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Stand a Little Less Between Me and the Sun for this is the Movement of Redeeming Love!
If you watch a game, it is fun. If you play it, it is recreation. If you work at it, it is golf. We become live as we take, knowingly, full responsibility for our own life and as we stop blaming circumstance. Freedom for most people of the World means “freedom from” the absence of malice or pain or suppression. However, the freedom that God means when He deals with us goes one step further. God means “freedom to”—the freedom to act in the dignity of our own choice. What then does it mean to be free? Freedom means to have matured to the full knowledge of our dangerously many responsibilities as a human being. We have learned that everything we do, and even say or think, has consequences. We realize that too long we have believed that we were the victims of circumstances. In the Gospel of John, 8.32 it reports the following, “And ye shall know the truth, and the truth shall make you free.” As we open our hearts to the message of God’s truth, as it was restored in our time, we begin to understand why there was, and still is, so much misery, pain, suffering, and even starvation. Our nation’s future direction now hangs in the balance; we are living in a time of crucial choices—both conscious and unconscious—that will determine our fate. #RandolphHarris 1 of 22

The rights to freedom of thought and speech, the right to advocate any point of view which one believe—these freedoms are not highly regarded today. Even universities, where these freedoms are of the essence, often refuse to permit speakers to appear because their views are opposed by some influential group. And it is not only administrators who limit these freedoms, but faculty and students as well. Lies, deceit, criminal invasion of privacy, flouting of the law, surveillance and imprisonment of dissenters—all these have been tools used to control the populace and to hold power over persons. We have to be careful because incarcerating the young will keep them out of the adult World. High office now goes preponderantly to humans of wealth so that of our one hundred senators, supposedly representing the people, 50 percent of them are millionaires. To make people obey the law, it is important for them to feel they are a par of an ongoing, purposeful process. People are more likely to obey the law when they understand that each individual has an inalienable right to life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness. We cannot allow “Dysamerica,” to become popular since it is utterly opposed to the goals, ideals, and political structure embodied in the Constitution. #RandolphHarris 2 of 22
Youth must also be taught not only to be loving, but also to be proud to be Americans so they do not become “Dysamerican.” Many social historians, economists, and forecasters agree that the disillusionment with democracy is growing, and they see it coming to fruition in the future that a controlled society is inevitable. Belief in the worth of the free person is not something that can be extinguished even by all the modern technological devices—bugging of conversations, use of “mental hospitals” to recondition behaviour, and all the rest. Nothing can extinguish the human organism’s drive to be itself—to actualize itself in individual and creative ways. Trust and courage are standards to emulate. Equality and justice are inviolable concepts. Authority should be guided by reason and tempered by fairness. There is a realization that if we are to live in a human context, there must be an ability to establish intimate, communicative, personal bonds with others in a very short space of time. They must be able to leave these close relationships behind, without excessive conflict or mourning. Every social revolution is preceded by, or brings with it, a change in the perception of the World or a change in the perception of the possible or both. #RandolphHarris 3 of 22

In the same dimension as we are learning to accept the revealed truth in our own life, our faith in the living Son of God will grow, and therefore we will receive spiritual gifts of heretofore unknown capacity. We will learn that nothing is impossible for those who believe in Jesus Christ. False bondages will be loosened. Narrow thinking born in tragedies of false traditions will disappear. The more our understanding of the vastness and the completeness of the plan of salvation is developing, the more we see ourselves in smallness, in our incompleteness. And seeing ourselves in that humility, with a broken heart and a contrite spirit, will let us understand and finally accept this most sacred covenant with our Heavenly Father. Freedom means that we have the potential of making wrong choices. Wrong choices have their merciless consequences, and when they are not stopped and corrected they lead us into misery and pain. Wrong choices, if not corrected, will lead us to the ultimate possible disaster in each person’s life: to become separated from our Heavenly Father in the World to come. When we have received this life-enabling message, we begin to understand that in our earlier life we were like a football player standing in the middle of the field, totally depressed because we did not know the purpose of the game. #RandolphHarris 4 of 22

We did not know which team we belong to, and we did not even know who was our coach. Only in the awareness of the restored gospel, our game plan become clear, and we comprehend that Jesus Christ and His restored Church and priesthood are the only way for us to succeed in our Earthly experience. Jesus Christ wants to empower our lives, according to our own righteous choices, to that dimension that, through our faith and our doings, the circumstances whose prisoners we were in the past will eventually change. Love, if it is truly love, implies that in any problem or dilemma we shall be led by a spiritual instinct. For, where love is, there is the Holy Spirit, who knows all, and who guides us in the strait path. Love is able to rise above the law; it does not follow, but lead, the law. The conscience of the mystics, enlightened by God’s illuminations, may be called a transmoral conscience. It does not need to be told what law is. For consciously or not, it fulfills the law. For in the concrete situation of the Christian who is totally committed to God, love never contradicts the law: it fulfills it. Love invents the law if the law is not explicitly known, and what it invents always corresponds to the law, because both have the Holy Spirit as their inspirer. The morel law of nature or of revelation cannot contradict the true love of God. #RandolphHarris 5 of 22
The true love of God always desires to follow the moral law. However, every teacher knows that correct behaviour does not come spontaneously. Even love has to be taught. Even when one really loves them, one must learn to respect and understand others. Even for one who is totally dedicated to another, it is not east to respect the secret of that person. When it stated that “the fear of God is the beginning of wisdom,” The Old Testament agree with common sense. Christ did not abolish the law; he fulfilled it. Love likewise does not seek to be freed from laws, but to fulfill them. Love soars above the law only to subject itself to the law again. Love is free, and it freely longs for obedience. As soon as we speak of obedience, we must ask, Obedience to what? In the realm of ethics, obedience can only be to objective standards, that is, to laws. The law is not strange to man. It is natural law. It represents his true nature from which he is estranged. Every ethical commandment is an expression of man’s essential relation to himself, to others and to the Universe. Undeserved grace of God has raised to full spiritual freedom. Most of us are theonomous only at times, when we rise above our average. #RandolphHarris 6 of 22

Our ethics, then, is a mixture: heteronomy, when we obey the law for no other reason than that is it’s the law; autonomy, when we escape the law and go on our own, experimenting with temptation and sin; theonomy, when we perceive that there is a higher realm, to which we obscurely aspire. In this World, theonomy can only be achieved by way of obedience. To behave ethically, in this view, is to be ultimately concerned about the connection of our actions with essential Godmanhood. The Christ is eternal Godmanhood, the essence of man paradoxically appearing under the conditions of existence. All humans have aspired to this revelation; they have longed for an escape from the dilemma of an existence which is never adequate to its essence. Their religions have attempted to find a way out of the human labyrinth. The Messiah, the Christ, the Servant of Yahweh, the Prophet to come, the Son of Man, the Son of God, are some of the representations of this ideal messenger of salvation. The Christian faith consists in believing that this messenger has come, Christ is eternal Godmanhood, is in Jesus Christ the man; and that Jesus was the manifestation of the Christ. The coming of Jesus the Christ is a totally gratuitous event, unanticipated by the human mind and irreducible to general categories. #RandolphHarris 7 of 22

Our goodness is not ours, it is God’s. Christ is perfect goodness, and so he is perfectly God. We are good because God lives in us by grace; and Jesus was perfect goodness because God was perfectly in him, so perfectly that Jesus was God. Wherever the New Bing appears, salvation is achieved. The coming of the Christ is such a breakthrough of the New Bing. Other can be thought of or hoped for. This particular manifestation of the New Bing is the norm of Christianity because it is the greatest manifestation that has ever been perceived. Of all the messianic titles, Jesus claimed the title of the Man more definitely than any other. In 1 Corinthians 15.45-47, in Romans 5.12, and in Philippians 2.5-11, St Paul developed the idea of the Man and identified “the Heavenly Man,” “the second Adam,” “the second Man,” with the concrete man Jesus. The Man is from Heaven. He is spiritual, as contrasted with the first Adam, who was Earthly. He appeared on Earth as Jesus of Nazareth. These, and other texts of the New Testament, impose the following conclusion: The early Church initiated a Christology in which Jesus was considered to be the incarnation of preexisting celestial Man. Christology is built on the concept “Man.” The Man, the “celestial Man,” is equal with God. Christology takes this as a scriptural basis and describes the Thee Persons as the Father, the Man, the Spirit. #RandolphHarris 8 of 22

In examining the meaning of “the Man,” it might follow the patristic line of thought according to which man’s essence is to be the image, the eikon, of God. The second Person, the Man-God, is the perfect Image of the Father, of whom he is eternally born. It is precisely that which makes him the preexistent Man. To be a man on Earth consists in being destined to imitate this Man, in being created an image of God. All men are types of this eternal Archetype, of the Image of the Father, of the Man. The two natures, divine and human, of Christ can also be called the two humanities of Jesus: the divine Humanity, which is God himself, the Exemplar of all images of God; and the creaturely humanity, in whose shape the divine Humanity appeared on Earth at a given moment in history. These two are one—one “person” in the Chalcedonian language—by way of exemplarity: the creaturely humanity of Jesus is the perfect created likeness of the divine Man. We should not speak of Jesus as two men, but as two humanities—divine and human—in one man, the pre-existent divine Man. The integrity of the creaturely humanity assumed by the eternal Man, in all things like his brethren. #RandolphHarris 9 of 22

The Exemplar itself is, eternally so, divine and yet human the divine Man. Eternal Godmanhood is made possible by the Scriptures themselves and by the early tradition of the Church. It may be achieved in complete fidelity to the normative Councils of the early Church. Jesus is the divine Man and appeared in the midst of creaturely mankind, a brother among brothers. Jesus the Christ is the Saviour. Jesus the Christ is the mediator in all things. The Son of God, to whom alone belong the Kingdom, the Power and the Glory. “If we love one another, God abides in us, and His love is perfected in us,” reports 1 John 4.12. The first great commandment makes it possible to fulfill the commandment: love of neighbour as oneself. And loving others under God will ensure that we are loved by others. For to the others in our community of love, we are the “other” who they love because they love and are loved by God. The fellowship of Christ’s apprentices in kingdom living is a community of love. “A new command I give you: Love one another. As I have loved you, so you must love one another. By this all humans will know that you are my disciples, if you love one another,” reports John 13.34-35. This is the movement in the process of redeeming love. Christ chose his twelve apostles not only because they were naturally and extremely religious men but also because they were loyal enough and brave enough to live and die for their master. #RandolphHarris 10 of 22

Here, then, is the full accounts of the movements of love in our lives: We are loved by God who is love, and in turn we love him, and others through him, who in turn love us through him. Thus is love made perfect or complete. And “perfect love casts out fear,” reports 1 John 4.18. That is, those who live in the fulfillment of God’s redemptive love in human life will no longer experience fear. “Fear involves torment,” John notes, and torment is incompatible with living in the full cycle of love (1 John 4.18). We live in the community of goodwill from a competent God. Now, as St Augustine saw long ago, the opposite of love is pride. Love eliminates pride because its will for the god of the other nullifies our arrogant presumption hat we should get our way. We are concerned for the good of others and assured that our good is take care of without self-will. Thus pride and fear and their dreadful offspring no longer rules our life as long becomes complete in us. This eagerness to become a disciple and learn truth is the first necessary qualification. Without it nothing can be done; with it everything will come naturally in automatic response from God. One must supply faith and loyalty, obedience and practice, along with the aspiration which brings us closer to the Lord. If we hear the master’s words with joy, that is one indication that we are ready. #RandolphHarris 11 of 22

When we entrust ourselves to the Lord’s care, we should cultivate patience and not seek immediate results. However, it is not necessary to display frenzied fervour in order to be a devoted disciple. If we feel personally humiliated or become hysterically tearful because God did not respond when we expected, we are not only suffering needlessly, but will remain long puzzled. Our humility will always be met by kindness and our frankness by equal frankness. The seeker who has found the path proper and are in affinity with God’s commandments should waste no more time in the experimental investigations of other paths, other teachings, and other teachers. If one is to get full benefit of our fellowship, we must remain absolutely loyal. As one’s tender, newly regenerated soul begins to grow close to Christ, one will begin to care deeply about ideas in these areas. Preserve and clear away some of the cobwebs that cover vast regions of one’s mental attic. Nothing that is worth doing id pleasurable or easy in the early stages of learning how to do it. However, through regular practice, patient endurance, and proper mentoring, skills emerge and habits are formed that enable a good person to be good at the activity in focus. This is clearly the case in learning to play gold, hit a baseball, or read in completely new areas of study. It is n less true of becoming a deep, careful thinker in general. #RandolphHarris 12 of 22
If we are to love God adequately with the mind, then the mind must be exercised regularly, trained to acquire certain habits of thought, and filled with an increasingly rich set of distinctions and categories. There is n simple way to do this, and it would be presumptuous to attempt to describe fully how to develop a mature mind in one essay. A mature person has a tightly integrated, well-ordered soul. A carefully developed mind is a crucial part of a well-ordered soul. A mind that is learning to function well is both part of and made possible by an overall life that is skillfully lived. You cannot learn to use your mind well for Christ’s sake by just reading a logic book or taking more adult education courses. You must order your general lifestyle in such a way that a maturing intellect emerges as part of that lifestyle. If you want to develop a Christian mind, you must intend to order your overall form of life to make this possible. You cannot just read a book or two and add this to a lifestyle otherwise indifferent to the intellect. Moreover, learning to be a careful Christian thinker results in an entire way of being present in the World. What a person spends time learning will affect the way that person sees, hears, thinks, and behaves. #RandolphHarris 13 of 22
A trained lawyer actually hears things on the evening news, see things in the newspaper, and approaches conversations with others in ways that would be unavailable to one if one had gone into psychology or business. A person with a well-developed lawyer-type mind will have a distinctive way of being present in the World. This is also true of a person who is cultivating a careful Christian mind. That person will be present to the World in a distinctively Christian intellectual way. One will notice certain things others miss, read things (for example, theology, church history) others eschew, and so forth. To develop a Christian mind skillfully, one must want to be a certain sort of person badly enough that one is willing to pay the price for ordering one’s lifestyle appropriately. Of course, some Christians are called to a vocation of being a Christian intellectual in one way or another—a Christian philosopher or New Testament scholar, for example. This requires a more intense, focused ordering of one’s life than is needed for those without this calling. However, every believer, regardless of vocational calling, needs to cultivate a Christian mind. A life so ordered to facilitate intellectual growth is characterized by a certain set of virtues that makes such growth possible. #RandolphHarris 14 of 22
A virtue is a skill, a habit, an ingrained disposition to act, think, or feel in certain way. Virtues are those good parts of one’s character that make a person excellent at life in general. As with any skill (for example, learning to swing a golf club), a virtue become ingrained in my personality, and thus a part of my very nature, through repetition, practice, and training. If I want to develop the virtue of compassion, I must regularly practice acts of mercy, self-sacrifice, and kindness. Knowing what these virtues are will give one something specific at which to aim in one’s efforts to cultivate one’s mind. Certain virtues are especially relevant to the development of an intellectual life. Moreover, these virtues are not isolated from each other. They are deeply interrelated. Growth in one virtue can assist maturity in another skill and vice versa. If one wants a maturing Christian mind, one will need to cultivate these virtues through regular practice. If in the beginning one is to cast one’s net so widely as to search for truth in every corner, in the middle of one’s course one is to narrow one’s World until one has no ear for anyone else but the voice of God. Only so can concentration be achieved. In the beginning, width; in the middle, depth. #RandolphHarris 15 of 22
Virtue of wisdom contains truth seeking, honesty, and wisdom. Even if it is not the truth we want to hear, the Christian mind is committed to seeking and finding the truth. The Christian seeks to know and do the truth. In fact, in a certain sense the believer’s commitment to the truth is even more basic than one’s dedication to the Christian faith in general or some doctrinal position in particular: If one came to believe that Christianity or some doctrinal belief were false, then one would ought to give up the belief in question. By way of application, even if we do not like the way they express their views, we should earn to listen to what our critics say about us. Even if it was expressed angrily and inappropriately, a wife or husband should try to get at the truth of a spouse’s criticisms. Practice this in all areas of your life to cultivate the habit of wanting the truth. Few are ready to pay the entrance fee of lifelong loyalty and steadfast service which are demanded, for this payment must be made in actual practice and not in lip movements alone. Even when understanding cannot keep pace, we must be able to trust and walk unwaveringly at our spouses’ side, and our fine loyalty should shine out like Sirius in the sky. Loyalty is the quality which will endear one most to a loved one. #RandolphHarris 16 of 22
The Quest will become inseparable from the happiness one seeks, so devotion to God will become inseparable from the salvation upon which happiness depends. Why should this be so is one of the mysterious workings of Destiny which can only be illuminate when and if it be possible to illuminate the Earth sacred covenant. In this freedom that we have received in our time, through our understanding of God’s divine plan for us, we stand in our full responsibility. Let us always stay close to the loving, caring hand of our Redeemer, and our Saviour to find safety and joy. I say this in deep humility. “And now, it came to pass that there were many who heard the words of Samuel, the Lamanite, which he spake upon the walls of the city. And as many as believed on his word went forth and sought for Nephi; and when they had come forth and found him they confessed unto him their sins and denied not, desiring that they might be baptized unto the Lord. However, as many as there were who did not believe in the words of Samuel were angry with him; and they cast stones at him upon the wall, and also many short arrows at him as he stood upon the wall; but the Spirit of the Lord was with him, insomuch that they could not hit him with their stones neither with their arrows. #RandolphHarris 17 of 22

“Now when they saw that they could not hit him, there were many more who did believe on his words, insomuch that they went away unto Nephi to be baptized. For behold, Nephi was baptizing, and prophesying, and preaching, crying repentance unto the people, showing signs of wonders, working miracles among the people, that they might know that the Christ must shortly come—telling them of the things which must shortly come, that that might know and remember at the time of their coming that they had been made known unto them beforehand, to the intent that they might believe; therefore as many as believed on the word of Samuel went forth unto him to be baptized, for they came repenting and confessing their sins. However, they more part of them did not believe in the words of Samuel; therefore when they saw that they could not hit him with their stone and their arrows, they cried unto their captains, saying: Take this fellow and bind him, for behold he hath a devil; and because of the power of the devil which is in him we cannot hit him with our stones and our arrows; therefore take him and bind hi, and away with him. And as they went forth to lay their hands on him, behold, he did cast himself down from the wall, and did flee out of their lands, yea, even unto his own country, and began to preach and to prophesy among his own people. #RandolphHarris 18 of 22

“And behold, he was never heard of more among the Nephites; and thus were the affairs of the people. And thus ended the eighty and sixth year of the judges over the people of Nephi. And thus ended also the eighty and seventh year of the reign of the judges, the more part of the people remaining in their pride and wickedness, and the lesser part walking more circumspectly before God. And these were the conditions also, in the eighty and eighth year of the reign of the judges. And there was but a little alteration in the affairs of the people, save it were the people began to be more hardened in iniquity, and do more and more of that which was contrary to the commandments of God, in the eighty and ninth year of the reign of the judges. However, it came to pass in the ninetieth year of the reign of the judges, there were great signs given unto the people, and wonders; and the words of the prophets began to be fulfilled. And Angels did appear unto men, wise men, and did declare unto them glad tidings of great joy; thus in this year the scriptures began to be fulfilled. Nevertheless, the people began to harden their hearts, all save it were the most believing part of them, both of the Nephites and also of the Lamanites, and began to depend upon their own strength and upon their own wisdom saying: #RandolphHarris 19 of 22

“Some thing they may have guessed right, among so many; but behold, we know that all these great and marvelous works cannot come to pass, of which have been spoken. And they began to reason and to contend among themselves, saying: That it is not reasonable that such a being as a Christ shall come; if so, and he be the Son of God, the Father of Heaven and of Earth, as it has been spoken, why will he not show himself unto us as well as unto them who shall be at Jerusalem? Yea, why will he not show himself in this land as well as in the land of Jerusalem? However, behold, we know that this is a wicked tradition, which has been handed down unto us by our fathers, to cause us that we should believe in some great and marvelous thing which should come to pass, but not among us, but in a land which is far distant, a long which we know not; therefore they can keep us in ignorance, for we cannot witness without own eyes that they are true. And they will, by the cunning and the mysterious arts of the evil one, work some great mystery which we cannot understand, which will keep us down to be servants to their words, and also servants unto them, for we depend upon them to teach us the word; and thus will they keep us in ignorance if we will yield ourselves unto them, all the days of our lives. #RandolphHarris 20 of 22
“And many more thing did the people imagine up in their hearts, which were foolish and vain; and they were much disturbed, for Satan did stir them up to do iniquity continually; yea, he did go about spreading rumors and contentions upon the face of the land, that he might harden the hearts of the people against that which should come. And notwithstanding the signs and the wonders which were wrought among the people of the Lord, and the many miracles which they did, Satan did get great hold upon the hearts of the people upon all the face of the land. And thus ended the ninetieth year of the reign of the judges over the people of Nephi. And thus ended the book of Helaman, according to the record of Helaman and his sons,” reports Helaman 16.1-25. Come, spirits of the Lord, and bless my life. We will live our lives together from now on, you living in me. God, please guide our ways and balance opposites. May we use the blessings you have given us well for your purposes. O Almighty God, from Whom every good prayer cometh, and Who pourest out on all who desire it the Spirit of grace and supplications; please deliver us, when we draw nigh to Thee, from coldness of heart and wanderings of mind; that with steadfast thoughts and kindled affections we may worship Thee in spirit and in truth; through Jesus Christ our Lord. #RandolphHarris 21 of 22
O God, Who makest us glad with the weekly remembrance of the glorious Resurrection of Thy Son our Lord; please vouchsafe us this day such a blessing though Thy worship, that the days which follow it may be spent in Thy favour; through the same Jesus Christ our Lord. O Lord, Who by triumphing over the powers of darkness, didst prepare our place in the New Jerusalem; please grant us, who have this say given thanks for Thy resurrection, to praise Thee in that City whereof Thou art the Light; where with the Father we are taken into His heart and profit by lessons of the past and remain resolutely devoted to Him. Our inner affinity with God is so personal, so intimate, so deeply felt, that no one else can take the place of the Lord. We seek not counsel from anyone other than God. O Lord Jesus Christ, Who art the Truth Incarnate and the Teacher of the faithful; please let Thy Spirit overshadow us in reading Thy Word, and conform our thoughts to Thy Revelation; that learning of Thee with honest heart, we may be rooted and built up in Thee who livest genuinely and teachers us reverence and obedience, love and respect. There is none higher than God, He guides humans out of illusion into reality. It is not wrong therefore to give His office great reverence and Himself great devotion. Our spiritual debt to God is unpayable. This is because that which directs us is more important in the end than anything else. #RandolphHarris 22 of 22
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We ought to be grateful and respectful to all those great lights of the race who brought it truth. Yet at the same time we ought to be specially grateful and specially respectful to the particular one who brought us to see the truth more than any other did.
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Give Me a Laundry-List and I Will Set it to Music!

