by a genius, which as yet no one is subjectively ready to believe. When one repeats oneself in a redundant way, one is revealing one’s desire to be seen as a member of some group. However, others may not care. Reflections and interpretations may be experienced by other individuals as expressions of the message, “I do not really care about you, I care about my expense, or my comfort, or the rightness of my theories or reflections or interpretations.” Or, these same reflections and interpretations, whether awkward or apt, may be heard as repetitions of, “I wan you to be healthier, I want to help you, I am trying to be helpful.” I believe that trust and hope are not contributors to healing. Rather, they are the experienced aspect of a total organismic healing, or reintegration process. Trust and hope are indications that the healing or reintegration or transcendence process has been set in motion. Trust and hope do not cause healing. They are healing. We can look at healing from various perspectives. #RandolphHarris 5 of 21

From a psychological standpoint, healing appears as a state of trust and hope. At a physiological level, it is revealed as changes in white-cell count or in some endocrinological changes. At a behavioral level, healing is manifested in growing vigor and relevance of responding. Continued distrust and hopelessness in a patient undergoing any kind of therapy may be regarded as indications that the disintegration process is unremitting. The patient’s acquiescence to determiners of one’s existence is persisting and may culminate in death or total withdrawal into psychosis. Anything a therapist does which invites an unwell person to trust, to be self-revealing, and to have hope that a better life is possible is therapeutic. The onset of these psychological states signifies that the healing process or desirable personality reorganization has already begun. For people in the healing, the helping, and the teaching professions, here is something most neglect. The most valuable experience I have had finding opportunities to grow and to have my growth confirmed, beyond training, that has maintained my growth edge, is contact with colleagues who are of goodwill and before whom I have not be afraid to be myself; that is, be like a patient, a pupil, a teacher, or a groping, bungling, well-intentioned person trying to make sense of what one is doing and wanting to benefit from somebody else’s experience. #RandolphHarris 6 of 21

Out of informal friendships and informal workshop meetings, more formal workshops such as those held by the American Academy of Psychotherapist evolved. At Academy workshops 50 or 75 therapists spend five days and nights, at each other—liking one another, hating one another, and sharing with one another what we do, what we do not do, why do we do it, and so on. If they do not have of this sort available to them, I think therapists stultify. If such are not available, then a therapist has to find someone one can trust, to tangle with, in order to avoid becoming smug, pompous, rude, and convinced that one has “the word.” One of the greatest dangers of being a teacher, a psychotherapist, a nurse, a minister, or anybody else involved in trying to help others change is the delusion that one “has made it,” that all-American fantasy. There is no one like a self-disclosing colleague to prod one out of such smug pomposity, and invite one back to the task. Change is an inevitable journey. All things are constantly changing, transforming, becoming, something different. Guiding change so that it is successful is what leadership is all about. Indeed, the measure of a leader may well be one’s capacity to understand and deal successfully with change—to stimulate it, shape it, guide it, manage it, and keep it going in the right direction. #RandolphHarris 7 of 21

To exist is to change, to change is to mature, to mature is to go on creating oneself endlessly. Seek the rapids, not the calm of the lake. Take the calm to reflect and prepare for the rapids. If we face permanent white water, we will see the need for and experience change. People who say it cannot be done should not interrupt those of us who are doing it. Americans always do the right thing after they try everything else first. When there is a discrepancy between an individual’s actual social identity and one’s virtual one, it is possible for this fact to be known to us before we normal contact one, or to be quite evident when one presents oneself before us. One is a discredited person, and it is mainly one I have been dealing with until now. As suggested, we are likely to give no open recognition to what is discrediting one, and while this work of careful disattention is being done, the situation can become tense, uncertain, and ambiguous for all participants, especially the stigmatized one. The cooperation of a stigmatized person with normal in acting as if one’s known differentness were irrelevant and not attended to is one main possibility in the life of such a person. However, when one is differentness is not immediately apparent, and is not known beforehand (or at least known by one to be known to others), when in fact one’s is a discreditable, and not a discredited, person, then the second main possibility in one’s life is to be found. #RandolphHarris 8 of 21

The issue is not that of managing tension generated during social contacts, but rather that of managing information about one’s failing. To display or not to display; to tell or not to tell; to let on or not to let on; to lie or not to lie; and in each case, to whom, how, when, and where. For example, while the mental patient is in the hospital, and when one is with adult members of one’s own family, one is faced with being treated as insane, when one knows this is not just. However, for the ex-mental patient the problem can be quite different; it is not that one must face prejudice against oneself, but rather that one must face unwitting acceptance of oneself of individuals who are prejudiced against persons of the kind one can be revealed to be. Wherever one goes one’s behavior will falsely confirm for the other that they are in the company of what in effect they demand but may discover they have not obtained, namely, a mentally untainted person like themselves. By intention or in effect the ex-mental patient conceals information about one’s real social identity, receiving and accepting treatment based on false suppositions concerning oneself. It is this second general issues, the management of undisclosed discrediting information about self, that I am focusing on in these notes, in brief, “passing.” He concealment of creditable facts—reverse passing—of course occurs, but is not relevant here. #RandolphHarris 9 of 21

