The alienated character of contemporary man is somewhat one-sided; there are a number of positive factors which we have not considered. There is in the first place still a humanistic tradition alive, which has not been destroyed by the in-human process of alienation. However, beyond that, there are signs that people are increasingly dissatisfied and disappointed with their way of life and trying to regain some of their lost selfhood and productivity. Millions of people listen to good music in concern halls or over the radio, an ever-increasing number of people paint, do gardening, build their own boats or houses, indulge in any number of “do it yourself” activities. Adult education is spreading, and even in business the awareness is growing that an executive should have reason and not only intelligence. One of the most important principles one learns in this way is that real school work must proceed by three lines simultaneously. One line of work, or two lines of work, cannot be called real “school work.” What are these three lines? What are these three lines? In the past lecture I said that these lectures are not a school. Now I will be able to explain why they are not a school. Once at a lecture a question was asked: “Do people who study this system work only for themselves or do they work for other people?” Now I will also answer this question. The first line is study of oneself and study of the system, or the “language.” Working on this line, one certainly works for oneself. #RandolphHarris 1 of 19

The second line is work with other people in the school, and working with them, one work not only with them but for the school. In order to work for the school, one must first understand the work of the school, understand its aims and needs. And this requires time unless one is really well prepared, because some people can begin with the third line, or in any case find it very easily. These lectures give the possibility of only one line of work; that is, study of the system and self-study. It is true that even by learning together people study the beginning of the second line of work, at least they learn to bear one another, and if their thought is broad enough and their perception quick enough they can even grasp something about the second and third lines of work. Still one cannot expect much just from lectures. In the second line of work, in complete school organization, people must not only talk together, but work together, and this work can be very different but must always, in one or another way, be useful to the school. So it means that working in the first line, people study the second line, and working in the second line, they study the third line. Later you will learn why three lines are necessary and why only three lines of work can proceed successfully and towards a definite aim. Even now you can understand the chief reason of the necessity of three lines of work if you realize that man is asleep, and whatever work he starts, he soon loses interest in it and continues mechanically. Three lines of work are necessary, first of all, because one line awakes a man who falls asleep over another line. If one really works on three lines, one can never fall asleep completely; in any case one cannot sleep as happily as before; one will always awake and realize one’s work has stopped. #RandolphHarris 2 of 19

There are some very characteristic differences between these three lines of work. In the first line, one work chiefly on the study of the system or self-study and on self-observation, and one must manifest in one’s work a certain amount of initiative in relation to oneself. In the second line of work in connection with certain organized work and one must only do what one is told. No initiative is required or admitted in the second line and the chief point in this is discipline and following exactly what one is told, without brining in any of one’s own ideas even if they appear better than those that have been given. In the third line again one can manifest more initiative, but one must always verify oneself and not let oneself make decisions against rules and principles, or against what one has been told. I said before that the work begins with the study of the language. It will be very useful if you try to count these new words of this new language, and it will also be very useful if you try to count these new words and write the down together. Only they must be written down without any comments; that is, without interpretation—comments and interpretations or explanations must be in your understanding. You cannot put them on paper. If this were possible, the study of psychological teachings would be very simple. It would be sufficient to publish a sort of dictionary or glossary and people would know all that it is necessary to know. However, fortunately or unfortunately, this is impossible and men have to learn and work each for himself. #RandolphHarris 3 of 19

We must again return to centers and find why we cannot develop more quickly without the necessity for long school work. We know that when we learn something, we accumulate new material in our memory. However, what is our memory? In order to understand this, we must learn to regard each as a separate and independent machine, consisting of a sensitive matter similar to the mass of phonographic rolls. All that happens to us, all that we see, all that we hear, all that we feel, all that we learn is registered on these rolls. It means that all external and internal events leave certain “impressions” on the rolls. “Impressions” is a very good word because it actually is an impression or an imprint. An impression can be deep, or it can be very slight, or it can be simply a glancing impression that disappears very quickly and leaves no trace after it. However, whether deep or slight they are impressions. And these impressions on rolls are all that we have, all our possessions. Everything that we know, everything that we have learned, everything that we have experienced is all there on our rolls. Exactly in the same way all our thought processes, calculations, speculations, consist only of comparing the inscriptions on rolls, reading them again and again, trying to understand them by putting them together, and so on. We can think of nothing new, nothing that is not on our rolls. We can neither say nor do anything that does not correspond to some inscription on the rolls. We cannot invent a new thought in the same way as we cannot invent a new animal, because all our ideas of animals are created by our observation of existing animals. #RandolphHarris 4 of 19

Inscriptions or impressions on rolls are connected by associations. Associations connect impressions either received simultaneously or in some way similar to one another. In my first lecture I said that memory depends on consciousness and that we actually remember only the moment when we had flashes of consciousness. It is quite clear that different simultaneous impressions connected together will remain longer in memory than unconnected impressions. In the flash of self-consciousness, or even near it, all impressions of the moment are connected and remain connected in the memory. The same refers to impression connected y their inner similarity. If one is more conscious in the moment of receiving impressions, one connects more definitely the new impressions with similar old impressions and they remain connected in memory. On the other hand if one receives impressions in a state of identification, one simply does not notice them, and their traces disappear before they can be appreciated or associated. In the state of identification one does not see and one does not hear. One is wholly in one’s grievance, or in one’s desire, or in one’s imagination. One cannot separate oneself from things or feelings or memories, and one is shut off from all the World around. #RandolphHarris 5 of 19

Letting go, letting go of old ideas and sometimes a healthy reality everyone must face. People look at the mantra on the Statue of Liberty and still think it rings true, but it does not. I am not even really sure it represents America, as it was a gift from France. America has changed and is no longer a population building country, and as we welcome all of our citizens, it is good to understand that America is now about capitalism. It is summed up great in 1 Thessalonians 4.11-12, “And make to it your ambition to lead a quiet life: You should mind your own business and work with your hands, just as we told you, so that your daily life may win the respect of outsiders and so that you will not be dependent on anybody.” Furthermore, so many people flee to America because it has a constitution, human rights, and law and order, but as America keeps welcoming people in, it is becoming more and more corrupt, and some even say worse than the countries others are fleeing from. All social life, even in its most primitive form, requires a certain amount of social co-operation, and even discipline, and that certainly in the more complex form of industrial production, a person has to fulfill certain necessary and specialized functions. In a society where no person has power over another, each person fulfills one’s functions on the basis of co-operation and mutuality. No one can command another person, expect insofar as a relationship is based on mutual co-operation, on love, friendship or natural ties. #RandolphHarris 6 of 19

Actually we find this present in many situations in our society today: the normal co-operation of husband and wife in their family is to a large extent not any more determined by the power of the husband to command his wife, as it existed in older forms of patriarchal society, but on the principle of co-operation and mutuality. The same holds true for the relationship of friends, inasmuch as they perform certain services for each other and co-operate with each other. In these relationships no one would dare to think of commanding the other person; the only reason for expecting one’s help lies in the mutual feeling of love, friendship or simply human solidarity. The help of another person is secured by my active effort, as a human being, to elicit one’s love, friendship and sympathy. In the relationship of the employer to the employee, this is not the case. The employer has bought the services of the worker, and however humans one’s treatment may be, one still commands one, not on a basis of mutuality, but on the basis of having bought one’s working time for so many hours a day. The use of man by man is expressive of the system of values underlying the capitalistic system. Capitol, the dead past, employs labour—living vitality and power of the present. There are, however, limits to how far even a flex-firm can go toward diversity. The spread of the “profit center”—which has seen many once-monolithic companies broken into semiautonomous, independently accounted units, each responsible for its own operations and its own profit and loss—can be seen as only a first step toward the eventual dissolution of the company altogether, atomized into network or consortium of completely independent contractors or free entrepreneurs. #RandolphHarris 7 of 19

In this model, every worker is a free lance, freely contracting with other free lancers, to get specific jobs done. However, no social process continues forever, and the day of the total individualization of work, the ultimate dream of the theologically committed free-marketeer, is far distant. Instead, we can expect profit centers to become smaller—and more diverse—without disappearing into millions of one-person firms. There is, after all, only as much diversity that any organization can tolerate and any managerial term manage. The argument here, therefore, is not that companies should maximize the variety of their organizational formats, but that today’s companies, in their flight from the rigor mortis of bureaucracy, need to explore far more diverse options than ever before. They need, in short, to liberate their “colonies” and even to invent new formats. In doing so, they—and we—move away from the idea that an organization is like a machine, each of its actions predictable and determinists, toward a conception of organization that is closer to the biological. Living systems are only partly deterministic, only sometimes predictable. This is why the new electronic networks are increasingly tending toward neural rather than preplanned architectures. It is why you cannot tell in advance how the traffic will operate. If you break a link between two places, provided that the network is still connected to those two points, it will find its own way. We believe in the value of communication between any two individuals based on what they know rather than what their place is in the hierarchy. #RandolphHarris 8 of 19

Just as hyper-media, the new form of data base, permits knowledge to be arranged in extremely varied ways, the concept of the flex-firms points toward companies that can adapt in myriad ways to the twisty, quirky high-change competition that lies ahead. The emerging flex-firm of the future, however, cannot function without basic changes in the power relationships of employees and their bosses. These changes are well on their way. From power shifting on the shop floor as well as in the executive suit. Capitalism is about give and take. And the American government must honor the Constitution of the United States of America. Someone cannot just come to your door and demand that you give them goods and/or service just because that is what they want. If you want the newspaper, you have to pay for it. If you want electricity, you have to pay for it. Nothing is free and no one is obligated to give you anything. Amendment IV of the United States Constitution states, “The right of the people to be secure in their persons, houses, papers, and effect, against unreasonable searches and seizures, shall not be violated, and no warrants shall issue, but upon probable cause, supported by Oath or affirmation, and particularly describing the place to be searched, and the persons or things to be seized.” You do not have a right to enter anyone’s home and kidnap them or go through their personal affects and steal just because you want to. Amendment VIII of the United States Constitution states, “Excessive bail shall not be required, not excessive fines imposed, nor cruel and unusual punishment inflicted.” That means the government or anyone acting as a representative of the government has no right to do anything that will cause great bodily harm, injury, or death to a person just because they feel like it. #RandolphHarris 9 of 19

The government also does not have the right to hunt and terrorize their own citizens. In the capitalistic hierarchy of values, capital stands higher than labour, amassed things higher than the manifestations of life. Capital employs labour, and not labour capital. The person who owns capital commands the person who “only” owns his life, human skill, vitality and creative productivity. “Things” are higher than man. The conflict between capital and labour is much more than the conflict between two classes, more than their fight for a greater share of the social product. It is the conflict between two principles of value: that between the World of thing, and their amassment, and the World of life and productivity. Because of the dynamics of authority in the United States of America, President Lincoln, because of pressure from the abolitionist and their antislavery pressure, issues the Emancipation Proclamation. This provided that all people who were enslaved in the United States of America in states still in active rebellion against the United States of America would be freed automatically on January 1, 1863. The Thirteenth Amendment was the first of the three Civil War Amendments. It banned all forms of “slavery [and] involuntary servitude.” Civil Rights Act of 1875, designed to grant equal access to public accommodations such as theaters, restaurants, and transportation. The act also prohibited the exclusion of African Americans from jury duty. (Although many do to apricate this exclusion.)  So not only are all American citizens free and afforded constitutional rights, the also have been given by the Supreme Court protection to rights not enumerated specifically in the Constitution or Bills of Rights. Although the Constitution is silent about the right to privacy, the Bill of Rights contains many indications that the Framers expected that some areas of life were “off limits” to governmental regulation. The right to freedom of religion guaranteed in the First Amendment implies the right to exercise private, personal beliefs. #RandolphHarris 10 of 19

As we have already discussed, the guarantee against unreasonable searches and seizures contained in the Fourth Amendment similarly implies that persons are to be secure in their homes and should not fear that police will show up at their doorsteps without cause. As early as 1928, Justice Louis Brandeis hailed privacy as “the right to be left alone—the most comprehensive of rights and the right most valued by civilized men.” Furthermore, you may file a health information privacy and security complaint with the Office for Civil Rights (OCR) if you feel a covered entity or business associate violated your (or someone else’s) health information privacy rights or committed another violation of the Privacy, Security or Breach Notification Rules. The HIPAA Privacy Rule establishes national standards to protect individuals’ medical records and other individuality identifiable health information (collectively defined as “protected health information”) and applies to health plans, health care clearinghouses, and those health care providers that conduct certain health care transactions. The Rule requires appropriate safeguards to protect the privacy of protected health care information and sets limits and conditions on the uses and disclosures that may be made of such information without an individual’s authorization. The Rule also gives individuals rights over their protected health information, including rights to examine and obtain a copy of their health records, to direct a covered entity to transmit to a third party an electronic copy of their protected health information in an electronic health record, and to request corrections. The Privacy Rule is located at 45 CFR Part 160 and Subparts A and E of Part 1644. #RandolphHarris 11 of 19

While on legal aspects of this lecture, there are a few more points I would like to cover. Whoever steals, takes, or abstracts, or by fraud or deception obtains, or attempts so to obtain, from or out of any mail, post office, or station thereof, letter box, mail receptacle, or any mail route or other authorized depository for mail matter, or from a letter or mail carrier, any letter, postal card, package, bag, or mail, or abstracts or removes from any such letter, package, bag, or mail, any article or thing contained therein, or secretes, embezzles, or destroys any such letter, postal card, package, bag, or mail any article or thing contained therein; or whoever steals, takes, or abstracts, or by fraud or deception obtains any letter, postal card, package, bag, or mail, or any article or thing contained therein which has been left for collection upon or adjacent to a collection box or other authorized depository of mail matter; or whoever buys, receives, or conceals, or unlawfully has in his possession, any letter, postal card, package, bag, or mail, or any article or thing contained therein, which has been so stolen, taken, embezzled, or abstracted, as herein described, knowing the same to have been stolen, taken, embezzled, or abstracted—shall be find under title 18 U.S. Code S 1708—theft or receipt of stolen mail matter generally, or imprisoned not more than five years, or both. #RandolphHarris 12 of 19

Furthermore, email privacy laws govern the privacy of data transmitted through email. Privacy on the Internet and through email is a growing concern, and email privacy laws are part of that. Email privacy is derived from the Fourth Amendment to the U.S. Constitution and is governed by the “reasonable expectation of privacy” standard. Emails are also governed by the Electronic Communications Privacy Act (ECPA) and the Patriot Act. Although the ECPA originally set up protections weakened in many instances by the Patriot Act. Even where the protection remains under the ECPA, email lose their status as protected communication in 180 days, which means a warrant is no longer necessary and your emails can be accessed by a simple subpoena. This is usually applies more to a person doing government business from a personal computer. Otherwise people have a reasonable expectation of privacy. One cannot just hack into someone’s email and read them because they want to. Most employers have their employees sign a computer and network usage policy, which typically will set forth that your email is to be used only for business purposes and grants the employer the right to monitor email and computer usage. This agreement normally deprives an employee of any reasonable expectation of privacy, and means that your emails are fair game for an employer to search through. Employers, unlike law enforcement, do not have very many obstacles preventing them from searching your emails. You are sending communications from their equipment that could affect their business, which usually provides them with the justification to search through your emails. #RandolphHarris 13 of 19

Even without an agreement in place, courts have rarely found that the employee had a reasonable expectation of privacy to his or her email at work for a variety of reasons. For example, one court held that emails used in a business context are simply a part of the office environment, the same as a fax or copy machine, in which you do not have a reasonable expectation of privacy. Another court found that by corresponding with other people at work, work email was inherently work-related, and thus there could be no reasonable expectation of privacy. Employees are supposed to be working, and monitoring email at work is one way to ensure that employees are using work email appropriately. The larger issue for most employers however is liability. Workplace harassment lawsuits are prevalent, and one way to protect a business from being sued is to monitor and prevent any harassment in the first place. Many employers run software that searches for offensive words and highlights problematic emails. The other main concern with liability is that old emails will be used years down the road in a lawsuit. What an employee says can be preserved for years, and unless the company has an established, reasonable practice of purging its emails, those emails can be a gold mine for anyone suing the company. Emails can be especially devastating, because of the informal way that people write and send them, saying things in emails they never would in professional correspondence. Government employees have even less privacy than usual. Under various public records acts and the Freedom of Information ACT (FOIA), the public can gain access to almost anything a government employee writes down. #RandolphHarris 14 of 19

Also, due to the nature of their job, courts are typically unwilling to find that government employees had a reasonable right to privacy in the first place. How Kevin Johnson, the former Mayor of Sacramento was able to evade the law is unclear. Unlike your email at work, emailing from home is more likely to grant you a reasonable expectation of privacy. While it may be difficult for law enforcement to legally gain access to your home computer and local copies of your emails, it is substantially less difficult for them to get your ISP to turn over your emails. Authority is not a quality one person “has” in a since that one has property or physical qualities. Authority refers to an interpersonal relation in which one person looks upon another as somebody superior to one. However, there is a fundamental difference between a kind of superiority-inferiority relation which can be called rational authority and one which may be described as inhibiting, or irrational authority. Today a new wave conflict looms on the horizon, and not just in the United States of America. The coming clash will set defenders of our existing education factories against a growing movement committed to replacing them—movement comprising four key elements. Teachers: The existing system typically reduces teaching to mechanical, by-the-book instruction and standardized testing, draining the last creativity out of both teacher and student. Within the schools today are millions of burned-out teachers resigned to serving their time until retirement as passive supporters of this status quo. #RandolphHarris 15 of 19