Chemistry is applied theology. In order to actualize our potentialities, in order to become fully human and completely ourselves, we must not merely think; we must also permit ourselves to be thoughts. Both the historical record of creative thought and the laboratory report of its appearance today, indicate clearly that creative intelligence can spring from the mind that is not strained to its highest pitch, but is utterly ease. Our is a civilization in which vast numbers of children and adults are so chronically bored that they have to resort during their leisure hours to a regimen of non-stop distractions. Any method which promises to make life seem enjoyable and the commonplaces of everyday experience more interesting should be welcomed as a major contribution to culture and morality. It is most certainly very difficult, perhaps quite impossible, to serve two gods simultaneously—to pursue the most sordid interests while aspiring to realize the highest ideals. This is obvious. Only a little less obvious, however, is the fact that it is very hard, perhaps quite impossible, to serve God wile failing to make the best of both Worlds—of all the World of which, as human beings, we are the inhabitants. #RandolphHarris 1 of 25
Rightness as fairness is to be understood as a replacement for existing conceptions There is no necessity to say that sameness of meaning holds between the word “right” (and its relatives) in its ordinary use and the more elaborate locutions needed to express this ideal contractarian concept of right. If the theory of justice as fairness, or more generally of rightness as fairness, fits our considered judgments in reflective equilibrium, and if it enables us to say all that on due examination we want to say, then it provides a way of eliminating customary phrases in favour of other expressions. So understood one may think of justice as fairness and rightness as fairness as providing a definition or explication of the concepts of justice and right. we are not to gain from the cooperative labours of others without doing our fair share. The two principles of justice guarantees the equal basic rights and liberties needed to secure the fundamental interests of free and equal citizens and to pursue a wide range of conceptions of the good. These two principles of justice define what is a fair share in the case of institutions belonging to the basic structure. So if these arrangements are just, each person receives a fair share wen all (one’s self included) do their part. #RandolphHarris 2 of 25

Further, the content of obligation is always defined by an institution or practice the rules of which specify what it is that one is required to do. And, obligations are normally owed to definite individuals, namely, those who are cooperating together to maintain the arrangement in question. As an example illustrating these features, consider the political act of running for and (if successful) holding public office in a constitutional regime. This act gives rise to the obligation to fulfill the duties of office, and these duties not as moral duties but as takes of responsibilities assigned to certain institutional positions. It is nevertheless the case that one may have a moral reason (one based on a moral principle) for discharging these duties, as when one is bound to do so by the principle of fairness. Also, one assumes public office is obligated to one’s fellow citizens whose trust and confidence one has sough and with whom one is cooperating and running a democratic society. Similarly, we assume obligations when we marry as well as when we accept positions of judicial, administrative, or others authority. We acquire obligations by promising and by tacit understandings, and even when we join a game, namely, the obligation to play by the rules and to be a good sport. #RandolphHarris 3 of 25

All of these obligations are, I believe, covered by the principle of fairness. There are two important cases though that are somewhat problematical, namely, political obligation as it applies to the average citizens, rather than, say, to those who hold office, and the obligation to keep promises. In the first case it is not clear what is the requisite binding action or who has performed it. There is, I believe, no political obligation, strictly speaking, for citizens generally. Psychologically, humans are highly educated products of the twenty-first century civilization, chained, in a state of uneasy and hostile symbiosis, to a disturbingly dynamic unconscious, a wild phantasy and an unpredictable id—and yet capable of falling in love, writing string quartets, and having mystical experiences. They feel pride. They are proud to be members of a community where there is so much caring and concern for others, a caring that is broader and more sensitive than one individual is capable of. However, at times people are so frustrated with life because they work so hard and are tired and do not realize that they are burnt out and need a vacation that it can make them wonder if coming to the community is worth it. However, the other reaction they have is much stronger. People watch with awe the birth pangs of something new in the World. And their earlier state of mind returns. #RandolphHarris 4 of 25

If humanity can live together without destroying one another, can live together with a caring concern for the full development of each person, can live together in the richness of diversity instead of the sterility of conformity, then we may have found a truth with many, many implications. Some people themselves are painfully confused, uncertain where they stand or who they really are. To provide themselves with a recognizable identity, a niche in the scheme of things that they can call “home,” they will give assent to the unlikeliest dogmas, conform to the most absurd and even harmful rules of thought, feeling, and conduct, put on the most extravagant fancy dress and identify themselves with masks that bear almost no resemblance to the faces they cover. The inhabitants of all these personal ideologies must somehow learn to make the best of the community in an ability to discover anything that is approximately true and Earthshaking as revolutionary power. And I believe we are making some such discovery. So there is hope that some of the overwhelming World issues may be touched, in ways we cannot even dream of now, by what we are doing. However, a good education may be defined as one which helps the boys and girls subjected to it make the best of all the Worlds in which, as human beings, they are compelled, willy-nilly, to live. #RandolphHarris 5 of 25

An education that prepares them to make the best of only one of their Worlds, or of only a few of them, is inadequate. Mens sana in corpore sano (a Latin phrase, which means “a healthy mind in a healthy body”) is an ancient educational ideal and a very good one. Unfortunately, good ideals are never enough. Unless they are accompanied by full instructions regarding the methods by which they maybe realized, they are almost useless. Hell is paved with good intentions, and whole periods of history have been made hideous or grotesque by enthusiastic idealists who failed to elaborate the means whereby their lofty aspirations might be effectively, and above all harmlessly, implemented. Just how good is modern education? How successful is it in helping young people to make the best of all the Worlds which they all have to live in? At the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and in other schools where similar problems have arisen, the answer to this question has found expression in a renewed interest in the humanities. Excessive scientific specialization is tempered by courses in philosophy, history, literature, and social studies. All this is excellent so far as it does. However, does it go far enough? #RandolphHarris 6 of 25
Do courses in the humanities provide a sufficient antidote for excessive scientific and technical specialization? Do they, in the terminology we have been using, help youth to make the best of a substantially greater number of their Worlds? Our natural duties are to help one another when one is in need or jeopardy, provided that ne can do so without excessive risk or loss to oneself; the duty not to harm or injure another; and the duty not to cause unnecessary suffering. The first duty is a positive duty, the duty of mutual assistance. We have a duty to do something good for one another. Whereas the last two duties are negative in that they require us not to do something that is bad. The distinction between positive and negative duties is intuitively clear in many cases, but often gives way. Now in contrast with obligations, it is characteristic of natural duties that they apply to us without regard to our voluntary acts. Moreover, they have no necessary connection with institutions or social practices; their content is not, in general, defined by the rules of these arrangements. Thus we have a natural duty not to be cruel, and a duty to help another, whether or not we have committed ourselves to these actions. It is no defense or excuse to say that we have made no promise not to be cruel or vindictive, or to come to another’s assistance. #RandolphHarris 7 of 25

Indeed, a promise not to kill, for example, is normally ludicrously redundant, and the suggestion that it establishes a moral requirement where none already exited is mistaken. Such a promise is in order, if it ever is so, only when for special reasons one has the right to kill, perhaps in a situation arising in a just war. Another further feature of natural duties is that they hold between persons irrespective of their institutional relationships; they obtain between all as equal moral persons. In this sense the natural duties are owed not only to definite individuals, say to those cooperating together in a particular social arrangement, but to persons generally. This feature in particular suggests the propriety of the adjective “natural.” One aim of the law of nations is to assure the recognition of these duties in the conduct of states. This is especially important in constraining the means used in war, assuming that, in certain circumstances anyway, wars of self-defense are justified. From the standpoint of justice as fairness, a fundamental natural duty is the duty of justice. This duty requires us to support and to comply with just institutions that exist and apply to us. It also constrains us to further just arrangements not yet established, at least when this can be done without too much cost to ourselves. #RandolphHarris 8 of 25

Thus is the basic structure of society is just, or as just as it is reasonable to expect in the circumstances, everyone has a natural duty to do one’s part in the existing scheme. Each is bound to these institutions independent of one’s voluntary acts, performative or otherwise. Thus even though the principles of natural duty are derived from a contractarian point of view, they do not presuppose an act of consent, express or tacit, or indeed any voluntary act, in order to apply. The principles that hold for individuals, just as the principles for institutions, are those that would be acknowledged in the original position. These principles are understood as the outcome of a hypothetical agreement. If their formulation shows that no binding action, consensual or otherwise, is a presupposition of their application, then they apply unconditionally. The reason why obligations depend upon voluntary acts is given by the second part of the principle of fairness which states this condition. It has nothing to do with the contractual nature of justice as fairness. In fact, once the full set of principles, a complete conception of right, is on hand, we can simply forget about the conception of original position and apply these principles as we would any others. There is nothing inconsistent, or even surprising, in the fact that justice as fairness allows unconditional principles. #RandolphHarris 9 of 25

It suffices to show that the parties in the original position would agree to principles defining the natural duties which as formulated hold to principles defining the natural duties which as formulated hold unconditionally. The same principle of fairness may establish a bond to existing just arrangements, the obligations covered by it can support a tie already present that derives from the natural duty of justice. Thus a person may have both a natural duty and an obligation to comply with an institution and to do one’s part. The thing to observe here is that there are several ways in which one may be bound to political institutions. For the most part the natural duty of justice is the more fundamental, since it binds citizens generally and requires no voluntary acts in order to apply. The principle of fairness, on the other hand, binds only those who assume public office, say, or those who, being better situated, have advanced their aims within the system. There is, then, another sense of noblesse oblige: namely, that those who are more privileged are likely to acquire obligations trying them even more strongly to a just scheme. I shall say very little about the other kind or principles for individuals. For while permissions are not an unimportant class of actions, I must limit the discussion to the theory of social justice. #RandolphHarris 10 of 25
It may be observed, though, that once all the principles defining requirements are chosen, no further acknowledgments are necessary to define permissions. This is so because permissions are those acts which we are at liberty both to do and not to do. They are acts which violate no obligation or natural duty. In studying permissions one wishes to single out those that they significant from a moral point of view and to explain their relation to duties and obligations. Many such actions are morally indifferent or trivial. However, among the permissions is the interesting class of supererogatory actions. These are acts of benevolence and mercy, of heroism and self-sacrifice. It is good to do these actions but it is not one’s duty or obligation. Supererogatory acts are not required, though normally they would be were it not for the loss or risk involved for the agent oneself. A person who does a supererogatory act does not invoke the exemption which the natural duties allow. For while we have a natural duty to bring about a great good, say, if we can do so relatively easily, we are released from this duty when the cost to ourselves is considerable. Supererogatory acts arise questions of first importance for ethical theory. For example, it seems offhand that the classical utilitarian view cannot account for them. #RandolphHarris 11 of 25

It would appear that we are bound to perform actions which bring about a greater good for others whatever the cost to ourselves provided that thus sum of advantages altogether exceeds that of other acts open to us. There is nothing corresponding to the exemptions included in the formulation of the natural duties. Thus some of the actions which justice as fairness counts as supererogatory may be required by the utility principle. I shall not, however, pursue this matter further. Supererogatory acts are mentioned here for the sake of completeness. Children should be taught that words are indispensable but also can be fatal—the only begetters of all civilization, all science, all consistency of high purpose, all angelic goodness, and the only begetters are the same time of all superstition, all collective madness and stupidity, all worse-then-bestial diabolism, all the dismal historical succession of crimes in the name of God, King, Queen, Nation, Party, Doctrines, Beliefs. Never before, thanks to the techniques of mass communication, have so many listeners been so completely at the mercy of so few speakers. Never have misused words—those hideously efficient tools of all the tyrants, war-mongers, persecutors, and heresy-hunters—been so widely and so disastrously influential as they are today. #RandolphHarris 12 of 25

Generals, clergymen, advertisers, and the rulers of totalitarian states—all have good reasons for disliking the idea of universal education in the rational use of language. To the military, clerical, propagandist, and authoritarian mind such training seems (and rightly seems) profoundly subversive. To those who think that liberty is a good thing, and who hope that it may some day become possible for more people to realize more of their desirable potentialities in a society fit for free, fully human individuals to live in, a thorough education in the nature of language, in its uses and abuses, seems indispensable. Whether in fact the mounting pressures of overpopulation and overorganization in a World still enthusiastically dedicated to nationalistic idolatry will permit this kind of subversive linguistic education to be adopted by even more democratic nations remains to be seen. Make the body capable of doing many things, this will help you to perfect the mind and come to the intellectual love of God. Education is desirable and indeed, if the child is to grow into a fully human being, absolutely necessary. The detailed curriculum for an education in what maybe called the nonverbal humanities has still to be worked out. Humanities is a process that should be started in the kindergarten and continued through all the years of school and college—and thereafter, as self-education, throughout the rest of life. #RandolphHarris 13 of 25

Education is to life in general—an indispensable condition for any kind of improvement. School children need to learn a kind of internal awareness that can lead to a creative conscious control. All our mental processes depend upon perception. Inadequate perceiving results in poor thinking, inappropriate feeling, diminished interest in and enjoyment of life. Systematic training of perception should be an essential element in all education. Awareness has to be assigned to each special significance and value for the human being who aspires to make the bet of both Worlds and so, by teaching one’s psychophysical organism to do many things to perfect the mind and come to the intellectual love of God. It is a strange thing how little in general people know about the sky. It is the part of creation in which nature has done more for the sake of pleasing humans, more for the sake and evident purpose of talking to one and teaching one, than in any of her other works, and it is just the part in which we least attend to her. There is not a moment in any day of our lives in which nature is no producing (in the sky) scene after scene, picture after picture, glory after glory, and working always upon such exquisite and constant principles of the most perfect beauty, that it is quite certain it is all done for us and intended for our perpetual pleasure. #RandolphHarris 14 of 25

We never attend to the sky, we never make it a subject of thought. We look upon it….only as a succession of monotonous and meaningless accident, too common or too vain to be worthy of a moment of watchfulness of a glance of admiration. Who, among the chattering crowd, can tell me of the forms and the precipices of the chain of tall white mountains that girded the horizon at noon yesterday? Who saw the narrow Sunbeam that came out f the south and smote their summits until they melted and mouldered away in a dust of blue rain? All has passed unregretted as unseen; or if the apathy be ever shaken off, if even for an instant, it is only by what is gross or what is extraordinary. A habit of wise passiveness in relation to the everyday drama of the clouds and mist and Sunshine can become a source of endless pleasures. However, most of the products of our educational system prefer Westerns and alcohol. In the United States of America, life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness are constitutionally guaranteed. However, if life hardly seems worth living, if liberty is used for subhuman purposes, if the pursuers of happiness know nothing about the nature of their quarry or the elementary techniques of hunting, these constitutional rights will not be very meaningful. #RandolphHarris 15 of 25

An education in that wise passiveness recommended by the saints and the poets, by all who have lived fully and worked creatively, might help us to transform the papers promises of a democratic constitution into concrete contemporary fact. The mentally ill are the victims of their phantasy, and even more or less normal people find themselves tempted into folly, or inhibited from behaving as they know they ought to behave, by what goes on in the superreal but unrealistic World of their imagination. How can we make the best of this odd, alien, almost autonomous Universe that we carry about with us inside our skulls? Truth lives, proverbially, at the bottom of a well, and wells are often muddy. No genuinely scientific investigator has any right to be squeamish about anything. Made the worst of, our imagination will destroy us; made the best of, it can be used to break up long-established habits of undesirable feeling, to dissipate obsessive fears, to provide symbolic outlets for anger and fictional amends for real frustrations. In the course of the last three thousand years how many sermons have been preached, how many homilies delivered and commands roared out, how many promises of Heaven and threats of hell-fire solemnly pronounced, how many good-conduct prizes awarded and how many immature buttocks lacerated with whips and canes? #RandolphHarris 16 of 25
And what has been the result of all this incalculable sum of moralistic words, and of the rewards and savage punishments by which the verbiage has been accompanied? The result has been history—the successive generations of human beings comporting themselves virtuously and rationally enough for the race to survive, but badly enough and madly enough for it to be unceasingly in trouble. Can we do better in the future than we are doing today, or than our fathers did in the past? Can we develop methods more effective than pious talks and Pavlovian conditioning? Moral equivalents must be found not only for war but also for delinquency, family squabbles, bullying, puritanical censoriousness, and all the assorted beastliness of daily life. Hope is anticipation of good not yet here, or as yet “unseen.” It is of course inseparable from joy. Sometimes the good in question is just deliverance from evil, which is here. Then “we are saved by hope,” (Romans 8.24), and “we rejoice in hope,” (Romans 12.12), because “if we hope for what we do not see, with perseverance we wait eagerly for it,” (Romans 8.25). That eager anticipation strengthens us to stay faithful to God and to stay on the path of what is right. One of the remarkable changes brought by Jesus and his people into the ancient World concerned the elevation of hope into a primary virtue. #RandolphHarris 17 of 25

Hope was not well regarded by the Greco-Roman World. It was thought of as a desperation measure. And whole, according to the myth of Pandora’s box, it may be all we have left with which to endure the agonies of life, it must be grimly held in check or it will give rise to vain expectations that only cause more misery. Christ, by contrast, brings solid hope for humanity. Clearly, then, hope also is closely related to faith. Faith is confidence grounded in reality, not a wild, desperate “leap.” It is, as Hebrews 11.1 says, substance, and evidence, or poof, not—as contemporary translations usually have it—subjective psychological states such as “being such of” or “having a conviction of.” Rather, faith sees the reality of the unseen or invisible, and it includes a readiness to act as if the good anticipated in hope were already in hand because of the reality of God (compare 2 Corinthians 4.17-18). One that believes dare trust God for the morrow, and is not more solicitous for the next year than one is for that which is past. No one worries about what was going to happen last year. Accordingly, Moses “left Egypt, not fearing the wrath of the king,” reports Hebrews 11.27. Egypt and its king were in the realm of “the seen.” #RandolphHarris 18 of 25

Moses was able to disregard them to stick with his goal because he saw the One who is invisible but none the less real for that. For one endured, as seeing Him who is unseen” (Hebrews 11.27). That is faith as the Bible portrays it. “And now it came to pass in the seventy and second year of the reign of the judges that the contentions did increase, insomuch that there were wars throughout all the land among all the people of Nephi. And it was this secret band of robbers who did carry on this work of destruction and wickedness. And this war did last all that year; and in the seventy and third years it did also last. And it came to pass that in this years Nephi did cry unto the Lord, saying: O Lord, do not suffer that this people shall be destroyed by the sword; but O Lord, rather let there be a famine in the land, to stir them up in remembrance of the Lord their God, and perhaps they will repent and turn unto tee. And so it was done, according to the words of Nephi. And there was a great famine upon the land, among all the people of Nephi. And thus in the seventy and fourth year the famine did continue, and the work of destruction did cease by the sword but became sore by famine. And this work of destruction did also continue in the seventy and fifth year. For the Earth was smitten that it was dry, and did not yield forth grain in the season of grain. #RandolphHarris 19 of 25

“And the whole Earth was smitten, even among the Nephites, so that they were smitten that they did perish by thousands in the more wicked parts of the land. And it came to pass that the people saw that they were about to perish by famine, and they began to remember the Lord their God; and they began to remember the words of Nephi. And the people began to plead with their chief judges and their leaders, that they would say unto Nephi: Behold, we know that thou art a man of God, and therefore cry unto the Lord our God that he turned away from us this famine, lest all the words which thou hast spoken concerning our destruction be fulfilled. And it came to pass that the judges did say unto Nephi, according to the words which had been desired. And it came to pass that the people had repented and did humble themselves in sackcloth, he cried: again unto the Lord, saying: O Lord, behold this people repenteth; and they have swept away the band of Gadiantion from amongst them insomuch that they have become extinct, and they have concealed their secret plans in the Earth. Now, O Lord, because of this their humility wilt thou turn away thine anger, and let thine anger be appeased in the destruction of those wicked humans whom thou hast already destroyed. #RandolphHarris 20 of 25
“O Lord, wilt thou turn away thine anger, yea, thy fierce anger, and cause that this famine may cease in this land. O Lord, wilt thou hearken unto me, and cause that it may be done according to my words, and send forth rain upon the face of the Earth, that she may bring forth her fruit, and her grain in the season of grain. O Lord, thou didst hearken unto my words when I said, Let there be a famine, that the pestilence of the sword might cease; and I know that thou wilt, even at this time, hearken unto my words, for thou sadist that: If this people repent I will spare them. Yea, O Lord, and thou seest that they have repented, because of the famine and the pestilence and destruction which has come unto them. And now, O Lord, wilt thou turn away thine anger, and try again if they will serve thee? And if so, O Lord, thou canst bless them according to thy words which thou hast said. And it came to pass that in the seventy and sixth year the Lord did turn away his anger from the people, and caused that rain should fall upon the Earth, insomuch that it did bring forth her fruit in the season of her fruit. And it came to pass that it did bring forth her grain in the season of her grain. And behold, the people did rejoice and glorify God, and the whole face of the land was filled with rejoicing; and they did no more seek to destroy Nephi, but they did esteem him as a great prophet, and a man of God, having great power and authority given unto him from God. #RandolphHarris 21 of 25