There are many other examples. Sometimes only a change of viewpoint is needed to convert a tiresome duty into an interesting opportunity. I knew a physician who was careful to refrain from using external symbols of her status, such as car-license tags, her only evidence of profession being an identification carried in her wallet. When faced with a public accident in which medical service was already being rendered the victim, or in which the victim was past helping, she would, upon examining the victim at a distance from the circle around one, quietly go her way without announcing her competence. In these situations, she was what might be called a female impersonator. Never doubt that a small group of thoughtful committed citizens can change the World. Indeed, it is the only thing that ever has. The traditional view point is neither scientifically testable nor easily compatible with evolution. Unfortunately, this traditional understanding of the good life, freedom, community, and tolerance is not scientifically testable. Moreover, Dr. Darwin’s theory of evolution caused many to lose their belief in the existence of natures, human or otherwise. The concepts of unchanging essences and of complete discontinuities between every eidos (type) and all others make genuine evolutionary thinking impossible. I agree with those who claim that the essentialist philosophies of Aristotle and Plato are incompatible with evolutionary thinking. #RandolphHarris 10 of 21

The implications of moving species from the metaphysical category that can appropriately be characterized in terms of natures t a category for which such characterizations are inappropriate are extensive and fundamental. If species evolve in anything like the way that Dr. Darwin thought they did, then they cannot possibly have the sort of natures that the traditional philosophers claimed they did. If species in general lack natures, then so does Homo Sapiens as a biological species. If Homo sapiens lacks a nature, then no reference to biology can be made to support one’s claims about human nature. Perhaps all people are persons, share the same personhood, and so forth, but such claims must be explicated and defended with no reference to biology. Because so many moral, ethical, and political theories depend on some notion or other of human nature, Dr. Darwin’s theory brought into question these theories. The implications are not entailments. One can always dissociate Homo sapiens from human being, but the result is a much less plausible position. Things remain the same because it is impossible to change very much without changing most of everything. Nothing in the World is so powerful as an idea whose time has come. #RandolphHarris 11 of 21

Success is a journey, not a destination. A journey of a thousand miles must begin with a single step. When we think about the idea that is a person or group dissociates the species-specific designation Homo sapiens from the designation human being, with all of its attendant moral and theological implications (a being might presuppose a creator), then that person or group has a less plausible position. Why? Why should that which we see, hear, feel, taste, or touch (or observe through scientific method) have sway over any cultural debate, since the entire conclusion in the debate rests on a giant “if”—if a species evolved in anything like the way Dr. Darwin thought they did?  Well, if naturalistic evolution is the story of how we came to be, then there is no human nature answering to a divine blueprint and no good life that expresses that nature. There are only accidentally formed individual human beings who are free to create whatever versions of happiness they wish. According to the modern view, the good life is the satisfaction of any pleasure or desire that someone freely and autonomously chooses for oneself. The successful person is the individual who has a life of pleasure and can obtain enough consumer goods to satisfy one’s desires. Freedom the right to do what I want, not the power to do what I by nature ought to. #RandolphHarris 12 of 21

Community gives way to individualism with the result that narcissism—an inordinate sense of self-love and self-centered involvement—is an accurate description of many people’s lives. If I am free to create my own moral Universe and version of the good life, and there is no right or wrong answer to what I should create, then morality—indeed, everything—ultimately exists to make me happy. When a person considers ending a pregnancy prematurely or physician-assisted suicide, the person’s individual rights are all that matter. Questions about virtue or one’s duty to the broader community simply do not arise. However, as a colleague informed me, death by suicide reflects poorly on the community, perhaps even more so than a murder. Tolerance has come to mean that no one is right and no one is wrong and, indeed, the very act of stating that someone else’s views are immoral or incorrect is now take to be intolerant (of course, from this same point of view, it is all right to be intolerant of those who hold to objectively true moral or religious positions). Once the existence of knowable truth in religion and ethics is denied, authority (the right to be believed and obeyed) gives way to rhetoric, the speech writer is replaced by the makeup man, and spirited but civil debate in the culture wars is replaced by politically correct special-interest groups who have noting left but political coercion to enforce their views on others, which has been the job of the TV news media especially in the twenty-first century. #RandolphHarris 13 of 21