Yet within these same schools are legions of heroic, miserably underpaid teachers who struggle against the system from within. Despite the constraints imposed on them, some manage to do remarkable things for children and burst with ideas that could help propel education out of the industrial age. With little support from outside, they remain a vanguard, as it were, waiting to join the movement for radical—rather than incremental—chance. Parents: Among parents, too, there are unmistakable signs of disaffection with the old coalition. Many support the tiny but growing number of charter schools, magnet schools and other limited experiments within the existing public education system. Others are hiring private tutors or sending their children to after-school programs like the juku in Japan. Tutoring is now becoming so pervasive it is arguably changing the face of American education. Nor is tutoring limited by geography. Teachers in India are tutoring America children in mat over the Internet. Other parents, having entirely given up on the old system, are teaching their children at home—and not just for religious reasons. The Web offers them more than a million listings and descriptions of home-teaching assistants. The more out of sync the failing industrial-age school system becomes with the needs of a knowledge-based economy, the more likely it is that parental protest will assume increasingly muscular forms. Angry and empowered by the Internet, activist parents can be expected to reach far beyond neighbourhood parent-teacher associations and organize themselves into local, national an even global movements to demand completely new educational models, methods, content and institutions. #RandolphHarris 16 of 19

Students: Children did not wield enough power in centuries past to matter much in the movement to create mass education. Today they can help bring it much down. They already are waging anarchic war against the system. Their revolt takes two forms, one outside the classroom, the other within it. Kids have always rebelled against schools, but in the past they did not have access to cell phones, computers, Ecstasy, purple magic, adult films and videos, or the Internet. Nor, as they grew up, did they face an economy that needed their brains, rather than their muscles. Today many, if not most, students know in their gut that today’s schools are preparing them for yesterday instead of tomorrow. The first, all-too-familiar form of rebellion consists of dropping out—and stiffing us with the bill. In a striking manifest called Leaving School: Finding Education, two professors of education, Jon Wiles at the University of North Florida and John Lundt at the University of Montana, calculate that 30 percent of students in grades nine through twelve drop out of American schools after costing $50,000 to $75,000 each—even with underpaid teachers. Once out, many join what a century ago was called the lumpen proletariat, or underclass, made up of street people, criminals, drug pushers, the mentally ill or unemployable. #RandolphHarris 17 of 19

The other rebellion takes place inside the classroom. Attacking the root assumptions of factory-style schools, Wiles and Lundt question whether education should continue to be compulsory. So, undoubtedly, do many teachers who are forced to serve as jailers faced every day with the equivalent of a riot in the cell block as their pupils fight any semblance of discipline. Teachers cannot defend against the plague of media violence the local news especially loves to feed off of. Techers cannot defend against the worship of celebrities, including sport figures who cheat with drugs, lie to their spouses, get drunk, beat people up and have to be defended against rape charges. Nor can they, or parents, easily defend against pedophiles trawling school campuses, apartments, parks, coffee shops of the Web for unsuspecting kids. Some schools are so racked with violence—against teachers as well as pupils—that their hallways require police patrols. Young people have always educated—and miseducated themselves. Today, however, they do so with the dubious help of the new media. Games and cell phones are hidden behind open textbooks. Text messages fly back and forth even as the teacher drones on. It is as though, while teachers incarcerate kids in classrooms, their ears, eyes and minds escape to rove the cyberuniverse. From a very young age, they are aware that no teacher and no school can make available even the tiniest fraction of data, information, knowledge—and fun—available online. They know that in one universe they are prisoners. In the other, free. #RandolphHarris 18 of 19

Business: So long as the schools, continued, generation, to supply companies with a workforce pre-disciplined for factory life, the coalition in support of industrial-age schools remained firm. However, from the mid-twentieth century one, as the new wealth system began to spread, new, different job skills became necessary—skills the broad base of existing schools could not provide. Th gap widened so dramatically that some believe America’s high schools are obsolete because they are not working exactly as designed. However, some of the fault lies on the parents and students. Many of these students have mental and behavioural problems. Ideally, students are supposed to be quiet and polite and focus on the teacher and material like they are possessed and that is all there is in that moment. They are supposed to read the material, raise their hands to ask questions, read out loud, and do their homework. So one cannot blame the school. A lot more kids need to be medicated so they can focus on school material and they must also be taught to take the material seriously. This clarion call for fixing families and the school is significant. Kids need to be taught life is serious and how to follow directions. The purpose of existence is that we human beings, all nations and the whole of humanity, should constantly progress toward perfection. We must search for these conditions and hold fast to these ideals. If we do this, our finite spirit will be in harmony with the infinite. The soul is a burning desire to breathe in the World of light and never to lose it—to remain children of the light. Happy are those who listen to righteous counsel. #RandolphHarris 19 of 19

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Perfection for Aristotle (as well as for Plato) is realized in degrees, natural, personal, and social; and courage as the affirmation of one’s essential being is more conspicuous in some of these degrees than in others. Since the greatest test of courage is the readiness to make the greatest sacrifice, the sacrifice of one’s life, and since the soldier is required by his profession to be always ready for this sacrifice, the soldier’s courage is and somehow remains the outstanding example of courage. Although development is possible, it is at the same time very rare and requires a great number of external and internal conditions. The first of these conditions is that man must understand his position, his difficulties, and his possibilities, and must have either a very strong desire to get out of his present state or have a very great interest for the new, for the unknow state which must come with the change. Speaking shortly, he must be either very strongly repelled by his present state or very strongly attached by the future state that may be attained. Further, one must have a certain preparation. A man must be able to understand what he is told. Also, he must be in right conditions externally; he must have sufficient free time for study and must live in circumstances which make study possible. It is impossible to enumerate all the conditions which are necessary. However, they include among other things a school. And school implies such social and political conditions in the given country in which a school can exist, because a school cannot exist in any conditions; and a more or less ordered life and a certain level of culture and personal freedom are necessary for the existence of a school. #RandolphHarris 1 of 22

In many countries schools are impossible. One must not live in a country governed by Sudras, nor inhabited by impious men, nor in one conquered by heretics, nor one abounding with men of lower castes. One must not be in the company of outcastes, nor Kandalas, the lowest of men, nor of Pukkases, nor of idiots, nor of arrogant men, nor of men of low class, nor of Antyavasayins (gravediggers). A kingdom people mostly by Sudras, filled with godless men and deprived of twice-born inhabitants, will soon wholly perish, stricken by hunger and disease. These ideas of the Laws of Manu are very interesting because they give us a basis on which we can judge different political and social conditions from the point of view of school work, and to see which conditions are really progressive, and which bring only the destruction of all real values, although their adherents pretend that these conditions are progressive and even manage to deceive quantities of weak-minded people. However, external conditions do not depend on us. To a certain extent, and sometimes with great difficulty, we can choose the country where we prefer to live, but we cannot choose the period or the century and must try to find what we want in the period in which we are placed by fate. So we must understand that even the beginning of preparation for development needs a combination of external and internal conditions which only rarely come all together. However, at the same time we must understand that, at least so far as internal conditions are concerned, man is not entirely left to the law of accident. If he cares to and if he is lucky, there are many lights arranged for him by which h can find his way. #RandolphHarris 2 of 22

What makes a man desire to acquire new knowledge and to change himself? Man lives in life under two kinds of influences. This must be very well understood and the difference between the two kinds of influences must be very clear. The first kind consists of interests and attractions created by life itself; interests of one’s health, safety, wealth, pleasures, amusements, security, vanity, pride, fame etcetera. The second kind consists of interests of a different order aroused by ideas which are not created in life but come originally from schools. These influences do not reach man directly. They are thrown into the general turnover of life, pass through many different minds and reach a man through philosophy, science, religion, and art, always mixed with influences of the first find and generally very little resembling what they were in their beginning. In most cases, men do not realize the different origin of the influences of the second kind and often explain them as having the same origin as the first time. Although man does not know of the existence of two kinds of influences, they both act on him and in one way or another way he responds to them. He can be more identified with one or with some of the influences of the fist kind and not feel influences of the second kind at all. Or he can be attracted and affected by one or another of the influences of the second kind. The result is different in each case. We will call the first kind of influence, influence A, and the second, influence B. #RandolphHarris 3 of 22

If a man is fully in the power of influence A, or of one particular influence A, and quite indifferent to influence B, nothing happens to him, and his possibility of development diminishes with every year of his life; and at a certain age, sometimes quite an early age, it disappears completely. This means that man dies while physically remaining still alive, like grain that cannot germinate and produce a plant. However, if, on the other hand, man is not completely in the power of influence A, and if influences B attract him and make him feel and think, results of the impressions they produce in him collect together, attract other influences of the same kind, and grow, occupying a more important place in his mind and life. If the results produced by influence B become sufficiently strong, they fuse together and form in man what is called a magnetic center. It must be understood at once that the word “center” in this case does not mean the same thing ad the “intellectual” or the “moving” center; that is, centers in the essence. The magnetic center is in personality; it is simply a group of interests which, when they become sufficiently strong, serve, to a certain degree, as a guiding and controlling factor. The magnetic centers turns one’s interests in a certain direction and helps to keep them there. At the same time it cannot do much by itself. A school is necessary. The magnetic center cannot replace a school, but it can help to realize the need of a school; it can help in beginning to look for a school, or if one meets a school by chance, the magnetic center can help to recognize a school and try not to lose it. Because nothing is easier to lose than a school. #RandolphHarris 4 of 22

Possession of a magnetic center is the first, although quite unspoken, demand of a school. If a man without a magnetic center, or a small or weak magnetic center, or with several contradictory magnetic center, or with several contradictory magnetic centers, that is, interested in many incompatible things at the same time, meets a school, one does not become interested in it, or one becomes critical at once before one can know anything, or one’s interest disappears very quickly when one meets with the first difficulties of school work. This is the chief safeguard of a school. Without it the school would be filled with quite a wrong kind of people who would immediately distort the school teaching. A right magnetic center not only helps one to recognize a school, it also helps to absorb the school teaching, which is different from both influences A and influences B and may be called influence C. Influence C can be transferred only by word of mouth, by direct instruction, explanation, and demonstration. When a man meets with influence C and is able to absorb it, it is said about him that in one point himself—that is, in his magnetic center—he becomes free from the law of accident. From this moment the magnetic center has actually played its part. It brought man to a school or helped him in his first steps there. From then on the ideas and the teachings of the school take the place of the magnetic center and slowly begin to penetrate into the different parts of personality and with time into essence. #RandolphHarris 5 of 22

One can learn many things about schools, about their organization and about their activity, in the ordinary way by reading and by studying historical periods when schools were more conspicuous and more accessible. However, there are certain things about schools that one can learn only in schools themselves. And the explanation of school principles and rules occupies a very considerable place in school teaching. However, promising and real as all these trends are, they are not enough to justify an attitude which is to be found among a number of very sophisticated writers who claim that criticisms of our society. The United States of America will not maintain its spearhead role in the World wealth revolution, it will not hold on to global power and it will not reduce poverty without replacing—not merely reforming—its factory-focused education system. Wave conflict over public education—and the $800 billion the present system costs every year (not counting the societal costs of its failure and its indirect costs to business in terms of an ill-prepared workforce)—will escalate in personal and political passion in the years ahead. Perhaps the greatest cost of wave conflict in America will be paid by nearly fifty million children currently compulsorily enrolled in schools that are attempting to prepare them—and not very successfully at that—for jobs that will not exist. Call that stealing the future. #RandolphHarris 6 of 22

Education is about far more than jobs. However, the schools, with minute exceptions, also fail to prepare students for their roles as consumers and prosumers. Nor does this system, by and large, help kids copes with the rising complexity and new life options they face in gender, marriage, ethics, and other dimensions of the emerging society. Least of all does it succeed in introducing more than a tiny fraction of them to the enormous pleasures of learning itself. Negative as it sounds today, however, the mass education system, in its time, was in fact a progressive advance over pre-industrial reality where, by and large, only a small percentage of children ever went to school, and where literacy and numeracy were almost non-existent among the poor. It took generations, even after the rise of industrialism, to put children in school rather than in cheap-labour factories from the earliest possible age. Today we still keep all these millions of children in factory-style schools because that is where an unlikely, nameless coalition of special interests has wanted them to be. To understand this coalition, we need to glance back to its origins in the late 1800s. At that time, while many parents opposed sending the children to school because they needed them to work in the fields or factories, an increasingly vocal number fought for free public education. However, it was only when business interests concluded that schools could contribute to productivity by helping to impose “industrial discipline” on young workers fresh off the farm that the pro-education coalition gained real power. #RandolphHarris 7 of 22

The values and attitudes associated with industrial discipline….inner discipline, hard work, punctuality, frugality, sobriety, orderliness and prudence. Schools taught these not only through text book preachments, but also through the very character of their organization—the grouping, periodizing and objective impersonality were not unlike those of the factory. In addition, the arrival of millions of immigrants speaking diverse languages brought affordable labour to U.S. shores from many different countries and cultures. However, to be productive in the factory economy, they needed to be assimilated or homogenized into the dominant American culture of the time, and from about 1875 to 1925, one of the dominant functions of the schools was the Americanization of the foreign-born. Business, in short, now has a crucial stake in massifying armies of the young to help build the mass-production economy of the industrial age. As industrialism developed further in the twentieth center, big labour arose to protect the interest of workers. Unions as a rule strongly supported public education—not just because its members wanted a better life for their children, but because unions, too, had a hidden, or unnoticed, stake in the system. The smaller the available workforce, the less competition for jobs and the higher the wages. Unions not only fought the good fight against child labour but also campaigned to extend the years of compulsory education, thus keeping millions of young people out of the labour market for longer and longer periods. #RandolphHarris 8 of 22

The subsequent unionization of teachers, moreover, created a large membership with an even stronger, personal reason to support the mass-education system designed for the industrial age. In addition to parents, business and labour, government, too, had reason to support big education. Public agencies recognized the economic advantages of the system but had secondary, less obvious reasons to support it. For example, when compulsory education worked, it kept many millions of high-testosterone teenagers off the streets, improving public order and reducing crime and the costs of policing and prison. What we saw, therefore, throughout the industrial era, was an unbreakable coalition that has preserved the factory-school model—a mass education system that fit neatly into the matrix of mass production, mass media, mass culture, mass sports, mass entertainment and mass politics. The whole apparatus of public education has largely been shaped by the needs and ideologies of industrialism…predicated on old assumptions about the supply and demand for labour. They keywords of this system are linearity, conformity and standardization. The Information Revolution not only promotes faster and wider adaption; it can also promote a new mode of thinking about social systems. The Industrial Revolution made metaphors of machines and factory production widely available. These mechanical conceptions had a profound effect on approaches to organizational design. In business, they led to an emphasis on predictability and control. #RandolphHarris 9 of 22

In public affairs, they led to an emphasis on rules to be executed by hierarchies of relatively expert and impartial public officials. In both settings, efficiency and consistency became preeminent goals. Of course, real processes often did not exhibit unblemished efficiency and impartiality, but these were the ideals toward which organizational activities were oriented. Recently, there has been increasing dissatisfaction with the costs of the industrial mode of thinking and action. Its impersonality and rigidity are frustrating. Its slowness and inability to adjust to changing circumstances and local conditions have become obvious. With the advent of the Information Age, the bottom-up style of thinking associated with Complex Adaptive Systems may well become a greater part of people’s understanding of how economic, social, and political processes actually function and change. In some respects, bottom-up thinking has had a long history. Adam Smith and Charles Darwin introduced some of the major ideas of Complex Adaptive Systems. Adam Smith’s 1776 description of a market introduced some of the key concepts of complex systems, including the notion of a hidden hand and market clearing, concepts that would now be called emergent properties of the system. Darwin’s 1859 theory was another major advance, with its understanding of how evolutionary adaptation results from mutation and differential biological evolution have already had a tremendous impact on modern thought. Nevertheless, people have only just begun to absorb their full implications. No doubt, machines and hierarchies provide easier metaphors to use than markets and gene pools. So it is no wonder that most people are still more comfortable thinking about organizations in fixed, mechanical terms rather than in adaptive, decentralized terms. #RandolphHarris 10 of 22

As the complexity approach enters economic and political discourse, some of the premises of the industrial mode of thought will become less self-evident. The legitimacy associated with both traditional and bureaucratic authority may be further weakened. The premises about the inherent virtue of harmony, efficiency, and hierarchical lines of authority will be questioned. Instead, people will be more comfortable with the ideas of perpetual novelty, adaptation as a function of entire populations, the value of variety and experimentation, and the potential of decentralized and overlapping authority. Economic, social, and political design will emphasize questions such as the proper balance between exploration and exploitation, and the dangers of premature convergence. For example, excess pollution my be treated as a mismatch between performance criteria used by formal institutions, and the personal values held by citizens. Just as the clock and the steam engine provided powerful images for the metaphor of society as machine, distributed information technology can provide a powerful image for the metaphor of society as a Complex Adaptive System. Already, the Internet provides an example that has begun to capture the popular imagination in the way that the early advances of the Industrial Age captured the imagination of social thinkers and the broad public. The fact that the Internet functions without a central authority is widely marveled at today, precisely because it challenges widely accepted notions of how large systems are “supposed” to work. #RandolphHarris 11 of 22

New organizational forms will also make the complex systems metaphor more accessible. Virtual corporations that recombine small units from different companies on an ad hoc basis will demonstrate the value of decentralized adaptation. Geographically dispersed activities based on information technology will foster greater telecommuting and distance learning, and these trends will make the metaphor of population-based adaptation more accessible. Most people in industrial nations have worked with machines and have been exposed to the discipline of the factory or office. This has had a powerful influence on our way of thinking about politics and society. Today more and more people are becoming personally familiar with the flexible, adaptive, and dispersed nature of information technology. This familiarity will make the metaphor of the Complex Adaptive System more compelling as a guide to thinking not just about information technology itself, but also about how business, society, and government can and should function effectively. There is an important caveat here that must be emphasized: decentralized systems do not always work well, just as machines do not always work well. The market provides a very helpful example in this regard. While a “free” market has many theoretical and practical advantages over a command system, there is an important body of knowledge and experience about market failures. #RandolphHarris 12 of 22