“And behold, Lehi, his brother, was not a whit behind him as to things pertaining to righteousness. And thus it did come to pass that the people of Nephi began to prosper again in the land, and began to build up their waste places, and began to multiply and spread, even until they did cover the whole face of the land, both on the northward and on the southward, from the sea west to the sea east. And it came to pass that the seventy and sixth year did end in peace. And the seventy and seventh year began in peace; and the church did spread throughout the face of all the land; and the more part of the people, both the Nephites and the Lamanites, did belong to the church; and they did have exceedingly great peace in the land; and this ended the seventy and seventh year. And also they had peace in the seventy and eighty years, save it were a few contentions concerning the points of doctrine which had been laid down by the prophets. And in the seventy and ninth year there began to be much strife. However, it came to pass that Nephi and Lehi, and many of the brethren who knew concerning the true points of doctrine, having many revelations daily, therefore they did preach unto the people, insomuch that they did put an end to their strife in that same year. #RandolphHarris 22 of 25

“And it came to pass that in the eightieth year of the reign of the judges over the people of Nephi, there were a certain number of the people of Nephi, there were a certain number of the dissenters from the people of Nephi, who had some years before gone over unto the Lamanites, and taken upon themselves the name of Lamanites, and also a certain number who were real descendants of the Lamanites, being stirred up to anger by them, or by those dissenters, therefore they commenced a war with their brethren. And they did commit murder and plunder; and then they would retreat back into the mountains, and into the wilderness and secret places, hiding themselves that they could not be discovered, receiving daily an addition to their numbers, inasmuch as there were dissenters that went forth unto them. And thus in time, yea, even in the space of not many years, they became an exceedingly great band of robbers; and they did search out all the secret plans of Gadianton; and thus they became robbers of Gadianton. Now behold, these robbers did make great havoc, yea, even great destruction among the people of the Lamanites. And it came to pass that it was expedient that there should be a stop put to this work of destruction; therefore they sent an army of strong humans into the wilderness and upon the mountains to search out this band of robbers, and to destroy them. #RandolphHarris 23 of 25
“However, behold, it came to pass that in that same year they were driven back even into their own lands. And thus ended the eightieth year of the reign of the judges over the people of Nephi. And it came to pas in the commencement of the eighty and first year they did go forth again against this band of robbers, and did destroy many; and they were also visited with much destruction. And they were again obliged to return out of the wilderness and out of the mountains unto their own lands, because of the exceeding greatness of the numbers of those robbers who infested the mountains and the wilderness. And it came to pass that thus ended this year. And the robbers did still increase and wax strong, insomuch that they did defy the whole armies of the Nephites, and also of the Lamanites; and they did cause great fear to come unto the people upon all the face of land. Yea, for they did visit many parts of the land, and did do great destruction unto them; yea, did kill many, and did carry away others captive into the wilderness, yea, and more especially their women and their children. Now this great evil, which came unto the people because of their iniquity, did stir them up again in remembrance of the Lord their God. And thus ended the eighty and first year of the reign of the judges. #RandolphHarris 24 of 25
“And in the eighty and second year they began again to forget the Lord their God. And in the eighty and third year they began to wax strong in iniquity. And in the eighty and fourth year they did not mend their ways. And it came to pass in the eighty and fifth year they did wax stronger and stronger in their pride, and in their wickedness; and thus they were ripening again for destruction. And thus ended the eighty and fifth year,” reports Helaman 11.1-38. I am praying to God of Heaven, may the Earth be blessed with a sweet smell and bring Him to mind, to give Him the best of what I have, as is only His proper share. Our God and God of our fathers, accept our rest. Sanctify us through Thy commandments, and grant our portion in Thy Torah. Please give us abundantly of Thy goodness and make us rejoice in Thy salvation. Purify our hearts to serve Thee in truth. In Thy loving favour, O Lord our God, grant that Thy holy Sabbath be our joyous heritage, and may Israel who sanctifies Thy name, rest thereon. Blessed art Thou, O Lord, who hallowest the Sabbath. Magnified and sanctified be the name of God throughout the World which He hath created according to His will. May He establish His kingdom during the days of your life and during the life f all the house of Israel, speedily, yea, soon; and say ye, Amen. #RandolphHarris 25 of 25

Cresleigh Homes

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It is a Melancholy Truth that Even Great People Have their Poor Relations!

I have asked you for a moral and spiritual restoration in the land, and give thanks that in Thy sovereignty Thou hast permitted a leader to lead us at this momentous hour of our history. Rules establish a sense of obligation and license as they apply to the microacts of seeing, thinking about, remembering, recognizing, feeling, or display. Consider, for example, the relation of obligation to act: “He will be obligated to precent himself from becoming so swollen with feelings and a readiness to act that he threatens the bounds regarding affect that have been established for him in the interaction.” Or, a gamesman “has a right to deeply involve himself.” Feelings are contributions to interactions via the passive medium of a bodily self. We act behaviorally, not affectively. The system affects our behaviour, not our feelings. Institutions—such as corporations control us not simply through their surveillance of our behaviour but through surveillance of our feelings. People actively manage feelings in order to make their personalities fit for public-contact work. Emotions signal messages to the individual. Anxiety signals the presence of a danger from within or outside the individual. It is a means by which the individual told of an apprehended danger. Similarly, other emotional states such as joy, sadness, and jealousy—can be seen as the senders of signals about the way of apprehending the inner and outer environment. #RandolphHarris 1 of 23

What we see is known to be mediated through our notions of what we expect to see. Prior expectations are part and parcel of what we see, and in the same way they are part of what we feel. This idea of prior expectation implies the existence of a prior self that does the expecting. For example, when we feel afraid, the fear signals danger. The realization of danger impinges on our sense of a self that is there to be endangered, a self we expect to persist in a relatively continuous way. Without this prior expectation of a continuous self, information about danger would be signaled in fundamentally different ways. Most of us maintain a prior expectation of a continuous self, but the character of the self we expect to maintain is subject to profoundly social influence. Insofar as our self and all we expect is social—as by the time of adulthood it inevitably is—the way emotion signals messages to us is also influenced by social factors. Mechanisms of defense are ways of altering the relation of expectation to grasped facts as well as ways of altering each in itself in order to avoid pain. Feelings signals not only a newly apprehended reality (outer or inner) but what that reality impinges upon—our prior self and expectations. Feeling signals perception and expectations to us, and turning this around, different patterns of perception and expectation correspond to different feeling names. #RandolphHarris 2 of 23

Since culture directs our seeing and expecting, it directs our feeling and our naming of feeling. In sadness, I am focusing of what I love, like, or want and also on the fact that it is not available to me. I do not focus on what has caused the loss or absence nor on my relation to the cause of the loss. I do focus on my relationship to the loved object. In nostalgia, the focal points are the same but the focus on the love or liking is stronger than the focus on what is gone, which adds sweetness to the bitterness of plain grief. In frustration, the focus is not on what I want that I do not have but on the self in this state of not having; the focus is on my not having rather than on the wanted thing. When we focus on the desirable qualities of a person or thing and on our closeness to one, or it, we call it love. When we focus on the desirable qualities of the person in light of some attention to social distance, we call it admiration. In awe, we take not of much greater social distance. As with all emotion, it is not that awe is a compound of entities in the sense that chemicals are compounds. What is combined are particular twists and turns of moment-to-moment noticings that lend context to seeing. As in the case of all emotions, too, what is noted is expected as relevant to the self. The emotion tells exactly how. #RandolphHarris 3 of 23

So long as I live my identity-for-myself, I experience my action as my very existence in the situation. My technique is simply what I am see doing as I pursue my projects. One’s intent to insert oneself into the social system with the status, responsibilities, and privileges is serious; that one is willing to undergo sacrifices in order to gain qualifications; that one is trying to learn from one’s predecessors. However, there is a limit to this learning. That is why many people become skilled at impersonating commitment. In time, their charade is discovered. The time to become self-conscious and to reflect upon one’s praxis is when it fails to yield hoped-for outcomes. However, so longas one is seriously addressing one’s task, one is a unified being; and effective action will emerge spontaneously, through trial-and-error in thought or deed. Humans learn as they pursue goals and project that have meaning for one. One is always learning something. Perhaps the key to the problem of independent learning lies in the phrase, “the leaner has the need and the capacity to assume responsibility for one’s own continuing learning.” It may well be that those who train young people in the ways of their group (a most necessary task) have overshot the mark; they have trained youngsters to believe that they cannot, dare not, learn anything without a trainer close at hand. The only safe and good learning is learning-for-the-trainer. #RandolphHarris 4 of 23

And the youngster, being human, independently learned something meaningful to them; namely, that it is dangerous or futile to become interested in something, to learn for oneself. It is only safe to learn for the teacher’s or for society’s approval. One set of image-molders, the teachers, have been commissioned by social leaders to shape youngsters to the acquiescent mode. They implement this commission by invalidating a child’s experience of spontaneous curiosity and fascination with aspects of the World. They insist one learn only when and what one is taught. One must learn for others. The teachers and parents have robbed children of their autonomy—their capacity to experience amazement, wonder, and fascination—by invalidating it whenever it appears. Then, they look at their product and find it wanting; they produced a Golem, a humanoid, a “dependent learner.” Now we are asked to breathe life into it. We are caught on the horns of a dilemma. Children must be shown the ways of their group; they must be taught and trained. However, they must also be able to transcend this training and learn for themselves, if they are to experience their lives as meaningful, and if the society in which they live is to grow and change. #RandolphHarris 5 of 23

The question is, how is it possible to reconcile the contradiction between teaching children for society and letting them learn for themselves, such that children can serve their society without loss of freedom and capacity to go beyond what they have been taught? This is the same problem, writ large, that every serious teacher—of piano, of art, of psychotherapy, business and economic, or even teaching—faces: how can one teach a pupil in the fundamental techniques of this art without producing a mere technician? In any of these arts, we wish the learner to commit himself, to be willing to struggle for objectives beyond mastery of exercises and technique (learning experienced as “for-the-teacher”) and even beyond current goals. We hope one will seek to make actual one’s own image (not one’s teacher’s image) of beautiful music, pictures, healthy personalities, or independent leaners. If the teacher has been effective, one will have shown one’s pupil that techniques are no more than a beginner’s set of tools, to be used up to the point that an impasse is reached. Then, true artist, the involved therapist, the committed teacher (committed to one’s own image of ultimate goals, not means), gropes and leaps into the unknown, exercising that courage that is not devoid of fear and trembling, to invent or discover new means to further one’s project of actualizing the image. #RandolphHarris 6 of 23

If the old versions of ultimate goals have lost meaning, the pupil will envision new embodiments of them. Our inference can be either immediate—a sudden intuition—or a result of longer reflection. In the latter case, the inner clue is really our memory of a feeling, and here culture may influence how we remember. Some people tend to upgrade feeling in retrospect, to remember feeling happier than they actually did at the time, whereas others downgrade feeling in retrospect. When we use our feelings as a clue to outer reality, we seem to presuppose certain things, namely, that emotion provides information about what we expect and desire, and about what we see our imagine as a new reality. Thus, emotion functions as a prism through which we may reconstruct what is often invisible or unconscious—what we must have wished, must have expected, must have seen or imagined to be true in the situation. From the colours of the prism we infer back what must have been behind and within it. “I did not know she cared so deeply,” and “I did not know the situation was that bad,” are various of reality that we infer from feeling. In addition we may “ride over” a feeling (such as a nagging sense of depression) in the attempt to feel cheerful. When we meet an inward resistance, we “put on” the cheer. When we meet no inward resistance we amplify a feeling: we “put it out.” #Randolphharris 7 of 23

However, neurotic troubles will soon follow upon an attempt at self-repression; for example, a neurosis will soon avenger her upon the unloved husband and cause him just as much unpleasantness and sorrow as the real truth would cause him had he known. Modern conditions created a moral imagination which could define inauthenticity as a problem, for among so many prejudices and false passions, it is necessary to know how to analyze the human heart and to disentangle the true feelings of nature. The intensity of pleasure or the enjoyment which indicates well-being is the intensity of pure sensation; and that while the intensity of such sensations can be experienced and known by the subject, it is impossible for others to know it or to infer it with reasonable certainty. If we can decide whether a change in the basic structure makes one better or worse off, we can determine one’s best situation to another. The primary social goods, to give them in broad categories, are rights and liberties, opportunities and powers, income and wealth. (A very important primary good is a sense of one’s own worth.) It seems evident that in general these things fit the description of primary goods. They are social goods in view of their connection with the basic structure; liberties and powers are defined by the rules of major institutions and the distribution of income and wealth is regulated by them. #RandolphHarris 8 of 23

A person’s good is determined by what is for one the most rational long-term plan of life given reasonably favourable circumstances. A person is happy when one is more or less successfully in the way of carrying out this plan. The good is the satisfaction of rational desire. We are to suppose, then, that each individual has a rational plan of life drawn up subject to the conditions that confront one. This plan is designed to permit the harmonious satisfaction of one’s interest. It schedules activities so that various desires can be fulfilled without interference. It is arrived at by rejecting other plans that are either less likely to success or do not provide for such an inclusive attainment of aims. Given the alternatives available, a rational plan is one which cannot be improved upon; there is no other plan which, taking everything into account, would be preferable. It is assumed that the members of society are rational persons able to adjust their conceptions of the good to their situation. There is no necessity to compare the worth of the conceptions of different persons once it is supposed they are compatible with the principles of justice. Everyone is assured an equal liberty to pursue whatever plan of life one pleases as long as it does not violate what justice demands. People share in primary goods on the principle that someone can have more if they are acquired in ways which improve the situation of those who have less. #RandolphHarris 9 of 23

Once the whole arrangement is set up and going on questions are asked about the total of satisfactions or perfections, things work themselves out according to the principles that would be chosen in the original position. On this concept of social justice, then, expectations are defined as the index of primary goods that a representative being can reasonably look forward to. A person’s prospects are improved when one can anticipate a preferred collection of these goods. We learn thence the great force of custom and education, which would mould the human mind from its infancy, and form it into a fixed and established character. Is the behaviour and conduct of one gender very unlike that of the other? It is thence we become acquainted with the different characters, which nature has impressed upon the genders, and which she preserves with constancy and regularity. Are the actions of the same person much diversified in the different periods of one’s life, from infancy to old age? This affords room for many general observations concerning the gradual change of our sentiments and inclinations, and the different maxims, which prevail in the different ages of human creatures. #RandolphHarris 10 of 23

Even the characters, which are peculiar to each individual, have a uniformity in their influence; otherwise our acquaintance with the persons and our observations of their conduct, could never teach us their dispositions, or serve to direct our behaviour with regard to them. One day, driving back to the office from an appointment, I was grappling with some difficult circumstances in my life and feeling a bit sorry for myself. However, as I drive, I tried to focus my mind on some portions of Scripture and reflect on them rather than on my problems. As I did this, I thought of Colossians 3.12-14, “Therefore, as God’s chosen people, holy and dearly loved, clothe yourselves with compassion, kindness, humility, gentleness and patience. Bear with each other and forgive whatever grievance you may have against one another. Forgive as the Lord forgave you. And over all these virtues put on love, which binds them all together in perfect unity.” When reflecting on this passage, my mind goes directly to the character traits we are to put on: compassion, kindness, humility, gentleness, patience, forbearance, and love. I had never paid attention to the apostle Paul’s introductory phrase: “Therefore, as God’s chosen people, holy and dearly loved.” To me Paul was saying nothing more than, “Since you are Christians, act like Christians.” #RandolphHarris 11 of 23

Behaving like good Christians is our duty, the traits of Christ’s character we should seek after. However, that day the Holy Spirit caused my mind to focus on the two words “dearly loved.” It was as if He said to me, “William, you are feeling sorry for yourself; but the truth is, you are dearly loved by God.” Dearly loved by God—what an incredible thought! However, it is true, and that afternoon the Holy Spirit drove home to my heart the wonderful truth with such force that my self-pity was completely dispelled. Pity. The phrase “take pity” came into common use with the establishment of the Christian church. The church, in turn, came to power in an age known for extreme differences in wealth and generally brutalizing conditions of life. There were, in addition, communal ties between people who were in dire need—widows, orphans, the elderly—and people who could “take pity” and provide for them. Now that almsgiving has been bureaucratized so that giver and receiver remain unknown to each other, the perceptual focus that corresponds to pity is less common. As certain social conditions, habits of seeing, and namable feelings fade from a culture, others enter. I continued on to our office rejoicing in the fact that, despite my difficult circumstances, I was dearly loved by God. #RandolphHarris 12 of 23

Of course, the main thrust of Paul’s teaching in this passage is that we are to clothe ourselves with Christlike virtues, what I call “garments of grace.” However, he grounds is exhortation on the grace of God—on the fact that we are chosen by Him, holy in His sight, and dearly loved by Him. It is difficult, perhaps impossible, for us to show compassion or patience to someone else if we are not sure God is patient with us—or, worse, if we do not sense the need for God is to be patient with us. So these garments of gracious Christian character can only be put on by those who are consciously experiencing God’s grace in their own lives. Having experience God’s grace, we are then called on to extend that grace to others. The evidence of whether we are living by His grace is to be found in the way we treat other people. If we see ourselves as sinners and totally unworthy in ourselves of God’s compassion, patience, and forgiveness, then we will want to be gracious to others. God’s grace is indeed meant to be transforming grace. As Paul said in Titus 2.11-12, “For the grace of God that brings salvation has appeared to all humans. It teaches us to say, ‘No’ to ungodliness and Worldly passions, and to live self-controlled, upright and Godly lives in this present age.” #RandolphHarris 13 of 23

The grace of God bring salvation, not only from guilt and condemnation of sin, but also from the reign of sin in our lives. It teaches us to say “No” to ungodly character traits, but also to say “Yes” to Godly character traits. God’s grace teaches us to clothe ourselves with “garments of grace.” Paul listed eight different character traits in Colossians 3.12-14 with which we are to clothe ourselves. I did a detailed study on most of these traits, as well as others, and these five traits are particularly related to grace: gratitude, contentment, humility, forbearance, and forgiveness. “And it came to pass that in this same year, behold, Nephi delivered up the judgment-seat to a man whose name was Cezoram. For as their laws and their governments were established by the voice of the people, and they who chose evil were more numerous than they who chose good, therefore they were ripening for destruction., for the laws had become corrupted. Yea, and this was not all; they were a stiffnecked people, insomuch that they could not be governed by the law nor justice, save it were to their destruction. And it came to pass that Nephi had become weary because of their iniquity; and he yielded up the judgment-seat, and took it upon him to preach the word of God all the remainder of his day, and his brother Lehi also, all the remainder of his day. #RandolphHarris 14 of 23

“For they remembered the word which their father Helaman spake unto them. And these are the words which he spake: Behold, my sons, I desire that ye should remember to keep the commandments of God; and I would that ye should declare unto the people these words. Behold, I have given unto you the names of our first parents who came out of the land of Jerusalem; and this I have done that when you remember your names ye may remember them ye may remember their works ye may know how that it is said, and also written, that they were good. Therefore, my sons, I would that ye should do that which is good, that it maybe said of you, and also written, even as it has been said and written of them. And now my sons, behold I have somewhat more to desire of you, which desire is, that ye may not do these things to lay up for yourselves a treasure in Heaven, yea, which is eternal, and which fadeth not away; yea, that ye may have that precious gift of eternal life, which we have reason to suppose hath been given to our fathers. O Remember, remember, my sons, the words which king Benjamin spake unto his people; yea, remember that there is no other way nor means whereby humans can be saved, only through the atoning blood of Jesus Christ, who shall come; yea, remember that he cometh to redeem the World. #RandolphHarris 15 of 23

“And remember also the word which Amulek spake unto Zeezrom, in the city of Ammonihah; for he said unto him that the Lord surely should come to redeem his people, but that he should not come to redeem them from their sins. And he hath power given unto him from the Father to redeem them from their sins because of repentance; therefore he hath sent his angels to declare the tidings of the conditions of repentance, which bringeth unto the power of the Redeemer, unto the salvation of their souls. And now, my sons, remember, remember that it is upon the rock of our Redeemer, who is Christ, the Son of God, that ye must build your foundation; that when the devil shall send forth his mighty winds, yea, his shafts in the whirlwind, yea, when all his hail and his mighty storm shall beat upon you, it shall have no power over you to drag you down to the gulf of misery and endless wo, because of the rock upon which ye are built, which is a sure foundation, a foundation whereon if humans build they cannot fall. And it came to pass that these were the words which Helaman taught to his sons; yea, he did teach them many things which are not written, and also many things which are written. And they did remember his words; and therefore they went forth, keeping the commandments of God, to teach the word of God among all the people of Nephi, beginning at the city of Bountiful. #RandolphHarris 16 of 23
“And from thenceforth to the city of Gid; and from the city of Gid to the city of Mulek; and even from one city to another, until they had gone forth among all the people of Nephi who were in the land southward; and from thence into the land of Zarahemla, among the Lamanites. And it came to pass that they did preach with great power, insomuch that they did confound many of those dissenters who had gone over from the Nephites, insomuch that they came forth and did confess their sins and were baptized unto repentance, and immediately returned to the Nephites, insomuch that they came forth and did confess their sins and were baptized unto repentance, and immediately returned to the Nephites to endeavour to repair unto them the wrongs which they had done. And it came to pass that Nephi and Lehi did preach unto the Lamanites with such great power and authority, for they had power and authority given unto them that they might speak, and they also had what they should speak given unto them. Therefore they did speak unto the great astonishment of the Lamanites, to the convincing them, insomuch that there were eight thousand of the Lamanites who were in the land of Zarahemla and round about baptized unto repentance, and were convinced of the wickedness of the traditions of their fathers. #RandolphHarris 17 of 23