While the Christian faith clearly teaches that believers are to be involved as good citizens in the state, nevertheless, it is obvious why so many secularists are addicted to politics today because political power is a surrogate for a Higher Power. Once God died in the New World—that is, once the concept of God no longer informed the major idea—generating the centers of society turned secular—there would be turmoil and horrible secular wars unchecked by traditional morality because the state would come to be a surrogate god for many. Finally, individual rights have come to dominate our public discussion of mortal issues. The public square—those aspects of society where all citizens must interface regardless of personal views; for example, public schools, and government—has become unveiled: religious, moral, and political debate therein is no longer informed by a clear, robust vision of the moral life shared by most citizens and taken to be true and rational. Once objective duty, goodness, and virtue were abandoned under the guise of scientism and secularism, the only moral map that could replace objective morality is called minimalistic ethics—anything whatever is morally permissible provided only that you do not harm someone else. Many schools resist change while others avidly seek it. If we do not want our schools to atrophy and die, we need educational leaders who can bring about progress by daring to be change managers. #RandolphHarris 14 of 21

Not doing more than the average is what keeps the average down. The World changes faster than the people in it. Individual rights are important, and, for the Christian, they are grounded in the image of God and not in the state. In other words, the Christian believes that human rights are derived from the image of God in us; they do not ultimately come from the state. However, there are more fundamental questions of virtue and duty that are relevant to the overall development of a moral outlook. For example, the abortion debate should not be framed primarily as a debate about the right to life versus the right to choice Basically, it should be discussed in terms of this question: When faced with the question of abortion, what does a woman or a community committed to moral virtue and duty do? When issues of virtue and duty to others is brought to the foreground and rights are relegated to a secondary position in the moral context, the tenor of the debate changes drastically. How then was the Devil dressed? O, he was in his Sunday best; his coast was red, and his breeches were blue, and there was a hole where his tail came through. Until Christians can do a better job of seeing these issues and articulating them in terms of objective duty, the Jack Kevorkians will continue to win the debate (if that is what we should call the media rhetoric that surrounds the framing of moral dilemmas), precisely because the Kevorkians are on the side of individual rights. #RandolphHarris 15 of 21

If the only morally relevant question to ask a patient is whether or not one freely and competently chooses physician-assisted suicide, then we are left with no moral categories in which to introduce more basic questions of duty and virtue. And this is where our secular society is at present, given its commitment to scientism that emerged into no small measure because a marginalized and inarticulate church withdrew into privatized religion as she welcomed the Torjan horse of anti-intellectualism within her walls. “I look out on Earth…lo, all is chaos; I look at Heaven…its light is gone; I look out on the mountains…they are trembling; and all the hills are swaying! I look out…lo, the sown land lies a desert; and the towns are all razed by the Lord’s rage. For thus has the Lord said: The whole land shall be desolate…and for this shall the Earth mourn and the Heavens above be black…I have purposed it and will not repent; neither will I turn back from it. At the noise of the horsemen and the archers the land is all in flight, beings taking refuge within woods and caves, and climbing upon the rocks. Every city shall be abandoned, and not a being dwell therein. You ruined creature, what will you do!” reports Jeremiah 4.23-30. From the moment when the divine soul succeeds in taking full possession of a being’s thought and feeling, will and flesh, one’s motives, words, acts, and desires become obscure and mysterious to other beings. #RandolphHarris 16 of 21

The World changes faster than the people in it. “For the mountains shall depart, and the hills be removed. However, my kindness shall not depart from thee; neither shall the covenant of my peace be removed, saith the Lord that has mercy on thee!” reports Isaiah 54.10. A ship in port if safe, but that is not what ships are built for. “The foundations of the Earth do shake. Earth breaks to pieces, Earth is split in pieces, Earth shakes to pieces, Earth reels like a drunken man, Earth rocks like a hammock; under the weight of its transgression Earth falls down to rise no more! Life up your eyes to Heaven and look upon the Earth beneath: For the Heavens shall vanish away like smoke. And the Earth shall grow old like a robe; the World itself shall crumble. However, my righteousness shall be forever, and my salvation knows no end,” reports Isaiah 24.18-20. It is hard to speak after the prophets have spoken as they have in these pronouncements. Every word is like the stroke of a hammer. There was a time when we could listen to such words without much feeling and without understanding. There were decades and even centuries when we did not take them seriously. Those days are gone. Today we must take them seriously. For they describe with visionary power what the majority of human beings in our period have experienced, and what, perhaps in a not too distant future, all humankind will experience abundantly: “The foundations of the Earth do shake.” #RandolphHarris 17 of 21