Even Adam Smith appreciated the need for government to protect the market from force and fraud. People now recognize a range of additional problems, including the tendency of some markets to self-organize into oligopolies or even monopolies. Moreover, information systems are subject to several modes of failure. Rather than undermining the vale of complexity as a way of thinking about social systems, an appreciate of how Complex Adaptive Systems can fail provides valuable guidance for the design and management of complex systems, including human organizations as well as technical systems. Designing new strategies and organizations will frequently imply altering—or even creating—the variation, interaction, and selection that are hallmarks of a Complex Adaptive System. Finally, a word on networks. This form of organization has received so much attention in recent years, has been so heavily hyped, and has been defined so broadly that a touch of caution is warranted. For many, the network is a panacea. Societies and businesses are riddled with networks of many kinds. We normally think of them as the informational pathways along which information and influence flow. Feminists complain that an “old boys’ network” frequently operates to deprive women managers of promotion. Ex-military men often have their own network of contacts, as do former police and members of the Federal Bureau of Investigations, many of whom take jobs as corporate security officers after their retirement from government service. #RandolphHarris 13 of 22

Homosexual have networks that are particularly strong in certain industries like fashion, fitness, interior design, writing and producing movies and TV shows and cooking or owning restaurants. Other marginalized groups have strong networks–overseas Chinese throughout Southeast Asia, Jewish people in Europe and America, West Indians in Britain. Transplanted people in general–New Yorkers in Texas, the so-called Georgia Mafia that came to Washington when Jimmy Carter was President, the Ukrainians who came to Moscow with Leonid Brezhnev—also their own communication networks. Informal networks of many kinds crop up in virtually all complex societies. To these one must add formal networks—Masons, for example, Mormons, or members of the Catholic order Opus Dei. For a long time the role and structure of such networks were ignored by economists and business theorists. Today they are much studied as potential models for corporate structure. This recent interest can be traced to deep social changes. One is the previously noted breakdown of formal communication in companies. When the firm’s bureaucratic channels and cubbyholes get clogged, unable to carry the heavy volumes of communication and information needed nowadays to produce wealth, the “right information” does not get to the “right person” as it once did, and employees fall back on the informal networks to help carry the information load. Similarly, the de-massification of the economy compels companies and work units to interact with more numerous and varied partners than before. This means more personal and electronic contact with strangers. #RandolphHarris 14 of 22

However, when a stranger tells us something, how do we know if it is accurate? When possible, skeptical managers check in with their personal networks—people they have known or worked with for years—to supplement and verify what they learn through formal channels. Finally, since an increasing number of business problems today require cross—discipline information, and the broken-down cubbyhole-and-channel system stands in the way, employees rely on friends and contact in the network whose membership may be scattered across many departments and units. These networks, formal or not, share common characteristics. They tend to be horizontal rather than vertical—meaning they have either a flat hierarchy or none at all. They are adaptive—able to reconfigure themselves quickly to meet changed conditions. Leadership in them tends to be based on competence and personality rather than on social organizational rank. And power turns over frequently and more easily than in a bureaucracy, changing hands as new situations arise that demand new skills. All this had popularized the notion of the corporate network among both academics and manager. Corning, Inc., which operates in four sectors—telecommunications, housewares, materials, and laboratory sciences—describes itself as a “global network.” A network is an interrelated group of businesses with a wide range of ownership structures. Within each sector there are a variety of business structures that range from traditional line divisions to wholly owned subsidiaries and alliances with other companies. #RandolphHarris 15 of 22

A network is egalitarian. There is no parent company. A corporate staff is no more, or less, important than a line organization group. And being part of a joint venture is just as important as working at the hub of a network. Networks can be enormously useful, flexible, and antibureaucratic. However, in the recent enthusiasm, elementary distinctions are often ignored. In the 1970s one of the earliest and deepest analysts of network organization, Anthony Judge, then based in Brussels at the Union of International Associations, examined the density and response times of people networks, the structure of nets and their social functions, and the degree of connectedness they exhibit. He also compared human networks with such inanimate networks as pipelines, electric grids, railways, and transaction networks handling foreign exchange, commodity trading, and so on. Judge developed a whole little-known but useful vocabulary for network concept. He also brilliantly matrixed global networks against global problems, showing in a vast volume how networks of ideas or problems were linked, how networks of organizations overlapped, and how ideas and organizations were related. More recently Netmap Intenrational, an affiliate of KPMG Peat Marwick, has developed a methodology for identifying the hidden communication networks in organizations as varied as the Republican Party and a giant accounting firm, in the course of its work for business and governments from Malaysia to Sweden. #RandolphHarris 16 of 22

Organizations are redesigned daily by their members to get the job done. That is the real structure. It is the informal organization—the anti-organization. It is the primary organization. If you cannot identify it, and track its changes, how are you going to manage it? You will be satisfied with manipulating the formal organization with titles, hierarchies and tables of organizations. Such tracking can provide deep insight into existing organizations, but the enthuse blindly today over networks and assume that networks are “the” basic form of the future is to imply much the same uniformity that bureaucracy imposed, albeit at a higher, looser level. Like any other type of human organization, the network has its limitations along with its virtues. Network organization is superb for fighting terrorism or a decentralized guerrilla war, not marvelous at all for the control of strategic nuclear weapons where the last thing we want is for local commanders to be free and unrestrained. The flex-firm is a broader concept, which implies an organization capable of encompassing both the formal and informal, the bureaucratic and the networked suborganizations. It implies even greater diversity. While we might never get the chance to skipper in an America’s Cup race, one of us found himself with a very similar problem. At the end of his academic studies, Harvey celebrated at one of Cambridge University’s May Balls (the English equivalent of a college prom). #RandolphHarris 17 of 22

Part of the festivities included a casino. Every one was given $20 worth of chips, and the person who had amassed the greatest fortune by evening’s end would win a free ticket to next year’s ball. When it came  time for the last spin of the roulette wheel, by a happy coincidence, Harvey led with $700 worth of chips, and the next closets was a young Englishwoman with $300. The rest of the group had been effectively cleaned out. Just before the last bets were to be placed, the woman offered to split next year’s ball ticket, but Harvey refused. With his substantial lead, there was little reason to settle for half. To better understand the next strategic move, we take a brief detour to the rules of roulette. The betting in roulette is based on where a ball will land when the spinning wheel stops. There are typically numbers 0 through 36 on the wheel. When the ball lands on zero, the house wins. The safest bet in roulette is to be on every or odd (denoted by Black or Red). These bets pay even money—a one-dollar bet returns two dollars—while the chance of winning is only 18/37. Even betting her entire stake would not lead to victory at these odds; therefore, the woman was forced to take on of the more risky gambles. She had bet her entire stake on the chance that the ball would land on a multiple of three. This bet pays two to one (so her $300 bet would return $900 if she won) but has only a 12/37 chance of winning. She placed her bet on the table. At that point it could not be withdrawn What should Harvey do? #RandolphHarris 18 of 22

Harvey should have copied the woman’s bet and placed $300 on the event that the ball landed on a multiple of three. This guarantees that he stays ahead of her by $400 and wins the ticket: either they both lose the bet and Harvey wins $400 to $0, or they both win the bet and Harvey ends up ahead $1,300 to $900. The woman had no other choice. If she did not bet, she would have lost anyway; whatever she bet on, Harvey could follow her and stay ahead. (If truth be told, this is what Harvey wished he had done. It was 3.00 in the morning and much too much champagne had been drunk for him to have been thinking clearly. He bet $200 on the even numbers figuring that he would end up in second place only in the event that he lost and she won, the odds of which were approximately 5.1 in his favor. Of course 5.1 events sometimes happen and this was one of those cases. She won.) Her only hope was that Harvey would bet first. If Harvey had been first to place $200 on Black, what should she have done? She should have bet her $300 on Red. Betting her stake on Black would do her no good, since she would win only when Harvey wins (and she would place second with $600 compared with Harvey’s $900). Winning when Harvey lost would be her only chance to take the lead, and that dictates a bet on Red. The strategic moral is the opposite from that of our tale of Martin Luther and Charles de Gaulle. In this tale of roulette, the person who moved first was at a disadvantage. The woman by betting first, allowed Harvey to choose a strategy that would guarantee victory. If Harvey had bet first, the woman could have chosen a response that offered an even chance of winning. #RandolphHarris 19 of 22

The general point is that in games it is not always an advantage to seize the initiative and move first. This reveals your hand, and other players can use this to their advantage and your cost. Second movers may be in the stronger strategic position. Anyone who practices the art of cultural criticism must endure being asked, “What is the solution to the problems you describe?” Critics almost never appreciate this question, since, in most cases, they are entirely satisfied with themselves for having posed the problems and, in any event, are rarely skilled in formulating practical suggestions about anything. This is why they became cultural critics. The question comes forth nonetheless, and in three different voices. One is gentle and eager, as if to suggest that the critic knows the solutions but has merely forgotten to include them in the work itself. A second is threatening and judgmental, as if to suggest that the critic had no business bothering people in the first place unless there were some pretty good solutions at hand. And a third is wishful and encouraging, as if to suggest that it is well known that there are not always solutions to serious problems but if the critic will give it a little thought perhaps something constructive might come from the effort. It is to this last way of posing the question that I should like to respond. I have indeed given the matter some thought.  A reasonable response (hardly a solution) to the problem of living in a developing Technopoly can be divided into two parts: what the individual can do irrespective of what the culture is doing; and what the culture can do irrespective of what any individual is going. #RandolphHarris 20 of 22

Beginning with the matter of individual response, I must say at once that I have no intention of providing a “how to” list in the manner of the “experts” ridiculed in our “broken defenses.” No one is an expert on how to live a life. I can, however, offer Talmudic-like principle that seems to me an effective guide for those who wish to defend themselves against the worst effects of the American Technopoly. It is this: You must try to be a loving resistance fighter. By “loving,” I mean that, in spite of the confusion, errors, and stupidities you see around you, you must always keep close to your heart the narratives and symbols that once made the United States of America the hope of the World and that may yet have enough vitality to do so again. You may find it helpful to remember that, when the Chinese students at Tiananmen Square gave expression to their impulse to democracy, they fashioned a papier-mache model, for the whole World to see, of the Statue of Liberty. Not a statue of Karl Marx, not the Eiffel Tower, not Buckingham Palace. The Statue of Liberty. It is impossible to say how moved Americans were by this event. However, one is compelled to ask, “Is there an American soul do dead that it could not generate a murmur (if not a cheer) of satisfaction for this use of a once-resonant symbol? Is there an American soul so shrouded in the cynicism and malaise created by Technopoly’s emptiness that it failed to be stirred by students reading along from the works of Thomas Jefferson in the streets of Prague in 1989? #RandolphHarris 21 of 22

Americans may forget, but others do not, that America dissent and protest during the Vietnam War may be the only case in history where public opinion forced government to change its foreign policy. Americans may forget, but others do not, that American invented the idea of public education for all citizens and have never abandoned it. And everyone knows, including Americans, that each day, to this hour, immigrants still come to America in hopes of finding relief from one kind of deprivation or another, while Americans are increasingly experiencing more deprivations of their own. Where wealth is concerned, the least-developed countries present the hardest cast. Can a capability advance as nanotechnology, based on molecular machinery, be of use in the developing nations? Yes. Agriculture is the backbone of the Third World economics of today, and agriculture is based on the naturally occurring molecular machines in wheat, rice, yams, and the like. The Third World is short on equipment and skill. (It often has governmental problems as well, but that is another story.) Molecular manufacturing can make equipment inexpensive enough for the poor to buy or for aid agencies to give way. This included equipment for making more equipment, so dependency could be reduced. As for skill, basic molecular manufacturing will require little labour of any kind, and a little skill will go a long way. As the technology advances, more and more of the products can be easy-to-use smart materials Molecular manufacturing will enable the poorest countries to bypass the difficult and dirty process of the industrial revolution. It can make products that are less expensive and easier to use than yams or rice or goats or water buffalo. And with products like inexpensive super-computers, with huge databases of writing and animation viewed through 3-D colour displays, it can even help spread knowledge. Nanotechnology’s role in helping the poorest nations will not be on the minds of the first developers—they will be in government and commercial labs in the wealthiest nations, pursuing problems of concern to people there. History, though, is full of unintended consequences, and some are for the better. #RandolphHarris 22 of 22

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War, it will be seen, not only accomplishes the necessary destruction, but it accomplishes it in a psychologically acceptable way. In principle it would be quite simple to waste the surplus labour of the World by building temples and pyramids, by digging holes and filling them up again, or even by producing vast quantities of goods and then destroying them. However, this would provide only the economic and not the emotional basis for a hierarchical society. What is concerned here is not the morale of the mases, whose attitude is unimportant so long as they are kept steadily at work, but the morale of the Party itself. Even the humblest Party member is expected to be competent, industrious, and even intelligent within narrow limits, but it is also necessary that one should be a credulous and ignorant fanatic whose prevailing moods are fear, hatred, adulation, and orgiastic triumph. In other words it is necessary that one should have the mentality appropriate to a state of war. It does not matter whether the war is actually happening, and, since no decisive victory is possible, it does not matter whether the war is going well or badly. All that is needed is that a state of war should exist. The difficulties one has in observing four important manifestations—lying, imagination, the expression of negative emotions, and unnecessary talking—will show man his utter mechanicalness, and the impossibility even of struggling against this mechanicalness without help, that is, without new knowledge and without actual assistance. For even if a man has received certain materials, he forgets to use it, forgets to observe himself; in other words, he falls asleep again and must always be awaken. #RandolphHarris 1 of 17

This “falling asleep” has certain definite features of its own, unknow, or at least unregistered and unnamed, in ordinary psychology. These features need special study. There are two of them. The first is called identification. “Identifying” or “identification” is a curious state in which man passes more than half of his life. He “identifies” with everything: with what he says, what he feels, what he believes, what he does not believe, what he wishes, what he does not wish, what attracts him, what repels him. Everything absorbs him, and he cannot separate himself from the idea, the feeling, or the object that absorbed him. This means that in the state of identification man is incapable of looking impartially on the object of his identification. It is difficult to find the smallest thing with which man is unable to “identify.” At the same time, in a state of identification, man has even less control over his mechanical reactions than at any other time. Such manifestations as lying, imagination, the expression of negative emotions, and constant talking need identification. They cannot exist without identification. If man could get rid of identification, he could get rid of many useless and foolish manifestations. Identification, its meaning, causes, and results, is extremely well described in the Philokalia. However, no trace of understanding of it can be found in modern psychology. It is a quite forgotten “psychological discovery.” The second sleep-producing state, akin to identification, is considering. Actually, “considering” is identification with people. It is a state in which man constantly worries about what other people think of him; whether they give him his due, whether they admire him enough, and so on, and so on. #RandolphHarris 2 of 17

“Considering” plays a very important part in everyone’s life, but in some people it becomes an obsession. All their lives are filled with considering—that is, worry, doubt, and suspicion—and there remains no place for anything else. The myth of the “inferiority complex” and other “complexes” is created by the vaguely realized but not understood phenomenon of “identification” and “considering.” Both “identification” and “considering” must be observed most seriously. Only full knowledge of them can diminish them. If one cannot see them in oneself, one can easily see them in other people. However, one must remember that one in no way differs from others. In this sense all people are equal. Returning now to what was said before, we must try to understand more clearly how the development of man must begin, and in what way self-study can help this beginning. From the very start we meet with a difficulty in our language. For instance, we want to speak about man from the point of view of evolution. However, the word “man” in ordinary language does not admit of any variation or any gradation. Man who is never conscious and never suspects it, man who is struggling to become conscious, man who is fully conscious—it is all the same of our language. It is always “man” in every case. In order to avoid this difficult and to help the student in classifying his new ideas, the system divides man into seven categories. The first three categories are practically on the same level.  Man no. 1, a man in whom the moving or instinctive centers predominate over the intellectual and emotional, that is, Physical man. Man no.2, a man in whom the emotional center predominates over the intellectual, moving, and instinctive. Emotional man. Man no. 3, a man in whom the intellectual center predominates over the emotional, moving, and instinctive. Intellectual man. #RandolphHarris 3 of 17

In ordinary life we meet only these three categories of man. Each one of us and everyone we know is any of the three personality types listed above. There are higher categories of man, but men are not born already belonging to these higher categories. They are all born in the first category, the second category, the third category, and can reach higher categories only through school. Man no. 4 is not born as such. He is a product of school culture. He differs from man no. 1, no. 2, and no. 3 by his knowledge of himself, by his understanding of his position, and, as it is expressed technically, by his having acquired a permanent center of gravity. This last means that the idea of acquiring unity, consciousness, permanent “I,” and will—that is, the idea of his development—has already become for him more important than his other interests. It must be added to the characteristics of man no. 4, that his functions and center are more balanced, in a way in which they could not be balanced without work on himself, according to school principles and methods. Man no. 5 is a man who acquired unity and self-consciousness. He is different from ordinary man, because in him, one of the higher centers already works, and he has many functions and powers that an ordinary man—that is, man no. 1, 2, and 3—does not possess. Man no. 6 is a man who has acquired objective consciousness. Another higher center works in him. He possesses many more new faculties and powers, beyond the understanding of an ordinary man. Man no. 7 is a man who has attained all that a man can attain. He has a permanent “I” and free will. He can control all the states of consciousness in himself and he already cannot lose anything he has acquired. According to another description, he is immortal within the limits of the solar system. #RandolphHarris 4 of 17

Understanding of this division of man into seven categories is very important, for the division has very many applications in all possible ways of studying human activity. It gives, in the hands of those who understand it, a very strong and very fine instrument or tool for the definition of manifestations which, without it, are impossible to define. Take, for instance, the general concepts of religion, art, science, and philosophy. Beginning with religion, we can see at once that there must be a religion of man no. 1, that is all forms of fetishism, no matter how they are called; a religion of man no. 2, that is emotional, sentimental religion, passing sometimes into fanaticism, the crudest forms of intolerance, persecution of heretics, and so on; a religion of man no. 3, that is theoretical, scholastic religion, full of argument about words, forms, rituals, which become more important than anything else; a religion of man no. 4, that is the religion of man who works for self-development; religion of man no. 5, that is the religion of a man who has attained unity and can see and know many things tht man no. 1, 2, and 3 can neither see not know; then a religion of man no. 6 and a religion of man no. 7, about neither of which can we know anything. The same division applies to art, science, and philosophy. There must be an art of man no. 1, an art of man no. 2, an art of man no. 3; science of man no. 1, science of man no. 2, science of man no. 3, science of man no. 4, and so on. You must try to find examples of these for yourselves. #RandolphHarris 5 of 17