“And it came to pass that Nephi and Lehi did proceed from thence to go to the land of Nephi. And it came to pass that they were taken by an army of the Lamanites and cast into prison; yea, even in that same prison in which Ammon and his brethren were cast by the servants Limhi. And after they had been cast into prison many days without food, behold, they went forth into the prison to take them that they might slay them. And it came to pass that Nephi and Lehi were encircled about as if by fire, even insomuch that they durst not lay their hands upon them for fear lest they should be burned. Nevertheless, Nephi and Lehi were not burned; and they were as standing in the midst of fire and were not burned. And when they saw that they were encircled about with a pillar of fire, and that it burned them not, their hearts did take courage. For they saw that the Lamanites durst not lay their hands upon them, but stood as if they were struck dumb with amazement. And it came to pass that Nephi and Lehi did stand forth and began to speak unto them, saying: Fear not, for behold, it is God that has shown unto you this marvelous thing, in the which is shown unto you that ye cannot lay your hands on us to slay us. #RandolphHarris 18 of 23

“And behold, when they had said these words, the Earth shook exceedingly, and the walls of the prison did shake as if they were about to tumble to the Earth; but behold, they did not fall. And behold, they that were in prison were Lamanites and Nephites who were dissenters. And it came to pass that they were overshadowed with a cloud of darkness, and an awful solemn fear came upon them. And it came to pass that there came a voice as if it were above the cloud of darkness, saying: Repent ye, repent ye, and seek no more to destroy my servants whom I have sent unto you to dealer good tidings. And it came to pass when they heard this voice, and beheld that it was not a voice of a great tumultuous noise, but behold, it was a still voice of perfect mildness, as if it had been a whisper, and it did pierce even to the very soul—and notwithstanding the mildness of the voice, behold the Earth shook exceedingly, and the walls of the prison trembled again, as if it were about to tumble to the Earth; and behold the could of darkness, which had overshadowed them, and did not disperse—and behold the voice came again, saying: Repent ye, repent ye, for the Kingdom of Heaven is at hand; and seek no more to destroy my servants. And it came to pass that the Earth shook again, and the walls trembled. #RandolphHarris 19 of 23

“And also again the third time the voice came, and did speak unto them marvelous words which cannot be uttered by man; and the walls did tremble again, and the Earth shook as if it were about to divide asunder. And it cam to pass that the Lamanites could not flee because of the cloud of darkness which did overshadow them; yea, and also they were immovable because of the fear which did come upon them. Now there was one among them who was a Nephite by birth, who had once belonged to the church of God but had dissented from them. And it came to pass that he turned him about, and behold, he saw through the cloud of darkness the faces of Nephi and Lehi; and behold, they did shine exceedingly, even as the faces of angels. And he behold that they did lift their eyes to Heaven; and they were in the attitude as if talking or lifting their voices to some being whom they beheld. And it came to pass that this man did cry unto the multitude, that they might turn and look. And behold, there was power given unto them that they did turn and look; and they did behold the faces of Nephi and Lehi. And they said unto the man: Behold, what do all these things mean, and who is it with whom these men do converse? Now that man’s name was Aminadab. And Aminadab said unto them: They do converse with the angels of God. #RandolphHarris 20 of 23

“And it came to pass that the Lamanites said unto him: What shall we do, that this could of darkness may be removed from overshadowing us? And Aminadab said unto them: You must repent, and cry unto the voice, even until ye shall have faith in Christ, who was taught unto you by Alma, and Amulek, and Zeezrom; and when ye shall be removed from overshadowing us? And Aminadab said unto them: You must repent, and cry unto the voice, even until ye shall have faith in Christ, who was taught unto you by Alma, and Amulek, and Zeezom; and when ye shall do this, the cloud of darkness shall be removed from overshadowing you. And it came to pass that they did begin to cry unto the voice of him who had shaken the Earth; yea, they did cry even until the cloud of darkness was dispersed. And it came to pass that when they cast their eyes about, and saw that the cloud of darkness was dispersed from overshadowing them, behold, they saw that they were encircled about, every soul, by a pillar of fire. And Nephi and Lehi were in the midst of them; yea, they were encircled about; yea, they were as if in the midst of a flaming fire, yet if did harm them not, neither did it take hold upon the walls of the prison; and they were filled with that joy which is unspeakable and full of glory. #RandolphHarris 21 of 23

“And behold, the Holy Spirit of God did come down from Heaven, and did enter into their hearts, and they were filled as if with fire, and they could speak forth marvelous words. And it came to pass that there came a voice unto them, yea, a pleasant voice, as if it were a whisper, saying: Peace, peace be unto you, because of your faith in my Well Beloved, who was from the foundation of the World. And now, when they heard this they cast up their eyes as if to behold from whence the voice came; and behold, they saw the Heavens open; and angels came down out of Heaven and ministered unto them. And there were about three hundred souls who saw and heard these things; and they were bidden to go forth and marvel not, neither should they doubt. And it came to pass that they did go forth, and did minister unto the people, declaring throughout all the regions round about all the things which they had heard and seen, insomuch that the more part of the Lamanites were convinced of them, because of the greatness of the evidences which they had received. And as many as were convinced did lay down their weapons of war, and also their hatred and the tradition of their fathers. And it came to pass that they did yield up unto the Nephites the lands of their possession,” reports Helaman 5.1-52. #RandolphHarris 22 of 23

May I descend with God, may I rise with God. God Whose wings support all beings, please by my help, please by my supporter. I call on you Father, Lord, King, Almighty, Most High. God, best and greatest, please rule in splendor. Love’s dear patron, handsome king. Bright shield, bright spear, bright God, please come. May no act of mind disturb your feather. Our God and God of our fathers, may our remembrance and the remembrance of our forefathers come before Thee. Remember the Messiah of the house of David, Thy servant, and Jerusalem, Thy holy city, and all Thy people, the house of Israel. Please grant us deliverance and well being, lovingkindness, life and peace on this day of On Rosh Hodesh say (the New Moon), On Pesah say (the Feast of Unleavened Bread), On Sukkot say: (the Feast of Tabernacles). Remember us this say, O Lord our God, for our good, and please be mindful of us for a life of blessing. With Thy promise of salvation and mercy, please deliver us and be gracious unto us, have compassion upon us and save us. Unto Thee do we lift our eyes for Thou art a gracious and merciful God and King. O may our eyes witness They return to Zion. Blessed art Thou, O Lord, who restores Thy divine presence unto Zion. We thankfully acknowledge Thee, O Lord our God, or fathers’ God to all eternity. #RandolphHarris 23 of 23

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The Quality of Mercy is Not Strained, it Droppeth as the Gentle Rain from Heaven Upon the Place Beneath!
Although the World is full of suffering, it is also full of the overcoming of it. Revolution does not occur when things get bad enough but when things get better—when small improvements generate rising aspirations and decrease tolerance for long-existing injustices. The “make things worse” approach is not only strategic, it is not even revolutionary—it seeks unconsciously to preserve, while at the same time discrediting, parental authority. The emotional logic behind it might be expressed as: “if things get bad enough, they will see that it is unfair.” As most people know, radical movements are always plagued with people who want to lose, want to be stopped, want in effect to be put under protective custody. The make-it-worse position is based on the same assumption as the “backlash” position, which argues that “if you go too far, they will turn against you.” Both view public opinion as a kind of judicial Good Parent, and exaggerate the importance of transient public sentiment. Both underestimate the importance, for creating change, of prolonged exposure to new ideas. There is no such thing as a situation so intolerable that human beings must necessarily rise up against it. People can bear it. #RandolphHarris 1 of 27

The job of the revolutionary is to show people that things can be better and to move them directly and unceasingly word that goal. The better things get the more aware people become that they need not tolerate the injustices and miseries that remain. By the same token, the worst backlash situation is always better than the pre-change condition. Backlash implies that people once accepted and then came to reject change, but this is not the case. It is merely that the significance of the change—the reality of it—was not yet understood. Backlash is simply part of the educative process—the process of learning that change means change. It is behaviour and institutions that the true revolutionary seeks to change—the good or bad opinion of those around one is of little consequence. The backlash-avoider is saying, “if we go too far, people will think badly of me.” Thus is seems probably if the privileges and powers of legislators and judges say, improve the situation of the less favoured, they improve that of citizens generally. However, procedural justice is rare, if not impossible, in cases of much practical interest. Imperfect procedural justice is exemplified by criminal trial. The desired outcome is if and only if the defendant has committed the offense which one is charged with, one should be declared guilty. #RandolphHarris 2 of 27

The trial procedure is framed to search for and to establish the truth in this regard. However, it seems impossible to design the legal rules so that they always lead to the correct result. The theory of trials examines which procedures and rules of evidence, and the like, are best calculated to advance this purpose consistent with the other ends of the law. Different arrangements for hearing cases may reasonably be expected in different circumstances to yield the right results, not always but at least most of the time. A trial, then, is an instance of imperfect procedural justice. Even though the law is carefully followed, and the proceedings fairly and properly conducted, it may reach the wrong outcome. An innocent person may be found guilty, a guilty person may be set free. In such cases we speak of a miscarriage of justice: the injustice springs from no human fault but from a fortuitous combination of circumstances which defeats the purpose of the legal rules. The characteristic mark of imperfect procedural justice is that while there is an independent criterion for the correct outcome, there is no feasible procedure which is sure to lead to it. By contrast, pure procedural justice obtains when there is no independent criterion for the right result: instead there is correct or fair procedure such that the outcome is likewise correct or fair, whatever it is, provided that the procedure has been properly followed. #RandolphHarris 3 of 27

The situation of pure procedural justice is illustrated by gambling. If a number of persons engage in a series of fair bets, the distribution of cash after the last bet is fair, or at least not unfair, whatever this distribution is. I assume here that fair bets are those having a zero expectation of gain, that the bets are made voluntarily, that no one cheats, and so on. The betting procedure is fair and freely entered into under conditions that are fair. Thus the background circumstances define a fair procedure. Now any distribution of cash summing to the initial stock held by all individuals could result from a series of fair bets. In this sense all of these particular distributions are equally fair. A distinctive feature of pure procedural justice is that the procedure for determining the just result must actually be carried out; for in these cases there is no independent criterion by reference to which a definite outcome can be known to be just. Clearly we cannot say that a particular state of affairs is just because it could have been reached by following a fair procedure. This would permit far too much and would lead to absurdly unjust consequences. It would allow one to say that almost any distribution of good is just, or fair, since it could have come about as a result of fair gambles. #RandolphHarris 4 of 27

Be not afraid of greatness: some people are born great, some achieve greatness, and some have greatness thrust upon them. What makes the final outcome of betting fair, or not unfair, is that the one which has arisen after a series of fair gambles. A fair procedure translates its fairness to the outcome only when it is actually carried out. In order, therefore, to apply the notion of pure procedural justice to distributive shares it is necessary to set up and to administer impartially a just system of institutions. Only against the background of a just basic structure, including a just political constitution and a just arrangement of economic and social institutions, can one say that the requisite just procedure exists. Suppose that law and government act effectively to keep markets competitive, resources fully employed, property and wealth (especially if private ownerships of the means of production is allowed) widely distributed by the appropriate forms of taxation, or whatever, and to guarantee a reasonable social minimum. Assume also that there is fair equality of opportunity underwritten by education for all; and that the others equal liberties are secured. Then it would appear that the resulting distribution of income and the pattern of expectations will tend to satisfy the difference principle. #RandolphHarris 5 of 27

In this complex of institutions, which we think of as establishing social justice in the modern state, the advantages of better situated improved the condition of the least favoured. Or when they do not, they can be adjusted to do so, for example, by setting the social minimum at the appropriate level. As these institutions presently exist they are riddle with grave injustices. However, there presumably are ways of running them compatible with their basic design and intention so that the difference principle is satisfied consistent the demands of liberty and fair equality of opportunity. It is this fact which underlies our assurance that these arrangements can be made just. It is evident that the role of the principle of fair opportunity is to insure that the system of cooperation is one of pure procedural justice. Unless it is satisfied, distributive justice could not be left to take care of itself, even within a restricted range. Now the great practical advantage of pure procedural justice is that it is no longer necessary in meeting the demands of justice to keep track of the endless variety of circumstances and the changing relative positions of particular persons. One avoids the problem of defining principles to cope with the enormous complexities which would arise if such details were relevant. #RandolphHarris 6 of 27

It is a mistake to focus attention on the varying relative position of individuals and to require that every change, considered as a single transaction viewed in isolation, be in itself just. It is the arrangement of the basic structure which is to be judged, and judged from a general point of view. Unless we are prepared to criticize it from the standpoint of a relevant representative person in some particular position, we have no complaint against it. Thus the accepted of the two principles constitutes an understanding to discard as irrelevant as a matter of social justice much of the information and many of the complications of everyday life. In pure procedural justice, then, distributions of advantaged are not appraised in the first instance by confronting a stock of benefits available with given desires and needs of known individuals. The allotment of the items produced takes place in accordance with the public system of rules, and this system determines what is produced, how much is produced, and by what means. It also determines legitimate claims the honouring of which yields the resulting distribution. Thus in this kind of procedural justice the correctness of the distribution is founded on the justice of the scheme of cooperation from which it arises and on answering the claims of individuals engaged in it. #RandolphHarris 7 of 27

A distribution cannot be judged in isolation from the system of which it is the outcome or from what individuals have done in good faith in the light of established expectations. If it is asked in the abstract whether one distribution of a given stock of things to definite individuals with known desires and preferences is better than another, then there is simply no answer to this question. The conception of the two principles does not interpret the primary problem of distributive justice as one of allocative justice. By contrast the allocative conception of justice seems naturally to apply when a given collection of goods is to be divided among definite individuals with known desires and needs. The goods to be allotted are not produced by these individuals, nor do these individuals stand in any existing cooperative relations. Since there are no prior claims on the things to be distributed, it is natural to share them out according to desires and needs, or even to maximize the balance of satisfaction. Justice becomes a kind of efficiency, unless equality is preferred. Suitably generalized, the allocative conception lead to the classical utilitarian view. For as we have seen, this doctrine assimilates justice to the benevolence of the impartial spectator and the later in turn to the most efficient design of institutions to promote the greatest balance. #RandolphHarris 8 of 27

On this conception society is thought of as so many separate individuals each defining a separate line along which rights and duties are to be assigned and scarce means of satisfaction allocated in accordance with rules so as to give the most complete fulfillment of desire. Utilitarianism does not interpret the basic structure as a scheme of pure procedural justice. For the utilitarian has, in principle anyway, an independent standard for judging all distributions, namely, whether they produce the greatest net balance of satisfaction. Institutions are more or less imperfect arrangements for bringing about this end. Thus given existing desires and preference, and the natural continuation into the future which they allow, the stateman’s aim is to set up those social schemes that will best approximate an already specific goals. Since these arrangements are subject to the unavoidable constraints and hindrances of everyday life, the basic structure is a case of imperfect procedural justice. The two parts of the second principle are lexically ordered. Thus we have one lexical ordering within another. However, when necessary, this ordering can be modified in the light of the general conception of justice. The advantage of the special conception is that is has a definite shape and suggests certain questions for investigation, for example, under what conditions if any would the lexical ordering be chosen? #RandolphHarris 9 of 27

Our inquiry is given a particular direction and is no longer confined to generalities. Of course, this conception of distributive shares is obviously a great simplification. It is designed to characterize in a clear way a basic structure that makes use of the idea of pure procedural justice. However, all the same we should attempt to find simple concepts that can be assembled to give a reasonable conception of justice. The notions of the basic structure, of the veil of ignorance, of a lexical order, of the least favoured position, as well as of pure procedural justice are all examples of this. By themselves none of these could be expected to work, but properly put together they may serve well enough. It is too much to suppose that there exists for all or even most moral problems a reasonable solution. Perhaps only a few can be satisfactorily answered. In any case social wisdom consist in framing institutions so that intractable difficulties do not often arise and in accepting the need for clear and simple principles. The “war on poverty” may have done very little to alleviate poverty and nothing at all to remove its causes, but it raised a lot of expectations, created many visions of the possibilities for change, altered a large number of people to existing inadequacies in the system and to the relative efficacy of various strategies for eliminating them. #RandolphHarris 10 of 27
Reform and change are thus complementary rather than antagonistic. Together they make it possible continually to test the limits of what can be done. Some people never know whether the door is unlocked because they are afraid to try it. Others, on the other hand, miss many opportunities for small advances because they are unwilling to settle for so little. There are often times conflicting forces in society. One seeks to remake the World to make it tolerable for us to live in, the other tries to cure us of our need to remake the World. Now the first task of a system is to maintain itself, and every system must therefore contain mechanisms to reactivate continually the motivational eccentricities that gave rise to it in the first place. Still, one cannot avoid a feeling of skepticism when it is proposed that institutional change alone will bring about motivational change. Closing down gambling casinos may reduce the volume of gambling but it does not end it. Only when institutions have been analyzed, discredited, disassembled, and the motivational forces that gave rise to them redirected into alternative spheres of gratification only then can change take place. When people can predict and influence their daily social encounters with greater ease, then they feel less manipulated and intruded upon. #RandolphHarris 11 of 27
The longing for quiet, privacy, independence, initiative, and some open space says that something is preventing it from being gratified. These qualities are a foundation-stone of American society—of the suburbs. The total experience of the total humans then is of overcoming alienation, and of the subject-object split in perceiving the World; the uncovering of the unconscious means the overcoming of affective contamination and cerebration; it means the depression, the abolition of the split within myself between the universal human and the social humans; it means the arriving at the state of the immediate grasp of reality, without distortion and without interference by intellectual reflections; it means overcoming the craving to hold on to the ego, to worship it; it means giving up the illusion of an indestructible separate ego, which is to be enlarged, preserved and as the Egyptian pharaohs hoped to preserve themselves as mummies of eternity. To be conscious of the unconscious means to be open, responding, to have nothing and to be. If the new culture fails, it will be corrupted into a reactionary parody of itself. Much like we are seeing from many public and private institutions and people in society today. The problem is the we spend hundreds of billions of dollars ending lives and punishing people, but almost nothing to enhance the joys of living. #RandolphHarris 12 of 27

Policies are rules are becoming an excuse for tyrannical force. It is like we no longer care about humanity or beautifying our communities. I recognize the desperate longing in America for stability, for some fixed reference point when all else is swirling about in endless flux. However, to cling to oppression and threats is the act of a hopeless addict, who, when one’s increasingly expensive habit has destroyed everything else in one’s life, embraces one’s destroyer more fervently than ever. The radical change I am suggesting here is only the reinstatement of stability itself. It may appear highly unappealing, like all cold-turkey cures, but nothing else will stop the spiraling disruption to which our old culture premises have brought us. Most old-cultural premises are built upon a self-deception: we pretend that through it we actually achieve social stability—that technological change can be confined within its own sphere. Yet obviously this is not so. Technological instability creates social stability as well, and we lose our way. California’s ban on gasoline powered cars by 2030 is an example. Imagine how many people and businesses that will harm. That is just nine years away. How long is it since anyone has said: “this is a pernicious invention, which will bring more misery than happiness to humankind?” #RandolphHarris 13 of 27
Some comments occur only in horror and science-fiction films, and even there, in the face of the most calamitous outcomes that jaded and overtaxed brains can device, the audience often feels a twinge of discomfort over the burning laboratory or the lost secret. We need to develop a human-value index—a criterion that assesses the ultimate worth of an invention or a system or a product in terms of its total impact on human life in terms of ends rather than means. We would then evaluate the achievements of medicine not in terms of human-hours or prolonged (and often comatose) life, or the volume of drugs sold, but in terms f the overall increase (or decrease) in human beings feeling healthy. We would evaluate city planning and housing programs not in terms of the number of bodies incarcerated in a given location, or the number of millions given to contractors, but in terms of the extent to which people take joy in their surroundings. We would evaluate the worth of an industrial firm not in terms of the money made of the number of widgets manufactured or sold, or how distended the organizations has become, but in terms of how much pleasure or satisfaction has been given to people. #RandolphHarris 14 of 27
It is not without significance that we tend to appraise a nation today in terms of its gross national product—a phrase whose connotations speaks for themselves. Americans are trained by advertising media to identify immediately with the person who actually uses the new products. When one thinks of owning a flying saucer, the American imagines oneself inside it, flying about and having fun. One does not think of oneself trying to sleep and having others Americans roaring by one’s window. Nor does one think of oneself trying to enjoy peace and quiet in the country with other Americans flying above. Nor does one even think of other Americans accompanying one in one’s flight and colliding with one as they all crowd into the city. The American never thinks of other Americans at all—it is one’s most characteristic trait that one imagines oneself to be alone on the continent. Furthermore, Americas are always hung over from some blow dealt them by their technological environment and are always looking for a fix—for some pleasurable escape from what technology has itself created. All of the people packed into downtown centers now are watched by cameras and police. Because of the influx of the population, there is always construction going on and unnecessary noise. Alarms going on in the middle of the night, a leaf blower party waking them up in the morning. No parking. #RandolphHarris 15 of 27
As the downtown community becomes less and less satisfying and pleasurable to be, people more and more look to escape from it. The saucers will simply extend this process further. People will take to their saucers to escape the hell of a saucer-filled environment, and the more they do the more unbearable that hell will become. How far can it go? What new inventions will be offered the staggering American to help one blow up one’s life? Will one finally flee to outer space, leaving the nest one has so industriously fouled behind one forever? Can one really find some means to propel oneself so fast that one will escape one’s own inventive destructiveness? The old-culture American needs to reconsider one’s commitment to technological “progress.” Cars have some many computers in them now that they are so expensive to buy. If we fail to kick the technology habit, we may retain our culture and lose our lives. Transitions are always fraught with risk and discomfort and insecurity, but we do not enjoy the luxury of postponement. It has taken us a long time to realize that seeking to surpass others might be pathological, and trying to enjoy and cooperate with others healthy, rather than the other way around. We continually turn to technology to save us from having to cooperate with each other. #RandolphHarris 16 of 27
I can buy shoddy goods and poisoned food, and satisfy ersatz needs. Our refusal to recognize our common economic destiny leads to the myth that if we all overcharge each other we will be better off. This self-delusion is even more extraordinary when we consider issues of health and safety. To some extend wealthy does purchase immunity from the effects of the crimes perpetrated to obtain it. Executives can live in the country, instead of cities polluted with noise and poor air quality. However, we cannot understand the irresponsibility of some corporations without recognizing that it includes and assumes a willingness on the part of corporate leaders to endanger themselves and their families for the short-run profit of the corporation. Humans have always been able to subordinate human values to the mechanisms they create. We cannot expect, after all, that everyone will arise one morning resolved simultaneously to act on different premises, and thus miraculously change the society. Competitive environments are difficult to modify, since whoever takes the first step is extremely like to go under. Americans need to be motivated by something other than greed. People engaged in helping others, in making communities viable, in making the environment more attractive, would be able to live more comfortably if they wished. #RandolphHarris 17 of 27