The phrase, “Earth is split in pieces,” is no merely a poetic metaphor for us, but a hard reality. That is the religious meaning of the age into which we have entered. The Bible has always told us of the beginning and the end of the World. It speaks of eternity before the World was founded; it speaks of the time when God laid the foundations of the Earth; it speaks of the shaking of these foundations of the Earth; it speaks of the shaking of these foundations and of the crumbling of the World. In one of the later books, Second Peter, it says that “the Heavens will vanish with a crackling roar, and the elements will melt with fervent heat, the Earth also and the works therein shall be burnt up.” This is no longer vision; it has become physics. We know that in the ground of our Earth, and in the ground of everything in the World that has form and structure, destructive forces are bound. Laying the foundations of the Earth means binding these forces. When the unruly power of the smallest parts of our material World was restrained by cohesive structure, a place was provided in which life could grow and history develop, in which words could be heard and love be felt, and in which truth could be discovered and the Eternal adored. All this was possible because the fiery chaos of the beginning was transformed into the fertile soil of the Earth. #RandolphHarris 18 of 21

However, out of fertile soil of the Earth a being was generated and nourished, who was able to find the key to the foundation of all beings. That being was human. One has discovered the key which can unlock the forces of the ground, those forces which were bound when the foundations of the Earth were laid. One has begun to use this key. One has subjected the basis of life and thought and will to one’s will. And one’s willed destruction. For the sake of destruction one used the forces of the ground; by one’s thought and one’s work one unlocked and untied them. That is why the foundations of the Earth rock and shake in our time. Oh God of the Trinity, Whose Name is ineffable, Who purifies the cavern of human’s heart from vices, and makest it whiter than the snow; bestow on us Thy compassions; renew in our inward parts, we pray Thee, Thy Holy Spirit, by Whom we may be able to show forth Thy praise; that being strengthened by the righteous and princely Spirit, we may attain a place in the Heavenly Jerusalem; through Jesus Christ our Lord. An old man is not necessarily much wiser than a young one. Wisdom cannot be measured by the calendar. We should not respect the years, but their fruit. However, we are still supposed to respect our elders. If a being has found wisdom at the cost of one’s years, we should respect one. #RandolphHarris 19 of 21

However, we should not fall into the concealed if persuasive fallacy of honoring advice when it comes from an elder and you know it is bad or unhealthy. When thinking of the self-actualized person, it also gives rise in many minds to the picture of a creature belonging to an extinct species, a boring creature with pompous speech and portentous manner. Yet the lack of the ability to laugh at oneself—and certainly the lack of any sense of humour at all—characterizes fools and not the self-actualized. “ And then shall my revelations which I have caused  to be written by my servant john be unfolded in the eyes of all the people. Remember, when ye see these things, ye shall know that the time is at hand that they shall be made manifest in very deed. Therefore, when ye shall receive this record ye may know that the work of the Father has commenced upon all the face of the land. Therefore, repent all ye ends of the Earth, and come unto me, and believe in my gospel, and be baptized in my name; for one that believeth and is baptized shall be saved; but one that believeth not shall be damned; and signs shall follow them that believe in my name. And blessed is one that is found faithful unto my name at the last day, for one shall be lifted up to dwell in the kingdom prepared for one from the foundation of the World. And behold it is I that hath spoken it. Amen,” reports Ether 4.16-19. #RandolphHarris 20 of 21

O Supreme moving cause, may I always be subordinate to thee, be dependent upon thee, be found in the path where thou doest walk, and where thy Spirit moves, take heed of estrangement from thee, of becoming insensible to thy love. Thou dost not move beings like stones, but dost endue them with life, not to enable them to move without thee, but in submission to thee, the first mover. O Lord, I am astonished at the difference between my receivings and my deservings, between the state I am now in and my past gracelessness, between the Heaven I a bound for and the hell I merit. Who made me to differ, but thee? for I was no more ready to receive Christ than others; I could not have begun to love thee hadst thou not first loved me, or been willing unless thou hadst first made me so. O that such a crown should fit the head of such a sinner! such high advancement be for an unfruitful person! such high advancement be for an unfruitful person! such joys for so vile a rebel! Infinite wisdom cast the design of salvation into the mould of purchase and freedom; let wrath deserved be written on the door of hell, but the free gift of grace on the gate of Heaven. I know that my sufferings are the result of my sinner, but in Heaven both shall cease; grant me to attain this Heaven and be done with sailing, and may the gales of thy mercy blow me safely into harbour. Let thy love draw me nearer to thyself, wean me from sin, mortify me to this World, and make me ready for my departure hence. Secure me by thy grace as I sail across this stormy sea. #RandolphHarris 21 of 21

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