This expansion of concepts greatly enlarges our possibility of finding right solutions to many of our problems. And this means that the system gives us the possibility of studying a new language, that is, new for us, which will connect for us ideas of different categories, which are, in reality, united, and divide ideas of seemingly the same categories which are, in reality, different. The division of the word “man” into seven words—man no. 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, and 7, with all that follows—is an example of this new language. This gives us the fourth definition of psychology as the study of a new language. And this language is a universal language, which people sometimes try to find or invent. The expression, “a universal language” or “philosophical language,” must not be taken in a metaphorical sense. The language is universal in the same sense as mathematical symbols are universal. And besides that it includes in itself all that people can think about. Even the few words of this language which have been explained, give you the possibility of thinking and speaking with more precision than is possible in ordinary language, using any of the existing scientific or philosophical terminologies and nomenclatures. It has become widely accepted that a major source of prediction difficulty in the contemporary Information Revolution is the multiplicity of forces that are interacting. For example, the hard lesion has been learned that technologies are adopted not only as a function of cost, but also as a function of numbers of others adopting. A technology with a small market lead may become dominant even when it is not superior in a quality, as in the stories of DVD versus Blue Ray, and the QWERTY keyboard. #RandolphHarris 6 of 17

Effectiveness of technology has been observed sometimes to depend on deployment of other technologies, such as Internet service provision depending on the installed base of telephones. There have been striking cases of process surprise, such as a way of replacing carbon paper (xerography) that can upset the internal security of autocratic nations, as well as alter the conduct the internal security of autocratic nations, as well as alter the conduct of basic office procedures. And cultural variables have been shown to set a controlling context for technical developments, as in rural areas of developing countries that may leapfrog wired communications to go directly to wireless, or when countries with nonalphabetic languages have sharply different approaches to word processing. Reaping the benefits of new technology has turned out often to require collateral resources, so that innovations imagined to favor equality could turn out to accelerate differences between social classes. We have learned that absence in electronic mail socially controlling status cues can unleash embarrassing episodes of “flaming,” in which participants write things they would never say to a recipient’s face. Such lessons have taught us all that virtually every important force in collective life affects the way the Information Revolution plays out. Scale economics, technological preconditions, national developmental sequencing, social status, economic inequality, internal security postures, cultural context, and many more forces work to condition the development of information technology impacts. #RandolphHarris 7 of 17

This is not unique to the contemporary episode in the growth of information technology. The earlier episode of the Information Revolution that began with movable type also had epochal consequences. The Chinese Empire, the Islamic states, and the Christian West each gave its own distinctive shape to the movable type revolution in printing. Roughly speaking, the Chinese used printing to reinforce central authority, while Islam suppressed the technology. The Western case had been highly interesting to scholars because of its many indirect effects including contributions to the promotion of religious conflict and the rise of nation-states. These are just the kind of nonadditive contextual effects that distinguish complex dynamic regimes. If complexity is often rooted in patterns of interaction among agents, then we might expect systems to exhibit increasingly complex dynamics when changes occur that intensify interaction among their elements. This, of course, is exactly what the Information Revolution is doing: reducing the barriers to interaction among processes that were previously isolated from each other in time or space. Information can be understood as a mediator of interaction. Decreasing the costs of its propagation and storage inherently increases possibilities for interaction effects. An Information Revolution is therefore likely to beget a complexity revolution. Many educators base their philosophies on narratives rich in symbols which they respected and which they understood to be integral to the stories they wanted education to reveal. It is, therefore, time to ask, What story does American education wish to tell now? #RandolphHarris 8 of 17

In a growing Technopoly, what do we believe education is for? The answers are discouraging, and one of them can be inferred from any television commercial urging the young to stay in school. The commercial will either imply or state explicitly that education will help the preserving students to get a good job. And that is it. Well, not quite. There is also the idea that we educate ourselves to compete with the Japanese or the Germans in an economic struggle to be number one. Neither of these purposes is, to say that least, grand or inspiring. The story of each suggests that the United States of America is not a culture but merely an economy, which is the last refuge of an exhausted philosophy of education. This belief, I might add, is precisely reflected in the President’s Commission Report, A Nation at Risk, where you will find a definitive expression of the idea that education is an instrument of economic policy and of very little else. We may get a sense of the desperation of the educator’s search for a more gripping story by using the “television commercial test.” Try to imagine what sort of appeals might be effectively made on TV commercial to persuade parents to support schools. (Let us, to be fair, sidestep appeals that might be made directly to students themselves, since the youth of any era are disinclined to think schooling a good idea, whatever the reasons advance for it. See the “Seven Ages of Man” passage as in As You Like It.) Can you imagine, for example, what such a commercial would be like if Jefferson or John Dewey prepared it? “Your children are citizens in a democratic society,” the commercial might say. “Their education will teach them how to be valuable citizens by refining their capacity for reasoned thought and strengthening their will to protect their liberties. As for their jobs and professions, that will be considered only at a ‘late and convenient hour’” (to quote John Stuart Mill, who would be pleased to associate himself with Jefferson’s or Dewey’s purpose.) #RandolphHarris 9 of 17

Is there anyone today who would find this a compelling motivation? Some, perhaps, but hardly enough to use it as the basis of a national program. John Locke’s commercial would, I imagine, be even less appealing. “Your children must stay in school,” he might say, “because there they will learn to make their bodies slaves of their minds. They will learn to control their impulses, and how to find satisfaction and even excitement in life of the mind. Unless they accomplish this, they can be neither civilized nor literate.” How many would applaud this mission? Indeed, who could we use to speak such words—Barbara Bush? Paris Hilton? Donald Trump? Even the estimable Dr. Bill Cosby would hardly be convincing. The guffaws would resound from Maine to California. There is a comprehensive purpose to education. Literacy is defined as the capacity to understand and use the words, dates, aphorisms, and names that form the basis of communication among the educated in our culture. It is, of course, an expected outcome of any education that students become acquainted with the important references of their culture. Even Rousseau, who would have asked his students to read only one book, Robinson Crusoe (so that they would learn how to survive in the wild), would probably have expected them to “pick up” the names and sayings and dates that made up the content of the educated conversation of their time. The problem with the present time is that the condition of technology-generated information is so long, varied, and dynamic that it is not possible to organize into a coherent educational program. #RandolphHarris 10 of 17

To some, making a list of cultural heroes and books that qualify one as educated, is not a solution to the problem of information glut. It is therefore considered to be incoherent. However, it also confuses a consequence of education with a purpose. When we answer the question, “What is an educated person?” We left unanswered the question, “What is an education for?” Young me, for example, will learn how to make lay-up shots when they play basketball. To be able to make them is part of the definition of what good players are. However, they do not play basketball for that purpose. There is usually a broader, deeper, and more meaningful reason for wanting to play—to assert their manhood, to please their fathers, to be acceptable to their peers, even for the sheer aesthetic pleasure of the game itself. What you have to do to be a success must be addressed only after you have found a reason to be successful. In Technopoly, this is very hard to do. The skunkworks organization—here a team is handed a loosely specified problem or goal, given resources, and allowed to operate outside the normal company rules. The skunkworks group thus ignores both the cubbyholes and the official channels—id est, the specialization and hierarchy of the existing corporate bureaucracy. Tremendous energies are released; information is exchanged at high speed outside normal channels. Members develop strong emotion toward their work and one another, and very often, enormously complex projects are completed in record time. #RandolphHarris 11 of 17

The new product game when BMW wanted to design a car that would appeal to young people, it put together a team—average age twenty-seven—and turned it loose. In the words of one young engineer: “It’s incredible how the company…gave us the freedom to do it our way.” When Nippon Electric Company (NEC) developed its PC8000, it turned the project over to a group of former microprocessors sales engineers who had no previous experience with PCs. Says the project head: “We were given the go-ahead from top management to proceed with the project, provided we would develop the product by ourselves and also be responsible for manufacturing, selling, and serving it on our own.” IBM’s PC, which became the industry standard, was developed by a nearly autonomous group working in Boca Raton, Florida. Apart from quarterly reviews by corporate headquarters in Armonk, New York, the team was free to operate as it wished. It was also permitted to break normal corporate policy about buying from outside suppliers. Similar examples can be found at Apple, Hewlett-Packard, Xerox, and other high-tech firms. The skunkwork format is inherently and militantly antibureaucratic. A project team takes on a self-organization character as it is driven to a state of “zero information”—where prior knowledge does not apply…Left to stew, the process begins to create its own dynamic order. The project team begins to operate like a start-up company—it takes initiatives and risk, and develops an independent agenda. Successful skunkworks develop their own leadership, based on skill and competence rather than formal rank. These newly empowered leaders often come into direct frontal conflict with the formal leader appointed by the bureaucracy to initiate and oversee the skunkwork unit. #RandolphHarris 12 of 17

A new way of life based on revolutionary wealth is still taking form in America—plug-in/plug-out jobs, glitter and hype, speed, commercialism, 24/7 entertainment, speed, cleaner air, dirtier television, rotten schools, speed, a broken health system and longer life, speed again, perfect landings on Mars, information overload, surplus complexity, reduced racism, hyper-diets and hyper-kids Oh, yes, and still more speed. Add to this kaleidoscope the multiplying contradictions in America life today. Viagra commercials and anti-abortion marchers. Free markets—but tariffs and subsidies that favor U.S. firms. Americans who are provincials—bad at languages, uninterested in other cultures. However, hooray for globalization! Outsides do not know what to make of all this noisy disarray. In the words of Dominique Moisi, the French foreign-affairs experts, “It’s not that we are so much against America, it is that we cannot understand the evolution of that country.” However, neither do most Americans. And outsiders do not know that the Americans do not know. It might help to think about America not simply as the World’s most powerful nation-states, which it currently, but as the World’s greatest social and economic laboratory. It is the main place in the World were new ideas and new ways of life are eagerly tried—and sometimes pushed to stupid, even cruel extremes—before they are rejected. Experiments are under way in this lab not merely with technologies but with culture and the arts, patterns in pleasures of the flesh, family structures, diets, and sports, start-up religions and brand-new business models. #RandolphHarris 13 of 17

Simultaneously, the United States of America is experimenting with all three of the deep fundamentals of wealth. That is what all the speed is about—want it is why so many people yearn for a less frenzied time. It is why machines may need to work faster and people more slowly. America is experimenting as well with space and how it is divided up—witness the growth permeability of economic boundaries. And above all, of course, it is experimenting with countless new ways of turning data, information and knowledge into wealth. The United States of America is the place where mistakes are allowed to happen—and sometimes lead to economically or socially valuable breakthroughs. It is where almost any failure is redeemable and where “comeback kids” are admired rather than shunned (sometimes when they should not be). Great laboratories re free to make mistakes. If they do not risk error, they are not reaching out for the future. And America is. The trouble is that no everyone likes to live in a laboratory—or next door to one. Lab mistakes can cost people jobs, influence, power—even lives. Many Americans fear change and yearn for a return to the so-called good old days of the early 1950s, when America was a Second Wave country and the Third Wave was barely visible. Conveniently forgetting the backbreaking physical labour, racial hatred and subjugating of women that still characterized the U.S. economy and society during those supposedly “good” times, and legitimately afraid of losing their jobs, position, prestige or prominence, they derogate the present and fear—and resist—the future. The result, therefore, inside America, no less than in China, Japan, Europe and elsewhere, is wave conflict. #RandolphHarris 14 of 17

When a revolutionary wealth-creation system arises, one of the first things it does it create counter-revolutionaries. The late banker Walter Wriston, head of the White House Economic Advisory Policy Board under President Reagan, put it bluntly: “Whenever there is a sift in how wealth is created, the old elites give up their position and a new group of people raise and control society. We’re in the middle of that right now.” What he did not point out is that “old elites” do not give up without a fight. Game theory can be dangerous to your health. Late one night, after a conference in Jerusalem, two American economists found a licensed taxicab and gave the driver directions to their hotel. Immediately recognizing them as American tourists, the driver refused to turn on his meter; instead, he proclaimed his love for Americans and promised them a lower fare then the meter. Naturally, they were somewhat skeptical of this promise. Why should this stranger offer to change less than meter when they were willing to pay the metered fare? How would they even know whether or not they were being overcharged? (If the driver wanted to prove that he was going to charge less than the meter, he could have turned on the meter and asked and then charged 80 percent the price. The fact that he did not should have told something about his intentions.) On the other hand, they had not promised to pay the driver anything more than what would be on the meter. If they were to start bargaining and the negotiations broke down, they would have to find another taxi. Their theory was that once they arrived at the hotel, their bargaining would be much stronger. And taxis were hard to find. #RandolphHarris 15 of 17

They arrived. The driver demanded 2,500 Israeli New Shekels ($724.18). Who knew what fare was fair? Because people generally bargain in Israel, they protested and counter-offered 2,200 shekels. The driver was outraged. He claimed that it would be impossible to get from there to here for that amount. Before negotiations could continue, he locked all the doors automatically and retraced the route at breakneck speed, ignoring traffic lights and pedestrians. Were they being kidnapped to Beirut? No. He returned to the original position and ungraciously kicked the two economists out of his cab, yelling, “See how far your 2,200 shekels will get you now.” They found another cab. This driver turned on his meter and 2,200 shekels later they were home. Certainly the extra time was not worth the 300 shekels to the economists. On the other hand, the story was well worth it. It illustrates the dangers of bargaining with those who have not yet read our essay. More generally pride and irrationality cannot be ignored. Sometimes, it may be better t be taken for a wife when it costs only two dimes. There is a second lesson to the story. Think of how much stronger their bargaining gaining position would have been if they had begun to discuss the price after getting out of the taxi. (of course, for hiring a taxi, this logic should be reversed. If you tell the driver where you want to go before getting in, you may find your taxi chasing after some other customer. Get in first, then say where you want to go.) #RandolphHarris 16 of 17

People have cried “Wolf!” before about new technologies leading to overwhelming abundance. It was said of nuclear power, and of steam power before it, and perhaps of water wheels, the horse, the plough, and the chipped rock. Molecular manufacturing is different because it is a new way to make almost anything, including more of the equipment needed to do the manufacturing. There has never been anything quite like this before. The basic argument for low-cost production is this: Molecular manufacturing will be able to make almost anything with little labor, land, or maintenance, with high productivity, and with modest requirements for materials and energy. Its products will themselves be extremely productive, as energy producers, as material collectors, and as manufacturing equipment. There has never been a technology with this combination of characteristics, so historical analogies must be used with care. Perhaps the best analogy is this: Molecular manufacturing will do for matter processing what the computer has done for information processing. There will always be limiting costs, because resources—whether energy, matter, or design skill—always have some alterative use. Cost will not fall to zero, but it seems that they could fall very low. Yet there is no society that does not put restrictions on resources. Out of an infinite plenty is created a host of artificial scarcities. It would obviously repay us to look into this matter, since we have already observed that although we live in the most affluent society ever know, the sense of deprivation and discomfort that pervades it is also unparalleled. #RandolphHarris 17 of 17

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Flight into the home was only part of a general postwar retreat from the World—a flight that would have occurred without Baby and Child Care. The phenomena was established as a pattern after the September 11, 2001 attacks on US soil, which spawned many home renovations and renovation television programs. This was in response to the World seeming like a dangerous place and people wanting somewhere they can go and feel safe, comfortable, protected, and have a sophisticated environment. The pattern continued during the 2020 COVID pandemic. Only this time, houses got larger, became multigenerational, and outdoor living was seen as a major aspect of homeownership. Not only did people want to feel more comfortable at home, but they wanted space to work, party, and enjoy the great outdoors without leaving their home. No revolution produces total change—much of the old machinery is retained more or less intact. Those intimate with the machinery are in the best position to facilitate the rootling and redirection. We live in a culture that is preoccupied with tradition, with community, with relationships—with many things that would reinstate the validity of accumulated wisdom. From ordinary psychology, and from ordinary thinking, we know that the intellectual functions, thoughts, and so on, are controlled or produced by a certain center which we call “mind” or “intellect,” or “the brain.” And this is quite right. Only, to be fully right, we must understand that other functions are also controlled each by its own mind or center. #RandolphHarris 1 of 21

Thus, from the point of view of the system, there are four minds or centers which control our ordinary actions: intellectual mind, emotional mind, moving mind, and instinctive mind. In further references to them we shall call them centers. Each center is quite independent of the others, has its own sphere of action, its own powers, and its own ways of development. Centers, that is, their structure, capacities, strong sides, and defects, belong to essence. Their contents, that is, all that a center acquires, belong to personality. The contents of centers will be explained later. Personality is as equally necessary for the development of a man as is essence, only it must stand it its right place. This is hardly possible, because personality is full of wrong ideas about itself. It does not wish to stand in its right place, because its right place is secondary and subordinate; and it does not wish to know the truth about itself, for to know the truth will mean abandoning its falsely dominant position, and occupying the inferior position which rightly belongs to it. The wrong relative positions of essence and personality determine the present disharmonious state of man. And the only way to get out of this disharmonious state is by self-knowledge. To know oneself—this was the first principle and the first demand of old psychological schools. We sill remember these words, but have lost their meaning. We think that to know ourselves means to know our peculiarities, our desires, our tastes, our capacities, and our intentions, when in reality it means to know ourselves as machines, that is, to know the structure of one’s machine, its parts, functions of different parts, the conditions governing their work, and so on. #RandolphHarris 2 of 21

We must remember this in relation to ourselves and must remember this in relation to ourselves and must study our own machines as machines. The means of study is self-observation. There is no other way and no one can do this work for us. We must do it ourselves. However, before we must learn how to observe. I mean, we must understand the technical side of observation: we must know that it is necessary to observe different function and distinguish between them, remembering, at the same time, about different states of consciousness, about our sleep, and about the many “I’s” in us. Such observations will very soon give results. First of all a man will notice that he cannot observe everything he finds in himself impartially. Some thins may please him, and other things will annoy him, irritate him, even horrify him. And it cannot be otherwise. Man cannot study himself as a remote star, or as a curious fossil. Quite naturally he will like in himself what helps his development and dislike what makes his development more difficult, or even impossible. This means that very soon after starting to observe oneself, he will begin to distinguish useful features or and harmful features in oneself, that is, useful or harmful from the point of view of his possible self-knowledge, his possible awakening, his possible development. He will see sides of himself which can become conscious, and side which cannot become conscious and must be eliminated. In observing himself, he must always remember that his self-study is the first step towards his possible evolution. #RandolphHarris 3 of 21