There is no particular reason why the United States of American could not become the center of the most beautiful, benign, and exciting culture the World has ever known. We cannot accept sayings like, “It is what it is,” or “It is a sign of the time,” we have to do better. The ability to maintain a permanent concentration of power depends upon the ability to maintain a healthy and strong population. We have to detach power from those who hate life and would rather die themselves than see others enjoying it. This involves overcoming of greed in all forms, whether it is the greed for possession, fame, or for affection; it implies overcoming narcissistic self-glorification and the illusion of omnipotence. It implies, furthermore, the overcoming of the desire to submit to an authority who solves one’s own problem of existence. Just as one has recognized that the cure of a symptom and the prevention of future symptom formations is not possible without the analysis and change of the character, one must also recognize that the change of this or that neurotic character trait is not possible without pursuing the more radical aim of a complete transformation of the person. When the achievement of idolatry, destructiveness, greed for property or fame breaks down, one’s sanity is threatened. The cure of the potential insanity lies only in the change in attitude from split and alienation to the creative, immediate grasp of and response to the World. #RandolphHarris 18 of 27

Someone may be cured of a symptom, but one cannot be cured of a character neurosis. Humans are not things, humans are not a case, and the analyst does not cure anyone by treating one as an object. We must take steps to reach full enlightenment. If one candle is brought into an absolutely dark room, the darkness disappears, and there is light. However, if ten or a hundred or a thousand candles are added, the room will become brighter and brighter. Yet the decisive change was brought about by the first candle which penetrated the darkness. One person can make a difference. People usually attract like beings. Set an example. Do good and others will follow. What happens in the analytic process? A person sense for the first time that one is vain, that one is frightened, that one hates, while consciously one had believed oneself to be modest, brave and loving. The new insight may hurt one, but it opens the door; it permits one to stop projecting on others what one represses in oneself. One proceeds; one experiences the infant, the child, the adolescent, the criminal, the insane, the saint, the artist, the unity within oneself; one gets more deeply in touch with humanity, with the universal being; one represses less, is freer, has less need to project, to cerebrate. #RandolphHarris 19 of 27
Then one may experience for the first time how one sees colours, how one sees a ball roll, how one’s ears are suddenly fully opened to music, when up to now one only listened to it; in sensing one’s oneness and others, one may have a first glimpse of the illusion that one’s separate individual ego is something to hold on to, to cultivate to save; one will experience the futility of seeking the answer to life by having oneself, rather than by being and becoming oneself. All these are sudden, unexpected experiences with no intellectual content; ye afterwards the person feels freer, stronger, less anxious than one ever felt before. Transformation of unconscious into consciousness is the way we approach enlightenment. By becoming less strange to ourselves, we go through this process of becoming less estranged to the World; because we have opened up communication with the Universe within ourselves, we have opened up communication with the Universe outside. False consciousness disappears, and with it the polarity consciousness. A new realism dawns in which the mountains are mountains again. We throw light on the nature of insight, and heighten the sense of what it is to see, what it is to be creative, what it is to overcome the affective contaminations and false intellectualization which are necessary results of experience based on the subject-object split. #RandolphHarris 20 of 27

Ministering to one another in time of need is an important means by which the Holy Spirit mediates His grace to us. We do need each other’s help to appropriate the grace of God. “Two are better than one, because they have a good return for their work: If one falls down, one’s friend can help one up. However, pity the person who falls and has no one to help one up,” reports Ecclesiastes 4.9-10. Self-sufficient independence seems to be a hallmark of western culture. However, none of us is self-sufficient—even in our personal, private relationship with God. God leads us to specific people with whom we can develop such a mutual relationship. Do not be surprised, however, if God answers your prayer for a friend or friends in an unexpected way. He may bring into your life someone whom you have not thought as a possibility. Furthermore, do not just share your struggles with your friend, and above all, do not just commiserate with one another. Remember, we are to be ministers of grace to each other. We are to seek to be avenues of the Holy Spirit to help the other person appropriate the grace of God. Do you think no one is concerned for you, no one cares for you? If so, then you need one or more friends who will be ministers of grace to you. And very likely, you need to be a minister of grace to someone else. #RandolphHarris 21 of 27

We must not, however, expect, that uniformity of human actions should be carried to such a length, as that all humans, in the same circumstances, will always act precisely in the same manner, without making any allowance for the diversity of characters, prejudices, and opinions. Such a uniformity in every particular, is found in no part of nature. On the contrary, from observing the variety of conduct in different humans, we are enabled to form a greater variety of maxims, which still suppose a degree of uniformity and regularity. “And it came to pass in the fifty and fourth year there were many dissensions in the church, and there was also contention among the people, insomuch that there was much bloodshed. And the rebellious part were slain and driven out of the land, and they did go unto the king of the Lamanites. And it came to pass that they did endeavour to stir up the Lamanites to war against the Nephites; but behold, the Lamanites were exceedingly afraid, insomuch that they would not hearken to the words of those dissenters. However, it came to pass in the fifty and sixth year of the reign of the judges, there were dissenters who went up from the Nephites unto the Lamanites; and they succeeded with those others in stirring them up to anger against the Nephites; and they were all that year preparing for war. #RandolphHarris 22 of 27
“And in the fifty and seventh year they did come down against the Nephites to battle, and they did commence the work of death; yea, insomuch that in the fifty and eight year of the reign of the judges they succeeded in obtaining possession of the land of Zarahemla; yea, and also all the lands, even unto the land which was near the land of Bountiful. And the Nephites and the armies of Moronihah were driven even unto the land of Bountiful; and there they did fortify against the Lamanites, from the west sea, even unto the east; it being a day’s journey for a Nephite, on the line which they had fortified and stationed their armies to defend their north country. And thus those dissenters of the Nephites, with the help of a numerous army of the Lamanites, had obtained all the possession of the Nephites which was in the land southward. And all this was done in the fifty and eight and ninth years of the reign of the judges. And it came to pass in the sixtieth year of the reign of the judges, Moronihah did succeed with his armies in obtaining many parts of the land; yea, they regained many cities which had fallen into the hands of the Lamanites. And it came to pass in the sixty and first year of the reign of the judges they succeeded in regaining even the half of all their possessions. #RandolphHarris 23 of 27
“Now this great loss of the Nephites, and the great slaughter which was among them, would not have happened had it not been for their wickedness and their abomination which was among them; yea, and it was among those also who professed to belong to the church of God. And it was because of the pride of their hearts, because of the exceeding riches, yea, it was because of their oppression to the poor, withholding their food from the hungry, withholding their clothing from the naked, and smiting their humble brethren upon the cheek, making a mock of that which was sacred, denying the spirit of prophecy and of revelation, murdering, plundering, lying, stealing, committing adultery, rising up in great contentions, and deserting away into the land of Nephi, among the Lamanites—and because of this their great wickedness, and their boastings in their own strength, they were left in their own strength; therefore they did not prosper, but were afflicted and smitten, and driven before the Lamanites, until they had lost possession of almost all their lands. However, behold, Moronihah did preach many things unto the people because of their iniquity, and also Nephi and Lehi, who were the sons of Helaman, did preach many things unto the people, yea, and did prophesy many things unto the concerning their iniquities, and what should come unto them if they did not repent of their sins. #RandolphHarris 24 of 27

“And it came to pass that they did repent, and inasmuch as they did repent he did venture to lead them forth from place to place, and from city to city, even until they had regained the one-half of their property and the one-half of all their lands. And thus ended the sixty and first year of the reign of the judges. And it came to pass in this sixty and second year of the reign of the judges, that Moronihah could obtain no more possessions over the Lamanites. Therefore they did abandon their design to obtain the remainder of their lands, for so numerous were the Lamanites that it became impossible for the Nephites to obtain more power over them; therefore Moronihah did employ all his armies in maintaining those parts which he had taken. And it came to pass, because of the greatness of the number of the Lamanites the Nephites were in great fear, lest they should be overpowered, and trodden down, and slain, and destroyed. Yea, they began to remember the prophecies of Alma, and also the words of Mosiah; and they saw that they had been a stiffnecked people, and that they had set at naught the commandments of God; and that they had altered and trampled under their feet the laws of Mosiah, or what which the Lord commanded him to give unto the people. #RandolphHarris 25 of 27
“And they saw that their laws had become corrupted, and that they had become wicked people insomuch that they were wicked even like unto the Lamanites. And because of their iniquity the church had begun to dwindle; and they began to disbelieve in the spirit of prophecy and in the spirit of revelation; and the judgments of God did stare them in the face. And they saw that they had become weak, like unto their brethren the Lamanites, and that the Spirit of the Lord did no more preserve them; yea, it had withdrawn from them because the Spirit of the Lord doth not dwell in unholy temples—therefore the Lord did cease to preserve them by his miraculous and matchless power, for they had fallen into a state of unbelief and awful wickedness; and they saw that the Lamanites were exceedingly more numerous than they, and expect they should cleave unto the Lord their God they must unavoidably perish. For behold, they saw that the strength of the Lamanites was as great as their strength, even humans for human. And thus had they fallen into this great transgression; yea, thus had become weak, because of their transgression, in the space of not many years,” reports Helaman 4.1-26. #RandolphHarris 26 of 27
Run before me into battle, Jesus Christ, protect me in my fight. Shaft of reason, light within me. Please clear sight and reason, open my eyes. Christ, please ride the storm with me. The protection of our Saviour is within me. The love of our Saviour is within my heart. Dear Lord in Heaven, pleasue guide my way. Open the way, open the way, Lord, please open the way. Disputer of passings, opener of gates, Lord, please guide me through. Open the way, Saviour. Watcher of the threshold, please guide me and guard me. Be my force and fire, strength of arms. With divine might, may Christ come. Please give us abundantly of Thy goodness and make us rejoice in Thy salvation. Purify our hearts to serve Thee in truth. In Thy loving favour, O Lord our God, grant that Thy holy Sabbath be our joyous heritage, and may Israel who sanctifies Thy name, rest thereon. Blessed art Thou, O Lord, who hallowest the Sabbath. O Lord our God, be gracious unto Thy people of Israel and accept their prayer. Please restore the worship to Thy sanctuary and receive in love and favour the supplication of Israel. May the worship of Thy people be ever acceptable unto Thee. No one can more impressively set forth the truth, that only in doing God’s work can we enjoy His peace—that gift which the World can neither give nor take away is for those who know Him as the Fountain of good counsels and just works. #RandolphHarris 27 of 27
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Anger is a Brief Madness–Once a Word Has Been Allowed to Escape, it Cannot be Recalled!

We sleep live in different countries, sleep in separate houses, we have dinner apart, we take separate vacations—we are doing everything we can to keep our marriage together. Although we live in the most affluent society ever known, the sense of deprivation and discomfort that pervades it is also unparalleled. Writers are engineers of human souls and they do this for the sake of being able to walk around with a clearer conscience about the World we are bequeathing to the next generation. The dizziness of freedom should never be underestimated. Anxiety is always the first payment towards the price of freedom. Yet the longer the first step is postponed the more difficult it may appear to be to take it. And the main point is overlooked, anyway. The stupidity and madness of totalitarian discipline lie in the fact that in the hysterical haste to regulate and constantify life one loses sight of the truth that life contains in itself sufficient limitation and self-discipline as to obviate the need for regulation if given half a chance. Life itself is its own discipline, contains its own order, is self-regulating. More order in and of itself within the life structure is unnecessary. The more time people spend before the computer scree or any screen, the less time and desire they have for two human activities critical to a fruitful and demanding intellectual life: reading and conversation. #RandolphHarris 1 of 21

The nature of relationship seems to have something to do with energy: “civilized” people are usually described as more energetic or restless than their nonliterate counterparts. This does not mean that they possess more energy: even given the same diet the correlation will appear. The difference we are concerned with here lies in the utilization of energy. There appears to be, in other words, some difference in motivation. The screen media invades, and in many instances destroys altogether, the silence that promotes reading and the free time required for both solitary thinking and social conversation. Above all, screen media extend their domination of cultural life by lowering the age at which children’s minds—boy brains and girl brains alike—are exposed to large and continuously increasing doses of packaged entertainment. Television may actually impede language development in children between the ages of eight and sixteen months. Researchers found that for every hour infants watched videos, they understood an average of six to eight fewer words than babies who were not exposed to video at such an early age. However, if marketers have it their way, there will soon be no control group of infants who have not become hooked on video long before they can walk or talk. The lives of the past two decades have produced an explosion of what are called conversation avoidance. #RandolphHarris 2 of 21
One particularly dismaying finding by the Kaiser Foundation is that children under six now spend an average of two hours a day viewing screen media, while they spend only thirty-nine minutes a day reading or listening to their parents and read to them. There is really no need to make a case for the proposition that video watching displaces reading for pleasure. When 40 percent of adults read no books at all (fiction or nonfiction) in the course of a year, and more than half read no fiction, the facts speak for themselves. People are reading less because there are only so many hours in the day. If reading were the only cultural pursuit to show declining numbers, there might be cause for alarm. As long as reading books remains part of our cultural diet, as long as the new popular forms continue to offer their own cognitive rewards, we are not likely to descend into a culture of mental atrophy anytime soon. Reading is part of what is necessary to expand and enrich living, to being more into the scope of living. If we deliberately cut off the paths to the future by distracting attention to the internal disorder which is disordered only by our misunderstanding and fear and by the unconsidered vagaries of existence which have induced or elicited it, this will not likely occur. #RandolphHarris 3 of 21

We are reading less because there are only so many hours in a day, but the other half of the explanation is that growing numbers of people, especially the young, prefer to spend those hours engaged in various forms on noninteractive screens, as well as the more cognitively challenging, interactive offerings of devilishly sophisticated video games, social media, digital streaming. Many people are less interested than their parents were not just in literary reading but in all performing arts, including classical music. The whole point of these fancy mobile phones that cost $500 to $2,000, plus monthly service charge, is that they are computers that also allow you to make phone calls and their availability allows them to be more of a distraction that can literally be held in the palm of one’s hand and will surely reduce whatever part of personal time that is still devoting to reading. You will never walk alone. When television news executives believe that they will lose their audience’s attention if a sound bite lasts more than eight seconds, why should magazines editors believe that readers will sit still for lengthy article that might take a half hour, or even fifteen minutes, to read? Creativity and invention, although they restructure the experience at hand, do so only because of the additional experience of other sorts which create new contexts and dimensions of experience. They do not come from more of the same for all that provides are permutations and combinations of what one already has. #RandolphHarris 4 of 21
However, newspapers and TV news media fret and worry over the future of print while they dismantle the section of the paper and reports which deals most closely with two things which have kept them alive since the dawn of printing presses: the public’s hunger for knowledge and the written word. This insufficient intellectual content has led only to boredom, impoverishment, and destruction of content worth reading or watching. What newspapers and screen media are now doing is they are engaged in—like birds of pray looking for their next meal—a process of swooping around with an eye out for certain kinds of sensational information. It is clear that a human will work hard for food so long as it is scarce. However, what about when one has a full belly? In order to ensure a steady output of energy we must create some sort of artificial scarcity, for it is, paradoxically, only through such scarcity that an abiding surplus of energy can be assured. For instance, when many of your parents, grandparents, great grandparents or maybe even some of you were young, the lure of the black-and-white TV screen was so strong that people would put a TV in their formal dinning room and turn in on while eating meals. Television was still relatively new and not everyone has one, so people loved to watch them. #RandolphHarris 5 of 21
People were more likely to talk about what was happening on the screen rather than wat was going on in their own lives because they were more fascinated by it. Therefore, if you cannot create content that people crave and desire more of an audience, flooding them with junk news will more than likely turn them off. Intellectuals do not watch the brawls on Jerry Springer, they are usually the ones who tune in for educational information, therefore if your news is junk, they are not going to watch. Cutting back the number of hours news is on the three big networks might back more people inclined to tune in when it is on because it has become scarce. For quality conversations and information, many intellectuals are actually reading more books because they want to learn things that will expand their minds. At its hear, all intellectual and emotional life is a conversation—and the conversation begins at birth. If the family dinner table once provided the first face-to-face setting for the semiformal pleasure of social conversation, it was quickly followed by the school lunchroom, sleepovers at friends’ houses, late-night dormitory bull sessions, coffeehouses, and juice bars—any setting that offered the chance foe friends to exchange ideas and personal confidences. However, personal social contact, outside as well as inside the family, is another casualty of the culture of distraction. #RandolphHarris 6 of 21
Adults of all ages report that they have fewer friends, and fewer people with whom they discuss important matters, than they did twenty years ago. One 25 percent of Americans say that they have no one to talk to about important subjects—more than double the percentage in 1985. The greatest drop occurred in social contacts with nonfamily members: 43 percent of Americans talked about important matters with friends in 1985, but only 20 percent did so in 2004. The playdates and evening conversations women used to have with their friends have been replaced mobile phones packed with games and social media and with programs like Gossip Girl that would make a feminist weep, since it is a television show based of beautiful, high class rich young women who can do nothing but deceive, undermine, and fight with one another for the most eligible bachelor. As the art of live conversation continues its decline, people are crying out for a glimpse of the way intellectuals used to talk, not only to one another but to anyone else who happened to be within range. Having a passionate intellectual conversation, with genuine learnedness, with the intensity, the sense of communication is so rare that when it happens it is a lot like falling in love for the first time when you are actually old enough to understand another human being. #RandolphHarris 7 of 21

With the triumph of the culture of distraction, conversations that begin with the printed word and end with a World of knowledge are becoming a blast from the past. Empty selves are a danger to Society and the church. A society filled with empty selves is a morally bankrupt, intellectually shallow society. The empty self is also the enemy of the Christian mind and its cultivation. Try to think about what a church filled with empty selves would look like in a culture. What would be the theological understanding, the reading habits, the evangelistic courage, the articulate cultural penetration of such a church? Pretty inadequate, I am afraid. If the interior life does not really matter all that much, why spend the time reading and trying to develop an interior, intellectual, spiritually mature life? If someone is basically passive, one will just not make the effort to read, preferring instead to be entertained. If a person is sensate in orientation, music, magazines filled with pictures, and visual media in general will be more important that mere words on a page or abstract thoughts. If one is hurried and distracted, one will have little patience for theoretical knowledge and too short of an attention span to stay with an idea while it is being carefully developed. Instead, there will be a rush to get to the bottom line, an overemphasis on practical application and how-tos, a Reader’s Digest approach to sermon evaluation or reading selection. #RandolphHarris 8 of 21

And, if someone is overly individualistic, infantile, and narcissistic, what will that person read, if one reads at all? Such a person will read Christian self-help books that are filled with self-serving content, many slogans, simplistic moralizing, a lot of stories and pictures, and inadequate diagnosis of issues that place no demand on the reader. Books about Christian celebrities will be selected to allow the reader to live vicariously through the celebrity. What will not be read are books that equip people to engage in “destroying speculations….raised up against the knowledge of God,” (2 Corinthians 10.5), develop a well-reasoned, theological understanding of the Christian religion, and fill their role in the broader kingdom of God for the common good and the cause of Christ. Eventually a church without readers or with readers with the tastes just listed will become a marginalized, easily led group of Christians impotent to stand against the powerful forces of secularism that threaten to bury Christian ideas under a veneer of soulless pluralism and misguided scientism. In such a context, the church will be tempted to measure her success largely in terms of numbers—numbers achieved by cultural accommodation to empty selves. In this way, as Os Guinness has reminded us, the church will become her own grave excavator; her means of short-term “success” will turn out to be the very thing that marginalizes her in the long run. #RandolphHarris 9 of 21

Romantic love is one scarcity mechanism that deserves special comment. Indeed, its only function and meaning is to transmute that which is plentiful into that which is in short supply. This is done in two ways: first, by inculcating the belief that only one object can satisfy a person’s heart and affectional desires; and second, by fostering a preference for unconsummated, unrequited, interrupted, or otherwise tragic relationships. Although romantic love always verges on the ridiculous (if a man died of starvation because he could not obtain any brussels sprouts, we would find it comic) Western peoples generally and Americans in particular have shown an impressive tendency to take it seriously. Why is this so? Why is love made into an artificially scarce commodity, like diamonds or “genuine” pearls (“true” love)? To ask such a question is to answer it. We make things scarce in order to increase their value, which in turn makes people work harder for them. Who would spend their lives working for pleasures that could be obtained any time? Who would work for love, when people give it away? However, if we were to make some form of it somehow rare, unattainable, and elusive, and to devalue all other forms, we might conceivably inveigle a few rubes to chase after it. #RandolphHarris 10 of 21

Romantic love is rare in primitive communities simply because bonds are more casual. Children grow up with many caretakers and be sensitive to the fact that there exist many alternative suppliers of love and they apply this belief to their adult relationships. The modern Western child, brought up in a small detached household does not share this sense of substitutability. One’s emotional life is heavily bound up in a single person, and the process of spreading this involvement over other people as one grows up is more problematic. Americans must make a life task out of what happens effortlessly (insofar as it need happen at all) in many societies. Most Western children succeed in drawing enough money out of their emotional and spiritual bank to live on, but some need more. Most of us learn early that there is one relationship that is more vital than all the others put together, and that is our relationship with God. Some people are “married to the job,” and they betray their unconscious understanding of the motivational roots of their striving. People who purse these ephemeral goals are those with most of their emotional funds tied up in some spiritual deficit. They may amass great wealth, but still have little spending money for daily pleasures and not satisfied with ordinary love. #RandolphHarris 11 of 21
Society creates empty people by exposing them to pleasure of the flesh at a young age, or by training children in our competitive value system that it is moral to hurt one another and immoral for them to be kind and loving and accepting to others. The mass screen media depends heavily upon its population being angry and discontented; the renunciation of violence endangers our society as we know it. The notion of sin must be affected by the explanation of original sin. If original sin is simply humans’ necessary passage from essence to existence, sin can no longer be understood in terms of disobedience to a law. Morality is illumined in new and perhaps unexpected ways by the Christology of the New Being. Once faith is understood as Ultimate Concern, as commitment to the Unconditional, a new ethical dimension is disclosed. If it did not determine the entire range of a human’s activities, no concern would be ultimate or unconditional. The dogma that Christ’s death atoned for our sins is symbolic of the ethical dimension of faith in the New Being. The New Being in the Christ is redeemed. It has risen above the equivocation of the desire for holiness and the inevitability of temptation. Behaviour and its conformity to standard are inseparable from an ethical of law. Morality is treated in terms of love rather than of law. #RandolphHarris 12 of 21
Obedience to any law fosters self-righteousness because it stresses the merits of good works rather than undeserved grace. Life is not only creativity; it is also destructiveness. Every life-process unites a trend towards separation with a trend toward reunion. So does moral life. There is no good action without renunciation of a better one. Not only is evil exclusive of good; good itself is exclusive of better. In other words, good and evil are only relative values. An objective ethics, that claims absoluteness for its categories, is misleading. The lasting element of any code of morality is not to be found in its classification of good and bad. Rather, ethics is valuable through its relationship to the Unconditional. Because of this there can be, ultimately, no secular ethics. An ethics can come to fulfilment only as a religious ethics. The quest for salvation and mortality is not a quest for law, but for transcendence above all law. It is a quest for a paradoxical reconciliation of creativity and destructiveness in life for a harmony of better, good and evil. The answer to the moral question is not moral; it is transmoral. The Unconditional which we recognize in the experience of the New Being in Christ must be acknowledged not only in ourselves but also in other human beings, or it would be an illusion. The ethical realm of personal behaviour must be transcended in an attitude that embraces the Unconditional both in myself and in others. #RandolphHarris 13 of 21

There is no depth of life without the depth of common life. Thus, the quest for morality arises as a search for the unity of the personal and Unconditional, or of the ethical and the religious. The ethics of the New Being is neither objective nor subjective. It must transcend subjectivity and objectivity. The only human experience in which both are transcended, because they are untied in a higher synthesis, is love. Ultimately, therefore, Christian ethics must be an ethics of love. It is a dynamic concept: the law is God’s own rule for humans to follow. Having presided over creation, this law left its mark on human’s nature. Being itself an aspect of the Word of God, it was confirmed by the Incarnation. Revealed law, in this line of thought, is not superadded to the law of nature. Rather, it opens human’s nature to the full meaning of the law. Existence in humans tries to mould itself on essence as it is thought out in God. The Universe is therefore a hierarchy of values on the model of the eternal laws in God’s mind. Between the Universe and God, between existence and essence, the Church mediates: “The Church, itself a hierarchical system, teaches this system, educates for it, fights for its political realizations, defends it against new systems. We are to pray for one another, encourage one another, teach and admonish one another, spur one another on, carry each other’s burdens, share with one another, and so on. #RandolphHarris 14 of 21

Truly the Body of Christ should be constantly alive with this reciprocal ministry to one another. We also may need to pray, “Lord, help me to be transparent and open to my friend, even though doing so seems humiliating to me right now. And please make my friend a minister of Your grace to me.” All of us, if we are exploiting this avenue of God’s grace, should find ourselves at various times on both the receiving and the giving end. To borrow a principle of reciprocity from Paul’s teaching on giving, “At the present time your plenty will supply what they need, so that in turn their plenty will supply what you need,” reports 2 Corinthians 8.14. How, then, can we be minsters of grace to others? Well, obviously in the same three basic ways they can be ministers to us: prayer, the word of God, and help in submitting to God’s providence. However, there is a crucial difference between receiving and giving. In receiving we must give permission to the other person to share Scripture with us and to help us submit to God’s providence. In giving, we must receive permission. Usually this means we must first earn the right to minister to the person through a relationship of mutual sharing, openness, and trust that we have already established. The one area where we do not need to give or receive permission is, of course, in praying for one another. #RandolphHarris 15 of 21

However, even in prayer, if you have not been willing to share with another person what is going on in your life, for them to pray for your specific needs may be kind of challenging. There are some difficult or tragic events such as the death of a loved one, the loss of a job, or a debilitating disease or accident, that results in certain obvious needs we can pray for. However, even in these areas, each of us responds to those events in ways distinctive to us, and in these areas of individual response we need to share and receive specific prayer requests with the close circle of friends we have cultivated. Prayer is probably the most important way we can be a minister of grace to someone else. We have already considered God’s gracious invitation to approach the throne of grace to receive mercy and find grace in our time of need. However, sometimes brothers or sisters in Christ are so discouraged about their adversity and God’s seeming silence over a prolonged period, they just do not have the spiritual strength even to approach the throne of grace. To them the doors of Heaven are shut and God just does not seem to “be there.” At these times we need to “carry” that person to the throne of grace by our prayers. Generally speaking, feelings and emotions are fostered and sustained by the ideas and images, though social or bodily conditions also factor in. #RandolphHarris 16 of 21
Hopelessness and rejection (or worthlessness and “not belonging”) live on images—often of some specific scene or scenes of unkindness, brutality, or abuse—that have become a permanent fixture within the mind, radiating negativity and leaving a background of deadly ideas that take over hoe we think and structure our whole World. Such images also foster and sustain moods. What we call “moods” are simply feeling qualities that pervade our selves and everything around us. They are, of course, extremely hard to do anything about precisely because one cannot stand outside of them. Clinical depression is an extreme form of a “bad mood,” but dread, deprivation, and deficiency, as well as simple anger, fear, or pain, can become moods of the negative type because of the capacity of feelings to spread and pervade everything they touch. On the beneficial side, there are feelings and moods associated with confidence, worthiness of good, being acceptable and “belonging,” purposefulness, love, hope, joy, and peace. Being “accepted in the beloved” (Ephesians 1.6) is the humanly indispensable foundation for the reconstruction of all these optimistic feelings, mood, and their underlying conditions. We must be very clear on how the negative feelings rest on ideas and images. #RandolphHarris 17 of 21
Those feelings can themselves be transformed by discipleship to Christ and the power of the gospel and the Spirit, through which the corresponding ideas and images are changed to beneficial ones. And we must be clear that the person given to moods faces special difficulties, though not insurmountable ones, in spiritual formation. “And it came to pass in the forty and second year of the reign of the judges, after Moronihah had established again peace between the Nephites and the Lamanites, behold there was no one to fill the judgment-seat; therefore there began to be a contention again among the people concerning who should fill the judgment-seat. And it came to pass that Helaman, who was the son of Helaman, was appointed to fill the judgment-seat, by the voice of the people. However, behold, Kishkumen, who had murdered Pahoran, did lay wait to destroy Helaman also; and he was upheld by his hand, who had entered into a covenant that no one should know one’s wickedness. For there was one Gadianton, who was exceedingly expert in many words, and also in one’s craft, to carry on the secret work of murder and robbery; therefore he became the leader of the band of Kishkumen. Therefore he did flatter them, and also Kishkumen, that if they would place him in the judgment-seat he would grant unto those who belonged to his band that they should be placed in power and authority among the people; therefore Kishkumen sought to destroy Helaman. #RandolphHarris 18 of 21

“And it came to pass as he went forth towards the judgment-seat to destroy Helaman, behold one of the servants of Helaman, having been out by night, and having obtained, through disguise, a knowledge of those plans which had been laid by this band to destroy Helaman—and it came to pass that he met Kishkumen, and he gave unto him a sign; therefore Kishkumen made known unto him the object of his desire, desiring that he would conduct him to the judgment-seat that he might murder Helaman. And when the servant of Helaman had known all the heart of Kishkumen, and how that it was his object to murder, and also that it was his object to murder, and also that it was the object of all those who belonged to his brand to murder, and to rob, and to gain power, (and this was their secret plan, and their combination) the servant of Helaman said unto Kishkumen: Let us go forth unto the judgment-seat. Now this did please Kishkumen exceedingly, for he did suppose that he should accomplish his design; but behold, the servant of Helaman, as they were going forth unto the judgment-seat, did stab Kishkumen even to the hearts, that he fell dead without a groan. And the ran and told Helaman all the things which he had seen, and heard, and done. #RandolphHarris 19 of 21

“And it came to pass that Helaman did send forth to take his band of robbers and secret murders, that they might be executed according to the law. However, behold, when Gadianton had found that Kishkumen did not return he feared lest that he should be destroyed; therefore he caused that his band should follow him. And they took their flight out of the land, by a secret way, into the wilderness; and this when Helaman sent forth to take them they could nowhere be found. And more of this Gadianton shall be spoken hereafter. And thus ended the forty and second year of the reign of the judges over the people of Nephi. And behold, in the end of this book ye shall see that this Gadianton did prove the overthrow, yea, almost the entire destruction of the people of Nephi. Behold I do not mean the end of the book of Helaman, but I mean the end of the book of Nephi, from which I have taken all the account which I have written,” Helaman 2.1-14. God, please shield the people, we honor you, we praise you, we worship you. Divider of time, we honor you, we praise you, we worship you. Father of nations, we honor you, we praise you, we worship you. Granter of prophecy, we honor you, we praise you, we worship you. Seeker of lore, we honor you, we praise you, we worship you. #RandolphHarris 20 of 21
Bestower of sovereignty, we honor you, we praise you, we worship you. Knower of secrets, we honor you, we praise you, we worship you. Encompasser of Worlds, we honor you, we praise you, we worship you. Mystery of mysteries, we honor you, we praise you, we worship you. You who are worthy of honor, we honor you, we praise you, we worship you. You who are worthy of praise, we honor you, we praise you, we worship you. You who are worthy of worship, we honor you, we praise you, we worship you. You who are worthy of honor, praise, and worship, we honor you, we praise you, we worship you. You who are worthy of praise, worthy of worship, we honor you, we praise you, we worship you. Thou causest the wind to blow and the rain to fall. Thou sustainest the living with lovingkindness, and in great mercy callest the departed to everlasting life. Thou upholdest the falling, healest the sick, settest free those in bondage, and keepest faith with those that sleep in the dust. Who is like unto Thee, Almighty King, who decreest death and life and bringest forth salvation? Who maybe compared to Thee, Father of mercy, who in love rememberest Thy creatures unto life? Faithful art Thou to grant eternal life to the departed. Blessed art Thou, O Lord, who callest the dead to life everlasting. Holy art Thou and holy is Thy name and unto Thee holy beings render praise daily. Blessed art Thou, O Lord, the holy God. #RandolphHarris 21 of 21

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Human History Becomes More and More a Race Between Education and Catastrophe!

The Christian life is not a way “out” but a way “through” life. Americans are so tense and keyed up that it is impossible even to put them to sleep with a sermon. However, it is easy to sell anti-rationalism, because junk thought always involves a shortcut—whether a diet requiring no reduction in calorie intake; a responsibility-evading bogus apology for bad behaviour (“I am sorry that you were hurt” instead of “I am sorry that I hurt you”); or a cure that depends largely on whether a sick patient has an optimistic attitude. The virulent outbreak of anti-rationalism in America is also rooted in a much older, nonpolitical tendency in American thought—a chronic suspicion of experts that dovetails with the folk belief in the superior wisdom f ordinary people. Ironically but perhaps predictably, the upsurge in mistrust of expert authority followed several decades in which public deference to scientific and technological authority, a deference so great that is was sometimes exaggerated and misplaced, stood at an all-time high. The inseparability of junk science from junk thought is evinced by the telltale marks of endemic illogic coupled, in many instances, with deliberate manipulativeness. The first and most fundamental warning sign is an inability to distinguish between coincidence and causation—a basic requirement for scientific literacy. #RandolphHarris 1 of 21

The anti-vaccination movement is rife with conspiracy theories tied both to the right wing’s distrust of government and the left’s distrust of traditional medicine—the latter a heritage of the extreme wings of the holistic healing ad New Age movements of the late sixties and seventies. Currently, 50 percent of Americans and 49 percent of people in Japan report they are unwilling to get a COVID-19 vaccine when it is produced because they are fearful of adverse side effects from a procedure that has never been tried on large numbers of people. Opponents of compulsory immunization believe, with a near-religious fervor, that no child should ever be subjected by government fiat to the slightest risk—and all drugs, as is well known, have some risk of negative side effects. A decline in population, however, may actually be good for some countries. China’s economic development, for example, could not have taken place had population growth not been checked by measures, including a mandatory limit of one child per family, that are draconian and anti-democratic from a New World point of view. Social scientists, including demographers, use many of the tools of the physical sciences (including measurement and mathematics), but when they draw conclusions about future behaviour of the human species on the basis of past behaviour, their reasoning is often highly unscientific. #RandolphHarris 2 of 21

A psychologist studying reactions to “interpersonal problems,” like a demographer studying lifestyles choices, can only tell us how human beings have behaved in the past—not how they might behave under radically altered future conditions. Predictions should be made, and received, in the same spirit as the warning from the Ghost of Christmas Present, who told Scrooge that he foresaw the death of Tiny Tim if the shadow of the future remained unaltered. The show of the future predicted by many psychologists is often altered—by a person’s religious beliefs, work history, medical conditions, delays in starting a family, and the recognition that drug, alcohol use, pleasures of the flesh, and too many children are a burden rather than an asset in postindustrial economies. In the United States of America is not among the worst-performing countries but is merely mediocre, fourteenth among twenty-five nations studied. This is not to suggest that Americans are unique in their mathematical and scientific illiteracy but that there is a unique gap between America’s image of itself as the World’s leader in science and technology and the reality of a nation in which more students are spending more years in school while falling behind the most developed nations of Europe and Asia. #RandolphHarris 3 of 21

In Turkey and Mexico, people are not constantly told that they are, or ought to be, “number one.” Moreover, public ignorance in large and powerful counties is particularly dangerous to the rest of the World precisely because of the capacity of powerful states to inflict damage on the weak. Parents often believe deep in their hearts, that if they did their job well enough all of their children would be creative, intelligent, kind, generous, happy, brave, spontaneous, and good—each, of course, in one’s own special way. At a study by the Urban Institute reported that in Boston schools, 104 European American girls finished high school for every 100 boys—a gap but hardly a crisis. Among African Americans, the gap is 139 to 100. That is a real calamity, but it seems preposterous to attribute the gap to a “biologically disrespectful” school system that works quite well for upper-middle-class European Americas of both genders. Nationwide, more than half of American-American boys drop out of high school—a statistic with deeply rooted social causes that have been explored by a host of African American writers and scholars of varying political persuasions, including National Public Radio’s Juan Williams, Newsday’s Les Payne, New York Times op-ed columnist Bob Herbert, the conservative author Shebly Steele, the sociologist Orlando Patterson, and the historian Henry Louis Gates. #RandolphHarris 4 of 21

Unlike the European Americans enamored of the “boy crisis,” none of these American-American commentators focused on genetics or the supposedly different learning styles of girls and boys. Instead they examine a street culture that glorifies violence as proof of manhood and denigrates learning, as well as the absence of a father in so many less affluent African-American homes. A similar pattern is evident in less affluent Hispanic neighbourhoods and less affluent European American homes, for whom the divorce rate is also much higher than it is among more affluent European-Americans. Nonetheless, some African Americans and Hispanics do excel, and they know who they are is better than a negative stereotype. The reason why girls do better than boys, even in the subcultures permeated by violence and poverty, surely have something to do with the greater susceptibility of boys to malign influences—including drug, gangs, and probably poor parenting skills because in many single family homes with one parent, or a step-father, boy are looked at as expendable because they are male and someone else’s heir. Therefore, there is a lack of a beneficial, disciplined adult male role model in their lives. While girls hold more value because they are female and can also be used for pleasures of the flesh. A man does not want to help someone else’s son become better than he is, and therefore he is deemed a threat. #RandolphHarris 5 of 21

Yet (go figure!) American academics and members of the media are more interested in looking at the way boys brains and girls brains differ in “verbal processing.” The simplistic slogans of junk though are perfectly suited to modern mass media, which must fixate on novelty in order to catch the eyes and ears of public with an increasingly short attention span. It seems that the portion of the brain, the amygdala, where emotions are processed is poorly connected in boys to the part of the brain that expresses emotions in words; ergo, boys need to be taught to read and write in different ways from girls. According to this logic, the amygdalas of women before the eighteenth century must also have had a screw loose, given that nearly all great writers were men. Or could it be that women in pre-Enlightenment societies were rarely taught to read and write and systematically discouraged from intellectual pursuits? Because of the distress, both physical and psychologically that arises from an overload of the human organism’s physical adaptive systems and its decision-making processes, some people believe that government allowances for a parent otherwise compelled to work is a good idea, on the grounds that it would save money in the end—thus implying that only a full-time parent can avoid bringing up a child who is a social problem. #RandolphHarris 6 of 21

If at least one parent realizes clearly how vital this kind of care is to a child, it may make it easier for one to decide that the extra money one might earn, or the satisfaction one might receive from an outside job, is not so important after all. You have the capacity to rear a genius, a masterpiece. Such an activity is the most important thing you can do and should therefore rightfully absorb all of your time and energy. Given such an attitude it is relatively easy to expand child-rearing into a full-time job. However, some parents like to be friends with their children and share their problems with their children, but since a parent is supposed to be molding them into superior beings one cannot lean too heavily upon them for one’s own needs, although one is sorely tempted to do so because a child may not be able to tolerate such massive inputs of one person’s personality. The mission in middle-class America is to create a near-perfect being. This means that every parental quirk, every parental hang-up, and ever parental deprivation will be experienced by the child as heavily amplified noise from which there is no respite. Our society is presently founded on overstimulation—on the generation of needs and desires which cannot be directly gratified, but which ensure a great deal of striving and buying in an effort to gratify them. #RandolphHarris 7 of 21

The goal is commercialize America, make everyone and everything into a brand or a product in an infinite number of ways to create and endless demand for goods and services. However, there is a limit, in any case, to the amount of emotional crippling that can be borne. When we realize that horrors of turning a child into a product, we begin to see why this child will encounter some resentment when one grows up. The child is not really responsible for the bad bargain the parents have made with each other (and with themselves), but one lends moral credit to it. Indeed, “for the children” is a kind of priest’s blessing or notary seal given to all bad marital bargains. And since the child is the sanction for the parents’ neurotic division of labour, they cannot help but blame the child when they begin to suffer from it. Furthermore, as the suffering increases, this sanction tends more and more to be the only force holding them to it. The husband’s ambition and the wife’s domesticity originally promised their own rewards and did not need to be buttressed by thoughts of the child’s future—just as a voluntary and mutually profitable deal between two business people does not initially require a written contract. However, such a contract binds them if there is a change of heart, at which point one of them might say, “if it were not for the contract, I would not go on with this.” #RandolphHarris 8 of 21

Similarly, as ambition and domesticity fail to bring happiness to husband and wife, respectively, both begin to say, “if it were not for the children, I might chuck this and do something more interesting (enjoyable, fulfilling, exciting, relaxing).” One can admit wanting to tear up a contract, however, and one cannot admit wanting to tear up a child. Nor is it easy for parents to admit their initial error (if needed they can even comprehend it). This means that the child is not only a scapegoat but a scapegoat that cannot be attacked. The result is a free-floating resentment with a vague tropism toward youth—a resentment with roots in the parents’ discontent with their own lives. This condition would seem ideally suited to product anger toward young people who show tendencies to live differently and more pleasurably than did the parental generation. This is not to say that parents do not in fact make sacrifices for their children—in a child-oriented society like ours such sacrifices are resented. Parents in many societies make severe sacrifices for their children which never cause any hostile reaction later on, largely because the sacrifices “pay off” in some way, or lead to some predictable outcome. In our society parents never know exactly what their sacrifices will lead to, although they have many fantasies about it. #RandolphHarris 9 of 21

In the recent past, for example, and in working-class families today, parents sacrificed in order to prepare their children to be economically and socially better off than the parents were, and often hated them for fulfilling this goal and leaving the parents behind. Now middle-class parents sacrifice in order to prepare their children to be emotionally better off—more loving, expressive, creative, cooperative, honest—and once again, resent being outdistanced. In both cases the parents feel left out of the triumphs they made possible; and the children feel ashamed of the parents who wanted them to be superior. The parents want their fantasies of vicarious success fulfilled but never seem to recognize that both kinds of success involve a change to a new milieu from which the parents are automatically excluded. The earlier group of parents wanted their children to become rich and respectable and still remain somehow part of the working-class milieu. The later group want their children to be more cultures, less money-grubbing, more spontaneous and creative, yet still somehow willing to remain on the same treadmill with the parents. And this is why some children will do things like pay to have a parents fence repaired. Also, most parents do not want to be in a nursing home when they get old and realize rich kids can pay for their homecare. #RandolphHarris 10 of 21

Furthermore, while raising children, parents do not reveal pleasures of the flesh to children because their primary function is to control such impulses. Still many people spend a great deal of trying not to “cop out” in a society whose corruption generates moral dilemmas that compel a hundred cop-outs a day even for the most obsessionally pure radical. And all of this, of course, makes them extremely vulnerable to moral contamination: when confronted with situations in which they took the easy way out they are usually demoralized. God ministers His grace to us through the ministry of other believers. This truly is a primary means God uses, because He has ordained that in the Body of Christ all the members “should have equal concern for each other,” reports 1 Corinthians 12.25. Of course, this is to be a reciprocal ministry. We should be channels of grace to one another. Let me deliberately misuse a statement of Scripture to make a point: this is one area where most of us feel it is indeed “more blessed to give than to receive,” reports Acts 20.35. That is, we are more inclined to be minister of grace to others than to allow others to be ministers of grace to us. Our problem is we are reluctant to be transparent and vulnerable to each other. We humans do not like to admit we have problems. This is perceived as a sign of weakness. #RandolphHarris 11 of 21