Now we must see what are those harmful features that man finds in himself. Speaking in general, they are all mechanical manifestations. The first, as has already been said, is lying. Lying is unavoidable in mechanical life. No one can escape it, and the more one thinks that one is free from lying, the more one is in it. Life as it is could not exist without lying. However, from the psychological side, lying has a different meaning. It means speaking about things one does not know, and even cannot know, as though one knows and can know. You must understand that I do not speak from any moral point of view. We have not yet come to question of what is good, and what is bad, by itself. I speak only from a practical point of view, of what is useful and what is harmful to self-study and self-development. Starting in this way, man very soon learns to discover signs by which he can know harmful manifestations in himself. He discovers that the more he can control a manifestation, the less harmful it can be, and that the less he can control it, that is, the more mechanical it is, the more harmful it can become. When man understands this, he becomes afraid of lying, again not on moral grounds, but on the grounds that he cannot control his lying, an that lying controls him, that is, his other functions. The second dangerous feature he finds in himself is imagination. Very soon after starting his observation of himself he comes to the conclusion that the chief obstacle to observation is imagination. He wishes to observe something, but instead of that, imagination starts him on the same subject, and he forgets about observation. #RandolphHarris 4 of 21

Very soon he realizes that people ascribe to the word “imagination” a quite artificial and quite underserved meaning in the sense of creative or selective faculty. He realizes that imagination is a destructive faculty, that he can never control it, and that it always carries him away from his more conscious decisions in a direction in which he had no intention of going. Imagination is almost as bad as lying; it is, in fact, lying to oneself. Man starts to imagine something in order to please himself, and very soon he begins to believe what he imagines, or at least some of it. Further, or even before that, one finds many very dangerous effects in the expression of negative emotions.  The term “negative emotions” means all emotions of violence or depression: self-pity, anger, suspicion, fer, annoyance, boredom, mistrust, jealousy, and so one. Ordinarily, one accepts this expression of negative emotions as quite natural and even necessary. Very often people call it “sincerity.” Of course it has nothing to do with sincerity; it is simply a sign of weakness in man, a sign of bad temper and of incapacity to keep his grievances to himself. Man realizes this when he tries to oppose it. And by this he learns another lesson. He realizes that in relation to mechanical manifestations it is not enough to observe them, it is necessary to resist them, because without resisting them one cannot observe them. They happen so quickly, so habitually, and so imperceptibly, that one cannot notice them if one does not make sufficient efforts to create obstacles for them. #RandolphHarris 5 of 21

After the expression of negative emotions one notices in oneself or in other people another curious mechanical feature. This is talking. There is no harm in talking by itself. However, with some people, especially with those who notice it least, it really becomes a vice. They talk all the time, everywhere they happen to be, while working, while traveling, even while sleeping. They never stop talking to someone if there is someone to talk to, and if there is no one, they talk to themselves. This too must not only be observed, but resisted as much as possible. With unresisted talking one cannot observe anything, and all the results of a man’s observations will immediately evaporate in talking. When working with the mentally ill or dealing with the public in general, especially around the holidays, it is important to have impulse control. Impulse control is the degree to which a person can control the desire for immediate gratification or other; impulse control may be the single most important indicator of a person’s future adaptation in terms of number of friends, school performance and future employment. Our society is enmeshed in a major social transformation, driven in part by, and deriving much of its distinctive character from the amazing advances in technologies of information. The rate of technical change in processing, storage, bandwidth, sensing, and effecting is dizzying. The technical changes in turn facilitate large shifts in most of our fundamental institutions: in nation-states, communication industries, churches, armies, factories, friendship networks, and more. The rate of social change is intoxicating, disorienting, and probably accelerating. #RandolphHarris 6 of 21

The transitions underway as referred to as the “Information Revolution,” although forces other than information technology are also deeply involved. Transportation, biotechnology, marketing, and a host of other technologies have expanded dramatically in the last half-century. Information technology has fueled these expansions and been shaped by them. While acknowledging these complications, we concentrate here on the Information Revolution, the aspect of our era that seems to us to have the most novel and transforming properties. An Information Revolution seems to demand policy interventions at every level of social organization. What shall notion-states do about encryption of boundary-spanning financial crimes? What shall families do about unsavory materials their children can easily access? What shall armies do to prepare for attacks on “infostructure”? What shall charitable organizations and business firms do about the privacy of records kept in their clienteles? In all these cases and thousands more, deep questions are being asked about how interventions—designs and policies—can steer future developments in beneficial directions. In an era in which so many customary social, political, and economic arrangements seem up for grabs, what interventions will bring us to a future we would prefer? In all of these settings, people often ask how the likely consequences of actions can be foreseen. #RandolphHarris 7 of 21

Using our framework, we depart sharply from conventional efforts to foretell the future and draw policy implications for the unfolding Information Revolution. Instead, we offer a way to analyze the situations and intervention possibilities that flow unceasingly from this enormous change. We have offered purposeful questions where general answers can be known. We can start by considering why at this historical and technological juncture we should expect the future events in an Information Revolution to be especially difficult to discern. Our answer lies in the complexity of the social and technical processes whose rates of change are accelerated. Our view of the relevance of work on Complex Adaptive Systems can be grounded by examining two arguments. They relate the concept of information to complexity and adaptation. Of course, not all the images and words used are cannibalized from serious or sacred contexts, and one must admit tht as things stand at the moment it is quite unthinkable for the image of Jesus Christ to be used to sell wine. At least no a chardonnay. On the other hands, his birthday is used as an occasion for commerce to exhaust nearly the entire repertoire of Christian symbology. The constraints are so few that we may call this a form of cultural rape, sanctioned by an ideology that gives boundless supremacy to technological progress and is indifferent to the unraveling of tradition. In putting it this way, I mean to say that mass advertising is not the cause of great symbol drain. Such cultural abuse could not have occurred without technologies to make it possible and a World-view to make it desirable. #RandolphHarris 8 of 21

In the institutional form it has taken in the United States of America, advertising is a symptom of a World-view that see tradition as an obstacle to its claims. There can, of course, be no functioning sense of tradition without a measure of respect for symbols. Tradition is, in fact, nothing but the acknowledgement of the authority of symbols and the relevance of the narratives tht gave birth to them. With the erosion of symbols there follows a loss of narrative, which is one of the most debilitating consequences of Technopoly’s power. We may take as an example the field of education. In Technoply, we improve the education of our youth by improving what are called “learning technologies.” At the moment, it is considered necessary to introduce computers to the classroom, as it once was thought necessary to bring closed-circuit television and film to the classroom. To the question “Why should we do this?” the answer is: “To make learning more efficient and more interesting.” Such an answer is considered entirely adequate, since in Technopoly efficiency and interest need no justification. It is, therefore, usually not noticed that this answer does not address the questions “What is learning for?” “Efficiency and interest” is a technical answer, an answer about means, not ends; and it offer no pathway to a consideration of educational philosophy. Indeed, it blocks the way to such a consideration by beginning with the question of how we should proceed rather than with the question of why. #RandolphHarris 9 of 21

It is probably not necessary to say that, by definition, there can be no education philosophy that does not address what learning is for. Confucius, Plato, Quintilian, Cicero, Comenius, Erasmus, Locke, Rousseau, Jefferson, Russell, Montessori, Whitehead, and Dewey—each believed that there was some transcendent political, spiritual, or social idea that must be advance through education. Confucius advocated teaching, “the Way” because in tradition he saw the best hope of social order. As our first systematic fascist, Plato wished education to produce philosopher kinds. Cicero argued that education must free the student from the tyranny of the present. Jefferson thought the purpose of education is to teach the young how to protect their liberties. Rousseau wished education to free the young from the unnatural constraints of a wicked and arbitrary social order. And among John Dewey’s aims was to help the student function without certainty in a World of constant change and puzzling ambiguities. Only in knowing something of the reasons why they advocated education can we make sense of the means the suggest. However, to understand their reason we must also understand the narratives that governed their view of the World. By narrative, present a human history that fives meaning to the past, explains the present, and provides guidance for the future. It is a story whose principles help a culture to organize its institutions, to develop ideals, and to find authority for its actions. #RandolphHarris 10 of 21

Once again, the resource of the World’s greatest narratives has been religion, as found, for example, in Genesis or the Bhagavad-Gita or the Koran. There are those who believe—as did the great historian Arnold Toynbee—that without a comprehensive religious narrative at its center a culture must decline. Perhaps. There are, after all, other sources—mythology, politics, philosophy, and science, for example—but it is certain that no culture can flourish without narratives of transcendent origin and power. This does not mean that the mere existence of such a narrative ensures a culture’s stability and strength. There are destructive narratives. A narrative provides meaning, not necessarily survival—as, for example, the story provided by Adolph Hitler to the German nation in the 1930s. Drawing on sources in Teutonic mythology and resurrecting ancient and primitive symbolism, Hitler wove a tale of Aryan supremacy that lifted German spirits, gave point to their labours, eased their distress, and provided explicit ideals. The story glorified the past, elucidated the present, and foretold the future, which was to last a thousand years. The Third Reich lasted exactly twelve years. It is not my point to dwell on the reasons why the story of Aryan supremacy is facing challenges enduring. Cultures must have narratives and will find them where they will, even if they lead to catastrophe. The alternative is to love without meaning, the ultimate negation of life itself. It is also to point to say that each narrative is given its form and its emotional texture through a cluster of symbols that call for respect and allegiance, even devotion. #RandolphHarris 11 of 21

The United States of America’s Constitution, for example, is only in a part a legal document, and, a small part. Democratic nations—England, for one—do not require a written constitution to ensure legal order and the protection of liberties. The importance of the American Constitution is largely in its function as a symbol of the story of our origins. It is our political equivalent of Genesis. To mock it, to ignore it, to circumvent it is to declare the irrelevance of the story of the United States of America as a moral light unto the World. In like fashion, the American Flag is the key symbol of the story of America as the natural home of the teeming masses, for anywhere, yearning to be free. There are, of course, several reasons why such stories lose their force. The growth of Technopoly has overwhelmed earlier, more meaningful stories. However, in all cases, the trivialization of the symbols that express, support, and dramatize the story will accompany the decline. Symbol drain is both a symptom and a cause of a loss of narrative. In Guys and Dolls, gambler Sky Masterson relates this valuable advice from his father: “Son, one of these days in your travels a guy is going to come to you and show you a nice brand-new deck of cards on which the deal is not yet broken, and this guy is going to offer to bet you that he can make the jack of spades jump out of the deck and squirt cider in your ear. But son, do not bet this man, for as sure as you stand there you are going to wind up with cider in your ear.” #RandolphHarris 12 of 21

The context of the story is that Nathan Detroit had offered Sky Masterson a bet about whether Mindy’s sold more strudel or cheesecake. Nathan had just discovered the answer (strudel) and was willing to bet if Sky would bet on cheesecake. This example may sound somewhat extreme. Of course no one would take such a sucker bet. However, look at the market for futures contracts on the Chicago Board of Exchange. If another speculator offers to sell you a future contract, he will make money only if you lose money. This deal is a zero-sum game, just like sports competitions, in which one team’s victory is the other’s loss. Hence if someone is willing to sell a futures contract, you should not be willing to buy it. And vice versa. The strategic insight is that other people’s actions tell us something about what they know, and we should use such information to guide our own action. Of course, we should use this in conjunction with our own information concerning the matter and use all strategic devices to elicit more from others. In the Guys and Dolls example, there is a simple device of this kind. Sky should ask Nathan at what odds he would be willing to take the cheesecake side of the bet. If the answer is “not at any odds,” then Sky can infer that the answer must be strudel. If Nathan offers the same odds for both strudel and cheesecake, he is hiding his information at the cost of giving Sky the opportunity to take an advantageous gamble. In stock markets, foreign exchange markets, and other financial markets, people are free to take either side of the bet in just this way. #RandolphHarris 13 of 21

Indeed, in some organized exchanges, including the London stock market, when you ask for a quote on a stock the market-maker is required to state both the buying and selling prices before he knows which side of the transaction you want. Without such a safeguard, market-makers could stand to profit from private information, and the outside investors’ fear of being suckered might cause the entire market to fold. The buy and sell prices are not quite the same; the difference is called the bid-ask spread. In liquid markets the spread is quite small, indicating that little information contained in any buy or sell order. On the other hand, Nathan Detroit is willing to bet on strudel at any price and on cheesecake at no price; his bid-ask spread is infinity. Beware of such market-makers. We should add that Sky had not really learned his father’s teaching very well. A minute later he bet Nathan that Nathan did not know the colour of his own bowtie. Sky cannot win: if Nathan knows the colour, he takes the bet and wins; if he does not, he declines the bet and does not lose. If one is to rule, and to continue ruling, one must be able to dislocate the sense of reality. For the secret of rulership is to combine a belief in one’s own infallibility with the power to learn from past mistakes. It need hardly be said that the subtlest practitioners of double-think are those who invented doublethink and know that it is a vast system of mental cheating. In our society, those who have the best knowledge of what is happening are also those who are furthest from seeing the World as it is. In general, the greater the understanding, the greater the delusion: the more intelligent, the less sane. #RandolphHarris 14 of 21

The United States of America and Europe increasingly differ in their relationships not only to the deep economic fundamentals of time and space but to the knowledge as well—including knowledge-intensive technologies. In 2022, the PC market in Europe generated $68 billion U.S. dollars in revenue as against the $10.4 billion by the United States of America and $57.7 by Japan. Of the top ten I.T. companies in the World in 2022—including Microsoft Corporation, IBM, Accenture, Oracle, SAP, TCS, DXC, Delloite Consulting, Capgemini, Cognizant—only SAP and Capgemini are European. Only thirty European producers make it onto the list of the World’s three hundred biggest software companies, and only two—Capgemini and SAP are in the top ten. Like North America and Japan, Europe is a leading player in the generation of scientific and technological competencies. The combined R&D budget of the EU-25 is more than two-thirds that of the United States of America, and nearly double that of Japan. The output of the EU is substantially higher than the of the United States of America, but strongly reflects the size of the EU, which has a population much larger than the USA or Japan. However, Europe is losing ground in the most dynamic and technologically advanced part of the economy. The concern about an increasing technological gap is certainly not new: as early as the 1960s we heard about “the American challenge,” and similar concerned were reiterated in the 1980s and in the 1990s. Europe is not the only region concerned about its technological performance. Similar worries were echoed in America, and we would doubtless find comparable statements in the Far East as well. #RandolphHarris 15 of 21

However, saying that the neighbour’s grass is always greener cannot dismiss the issue of poor performance by the European economy in key aspects of knowledge-based production. The gap in living standards between the European Union and the U.S.A. is now wider than it has ever been in the past 25 years. The commission also warned that Europe is about to miss the boat on the biotech revolution. The commission also found that both the United States of America and Japan invest more per capita in nanotechnology R&D than the European Union, and that “the gap is expected to widen.” Innovation is a key to economic success, but it is an area where Europe needs to excel quickly. Some people believe the European Union needs to do a better job of catching up with America. The union’s economy matches that of the United States of America in the late 1970s. Europe’s leaders are still shortchanging research and development, science and science education, still brushing off the “new economy” and complaining about de-industrialization. Europe is the planet’s leading industrial power. However, the United States of America is the planet’s leading “no-longer-industrial power.” And Europe, with some important exceptions, has still not adequately altered its relationship to the deep fundamental of knowledge—and to revolutionary wealth. In the years ahead, the big countries of Western Europe could see many of their low-tech manufacturing jobs migrate to the lower-cost E.U. member states in for former Soviet bloc or elsewhere. Failure to replace these jobs through a faster transition to services and knowledge-based, innovation-intensive, and higher-value-added production will increase unemployment levels—already significantly higher than those in the United States of America or Japan. #RandolphHarris 16 of 21

In turn, this will further increase anti-immigrant tensions—and the potential for escalating militancy and terrorism in Europe’s large Muslim underclass. The car-burning riots in France may only be a foreshadow of things to come. Part of Western Europe’s problem is deep-seated hostility toward technology. Its trade unions fear job losses. Its NGOs offer knee-jerk opposition to new technologies often because of imagined dangers. While a technophiliac Asia races to adopt the latest advances, technophobic Western Europeans create obstacles to their development and application. This technophobia is somewhat less apparent as one moves eastward to the former Communist countries. The Czech Republic, with one of the World’s highest percentages of science and engineering graduates compared with all degrees awarded there, has attracted projects by IMB, Accenture, Logica and Olympus. Slovenia has all the attributes of a top destination for smaller knowledge-economy projects, high-tech centers, distribution and logistic hubs and call centers. Hungary already claims Nokia’s largest R&D center outside Finland, and ExxonMobil has opened a new headquarters in Budapest to consolidate its European I.T and accounting support operations. The European Union itself, the value of Hungary’s high-tech exports already rivaled those of Denmark or Spain. Eastern European members may soon be scouting high-tech, value added niches ignored by slower-moving Western European—and pondering the possibility of actually leaping ahead of some of their neighbours. #RandolphHarris 17 of 21