We want to appear that we have life under control. We want to appear that we are successfully dealing with temptations to sin, and that we are successfully dealing with the difficult circumstances of life. We are just as unwilling to let others know how we have been passed over for promotion at work as to admit we are having lustful thoughts about the legal secretary in the next office. The times when we need an extra measure of God’s grace are often the times when we are most reluctant to let other people know we need it. This leads to an important principle regarding the ministry of grace. Each of us needs to cultivate a small group of friends with whom we can be transparent and vulnerable. This might be on an individual or small group basis. However, we need a few people—including our spouse, if we have one—with whom we feel free to share our failures, hurts, and sorrows. The Puritans used to ask God for one “bosom friend” with whom they could share absolutely everything. That is a good goal for us today. We should store up God’s word in our heart against a time of future need. We also should “store up” a few bosom friends against the day when we need them to be God’s ministers of grace to us. Usually when we think of the ministry of grace to one another, we think of the initiative being with the person who will be the minister. #RandolphHarris 12 of 21

However, the initiative is often with the one who has a need. We have to admit our need and give the other person “permission” to minister to us. We have to, in some way, communicate that we are not only willing to share our needs but are willing to be ministered to. What are some ways in which we can asked others to be ministers of grace to us? In answering, we need to keep in mind that we are asking the person to be an avenue for God’s Spirit to pour out His grace to us. We are asking the person, or persons, to help strengthen our contact with the Holy Spirit so that we can better receive the divine assistance He has promised to give. We are not asking, at this point, for practical assistance or human counsel. That may be appropriate at the right time. However, for now, we are thinking of our need for grace, for God’s divine power to come to help us in our time of need. That being true, the first thing we need from others is prayer support. It is instructive how often Paul asked the recipients of his letters to pray for him, even when he did not seem to have extremely pressing needs. So certainly, in our times of need we should ask others to pray for us. However, if they are to pray effectively for us, we must be willing to share what our real needs are. #RandolphHarris 13 of 21

The second thing we need is their help in accepting and applying Scripture to our specific needs. We might say, “Here is my problem. What Scriptures do you think might help me?” I realize this is a radical suggestion, because so often, when we are experiencing adversity, the last thing we want is for someone to give us a pat answer in the form of a Scripture verse. However, if we have developed the kind of friendship where we can be transparent and vulnerable with one another, then we are no going to be giving each other pat answer type responses. Third, we can ask the other person to be a minister of grace to us by helping us see our situation with a better, more objective, perspective. We all know our tendency to magnify problems, or perhaps put the worst construction on events affecting us. The other person can be the Holy’s Spirit’s agent to help us see our circumstances more objectively. That better perspective may help us to more readily humble ourselves under God’s hand. You will recognize that, all another person can do is facilitate our own contact with the Holy Spirit. All another can be is an avenue of God’s grace. We have nothing to offer each other just from ourselves. We cannot deprive Christ of his finite freedom; for a transmuted being does not have the freedom to be other than divine. Let Christ work through you and keep your faith. #RandolphHarris 14 of 21

Faith in the Resurrection of Christ has traditionally been a touchstone of orthodox Christology. Christ resurrected himself because, being God, he could do it; and he had occasion to rise from the dead only because, being fully man, he had died. The Resurrection is thus the biblical ground of the dogma of Chalcedon. Whatever disturbs that Chalcedonian balance must necessarily alter the scriptural data on the Resurrection. Faith is only committed to the Resurrection itself, as symbol and as event. If Christ has not risen from the dead, vain is our faith. The Resurrection is a mysterious experience. Christ rose form the tomb on the third day. This can obviously only mean that he rose with his own body. The disciple realized the Jesus was dead, and yet they knew that, being the Christ, the New Being, he must have power beyond death. If God had not been incarnated in the flesh, there would be little basic for a resurrection of Christ in the flesh. Resurrection is not something added to the death of him who is the Christ; but it is implied in his death. No longer is the Universe subjected to a higher law, to the law of life out of death by the death of one who represents eternal life. The tombs were opened and bodies were raised when one man in whom God was present without limits committed his spirit into his Father’s hands. #RandolphHarris 15 of 21

“And now behold, it came to pass in the commencement of the fortieth year of the reign of the judges over the people of Nephi, there began to be a serious difficulty among the people of the Nephites. For behold, Pahoran had died, and gone they way of all the Earth; therefore there began to be a serious contention concerning who should have the judgment-seat among the brethren, who were the sons f Pahoran. Now these are their names who did contend for the judgment-seat, who did also cause the people to contend: Pahoran, Paanchi, and Pacumenia. Now these are not all the sons of Pahoran (for he had many), but these are they who did contend for the judgment-seat; therefore, they did cause three divisions among the people. Nevertheless, it came to pass that Pahoran was appointed by the voice of the people to be chief judge and a governor over the people of Nephi. And it came to pass that Pacumeni, when he saw that he could not obtain the judgment-seat, he did unite with the voice of the people. However, behold, Pannchi, and that part of the people that were desirous that he should be their governor, was exceedingly wroth; therefore, he was about to flatter away those people to rise up in rebellion against their brethren. #RandolphHarris 16 of 21

“And it came to pass as he was about to do this, behold, he was taken, and was tried according to the voice of the people, and condemned unto death; for he had risen up in rebellion and sought to destroy the liberty of the people. Now when these people who were desirous that he should be their governor saw that he was condemned unto death, therefore they were angry, and behold, they sent forth one Kishkumen, even to the judgment-seat of Pahoran, and murdered Pahoran as he sat upon the judgment-seat. And he was pursued by the servants of Pahoran; but behold, so speedy was the flight of Kishkumen that no human could overtake him. And he went unto those that sent him, and they all entered int a covenant, yea, swearing by their everlasting Maker, that they would tell no human that Kishkumen had murdered Pahoran. Therefore, Kishkumen was not known among the people of Nephi, for he was in disguise at the time that he murdered Pahoran. And Kishkumen and his band, who had covenanted with him, did mingle themselves among the people, in a manner that they all could not be found; but as many as were found were condemned unto death. And now behold, Pacumeni was appointed, according to the voice of the people, to be a chief judge and a governor over the people, to reign in the stead of his brother Pahoran; and it was according to his right. #RandolphHarris 17 of 21

“And all this was done in the fortieth year of the reign of the judges; and it had an end. And it came to pass in the forty and first year of the reign of the judges, that the Lamanites had gathered together an innumerable army of humans, and armed them with swords, and with cimeters and with bows, and with arrows, and with head-plates, and with breastplates, and with all manner of shields of every kind. And they came down again that they might pitch battle against the Nephites. And they were led by a man whose name was Coriantumr; and he was a descendant of Zarahemla; and he was a dissenter from among the Nephites; and he was a large and a might man. Therefore, the king of the Lamanites, whose name was Tubaloth, who was the son of Ammoron, supposing that Coriantumr, being a mighty man, could stand against the Nephites, with his strength and also with his great wisdom, insomuch that by sending him forth he should gain power over the Nephites—therefore, he did stir them up to anger, and he did gather together his armies, and he did appoint Coriantumr to their leader, and did cause that they should march down to the land of Zarahemla to battle against the Nephites. #RandolphHarris 18 of 21

And it came to pass that because of so much contention and so much difficulty in the government, that they had not kept sufficient guards in the land of Zarahemla; for they had supposed that the Lamanites durst not come into the heart of their lands to attack that great city Zarahemla. However, it came to pass that Coriantumr did march forth at the head of his numerous host, and came upon the inhabitants of the city, and their march was with such exceedingly great speed that there was no time for the Nephites to gather together their armies. Therefore Coriantumr did cut down the watch by the entrance of the city, and did march forth with his whole army into the city, and they did slay every one who did oppose them, insomuch that they did take possession of the whole city. And it came to pass that Pacumeni, who was the chief judge, did flee before Coriantumr, even to the walls of the city. And it came t pass that Coriantumr did smite him against the wall, insomuch that he died. And thus ended the days of Pacumeni. And now when Coriantumr saw that he was in possession of the city of Zarahemla, and were marching through the most capital parts of the land, slaying the people with great slaughter, both men, women, and children, taking possession of many cities and of many strongholds. #RandolphHarris 19 of 21

“However, when Moronihah had discovered this, he immediately sent forth Lehi with an army round about to head them before they should come to the land Bountiful. And thus he did; and he did head them before they came to the land of Bountiful, and gave unto them battle, insomuch that they began to retreat back towards the land of Zarahemla. And it came to pass that Moronihah did head them in their retreat, and did give unto them battle, insomuch that it became an exceedingly bloody battle; yea, many were slain, and among the number who were slain Coriantumr was also found. And now, behold, the Lamanites could not retreat either way, neither on the north, nor on the south, nor on the east, nor on the west, for they were surrounded on every hand by the Nephites. And thus had Coriantumr plunged the Lamanites into the midst of the Nephites, insomuch that they were in the power f the Nephites, and he himself was slain, and the Lamanites did yield themselves into the hands of Nephites. And it came to pass that Moronihah took possession of the city of Zarahemla again, and caused that the Lamanites who had bee taken prisoner should depart out of the mand in peace. And thus ended the forty and first year of the reign of the judges,” reports Helaman 1.1-34. #RandolphHarris 20 of 21

Father of all, we praise you, we praise you. Earth beneath us, we praise you, we praise you. King of kings, we praise you, we praise you. Love of our Lord, we praise you, we praise you. Shining Father, we praise you, we praise you. Giver of wisdom, we praise you, we praise you. Open0handed one, we praise you, we praise you. May Your great name be blessed forever and ever. Exalted and honoured be the name of the Holy One, blessed be He, whose glory transcends, yea, is beyond all praises, hymns and blessings that humans can render unto Him. O Lord, open Thou my lips and my mouth shall declare Thy praise. Praised art Thou, O Lord our God and God of our fathers, God of Abraham, God of Isaac, and God of Jacob, mighty, revered and exalted God. Thou bestowest loving-kindness and possesses all things. Mindful of the patriarchs’ love for Thee, Thou wilt in Thy love bring a redeemer to their children’s children for the sake of Thy name. Remember us unto life, O King who delightest in life, and inscribe us in the Book of Life so that we may live worthily for Thy sake, O Lord of life. O King, Thou Helper, Redeemer and Shield, be Thou praised, O Lord, Shield of Abraham. Thou, O Lord, art mighty forever. Thou callest the dead to immortal life for Thou art mighty in deliverance. #RandolphHarris 21 of 21

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Had a Fairy Come and Offered to Fulfill My Desires, I Should Not Have Known what to Ask!

Did you hear about the fellow who blamed arithmetic for his divorce? His wife put two and two together. In spite of various pronouncements concerning the “death of God,” there was never any likelihood that religion would wither away in American life. Both suburbanization and higher education were secularizing forces, in that they brought together people of different faiths and ethnic backgrounds on the same turf in a manner that could not help but erode certain traditional loyalties. Still many Americans choose from a cafeteria-style theological menu because they have been exposed to other religions or need to find a way to justify their actions. For example, 66 percent of Americans believe in Heaven, while less than 50 percent believe in hell. In the same sort of inconsistency, some sins that people know are wrong are acceptable, while others are not. None of us are perfect Christians, but many do try and repent from their sins. Many enslaved people in America used to look to the Bible, especially the story of Exodus, as divine source of hope for liberation for slavery. The Bible is still were most Americans turn today for hope of salvation. Some 75 percent of American believe in God. In fact, more than 60 percent who were surveyed said the Bible, not the will of the people should shape US Law. #RandolphHarris 1 of 24

Most of these people also believe that liberal secularists have gone too far in trying to remove religion from public life. God and science have been proven methods for prolonging Earthly life. There is a deep desire for spiritual moorings—a hunger for God. People miss prayer in schools and pledging allegiance to the flag. It is believed that these two activities kept Americans in line and loyal to their country. The humbling of ourselves under God’s mighty hand always leads to exaltation. Sometimes this may consist in the removal of whatever affliction God has brought into our lives and the restoration of peaceful circumstances, perhaps even more prosperous circumstances than before. This happened in the case of Job: “The LORD blessed the latter part of Job’s life more than the first,” reports Job 42.12. At other times, though the circumstances are not changed, as in the case of the death of a loved one, the heaviness and painful grief or agony are removed. This happened in the case of Paul’s thorn. He was given grace to accept his thorn. When it often seems to us God has forgotten us, how are we to obtain such faith? The answer lies in 1 Peter 5.7: “Cast all your anxiety on Him because He cares for you.” God cares for you. Even though He is disciplining you, He cares for you. As we have already seen, discipline is an indication of God’s care. #RandolphHarris 2 of 24

However, God’s care goes beyond necessary discipline. Even as He disciplines you, He shares in your pain. Isaiah described God’s attitude toward Israel, “In all their distress He too was distressed,” report Isaiah 63.9. The same can be said of God’s attitude toward you. In all your distress He too is distressed. Because God cares for you, you can cast your anxiety on Him. Do not get these thoughts reversed. The text does not say, “If you cast your anxieties on Him, He will care for you.” His care is not conditioned on our faith and our ability to cast our anxiety on Him; rather, it is because He does care for us that we can cast our anxiety on Him. Even at this point, we need the help of the Holy Spirit to do this. Even with all the assurance this whole passage provides us, its truth sometimes fails to reach our hearts. Sometimes we have to pray for the grace to humble ourselves under His mighty hand and the grace to believe that He does in fact care for us. Sometimes we must pray as did the father who came to Jesus asking Him to heal his son. When Jesus said to him, “Everything is possible for one who believes,” the father exclaimed, “I do believe; help me overcome my unbelief,” reports Mark 9.32-24. #RandolphHarris 3 of 24

In Modern American culture, what psychologist call the empty self has emerged in epidemic proportion. The empty self is constituted by a set of values, motives, and habits of thought, feeling, and behaviour that perverts and eliminates the life of the mind and makes maturation in the way of Christ extremely difficult. There are several traits of the empty self that undermine intellectual growth and spiritual development. The empty self is inordinately individualistic. A few years ago, I was sitting in an elementary school gym with other parents at a DARE graduation (a public-school program designed to help children say no to drugs) for my daughter’s sixth-grade class. Five sixth graders were about to read brief papers expressing their reasons for saying no to drugs. I leaned over to the coupe sitting next to me and made a prediction: each paper, I said, would be a variation of the same reason for refusing to take drugs: self-interest. Sure enough, student after student said he or she would refuse drugs because of a desire to stay healthy, become a doctor or athlete, or do well in school. Conspicuous by its absence was one single reference to virtue or duty to community. Not one student anathematized drug use because of the shame it would bring to family, community, or God. #RandolphHarris 4 of 24

Individualist reasons were the only ones given for abstaining from drug use, a fact to be expected in a generation whose moral education is exhausted by values clarification. By contrast, when a Japanese ice skater fell during an Olympic performance a few years ago, her main concern was not the endorsement opportunities she had lost. She feared that shame had been brought onto her family and people. Community loomed large in the way she understood her own sense of self. A healthy form of individualism is a good thing. Sadly, we have all known people who fail to draw appropriate boundaries and do not separate and individuate from others in a healthy way. Such people do not think or feel for themselves, they are easy to manipulate, and their well-being is far too dependent on what others think of them. A person with a healthy individualism learns to avoid these problems in order to mutually to depend upon and relate to members of the body of Christ. This sort of individualism produces strong selves who have the power to practice self-denial to enrich the broader groups (for example, family, church) of which they are part of. However, the empty self-populating American culture is a self-contained individual who defines one’s own goals, values, and interests as though one were a human atom, isolated from other with little need or responsibility to live for the concerns of the broader community. #RandolphHarris 5 of 24

Self-contained individuals do their own thing and seek to create meaning by looking within their own selves. However, as psychologist Martin Seligman, “the self is a very poor site for finding meaning.” The empty self is infantile. It is widely recognized that adolescent personality traits are staying with people longer today than in earlier generations, sometimes manifesting themselves into the early thirties. Created by a culture filled with pop psychology, schools and media that usurp parental authority, and television ads that seem to treat every like a teenager, the infantile part of the empty self needs instant gratification, comfort, and soothing. The infantile person is controlled by infantile cravings and constantly seeks to be filled up with and made whole by food, entertainment, and consumer goods. Such a person is preoccupied with pleasures of the flesh, physical appearance, and body image and tends to live by feelings and experiences. For the infantile personality type, pain, endurance, hard work, and delay gratification are anathema. Pleasure is all that matters, and it had better be immediate. Boredom is the greatest evil, amusement the greatest good. The empty self is narcissistic. Narcissism is an inordinate and exclusive sense of self-infatuation in which the individual is preoccupied with one’s own self-interest and personal fulfillment. #RandolphHarris 6 of 24

Narcissists manipulate relationships with others, including God, to validate their own self-esteem and cannot sustain deep attachments or make personal commitments to something larger than their own ego. Narcissists are superficial and aloof and prefer to “play it cool” and “keep their options open.” Self-denial is out of the question. The Christian narcissist brings a Copernican revolution to the Christian faith. Historically, the Copernican revolution dethroned the Earth from the center of the Universe and put the Sun in its place. Spiritually, the narcissist dethrones God and His purposes in history from the center of the religious life and replaces them with one’s own personal fulfillment. The narcissist evaluates the local church, the right books to read, and the other religious practices worthy of one’s time on the basis of how they will further one’s own agenda. God becomes another tool in a narcistic bag of tricks, along with the car, workouts at the fitness center, and so on—things that exist as mere instruments to facilitate a life defined largely independent of biblical Worldview. Narcissists see education solely as a means to enhance their own careers. The humanities and general education that historically were part of a university curriculum to help develop people with the intellectual and moral virtues necessary for life directed at he common good, just do not fit into the narcissist’s plans. #RandolphHarris 7 of 24

Narcissistic students object to the introduction of requirements in general education because the work demands too much of them and seldom leads to lucrative employment. The empty self is passive. The couch cheese burger is the role model for the empty self, and without question, modern Americans are becoming increasingly passive in their approach to life. We let other people do our living and thinking for us: the pastor studies the Bible for us, the news media does our political thinking for us, and we let our favourite sports team exercise, struggle, and win for us. From watching television to listening to sermons, our primary agenda is to be amused and entertained. Holidays have become vacations. Historically, a “holiday” was a “holy day,” an intrinsically valuable, special, active change of pace in which, through proactive play and recreation, you refresh your soul. A “vacation” is a “vacating”—even the language is passive—in order to let someone else amuse you. The passive individual is a self in search of pleasure and consumer goods provided by others. Such an individual increasingly becomes a shriveled self with less and less ability to be proactive and take control of life. #RandolphHarris 8 of 24

Many factors have contributed to the emergence of passivity as an aspect of the empty self. However, in my view, television is the chief culprit, and its impact begins early life. Elementary school children watch an average of twenty-five hours of television per week, and high schoolers spend six times as many hours watching television as they invest doing homework. Studies indicate that such widespread television viewing induces mental passivity, inhibits motivation and the ability to stick to something, negatively affects reading skills (especially those needed for higher-level mental comprehension), weakens the ability to listen and stay focused, and encourages an overall passive withdrawal from life. The widespread passivity of the empty self explains the proliferation of magazines like People, of television shows like Entertainment Tonight, and of an overidentification with sports teams and figures. Passive people do not have lives of their own, so they must live vicariously through the lives of others, and celebrities become the codependent enablers of a passive lifestyle. They very idea of a Christian celebrity may be considered an oxymoron. However, for the passive, empty self, it is a spiritual life-support system. The empty self is sensate. Modern life is thoroughly mediated by electronic images. #RandolphHarris 9 of 24

Today, we may decisions and even judge what is and is not real on the basis of electronic images. If it is on TV, it is real. Advertisements sell us thing based on images, not on thoughtful content about a product. On television, discourse is conducted largely through visual imagery, which is to day that television gives us a conversation in images, not words. The emergence of the sensate self has produced two disastrous results. For one thing, people no longer base their decisions on a careful use of abstract reasoning in assessing the pertinent issues, nor are they as capable of doing so compared to earlier generations when thought was communicated by writing and abstract ideas, not by images. For another thing, people are coming to believe more and more that the sense-perceptible World is all there is. Cultures come in two major types: sensate and ideational. In a sensate culture people believe only in the reality of the physical Universe capable of being experienced with the five sense. A sensate culture is secular, this-Worldly, and empirical. By contrast, an ideational culture embraces the sensory World but also accept the notion that an extra-empirical, immaterial reality can be known as well—a reality consisting in God, the soul, immaterial beings, values, purposes, and various abstract objects like numbers and propositions. #RandolphHarris 10 of 24

A senate culture will eventually disintegrate because it lacks the intellectual resources necessary to sustain public and private life conducive of corporate and individual human flourishing. And this is precisely what we see happening to modern American culture. The widespread emergence of the sensate self has caused us to be shallow, small-souled people. The empty self has lost the art of developing an interior life. In the medieval times, the self used to be defined in terms of internal traits of virtue and morality, and the successful person, the person of honour and reputation, was the person of deep character. In such a view, the cultivation of an interior life through intellectual reflection and spiritual formation was of critical importance. In the last few decades, however, the self has come to be defined in terms of external factors—the ability to project a pleasurable, powerful personality and the possession of consumer goods—and the quest for celebrity status, image, pleasure, ad power has become the preoccupation of a self so defined. A careful development of an inner life is simply irrelevant in such a view of the good life. The empty self is hurried and busy. The empty self is a hurried, busy self gorged with activities and noise. #RandolphHarris 11 of 24