With respect, therefore, to all three of the deep fundamentals we have explored—time, space and knowledge—the United States of America and Europe are moving apart. And that would be happening even if differences over the war in the Ukraine had never been an issue. To reverse that process, the United States of America would need to stall or drive in reverse as Europe, with a new map, accelerates its transition to a Third Wave wealth system. Someday, if one listens to its triumphalists, Europe could become a global counterweight to what may see as excessive American power. However, the geopolitical power of nations presupposes economic and military might—both of which now increasingly depend on that softest of all resources: Knowledge. Regrettably, it would appear, Europe has still not received that lost-in-the spam folder message. The best surviving example of feudal organization today is found in the university, where each department is a barony, professors are ranked and rule over graduate assistants, who make up the body of serfs. This feudal holdover is embedded within (and often war with) the bureaucratic administrative structure of the university. Another example is the Congress of the United States of America, where 535 elected “barons” rule over a huge bureaucratic staff. A similar combination of industrial bureaucracy and feudal barony is found in the Big Eight accounting firms, in large law offices, in brokerage houses, and in the military, where each service—army, navy, or air force—is a fiercely independent fiefdom. Generals and admirals in charge of these fiefdoms may have more real power than higher-ranked officers in staff positions who command no troops. #RandolphHarris 18 of 21

In “buro-baronies” the barons war with one another, often forming alliances to weaken central control. Such feudal elements are still found in business as well, along with what we might call “vestigial vassalage.” George Masters is a veteran engineer who has worked for several U.S. electronics manufacturers and now serves as the administrative aide to Philip Ames, a corporate VP in one of the World’s largest computer firms. If anyone in personnel took the trouble to check, they would discover that Masters came into the company shortly after Ames arrived. And if they were to check further, they would discover the same thing happened in the company that employed both of them before they took their present jobs. And the one before that. Hard-drinking buddies as well as workmates, Masters and Ames socialize together. They and their wives take vacations together. In fact, Masters and Ames (the people are real, the names are not) have worked together for more than fifteen years, Masters always following Ames as Ames hopped to successively higher positions. This pattern, whether called “hitching your wagon to a star” or “riding on someone’s coattails, is found in almost every large firm. Because it sharply reduces the need for communication—the two men know each other so well they can anticipate each other’s reactions—it is highly efficient for some purposes, even though it violates formal personnel rules that call for “objective” selection. #RandolphHarris 19 of 21

The psychology of “vassalage” is extremely complex, involving everything from mentorships to the exchange of financial, pleasures of the flesh, or other favors. At its heart, however, the system is feudal and subjective, rather than bureaucratic and impersonal. The power relationships are similarly complicated. At one level the “vassal,” or junior, is dependent upon the “lord,” or senior, who is higher up in the table of organization. Yet the top dog can be totally dependent upon his or her underling, whose chief unofficial function may be to conceal from others the weaknesses of the boss. This may be as common as fronting for the boss when he or she is too drunk to do one’s job. It may be as unusual as reading to one and making presentations for one because, unbeknownest to the company, the boss is dyslexic. As bureaucracy weakens and its channels and cubbyholes become clogged, other neo-feudal forms and practices are likely to proliferate also, and find a place in the flex-firm. When it comes to energy, it was once thought that nuclear power would lead to “power too cheap to meter.” This assertion, attributed to the early nuclear era, has passed into folklore as a warning to be skeptical of technologists promising free goodies. Does the warning apply here? Anyone claiming that something is free does not really understand economics. Using something always has a cost equal to the most valuable alternative use for the thing. Choosing one alternative sacrifices another, and that sacrifice is the cost. There is no such things as a free opportunity, since opportunities always cost (at least) time and attention. Nanotechnology will not mean free goodies. #RandolphHarris 20 or 21

Nuclear reactors boil water to make steam to turn turbines to turn generators to drive electrical power through power lines to transformers to local power lines to houses, factories, and so forth. The wildest optimist could never have claimed that nuclear power was a free source of anything more than heat, and a realist would have added in the cost of the reactor equipment, fuel, waste disposal, hazards, and the rest. Even our wild optimist would have had to include the cost of building the boiler, the turbines, the generators, the power lines, and the transformers, and the cost of maintenance on all these. These costs were known to be a major part of the cost of power, so free heat would not have meant free power. Thus, the claim was absurd the day it was made—not merely in hindsight. In the early 1960s, Alvin Weinberg, head of the Oak Ridge National Laboratory, was a strong advocate of nuclear power, and argued that it would provide “cheap energy.” He was optimistic, but did his sums. First, he assumed that nuclear-power plants could be built a little more cheaply than coal-fire powered plants of the same size. Then he assumed that the cost of fuel, waste disposal, operations, and maintenance for nuclear plants would be not much more than the cost of operations and maintenance alone for coal plants. Then he assumed that they might last for more than thirty years. Finally, he assumed that they would be publicly operated, tax free at low interest (which merely moves costs elsewhere) and that after thirty years the cost of the equipment would be written off (which is an accounting fiction). With all of that, he derived a power cost that “might be” as low as one half the cost of the cheapest coal-fired plant he mentions. He was clearly an optimist, but he did not come close to arguing for power too cheap to meter. #RandolphHarris 21 of 21

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There is no middle ground in the stark appraisal of suffering. We hope only for recovery and for a return to self-sufficiency. Anything less invokes bitterness. Everyone eats but few kill. Technicians fell the lamb. Eating becomes a ceremony of innocence, tinkle of crystal, rustle of taffeta. Teeth are for beauty: straighten them, make them whiter, the smile more loving. Visit every restaurant in town, never pass the house of nourishment. The tendency of civilization is not to eliminate destructiveness, nor even to diminish it, but to remove it. Our fate falls now from the touch of a finger in an underground bunker half a World away. As we have already discussed, there are four states of consciousness possible for man: sleep, waking consciousness, self-consciousness, and objective consciousness; but he lives only in two: partly in sleep and partly in what is called waking consciousness. It is as though he had a four-storied house, but lived only in the two lower stories. The first, or the lowest state of consciousness, is sleep. This is a purely subjective and passive state. Man is surrounded by dreams. All his psychic functions work without any direction. There is no logic, no sequence, no cause, and no result in dreams. Purely subjective pictures—either reflections of former experiences or reflections of vague perceptions of the moment, such as sounds reaching the sleeping man, sensations coming from body, slight pains, sensations of muscular tension—fly though the mind, leaving only a very slight trace on the memory and more often leaving no trace at all. #RandolphHarris 1 of 20

The second degree of consciousness comes when man awakes. This second state, the state in which we are now, that is, in which we work, talk, imagine ourselves conscious beings, and so forth, we often call waking consciousness or clear consciousness, but really it should be called “waking sleep” or “relative consciousness.” This last term will be explained later. It is necessary to understand here that the first state of consciousness, that is, sleep, does not disappear when the second state arrives, that is when man awakes. Sleep remains there, with all its dreams and impressions, only a more critical attitude towards one’s own impressions, only a more critical attitude towards one’s own impressions, more connected thoughts, more disciplined actions become added to it, and because of the vividness of sense impressions, desires, and feelings—particularly the feeling of contradiction or impossibility, which is entirely absent in sleep—dreams become invisible exactly as the stars and moon become invisible in the glare of the sun. However, they are all there, and they often influence all our thoughts, feelings, and actions—sometimes even more than the actual perceptions of the moment. In connection with this I must say at once that I do not mean what is called in modern psychology “the subconscious” or “the subconscious mind.” These are simply wrong expressions, wrong terms, which mean nothing and do not refer to any real facts. There is nothing permanently subconscious in us because there is nothing permanently conscious; and there is no “subconscious mind” for the very simple reason that there is no “conscious mind.” #RandolphHarris 2 of 20

Later you will see how this mistake occurred, and how this wrong terminology came into being, and became almost generally accepted. However, let us return to the states of consciousness which really exist. The first is sleep. The second is “waking sleep” or “relative consciousness.” The first, as I have said, is purely subjective state. The second is less subjective; man already distinguishes “I” and “not I” in the sense of his body and objects different from his body, and he can, to a certain extent, orientate among them and know their position and qualities. However, it cannot be said tht man is awake in this state, because he is very strongly influenced by dreams, and really lives more in dreams than in fact. All the absurdities and all the contradictions of people, and of human life in general, become explained when we realize that people live in sleep, do everything in sleep, and do not know that they are asleep. It is useful to remember that this is the inner meaning of many ancient doctrines. The best known to us is Christianity, of the Gospel teaching, in which the idea that men live in sleep and must first of all awake is the basis of all the explanations of human life, although it is very rarely understood as it should be understood, in this case literally. However, the question is: how can a man awake? The Gospel teaching demands awakening, but does not say how to awaken. #RandolphHarris 3 of 20

However, the psychological study of consciousness shows that only when a man realizes that he is asleep, is it possible to say that he is on the way to awakening. He can never awaken without first realizing his sleep. These two states, sleep and waling sleep, are the only two states of consciousness in which man lives. Besides them there are two states of consciousness possible for man, but they become accessible to a man only after a hard and prolonged struggle. These two higher states of consciousness are called “self-consciousness” and “objective consciousness.” We generally think that we possess self-consciousness, that is, that we are conscious of ourselves, at any moment we wish, but in truth “self-consciousness” is a state which we ascribe to ourselves without any right. “Objective consciousness” is a state about which we know nothing. Self-consciousness is a state in which man becomes objective towards himself, and objective consciousness is a state in which he comes into contact with the real, or objective, World from which he is now shut off by the senses, dreams, and subjective states of consciousness. Another definition of the four states of consciousness can be made from the point of view of the possible cognition of truth. In the first state of consciousness, that is, in sleep, we cannot know anything of the truth. Even if some real perceptions or feelings come to us, they become mixed with dreams, and in the state of sleep we cannot distinguish between dreams and reality. #RandolphHarris 4 of 20

In the second state of consciousness, that is, in waking sleep, we can only know relative truth, and from this comes the term “relative consciousness.” In the third state of consciousness, that is, the state of self-consciousness, we can know the full truth about ourselves. In the fourth state of consciousness, that is, in the state of objective consciousness, we are supposed to be able to know the full truth about everything; we can study “things in themselves,” “the World as it is.” This is so far from us that we cannot even think about it in the right way, and we must try to understand that even glimpses of objective consciousness can only come in the fully developed state of self-consciousness. In the state of sleep we can have glimpses of relative consciousness. However, if we want to have more prolonged periods of self-consciousness and not merely glimpses, we must understand that they cannot come by themselves, they need will action. This means that frequency and duration of moments of self-consciousness depend on the command one has over oneself. So it means that consciousness and will are almost one and the same thing. At this point, it must be understood that the first obstacle in the way of the development of self-consciousness in man, is his conviction that he already possesses self-consciousness, or at any rate, that he can have it at any time he likes. It is very difficult to persuade a man that he is not conscious and cannot be conscious at will It is particularly difficult because here nature plays a very funny trick. #RandolphHarris 5 of 20

If you ask a man if he is conscious or if you say to him that he is not conscious, he will answer that he is not, because he hears and understands you. And he will be quite right, although at the same time quite wrong. This is nature’s trick. He will be right because your question or your remark has made him vaguely conscious for a moment. Next moment consciousness will disappear. However, he will remember what you said and what he answered, and he will certainly consider himself conscious. In reality, acquiring self-consciousness means long and hard work. How can a man agree to this work if he thinks he already possesses the very thing which is promised him as the result of long and hard work? Naturally a man will not begin this work and will not consider it necessary until he becomes convinced that he possesses neither self-consciousness nor all that is connected with it, that is, unity or individuality, permanent “I,” and will. This brings us to the question of schools, because methods for the development of self-consciousness, unity, permanent “I,” and will, can be given only by special schools. That must be clearly understood. Men on the level of relative consciousness cannot find these methods by themselves; and these methods cannot be described in books or taught in ordinary schools for the very simple reason that they re different for different people, and there is no universal method equally applicable to all. #RandolphHarris 6 of 20

In other words, this means that men who want to change their state of consciousness need a school. However, first they must realize their need. As long as they think they can do something by themselves they will not be able to make any use of a school, even if they find it. Schools exist only for those who need them, and who know that they need them. The idea of schools—the study of the kinds of schools that may exist, the study of school principles and school methods—occupies a very important place in the study of that psychology which is connected with the idea of evolution; because without a school there can be no evolution. One cannot even start because one does not know how to start; still less can one continue or attain anything. This means that, having got rid of the first illusion—that one already has everything one can have—one must get rid of the second illusion—tht one can get anything by oneself; because by oneself one can get nothing. These lectures are not a school—not even the beginning of a school. A school requires a much higher pressure of work. However, in these lectures I can give to those who wish to listen, some ideas as to how schools work and how they can be found. I gave before two definitions of psychology. First, I said that psychology is the study of the possible evolution of man; and second, that psychology is the study of oneself. Psychology which investigates the evolution of man is worth studying, and a psychology which is occupied with only one phase of man, without knowing anything about his other phases, is obviously not complete, and cannot have any value, even in a purely scientific sense, that is, from the point of view of experiment and observation. #RandolphHarris 7 of 20

For the present phase, as studied by ordinary psychology, in reality does not exist as something separate and consists of many subdivisions which lead from lower phases to higher phases. Moreover, the same experiment and observation show tht one cannot study psychology as one can study any other science not directly connected with oneself. One has to begin the study of psychology with oneself. Putting together, first, what we may know about the next phase in the evolution of man—that is, that it will mean acquiring consciousness, inner unity, permanent ego, and will—and second, certain material that we can get by self-observation—that is, realization of the absence in us of many powers and faculties which we ascribe to ourselves—we come to a new difficulty in understanding the meaning of psychology, and to the necessity for a new definition. The two definitions given in the previous lectures are not sufficient because man by himself does not know what evolution is possible for him, does not see where he stands at present, and ascribes to himself features belonging to higher phases of evolution. In fact, he cannot study himself, being unable to distinguish between the imaginary and the real in himself. There are countless pitfalls on the way out of misery. Focusing restlessly on what has been lost, comparing oneself to others, aspiring for things that are out of reach, and placing blame on others are only some of the most common snares. Each personal variation is uniquely painful. #RandolphHarris 8 of 20

It is all too common for people to get themselves into situations that are difficult to get out of. Once you have a job in a particular city, it is expensive to resettle. Once you buy a computer and learn its operating system, it becomes costly to learn another one and rewrite all your programs. Travelers who join the frequent-flyer program of one airline thereby raise their cost of using another. And, of course, marriage is expensive to escape. The problem is that once you make such a commitment, your bargaining position is weakened. Companies may take advantage of their workers’ anticipated moving costs and give them fewer salary raises. Computer companies can charge higher prices for new, compatible peripheral equipment knowing that their customers cannot easily switch to a new, incompatible technology. Airlines, having established a large base of frequent flyers, will be less inclined to engage in fare wars. A couple’s agreement that they will split the housework 50:50 may become subject to renegotiation once a child is born. Strategists who foresee such consequences will use their bargaining power while it exists, namely, before they get into the commitment. Typically, this will take the form of a payment up front. Competition among the would-be exploiters can lead to the same result. Companies will have to offer more attractive initial salaries, computer manufacturers will have to charge sufficiently low prices for their central processing units (CPUs), and airline frequent-flyer programs will have to offer larger signing-on mileage bonuses. As for married couples, exploitation may be a game that two can play. #RandolphHarris 9 of 20

The same foresight is what prevents many curious but rational people from trying addictive drugs such as heroin. A Tom Lehrer song describes the drug dealer’s ploy: “He gives the kids free samples because he knows full well that today’s young innocent faces will be tomorrow’s clientele.” Smart kids know it too, and turn down the free samples. Complexity research has received considerable attention recently. In some measure, this is because advances in computation have enabled progress on a number of problems tht had long been too difficult for conventional mathematical tools. However, it is important to recall that the fundamental orientation of complexity research is actually rooted in long traditions. Adam Smith’s hidden hand, the “blind watchmaking” of Darwinian evolution, the cell-assembly neuropsychology of Donald Hebb, and the self-reproducing automata of John von Neumann were earlier intellectual developments that blazed the same trail by uncovering system-level properties produced by the structured interaction of simple components. Perhaps there are powerful results just over the horizon, but as we see it, complexity research does not make detailed predictions. Rather, it is a framework that suggests new kinds of questions and possible actions. We should compare the results taking shape to the artificial selection principles of animal husbandry (a field that must interested the youthful Darwin). Analyzing complex systems within the framework does not assure the ability to produce specific outcomes but can foster an increase in the value of populations overtime—whether the populations are of livestock, of technical innovations, or of new strategies for business competition. #RandolphHarris 10 of 20

In the language of our framework, a designer introduces new artifacts or strategies into the World. A new machine on a factory floor or a new approach to conducting a budget review may be interventions in complex systems whose full consequences cannot be contemplated in advance. An orbiting telescope and a legal appeal on constitutional grounds almost certainly will have consequences that are hard to predict. A designer may even introduce new agents into the World. For example, an executive might create a new division in an organization, or a legislature might set up a new governmental bureau. Policy makers deliberately alter the consequences of available strategies when they increase rewards for some outcomes or make some patterns of action illegal. We use the phrase “design and policy making” to indicate the full spectrum of actions that we may find ourselves considering. We may take the perspective of some within a system—for example, as one of many people at a committee table. Alternatively, we may contemplate the system from the outside, as an architect or a legislator might do. In either case, we all find ourselves designing or making policy in complex settings. When we do, it can be very valuable to extend the questions we conventionally ask about likely consequences and scenarios. We can go on to ask what populations of agents and strategies are involved, and what interventions might create new combinations or destroy old ones? These kinds of questions help us harness complexity. #RandolphHarris 11 of 20

The widening gulf between Western Europe and the United States of America also reflects two contrasting attitudes toward the deep fundamental of time. Europe and America operate at different speeds. Europe is well behind the United States of America in work-at-home arrangements that typically allow employees to adjust their work hours. Even in the shop or office, Europe lags in flexible scheduling, 24/7 operations and other departures from traditional industrial routines. Workforce flexibility is needed for firms to compete successfully in today’s global markets. However, European workers and employers alike remain trapped in inflexible temporal arrangements. This situation is not merely reflected in the longer vacations, generally shorter workweek and overall slower pace of life on which Europeans, and especially the French, pride themselves. It is even seen in attitudes toward meals. In response to the American-born fast-food industry spreading across the globe, Europe has originated the “slow food” movement aimed at fighting it. Started almost as a joke in Italy in 1986, this movement now claims as many as eighty thousand members in one hundred countries, including 145 chapters in the United States of America. Its organizers stage events, publish books about food and celebrate good (and slow) eating. #RandolphHarris 12 of 20

The slow-food movement has (slowly) spawned a counterpart called cittaslow devoted to maintaining slow life in small cities. It promotes local products and sustainability and is so committed to slowness, that of thirty Italian towns that helped found the movement, none had qualified for membership. “They’re not supposed to qualify quickly,” explained one of the movement’s organizers. “It could take years.” Whether a new organization ever spring up for those who enjoy both a fast and a slow pace of life at different times, both a burger on the run and a languorous lobster, remains to be seen. Meanwhile, Britons are flocking to villages like Agincourt in northern France in search of greater tranquility and a still-slower-paced lifestyle. The surge is helped, no doubt, by lower house prices and just possibly by the Channel Tunnel and additional airline flights that-forefended the thought—speed up travel. All of which led one Againcourt real estate agent, Maggie Kelly, to exclaim, “There days I hardly have five minutes to turn around!” Apparently, no irony intended. However, amusement should not deceive us. Whatever the virtues of slow versus fast, how a society deals with time has important implications for how it creates wealth—for both de-synchronization at home and integration into the World economy. European headlines are dotted, in fact, with the word slow, as in CORE EUROPEAN COUNTRIES SLOW TO IMPLEMENT…, EU “TOO SLOW” ON ECONOMIC REFORMS and GENDER EQUALITY: SLOW PROGRESS. But it is not just the European must confront layer after impenetrable layer of regulations. #RandolphHarris 13 of 20

In Europe things move slower and take more time and energy. So it is no surprise to learn from the European Commission itself that “in the United States of America, it takes just six hours to establish a business, and while differences remain between member states…in Europe, it takes much longer in all of them.” Try, for example, obtaining a patent in Europe. According to Trevor Cook of the European law firm Bird & Bird, “It takes much longer to secure patents in Europe thana it does in the U.S., typically at least four, sometimes as many as ten years, and this is a real problem for fast-moving high-tech businesses.” Or talk to Rita Villa, an American certified public accountant who operates on both sides of the Atlantic. “Things just take longer in Europe. Transactions have many more steps. For example, if the U.S. company wants to move its headquarters from, say, Chicago to Dallas, no problem. But if a German firm wants to move from Berlin to Frankfurt, it requires a whole time-consuming multi-step process of ‘registration.’” Or, she says, try changing the legal form of a company, something smaller firms often need to do. If I have limited liability corporation, or LLC, in the U.S. and want to convert it to an ordinary corporation with “Inc.” at the end of its name, I can do that rapidly. But in Germany when we wanted to change a GMBH to an AG—a comparable change—it took over a year. Say the company wants to issue a dividend to its shareholders. In the U.S., the board of directors meets and, if it thinks it’s a god idea, it votes and that’s it. Not in Germany. There the auditors first have to approve it. Then it goes to the management board. After that it has to go to the supervisory board. Then it has to go to the notary who can demand last-minute alterations even after all the parties have reached an agreement. Then it has to be registered. #RandolphHarris 14 of 20

The transatlantic differences intime and pace even affect Europe’s defense industries and military. American military technology and capabilities are aimed at enabling faster and faster responses to crisis. European forces in NATO cannot keep up, making integrated joint action more difficult. The European Union, meanwhile, is moving—slowly—to create its own “rapid reaction” military force. At all these levels, therefore, from lifestyle and culture to military matters and, above all, business and the economy, the speed gap between European and the United States of America is, if anything, widening. Each is responding to the accelerative economy and the deep fundamental of time at its own, very different pace. Now, when it comes to flex-firms, another format likely to find a place in many flex-firms is a completely two-faced unit capable of operating in two modes, depending upon the circumstance. The pulsating unit differs in size and organization from time to time. The pulsating unit differs in size and organization from time to time. The Janus-like organization may remain the same in size, but shift from hierarchical to nonhierarchical command as needs demand. A prime example is the famed British military unit, the Special Air, or SAS. Used for surgical antiterrorist strikes, hostage rescue, and other missions demanding surprise and deception, the SAS operates in two diametrically opposed modes. On the parade ground it is all spit, polish, and blind obedience. Regimental protocol is enforced by screaming sergeants. The privileges of rank and hierarchy are brutally upheld. #RandolphHarris 15 of 20

In action, however, a totally different kind of behavior is expected from the same people. SAS troops fight in tiny units, often cut off from their base, and without any officer present. There is a unit commander, but he may not hold a formal rank and is likely to be referred to simply as the “boss.” The men, derisively called “sir” on the parade ground, now become “mister” or are addressed simply by the first name. The same sergeant who cursed a trooper for some trivial infraction of the dress code may now tolerate jokes about those “parade ground idiots.” Rank, hierarchy, and privilege are replaced under fire by a different set of ground rules. In fact, Colonel David Stirling, who initially proposed formation of the SAS, pointed out that the smallest unit in paratroop or commando organizations consisted of eight or ten men led by a noncommissioned officer who did the thinking for the unit. Stirling insisted on something unique in military history—a four-man fighting module. In the SAS, Stirling has written, “Each of the four men was trained to a high general level of proficiency in the whole range of the SAS capability and, additionally, each man was trained to have at least one special expertise according to his aptitude. In carrying out an operation—often in pitch-dark—each SAS man in each module was exercising his own individual perception and judgment at full stretch.” In fact, Stirling insisted on the number four to prevent orthodox leadership from arising. The danger of each person acting as a loose cannon is minimized through the selection of extremely motivated team players. #RandolphHarris 16 of 20

The result is an organization that has been described as “a unique military democracy…in which, if he succeeds, a man exchanges his former class and even identity for membership [in] a caste as binding as any family.” It is this intense training and commitment that make it possible for the same unit to operate in both an authoritarian and a democratic mode, as the occasion demands. Businesses, too, needs different behavior during normal operations and in the midst of crisis. In fact, many firms today are creating crisis centers, contingency plans, and fallback arrangements. However, few actually train all their employees to operate in two contrasting modes. The present conception of crisis management is to create a “shadow management,” which waits in reserve, prepared to assume power during the emergency. Its ability to do so depends heavily on access to information and control of communications. Southern California Edison, for example, which operates the San Onofre Nuclear Generating Station, has set up a complex emergency information system that uses remote sensing, voice and video links, to tie its crisis command center to field units. As we move further into a period of economic and political turbulence, punctuated erratically by technological breakthroughs and disasters, we can expect crises to crowd in on one another—everything from terrorist attacks and product failures to sudden international crises. #RandolphHarris 17 of 20

The Exxon oil spill, the collapse of the Continental Illinois bank, the wave of saving-and-loan failures, the bankruptcy of the A.H. Robins Company after the discovery of health problems related to its Dalkon Shield intrauterine contraceptive device only begin to suggest the diversity of crises that can face businesses. Each one brings enormous power shifts with its scapegoats are blamed, new leaders arise, and others are discredited and replaced. However, the increased likelihood of crisis teams and two-faced organizations spread through the business World and become a regular part of the flex-firm of tomorrow. Now, when it comes to labor, once a plant is operating, it should require little human labor (what people do with their time will change, unless factories are kept running as bizarre hobbies). Desert Rose Industries was run by two people, yet was described as producing large quantities of varied gods. The basic molecular-scale operations of manufacturing have to be automated, since they are too small for people to work on. The other operations are fairly simple and can be assisted by equipment for handling materials and information. When taking space into account, even a manufacturing plant based on nanotechnology takes up room. It would, however, be more compact than familiar manufacturing plants, and could be built in some out-of-the-way place with inexpensive land. These costs should be small by today’s standards. Considering insurance, this cost will depend on the state of the law, but some comparisons can be made. #RandolphHarris 18 of 20

Improved sensors and alarms could be made integral parts of products; these should lower fire and theft premiums. Product liability costs should be reduced by safer, more reliable products. Employee injury rates will be reduced by having less labor input. Still, the legal system in the United States of America has shown a disturbing tendency to block every new risk, however small, even when this forces people to keep suffering old risks, which are sometimes huge. (The supply of lifesaving vaccines has been threatened in just this way.) When this happens, we kill anonymous people in the name of safety. If this behavior raises insurance premiums in perverse way, it could discourage a shift to safer manufacturing technologies. Since such costs can grown or shrink independent of real World of engineering and human welfare, they are beyond our ability to estimate. Considering the costs of sales, distribution, training—these costs will depend on the product: Is it as common as potatoes, and as simple to use? Or is it rare and complex, so that determining what you need, where to get it, and how to use it are the main problems? These service costs are real but can be distinguished from costs of the thing itself. Essentially, molecular manufacturing should eventually lead to lower costs. The initial expense of developing the technology and specific products will be substantial, but the cost of production can be low. Energy costs (at present prices) and material costs (ditto) would be significant, but not enormous. They were quoted on a perkilogram basis, but nanotechnological products, being made of superior materials, will often weigh only a fraction of what familiar products do. (Ballast, were in needed, will be dirt-cheap.) Equipment costs, land costs, waste-disposal costs, and labor costs can be low by the very nature of the technology. #RandolphHarris 19 of 20

Costs of design, regulation, and insurance will depend strongly on human tastes and are beyond predicting. Basic products, like clothing and housing, can become inexpensive unless we do something to keep them costly. As the cost of improved safety falls, there will be less reason to accept unsafe products. Molecular manufacturing uses processes as controlled and efficient as the molecular processes in plants. Its products could be as inexpensive as potatoes. This may sound too good to be true (and there are downsides, as we will later discuss), but why should it not be true? Should we not expect large changes to come with the replacement of modern technology? An argument is sometimes made that promiscuous use of sacred or serious symbols by corporate America is a form of healthy irreverence. Irreverence, after all, is an antidote to excessive or artificial piety, and is especially necessary when piety is used as a political weapon. One might say that irreverence, not blasphemy, is the ultimate answer to idolatry, which is why most cultures have established means by which irreverence may be expressed—in the theater, in jokes, in song, in political rhetoric, even in holidays. However, there is nothing in the commercial exploitation of traditional symbols that suggests an excess of piety is itself a vice. Business is too serious a business for that, and in any case has no objection to piety, as long as it is directed toward the idea of consumption, which is never treated as a laughing matter. In using Uncle Sam or the flag, or the American Eagle or images of presidents, in employing such names as Liberty Insurance, Freedom Transmission Repair, and Lincoln Savings and Loan, business does not offer us examples of irreverence. It is merely declaring the irrelevance, in Technopoly, of distinguishing between the scared and the profane. #RandolphHarris 20 of 20

Cresleigh Homes

You’ll never feel cramped in Model 4 at #Havenwood! This is the largest home offered in this community, and there’s even a great room and loft upstairs for more great flexible entertainment space. 😍

Like all our #CresleighHomes, this one comes with an All-Ready connected home system, including a video doorbell and digital deadbolt.

It’s the perfect time to make moves to the home of your dreams, and it’s not far away!

Home Site 67 is a Residence Four plan, the largest home offered in Cresleigh Havenwood. This two-story, 3,489 square foot home features four bedrooms, including one suite on the first floor, three and one half bathroom, and a true three-car garage.

The covered porch provided a warm entry and the dining room is located right off the entry way. The Kitchen is connected through the Butler’s Pantry providing ample storage. The great room and loft upstairs allow for various uses that will suit your family and lifestyle.

This home includes over $50,000 in options and upgrades
• Durable luxury vinyl plank flooring throughout the first floor
• Gray Shaker Cabinetry with Soft-Close Doors & Drawers
• Over Island Pendants and Under-Cabinet Lighting
• Gourmet Kitchen option with upgraded appliances
• Stainless Steel Farm Sink and Upgraded Faucet
• Flat Screen Prewire in Great Room
• Owned Solar

Best of all, each Cresleigh home comes fully equipped with an All Ready connected home! This smart home package comes included with your home and features great tools including: video door bell and digital deadbolt for the front door, connect home hub so you can set scenes and routines to make life just a little easier. Two smart switches and USB outlets are also included, plus we’ll gift you a Google Home Hub and Google Home Mini! https://cresleigh.com/havenwood/quick-move-homesite-67/

On a bench in the park, mid-afternoon, dreamily noting the drift of the species back and forth—to think—this multitude is but a wee little fraction of the Earth’s population! And all blood-kin to me, every one! Eve ought to have come with me; this would excite her affectionate heart, she was never able to keep her composure when she came upon a relative; she would try to kiss every one of these people, African and European and all. [A baby-wagon passes.] How little change one can notice—none at all, in fact. I remember the first child well—let me see…it is three hundred thousand years ago come Tuesday; this one is just like it. So between the first one and the last one there is really nothing to choose. The same insufficiency of hair, the same absence of teeth, the same feebleness of body and apparent preoccupation of mind, the same general adorableness all around. Yet Eve worshiped that early one, and it was pretty to see her with it. This latest one’s mother worships it; it shows in her eyes—it is the very look that used to shine in Eve’s. To think—that so down a procession three hundred thousand years long and remain the same, without shade of change! Yet here it is, lighting this young creature’s face just as it lighted Eve’s in the long ago—the newest thing I have seen in the Earth, and the oldest. Of course, the Dinosaur—but that is in another class. We must try to understand the four chief functions of the human machine. I am sure everyone knows what the intellectual or thinking function is. All mental processes are included here: realization of an impression, formation of representations and concepts, reasoning, comparison, affirmation, negation, formation of words, speech, imagination, and so on. #RandolphHarris 1 of 20

The second function is feeling or emotions: joy, sorrow, fear, astonishment, and so on. Even if you are sure that it is clear to you how, and in what, emotions differ from thoughts, I should advise you to verify all your views in regard to this. We mix thought and feelings in our ordinary thinking and speaking; but for the beginning of self-study it is necessary to know clearly which is which. The two functions following, instinctive and moving, will take longer to understand, because in no system of ordinary psychology are these functions described and divided in the right way. The words “instinct,” “instinctive,” are generally used in the wrong sense and very often in no sense at all. In particular, to instinct are generally ascribed external functions which are in reality moving functions, and sometimes emotion. The instinctive function in man includes in itself four different classes of functions: All the inner work of the organism, all physiology, so to speak; digestion and assimilation of food, breathing, circulation of the blood, all the work of inner organs, the building of new cells, the elimination or worked-out materials, the work of glands of inner secretion, and so on. The so-called five sense: sight, hearing, smell, taste, touch; and all other senses such as the sense of weight, of temperature, of dryness or of moisture, and so on; that is, all indifferent sensations—sensations which by themselves are neither pleasant nor unpleasant. All physical emotions; that is, all physical sensations which are either pleasant or unpleasant. All kinds of pain or unpleasant feeling such as unpleasant taste or unpleasant smell, and all kinds of physical pleasure, such as pleasant taste, pleasant smell, and so on. #RandolphHarris 2 of 20

The moving function includes in itself all external movements, such as walking, writing, speaking, eating, and memories of them. To the moving function also belong those movements which in ordinary language are called “instinctive,” such as catching a falling object without thinking. The difference between the instinctive and the moving function is very clear and can be easily understood if one simply remembers that all instinctive functions without exception are inherent and that there is no necessity to learn them in order to use them; whereas on the other hand, none of the moving functions are inherent and one has to learn them all as a child learns to walk, or as one learns to write or to draw. Besides these normal moving functions, there are also some strange moving functions which represent useless work of the human machine not intended by nature, but which occupy a very large place in man’s life and use a great quantity of his energy. These are: formation of dreams, imagination, daydreaming, talking with oneself, all talking for talking’s sake, and generally, all uncontrolled and uncontrollable manifestations. The four functions—intellectual, emotional, instinctive, and moving—must first be understood in all their manifestations, and later they must be observed in oneself. Such self-observation, that is, observation on the right basis, with a preliminary understanding of the states of consciousness and of different functions, constitutes the basis of self-study; that is, the beginning of psychology. #RandolphHarris 3 of 20

It is very important to remember that in observing different functions it is useful to observe at the same time their relation to different states of consciousness. Let us take the three states of consciousness—sleep, waking state, and possible glimpses of self-consciousness—and the four functions—thinking, feeling, instinctive, and moving. All four function can manifest themselves in sleep, but their manifestations are desultory and unreliable; they cannot be used in any way, they just go by themselves. In the state of waking consciousness or relative consciousness, they can to a certain extent serve for our orientation. Their results can be compared, verified, straightened out; and although they may create many illusions, still in our ordinary state we have nothing else and must make of them what we can. If we knew the quantity of wrong observations, wrong theories, wrong deductions and conclusions made in this state, we should cease to believe ourselves altogether. However, men do not realize how deceptive their observations and their theories can be, and they continue to believe in them. It is this tht keeps men from observing the rare moments when their functions manifest themselves in connection with glimpses of the third state of consciousness; tht is, of self-consciousness. All this means that each of the four functions can manifest itself in each of the three states of consciousness. However, the results are quite different. When we learn to observe these results and their difference, we shall understand the right relation between functions and states of consciousness. #RandolphHarris 4 of 20

However, before even considering the difference in function in relation to states of consciousness, it is necessary to understand that man’s consciousness and man’s functions are quite different phenomena, of quite different nature and depending on different causes, and that one can exist without the other. Functions can exist without consciousness, and consciousness can exist without functions. We can stop to compose ourselves at any time. Composure is the result, not the precondition, of assembling the events of our lives into a meaningful whole. The word compose comes from the Latin root pausare, to rest, nd the Greek pauein, to stop. If we are fortunate, we get to take a long pause before the stop of death. When frailty or illness limits our external activities, we are given the opportunity to expand our reach into ourselves. Life has the shape and meaning of a great work of art: it is one’s task to select, telescope and transmute the facts so that their universal significance should be revealed. When a society offers at its apex a scheme of things, inclusive and integrative of all subordinate orientations, and when that scheme by virtue of being generally accepted as true holds great authority, then that society is unified and cohesive, is an organism. Every leader seeks to embody such a scheme of things, and charismatically to make it ever more powerfully appealing, binding on the loyalties of all. A number of the things we research in dealing with specialized characteristics have recurring themes in the work of complexity. Many of these themes can be distilled and brought to bear on the problem of analyzing interventions in a World that is hard to predict because it is complex. #RandolphHarris 5 of 20

In contest, a World that is hard to predict merely because it is complicated can be attacked in quite a different way. For example, nearly additive contributions of factors mean tht independent studies of the important factors can later be merged at acceptable cost. The Human Genome Project is a large bet that much can be understood via such a “divide and conquer” strategy. Nevertheless, in many cases the interactions of the parts of the system are critical, and complexity reigns. Our framework can be developed to give a unified view of the work on complex systems. As we look across many lines of this research, we see in most of the studies collections of elements—what we have called populations of agents. Usually those elements subdivide into some types (for example, buyers, and sellers, inhibiting molecules and potentiting ones, BMWs and Mercedes). Each of the is connected to some, but usually not all, of the others. The connections are through relations, and there is tremendous variety across fields in what those relations are and how they work (for example, magnetic attraction, organizational authority, electrical stimulation, affinity of pleasures of the flesh, chemical inhibition, geographical proximity or ethnic hostility). Each element in one of those complex systems has patterns of action that affect those connected to it. The research very often centers on the emergent global dynamics of the whole system. It asks the questions like: How (or when) does a system of locally trading agents develop prices that will cause marketwide inventories to clear? How does a brain made of interconnected neurons learn? How does a pile of sand generate its characteristic mix of large and small avalanches? #RandolphHarris 6 of 20

How does news about a vacant job successfully make its way from an employer to potential employees in distant towns? How does a gene pool remix itself over time to create and retain genotypes that may be fit for a changing environment? How do we nurture a network of trust that permits informal credit mechanisms to foster trade efficiencies? It is usual in this approach to view the global properties of the systems as emerging from the actions of its part, rather than seeing the actions of parts as being imposed from a dominant central source. This is not a denial that there are times when systems have effective central authorities or dominant influences. However, the project of complexity theories in such cases is to understand how those dominant influences come about, what sustains (or undermines) them, and how local action responds in the face of global constraints. An excellent example is the work of Padgett and Ansell (1993) on the emergence of a new form of state in medieval Florence as Medici power built up out of tensions within the marital, residential, and commercial networks of the city. Finally, many complex systems—but by no means all—are “adaptive.” As we said earlier, in systems we call adaptive the strategies used by agents or a population change over time as the agents or population works for improved performance. #RandolphHarris 7 of 20

When we use the phrase Complex Adaptive System, we leave open the question of whether the agents or population actually achieves improved performance. If we are designing interventions, improvement on some measure is what we want to promote. For a system to exhibit adaptation that enhances survival (or another measure of success), it must increase the likelihood of effective strategies and reduce the likelihood of ineffective strategies. We call such a process attribution of credit if an agent uses a performance criterion to increase the frequency of successful strategies or decreases the frequency of unsuccessful ones. The latest erosion of the United States of America-Europe ties was typically attributed to their shape differences over the Ukrainian war. However, far deeper forces are at work. The alliance can be said to have cracked the way Western Europeans stopped fearing an attack by Russia—and concluded they no longer needed U.S. troops and taxpayers to defend them. However, this is not true because they are now relying on American taxpayer money during this war and as a result of the hard economic conditions. For today’s widening split actually began generations earlier when the United States of America started to change its relationship to the deep fundamental and began building a knowledge economy. Europe’s core countries, by contrast, focused on reconstruction after World War II and subsequent expansion of their smokestack economies. #RandolphHarris 8 of 20

Rich with talent, top-notch scientists, I.T. engineers, futurists and thinkers, Europe for a time seemed poised to embrace the new technological potentials. However, it was largely led b rear-mirror business and political leaders steeped in the guiding doctrines of the industrial age and incapable of thinking beyond them. It is true that in recent years Europe has moved faster than the United States of America in several advanced sectors, including mobile-phone use. Its Airbus for a time did well competing against an under-the-weather Boeing. It may lead the United States of America in grid computing. The French are strong competitors in the satellite-launch business, and Europe is planning to loft a rival to the American Global Positioning System. Tim Berners-Lee, who is British, gave us the World Wide Web. Linus Torvalds, a Finn, gave of Linux. And the European Space Agency led the project that, in collaboration with NASA, put a probe on Titan, Saturn’s moon. This list could easily be extended. However, all these successes needed to be set against a larger, much darker picture. To this day, key industrial principles such as standardization, concentration, maximization of scale and centralization still dominate European Union thinking. Thus, as knowledge-based economies move from massification toward de-massification of products and markets—accompanied by growing social and cultural diversity—the European Union has been homogenizing national differences. Giving lip service to the concept of diversity, it has, in fact, kept busy attempting to “harmonize” everything from taxes to cosmetics, job resumes to motorcycle laws. #RandolphHarris 9 of 20

In applying one-size-fits-all rules, moreover, as The Economist points out, it usually opts for the most stringent and least flexible of the available versions. As in Japan and elsewhere, success in advanced knowledge economies requires increasingly flexible business and governmental organizations. However, the European specializes in imposing inflexible, top-down industrial-style controls—even on the budgets and financial decisions of its member nations. Under the Maastricht Treaty each nation using the euro as currency was bound to limit government deficits to nor more than 3 percent of its GDP. This was done largely at the imperial instance of Germany, which eventually found the limits so restrictive that it, itself, repeatedly violated the inflexible standard it helped impose on everyone else. Around 6 percent of the 12 euro-zone members are in violation of the pact. French and Dutch voters rejected the proposed E.U. constitution, a four-hundred-page masterwork of bureaucratic overkill. Critics noted that the authors of the U.S. Constitution required fewer than ten pages, including the Bill of Rights. Most countries use tariffs, quotas, and other measures to restrict important competition and protect domestic industries. Such policies rise prices, and hurt all domestic users of the protected product. Economists have estimated that when important quotas are used to protect industries such as steel, textiles, or sugar, the rest of us pay higher prices amounting to roughly $100,000 for each job saved. How is it that the gains to a few always get priority over the much larger aggregate losses to the many? #RandolphHarris 10 of 20

The trick is to bring up the cases one at a time. First, 10,000 jobs in the shoe industry are at risk. To save them would cost a billion dollars to the rest of us, or just over $4 each. Who would not agree to pay $4 to save 10,000 jobs even for total strangers, especially when competing nations can be blamed for their plight? Then along comes the garment industry, the steel industry, the auto industry, and so on. Before we know it, we have agreed to pay over $50 billion, which is more than $200 each, or nearly $1,000 per family. (Which is why so many people want to cut off other nations from receiving economic assistance. The money we send them causes us a deficit, and then America cannot afford to pay for infrastructure improvements and social services that Americans need. Often time new taxes are born to help offset the cost, but where does it stop, how much more do we have to pay when we are taxed without representation? Before you know it, we have so many new taxes and all taxes are so high that America becomes a communist nation.) If we had foreseen the whole process, we might have thought the cost too high, and insisted that workers in each of these industries bear the risks of international trade just as they would bear any other economic risk. Decisions made case by case can lead to undesirable results overall. In fact, a sequence of majority votes can lead to an outcome that everyone regards as worse than the status quo. The income tax reform of 1985-86 almost collapsed because the Senate initially took a case-by-case approach. #RandolphHarris 11 of 20

In the first round of the Finance Committee’s markup sessions, the amended Treasury proposal became so weighted down with special interest provisions that it sank to a merciful death. The senators realized that they were “powerless” to prevent any one organized lobby from getting special treatment. Yet the combination of these lobbyists could destroy the bill, and this would be worse than producing no legislation at all. So Senator Packwood, the committee chairman, made his own lobby: he persuaded a majority of the committee members to vote against any amendment to the tax bill, even those amendments that especially favored their own constituents. The reform was enacted. However, special provisions are already staging a comeback, one or two at a time. Along similar lines, the line-item veto would allow the president to veto legislation selectively. If a bill authorized money for school lunches and a new space shuttle, the president would have the option of neither, either, or both, instead of the current neither or both. Although a first reaction is that this allows the president greater control over legislation, the opposite might end up happening as Congress would be more selective about which bill it process. While the line-item veto is generally thought to be unconstitutional, this question may have to be resolved by the Supreme Court. #RandolphHarris 12 of 20

These problems arise because myopic decision-makers fail to look ahead and see the whole picture. In the case of tax reform, the Senate recovered its vision just in time; the issue of protectionism still suffers. The pulsating organization is one that expands and contracts in a regular rhythm. A good example is the U.S. Census Bureau, which swells to enormous size every ten years, then shrinks, starts planning for the next decennial count, and swells again. Ordinarily staffed by about 7,000 regular employees, the Bureau maintains twelve regional centers around the United States of America. However, to conduct a complete census, it sets up a parallel or “shadow” center for each of the twelve. Through them more, than 1.2 million applicants ae interviewed to find the 400,000 “troops” who actually fan out and knock on every American door. These shadow centers are designed to last one year or a year and a half, and then to be dismantled. The staff then shrivels back to around 7,000. At which point planning begins for the next count ten years in the future. Carrying this operation through successfully ought to earn the managerial equivalent of an Olympic gold medal. The 1990 census was fraught with bugs and bloopers. However, the task would clearly daunt many a senior business executive. Indeed, many firms will notice that their own problems, though smaller in scale, are not entirely dissimilar. For “pulsating organizations” are present in many industries as well. #RandolphHarris 13 of 20

We see them in companies that gear up for annual model changes, then gear down again; in retail firms that staff up for Christmas and lay off in January; and in pickup crews used for film and television production. In fact, one of the most rapidly proliferating formats in business today is the task force or project team, examples of what we term “ad-hocracy.” These, however, are only variants of the pulsating organization. While true “pulsers” grow and shrink repetitively, a project team normally carries out a single task. In therefore grows and declines once and then is dismantled. It is, in effect, a “single-pulse” organization. Pulsing organizations have a unique information and communication requirements. For its recent census, the Census Bureau’s shadow centers, for example, were linked by some $100 million worth of computers and telecommunications equipment in a temporary network designed to be disposed of, or folded back into the permanent organization. Executives in charge of pulsing companies or units often find their power pulsing too. Funds dry up as the unit shrinks. People disappear. The available pool of knowledge or talent diminished. The power of rival units in the company expands relatively as the unit continues to shrink. In a pulsating power structure, the executive who commands a large project may be a “700-pound gorilla” one day—and a money the next. As many pulsating organizations interact, they lend a kind of rhythm to the economy. #RandolphHarris 14 of 20

Pulsing, however, is not only a matter of size. Some companies pulse back and forth between centralization and decentralization. With each swing or pulse, information structures are changed—and power therefore shifts. The speedup and growing unpredictability of change point toward faster pulsing in the ten years ahead. It is possible that, some day soon, an advertising man who must create a television commercial for a new California Chardonnay will have the following inspiration: Jesus is standing alone in a desert oasis. A gentle breeze flutters the leaves of the stately palms behind him. Soft Mideastern music caresses the air. Jesus holds in his hand a bottle of wine at which he gazes adoringly. Turning toward the camera, he says, “When I transformed water into wine at Cana, this is what I had in mind. Try it today. You’ll become a believer.” If you think such a commercial is not possible in your lifetime, then consider this: As I write, there is an oft-seen commercial for Hebrew National Frankfurters. It features a dapper-looking Uncle Sam in his traditional red, white, and blue outfit. While Uncle Sam assumes appropriate facial expressions, a voice-over describes the delicious and healthful frankfurters produced by Hebrew National. Toward the end of the commercial, the voice stresses that Hebrew National Frankfurters surpass federal standards for such products. Why? Because, the voice says as the camera shifts our point of view upward toward Heaven, “We have to answer to a Higher Authority.” #RandolphHarris 15 of 20

I will leave it to the reader to decide which is more incredible—Jesus being used to sell wine or God being used to sell frankfurters. Whichever you decide, you must keep in mind that neither the hypothetical commercial nor the real one is an example of blasphemy. They are much worse than that. Blasphemy is, after all, among the highest tributes that can be paid to the power of a symbol. The blasphermer take symbols as seriously as the idolater, which is why the President of the United States of America (circa 1991) whishes to punish, through a constitutional amendment, desecrators of the American flag. What we are talking about here is not blasphemy but trivialization, against which there can be no laws. In Technopoly, the trivialization of significant cultural symbols is largely conducted by commercial enterprise. This occurs not because corporate America is greedy but because the adoration of technology pre-empts the adoration of anything else. Symbols tht draw their meaning from traditional religious or national contexts must therefor be made impotent as quickly as possible—that is, drained of sacred or even serious connotations. The elevation of one god requires the demotion of another. “Thou shalt have no other gods before me” applies as well to technological divinity as any other. There are two intertwined reasons that make it possible to trivialize traditional symbols. The first, as neatly expressed by the social critic Jay Rosen, is that, although symbols, especially images, are endlessly repeatable, they are not inexhaustible. Second, the more frequently a significant symbol is used, the less potent is its meaning. #RandolphHarris 16 of 20

The beginnings, in the mid-nineteenth century, of a “graphics revolution” allowed the easy reproduction of visual imges, thus providing the masses with continuous access to the symbols and icons of their culture. Through prints, lithographs, photographs, and, later, movies and television, religious and national symbols became commonplaces, breeding indifference if not necessarily contempt. As if to answer those who believe that the emotional impact of a sacred image is always and ever the same, we should be reminded that prior to the graphics revolution most people saw relatively few images. Paintings of Jesus or the Madonna, for example, would have been seen rarely outside the churches. Paintings of great national leaders could be seen only in the homes of the wealthy or in government buildings. There were images to be seen in books, but books were expensive and spent most of their time on shelves. Images were not a conscious part of the environment, and their scarcity contributed toward their special power. When the scale or accessibility was altered, the experience of encountering an image necessarily changed; that is to say, it diminished in importance. One picture, we are told, is worth a thousand words. However, a thousand pictures, especially if they are of the same object, may not be worth anything at all. This is a common enough psychological principle. You may demonstrate this for yourself (if you have not at some time already done so) by saying any word, even a significant one, over and over again. Sooner than you expect, you will find that the word has been transformed into a meaningless sound, as repetition drains it out of its symbolic value. #RandolphHarris 17 of 20

Any male who has served in, let us say, the United States of America’s Army or spent time in a college dormitory has had this experience with what are called obscene words, especially the notorious four-letter word which I am loath to reproduce here. Words that you have been taught not to use and that normally evoke an embarrassed or disconcerted response, when used too often, are stripped of their power to shock, to embarrass, to call attention to a special frame of mind. They become only sounds, not symbols. Moreover, the journey to meaninglessness of symbols is a function not only of the frequency with which they are invoked but of the indiscriminate contexts in which they are used. An obscenity, for example, can do its work best when it is reserved for situations that call forth anger, disgust, or hatred. When it is used as an adjective for every third noun in a sentence, irrespective of emotional context, it is deprived of its magical effects and, indeed, of its entire point. This is what happens when Abraham Lincoln’s image, or George Washington’s, is used to announce linen sales on President’s Day, or Martin Luther King’s birthday celebration is taken as an occasion for furniture discounts. It is what happens when Uncle Sam, God, or Jesus is employed as an agent of the profane World for an essentially trivial purpose. In the meantime, we should be able to exercise our humanity, governing each other and being governed, instead of encasing ourselves in the laden armor of our technological schizophrenia. #RandolphHarris 18 of 20

Some costs apply to a kind of product, regardless of how many copies are made: these include design costs, technology-licensing costs, regulatory-approval costs, and the like. Other costs apply to each unit a product: these include the costs of labor, energy, raw materials, production equipment, production sites, insurance, and waste disposal. The per-kind costs can become very low if production runs are large. If these costs stay high, it will be because people prefer new products or their new benefits, despite the cost—hardly cause for complaint. The more basic and easier to analyze costs are per-unit costs. A picture to keep in mind here is of Desert Rose Industries, where molecular machinery does most of the work, and where products are made from parts that are ultimately made from simple chemical substances. Let us consider some cost components. Energy: Manufacturing at the molecular scale need not use a lot of energy. Plants build billions of tons of highly patterned material every year using available solar energy. Molecular manufacturing can be efficient, in the sense that the energy needed to build a block of product should be comparable to the energy released in burning an equivalent mass of wood or coal. If this energy were supplied as electricity at today’s costs, the energy costs of manufacturing would be something like a dollar per kilogram. We will return to the cost of energy later. Raw Materials: Molecular manufacturing will not need exotic materials as inputs. Plain bulk chemicals will suffice, and this means materials no more exotic than the fuels and feedstocks that are, for now, derived from petroleum and biomass—gasoline, methanol, ammonia, and hydrogen. These typically cost tends of cent per kilogram. If bizarre compounds are used, they can be made internally. Rare elements could be avoided, but might be useful in trace amounts. #RandolphHarris 19 of 20

The total quality of raw materials consumed will be smaller than in conventional manufacturing processes because less will be wasted. Capital Equipment and Maintenance: As we saw in the Desert Rose scenario, molecular manufacturing can be used to build all of the equipment needed for molecular manufacturing. It seems that this equipment—everything from large vats to submicroscopic special-purpose assemblers—can be reasonably durable, lasting for months or years before being recycled and replaced. If the equipment were to cost dollars per kilogram, and produce many thousands of kilograms of product in its life, the cost of the equipment would add little to the cost of the product. Waste Disposal: Today’s manufacturing waste is dumped into the air, water, and landfills. There need be no such waste with molecular manufacturing. Excess materials of the kind now spewed into the environment could instead be completely recycled internally, or could instead be completely recycled internally, or could emerge from the manufacturing process in pure form, ready for use in some other process. In an advanced process, the only wastes would be leftover atoms resulting from a bad mix of raw materials. Most of these leftover atoms would be ordinary minerals and simple gases like oxygen, the main “waste” from the molecular machinery of plants. Molecular manufacturing produces no new elements—if arsenic comes out, arsenic must have gone in, and the process is not to blame for its existence. Any intrinsically toxic materials of this sort can at least be put in the safest form we can devise for disposal. One option would be to chemically bond it into a stable mineral and put it back where it came from. #RandolphHarris 20 of 20

Cresleigh Homes

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