The empty self is consumed with consumer goods, calories, experiences, politicians, romantic partners, and empathetic therapists. The empty self experiences a significant absence of community, tradition, and shared meaning, a lack of personal conviction and worth, and it embodies the absences as a chronic, undifferentiated emotional hunger. Because the empty self has a deep emotional emptiness and hunger, and because it has devised inadequate strategies to fill that emptiness, a frenzied pace of life emerges to keep the pain and emptiness suppressed. One must jump from one activity to another and not be exposed to quiet for very long or the emptiness will become apparent. Such a lifestyle created a deep sense of fatigue in which passivity takes over. And fatigued people wither do not have the energy to read or, when they do, choose undemanding material. Shortly after noting that our capacity to think is on the decrease today, it is obvious that the modern individual is too rushed and distracted to look for something to improve one’s mind, demand an effort for oneself, or give rise to reflection, awareness, or sustained thought. Distraction and noise are enemies of an intellectual and spiritual life; focus and quiet are its friends. Americans are raging against the consequences of their own inclinations in these modern times, something was wrong with society and people’s actions to cause these outbursts. #RandolphHarris 12 of 24

The old American tradition that every individual is somehow unique is something we epitomize. And the notion that education having individual potential can be more powerful than sliver and gold. A cultivated mind will not only come up with legal ways to make money, but will also find ways to retain wealth. The concept of this potential does not all fall on the parents, but because this potential is seen as innate, partially hidden, gradually unfolding, fluid, and malleable it does help to have encouragement and guidance to access these talents. However, the parent cannot simply coerce the child into a set uniform pattern of behaviour, because it is important, given our achievement ethic, that a child realize one’s maximum potential, and this means taking into account present, anticipated, or fantasied characteristics of one’s own. This potential is thus rooted in individualism and achievement ideology. It also serves, however, as a kind of compromise between biological and environmental determinism. The parent is given not clay but some more differentiated substance with which to mold an adult. We have a need to instill a social consciousness, which is why so many people want to bring up their families in the Church. Yet, keep in mind, even the deliberate push in a given direction will not always produce the expected outcome. Still, it is better to try. #RandolphHarris 13 of 24

Actually a good part of the difficulty starts in the confusion relating to the nature and scope of one’s own experience and particularly as it is extended to the interpretations of one’s relation to others. When one is in an authoritative relation to another as expert, leader, or parent, this is especially obvious. True, good and evil exists for us in our pain and misery, joy and exaltation. Yet the thing-in-itself is not good or bad but only in its relationship. Any one thing is sometimes good and sometimes evil and only the extremely misexperienced can ultimately fail to see this. Very recently some things like love were good, others like pleasure of the flesh were bad. Yet, if one is of the other, how can this be? We admired the highly motivated but despised the over emotional yet the intense disregard of emotion is nothing but the negative aspect of high motivation. To do any one thing intensively is far that time to neglect and obviate all other values. Too often we developed pairs of names to designate the good and bad aspects of a thing separately, yet failed to realize we were but naming the same thing twice instead of the different relationships which were the actual basis of the differentiations. The epiphanous experience in and of itself is always ambivalent. #RandolphHarris 14 of 24

Only the context of the experience enables the discrimination of its relative values. The psychoanalyst has long been aware of this ambivalence and of course it has been long recognized as the “golden mean,” “tao,” or “way.” From birth, and possibly from even before, such choices are apparent and are usually mishandled by those in the dominant political (power) relationship to the developing individual. For the authority in attempting to choose for someone else sets up rules or lists by which to ease this take for oneself. No longer can one permit others the exercise of taste for obviously one’s tastes are one’s own and not the others’. An authority then, if one is to control the actions of others, must resort to standards and external sanctions. Only in this way can one maintain one’s special privilege. And yet if dynamic experience or taste is the basis of choice how mad one must be to think one can in any way choose for another. Because of one’s often superhuman sense of power and its complement of obligation one feels it is one’s responsibility, which, of course it would be if one were omniscient. Yet does not the parent think one knows better in relation to the child, the child to the dog, the teacher to the student, the lawyer to one’s client, the doctor to one’s patient, the governor to one’s people, the priest to one’s parish? #RandolphHarris 15 of 24
The superior, the expert, because it is what one knows is one’s own absolute experience is mislead to believe it is all that is to be known and so offers a rule, a list of sanctions and values. And because the recipient is likely to be unaware of such origins in the absolutes and relationships in the experience of the authority, one can only apply the rules to the thing and so probably is doubly mistaken and confused. The last statement is somewhat misleading for the submitter does not experience the list or rule of things entirely without relationships. In fact, the matter is far worse than one might suspect. The additional trouble lies in that there is always and very definitely a relationship but it is to the authority and not to the situation that the relationships is established. The concept of the “evil eye,” the authority by trying to establish an experience of relationships to some situation succeeds only in establishing it to oneself. However, when asked for what one has done this one will usually deny that was one’s intent and answer instead that one was trying for the development of independent and responsible experience in the existence of others. As such, all authority is truly made. At best the expert, the individual, who, because of more experience has some advantage, can only lead by example and guidance and not by command and instruction if both of these dilemmas are to circumvented. #RandolphHarris 16 of 24

Specific examples of this type of difficulty are extremely easy to find for they are most of our life. The mother who is anxious for the welfare of her newly born child prevents it from putting strange objects in its mouth for fear of contaminative results to the infant. She has established that habit when the time for weaning arrives and she must now cope with a child which rejects what is for it, the “bad” strange objects, its new solid food. Simultaneously this rejection of what was learned to be avoided incurs the loss of one’s mother’s affection for which the avoidance relationship has been established in the first place. One soon ceases to trust the evidence of one’s senses and in one’s turn seeks signs of eternal truth instead of reliable knowledge. Again strictures regarding pleasures of the flesh, especially for females, cause them to abhor the act for the first third of their existence but then they discover after receiving the ring that it takes the next third of existence to overcome this former set of values to what formerly was bad is now good. No wonder that so may reach the menopause thoroughly confused. The student in submitting to “basic disciplines” soon abandons thinking about the subject matter of the discipline and instead thinks primarily of how to please one’s superior, the teacher. #RandolphHarris 17 of 24
And since one’s own original work is likely to be highly unbasic or individual and not in strict conformity with the “basic discipline” one to ceases to trust in one’s own experience and seeks sanctions in a white coat, collar, or particular skin colour. Yet when out of school one discovers the one must learn to choose for oneself. We can only pray one has not learned the original less too well. Of course one could continue to develop food aversions, frigidity, or slavish professionalism instead of fighting though the limitations. Such individuals are frequently comfortable in their selves even though to others they are dull and a threat to the freedom of everyone. It is possible to let the ambivalent remain bad always or good always. One can place the blame or praise elsewhere and so not have to choose now one way now another according to the relative circumstances. I just suggest that since choice is possible, and if we wish to have a democratic society with a self-choosing and responsible people, we can do much to make such choose probable. We do not have to give in to totalitarian measures. All of this has special relevance to our contemporary life and to spiritual formation under modern conditions. #RandolphHarris 18 of 24

We now live within the life form called “modernity,” where revered ritual and personal relations do not smoothly govern life, because human solidarity (in family, neighbourhood, school, workplace, church) has been pulverized. There are few things of equal significance to this fact for serious Christians to understand today. In the “modern” condition, feeling will come to exercise almost total mastery over the individual. This is because people in that condition will have to constantly decide what they want to do, and feeling will be all they have to go on. Here lies the secret to understanding contemporary Western life and its peculiar proneness to gross immoralities and addictions. People are overwhelmed with decisions and can only make those decision on the basis of feelings. More than a century ago, Leo Tolstoy experiences the effects of “modernity” in the circle of wealth, upper-class Russians who made up his World. In that World, he relates, “My life came to a standstill. I could breathe, eat, drink, and sleep, and I could not help doing these things; but there was no life, for there were no wishes the fulfillment of which I could consider reasonable. Had a fairy come and offered to fulfil my desires, I should not have known what to ask.” This is exactly the World of pointless activity portrayed in such staples of the contemporary American consciousness as television shows The Good Place, The Ranch, Superstore, and New Girl. #RandolphHarris 19 of 24

In the course of events, however, Tolstoy became involved in the life of the less affluent Russians. “I saw that the whole life of these people was passed in heavy labour, and that they were content with life. And they all—endlessly different in their manners, minds, education, and position, as they were—all alike, in complete contrast to my ignorance, knew the meaning of life and death, laboured quietly, endured deprivations and sufferings, and lived and died seeing therein not vanity but good.” The less affluent whom Tolstoy admired so much were not yet swallowed up in modernity. They had solid traditions of faith and community that provided a ritual form of life—and of death. The result was that they knew what was good to do without regard to their feelings. Good was not determined for them by how they “felt” or by what they thought was “the best deal.” The same was true for the “homemaker” and the “wage-earner” of our recent past. Not to say that all was well with them or with Tolstoy’s less affluent. However, individuals in their roles knew without thinking about it what to do with their minutes, hours, and days, and only rarely were faced with having to do what they “felt like doing.” The overall order in which they lived usually gave them great strength and inner freedom derived from their sense of place and direction, even in the midst of substantial suffering and frustration. #RandolphHarris 20 of 24

In a situation such as today, by contrast, where people constantly have—only think they have—to decide what to do, they will almost invariably be governed by feelings. Often they cannot distinguish between their feelings and their will, and in their confusion they also quite commonly take feelings to be reasons. And they will in general lack any significant degree of self-control. This sill turn their life into a mere drift through the days and years, which addictive behaviour promises to allow them to endure. Self-control is the steady capacity to direct yourself to accomplish what you have chosen or decided to d and be, even though you “do not feel like it.” Self-control means that you, with steady hand, do what you do not wan to do (or what you want not to) when that is needed and do not do what you want to do (what you “feel like” doing) when that is needed. In people without rock-solid character, feeling is a deadly enemy of self-control and will always subvert it. The mongoose of a disciplined will under God and good is the only match for the cobra of feeling. “And it came to pass in the commencement of the thirty and sixth years of the reign of the judges over the people of Nephi, that Shiblon took possession of those sacred thing which had been delivered unto Helaman by Alma. And he was a just man, and he did walk uprightly before God; and he did observe to do good continually, to keep the commandments of the Lord his God; and also did his brother. #RandolphHarris 21 of 24
“And it came to pass that Moroni died also. And thus ended the thirty and sixth year of the reign of the judges. And it came to pass that in the thirty and seventh year of the reign of the judges, there was a large company of men, even to the amount of five thousand and four hundred men, with their wives and their children, departed out of the land of Zarahemla into the land which was northward. And it came to pass that Hagoth, he being an exceedingly curious man, therefore he went forth and built him an exceedingly large ship, on the borders of the land Bountiful, by the land Desolation, and by the narrow neck which led into the land northward. And behold, there were many of the Nephites who did enter therein and did sail forth with much provisions, and also many women and children; and they took their course northward. And thus ended the thirty and seventh year. And in the thirty and eighth year, this man built other ships. And the first ship did also return, and many more people did enter into it; and they also took much provisions, and set out again to the land northward. And it came to pass that they were never heard of more. And we suppose that they were drowned in the depth of the sea. And it came to pass that one other ship also did sail forth; and whither she did go we know not. #RandolphHarris 22 of 24

“And it came to pass that in this year there were many people who went forth into the land northward. And thus ended the thirty and eight years. And it came to pass in the thirty and ninth year of the reign of the judges, Shiblon died also, and Corianton had gone forth to the land northward in a ship, to carry forth provisions unto the people who had gone forth into that land. Therefore it became expedient for Shiblon to confer those sacred things, before his death, upon the son of Helaman, who was called Helaman, being called after the name of his father. Now behold, all those engravings which were in the possession of Helaman were written and sent forth among the children of humans throughout all the land, save it were those parts which had been commanded by Alma should not go forth. Nevertheless, these things were made to be kept sacred, and handed down from one generation to another; therefore, in this year, they had been conferred upon Helaman, before the death of Shiblon. And it came to pass also in this year there were some dissenters who had gone forth unto the Lamanites; and they were stirred up again to anger against the Nephites. And also in this same year they came down with a numerous army to war against the people of Moronihah, or against the army of Moronihah, in which theu were beaten and driven back again t their own lands, suffering great loss. #RandolphHarris 23 of 24

“And thus ended the thirty and ninth year of the reign of the judges over the people of Nephi. And thus ended the account of Alma, and Helaman his son, and also Shiblon, who was his son,” reports Alma 63.1-17. Ruling the storm, He comes in the night, losing his axe again and again. The Bull of Storms comes bellowing, scattering seed over the Earth. A strong king He is, spreading fire and water as He rampages. In His wake he will leave fertile ground. Grant that we lie down in peace, secure in Thy protecting love, and shelter us beneath Thy wings to keep us safe throughout the night. On the morrow raise us up in perfect peace to life, O God, to face each task with faith in Thee, our zeal renewed and strength restored. Please save us for Thine own name’s sake, and guard us from all lurking foes. Remove all sorrow, hatred, strife, and turn Thy children’s hearts to Thee. Spread Thy tent of peace, O Lord, above Earth, we pray, and shield Thy people Israel, dispersed aboard in every land. Praised be Thou, our Lord and King, Whose sheltering love spreads over us, enfolding all who seek Thy peace, who find their hope and strength in Thee. Magnified and sanctified be the name of God throughout the Word which He hath created according to His will. May He establish His kingdom during the days of your life and during the life of all the house of Earth, speedily, yea, soon; and say ye, Amen. #RandolphHarris 24 of 24
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In a Moment, in the Twinkling of an Eye, at the Last Trump!

We need this person of action, this person of accomplishment, this person of experience, this person of courage; we need this person of faith in America….who has brought us to the threshold of peace. The youth culture derived its immense power precisely from its capacity to transcend social and ideological boundaries that Americans had long taken for granted, and that transcendence was made possible by the huge young demographic and a completely apolitical marketing machines eager to meet every desire of those under the magical mark of thirty. Youth preference in fashion, movies, digital streaming, car design, television programs, poetry (remember Rod McKuen?), and, above all, music became indistinguishable from popular culture as a whole. Music and art are a whole spiritual World in Russian. When people go to a concert, they do not go to it as an attraction, as an entertainment, but to feel life. For them art is bread. That may be something people in Russian and in the United States of America have in common. Musical performances and fashion concerts tend to be full of life and very exciting. Another thing Russia and America have in common is they take academics very seriously. Many parents are requesting the primary schools, secondary colleges and centers of higher learning beef up their science, English, history and mathematics departments to ensure that America will remain a top competitor in the World. #RandolphHarris 1 of 25

The culture of celebrity, defined by the media’s circular capacity to create stars who shine not because of specific deeds but mainly because they are objects of media attention is why Paris Hilton became famous. People respect famous people—they are automatically interested in what they have to say. Imagine how powerful it would be to get a star to endorse education. For the past is a chaos of events and personalities into which we cannot penetrate. It is beyond retrieval and it is beyond reconstruction. All historians know this in their souls. Conceptions of the past are far from stable, and when new urgencies arise in our own times and lives, the historian’s spotlight shifts, probing now into the shadows, throwing into sharp relief things that were always there but that earlier historians had carelessly excised from the collective memory. Abandonment to feeling, allowing oneself to be “carried away” by feeling, is actually sought by many, and a regular basis. That is a testimony to our epidemic deadness of soul. People want to feel, and to feel strongly, and in the very nature of life they need to do so. The opposite of peace is really not war, but deadness. The “dead soul” is one waiting to explode or fall apart, and one that will seek out trouble for reasons it cannot understand. #RandolphHarris 2 of 25

In its desolate life away from God, there is no drama to provide constructive feeling tones that would keep life from being a burden. Such persons really have no hope. This is the key to those “lives of quiet desperation” Thoreau attributed to “most humans.” Feeling will then be sought for its own sake, and satisfaction in feeling alone always in turn demands stronger feeling. It cannot limit itself. This simple point is what explains the powerful grip of addiction to praise. Addiction is a feeling phenomenon. The addict is one who, in one way or another, has given in to feeling of one kind or another and has placed it in the position of ultimate value in one’s life. Of course addicts may also hold other things to be very valuable, and their life may be (usually will be) torn and even tragic because of conflicts. However, they nevertheless have inwardly conceded the final word to some feeling—emotion, sensation, or desire. It may be that they have come to fear or even hate that feeling and that in their present condition their mind is blinded and they see no way out. At this point suicide sometimes occurs. However, in their heart of hearts they have accepted the rule of the feeling and have conceded its right to satisfaction. #RandolphHarris 3 of 25
An aspect of the Christian work ethic, very close to energy and enthusiasm, but nevertheless bearing a distinctive and important nuance, is wholeheartedness: “Slaves, obey your Earthly masters with respect and fear, and with sincerity of heart, just as you would obey Christ. Obey them not only to win their favour when their eye is on you, but like slaves of Christ, doing the will of God from your heart. Serve wholeheartedly, as if you were serving the Lord, not humans, because you know that the Lord will reward everyone for whatever good one does, whether one is slave or free,” reports Ephesians 6.5-8. If you have ever observed a gym class doing push-ups, you will understand the sense of this verse. The coach orders everyone down and begins to intone “up-down, up-down,” and all are following until he looks to the right, because in that moment the half on the left go on “hold,” until one’s gaze begins to move back to the left, whereupon they begin to do proper push-ups again, and those on the right go on “hold.” There are employees who are all action when their boss is around, but otherwise loll around the Jura S8 Automatic Coffee Machine. Out of one’s eye there is no energy, no enthusiasm, no heart. The cheerful wholeheartedness recommended here comes, as before, when one’s work is done for the Lord. #RandolphHarris 4 of 25

Humans, we are to work as we did as children when we knew our father was watching, because He is always! Our work must be done with an eye to excellence. Many Churches in our time have forgotten that the secular vocation is sacred. Forgotten that a building must be good architecture before it can be a good church; that a painting must be well painted before it can be a good sacred picture; that work must be good work before it can call itself God’s work. Work that is truly Christian is work well done. Genesis 1 logs God’s commitment to excellence when it says, “God saw all that he had made, and it was very good,” reports Genesis 1.31. Christians should always do good work. Christians ought to be the best workers wherever they are. They ought to have the best attitude, the best integrity, and be the best in dependability. If what the pollsters tell us is true—that there is little difference in the work ethics of Christians and non-Christians—we have cause for alarm. If there is no difference, then large numbers of God’s children have succumbed to the extremes of laziness and overwork which characterize today’s work force. It also means that vast numbers of Christian lives are spiritually dysfunctional, for it is impossible to dedicate over half of one’s waking hours (some 80- to 100,000 hours in an average lifetime) to a sub-Biblical work ethic and not suffer immense spiritual trauma. #RandolphHarris 5 of 25

We must recover the Biblical truth—the Reformation truth—that our vocation, be it ever so humble, is a divine calling and thus be liberated to do it for the glory of God. This alone will take the Church out into the World. Humans, if you sense your deficient, you need to do three things. First, take an honest assessment of your life, using the Scriptures as a standard as you answer the questions: Do I do my work for the glory of God? Do I honestly work hard? Do I work with enthusiasm? Do I work wholeheartedly? Do I do excellent work? Second, after honest evaluation confess your sins. And, thirdly, commit your work life to the glory of God alone. Will you do this? “In the beginning God created the Heavens and the Earth. Thus the Heavens and the Earth were completed in all their vast array. By the seventh day God had finished the work he had been doing; so on the seventh day he rested from all his work,” reports Genesis 1.1 and Genesis 2.1-2. What do we learn about the example God sets as a worker? How should what you see there be applied to your working life? “To Adam he said, ‘Because you listened to your wife and ate from the tree about which I commanded you, You must not eat of it,’ Cursed is the ground because of your; through painful toil you will eat of it all the days of your life. It will produce thorns and thistles for you, and you will eat the plants of the field. #RandolphHarris 6 of 25

“By the sweat of your brow you will eat your food until you return to the ground, since from it you were taken; for dust you are and to dust you will return,” reports Genesis 3.17-19. What does Genesis 3.17-19 tell us about the current nature of work? Does this mean it is useless to seek fulfillment or usefulness or success in our business, family, and church labours? If not, why not? “For we are God’s workmanship, created in Christ Jesus to do good works, which God prepared in advance for us to do,” reports Ephesians 2.10. What is the origin of this work? Its purpose? What must you do to experience this work in your life? Do you agree with Martin Luther that “Your work is a very sacred matter”? What can you do to remind yourself that your work matters to God? What is the relation between a healthy work ethic and wholeheartedness? “And masters, treat your slaves in the same way. Do not threaten them, since you know that one who is both their Master and yours is in Heaven, and there is no favoritism with Him,” reports Ephesians 6.9. It is difficult for us to see God’s hand of love in the adversities and heartaches of life because we persist in thinking, as the World does, that happiness is the greatest good. Thus we tend to evaluate all our circumstances in terms of whether or not they produce happiness. #RandolphHarris 7 of 25

Holiness, however, is a greater good than happiness, so God arranges ad orchestrated circumstances to produce holiness before happiness. He is more concerned about our eternal than our temporal welfare and more concerned about our spiritual than our material welfare. So all the trials and difficulties, all the heartaches, disappointments, and humiliations come from His loving hand to make us partakers of His holiness. John Newton expressed this intent of God in our trials and afflictions in his hymn “Prayer Answered by Crosses”: I asked the Lord that I might grow in faith and love and every grace, might more of his salvation know, and seek more earnestly his face. ‘Twas he who taught me thus to pray; and he, I trust, has answered prayer; but it has been in such a way as almost drove me to despair. I hoped that, in some favoured hour, at once he would answer my request, and by his love’s constraining power subdue my sins, and give me rest. Instead of this, he made me feel the hidden evils of my heart, and let the angry powers of hell assault my soul in every part. Yea, more, with his own hand he seemed intent to aggravate my woe, crossed all the fair designs I schemed, blasted my gourds, and laid me low. Lord, why is this? I trembling cried; wilt thou pursue this worm to death? #RandolphHarris 8 of 25

“This is the way, the Lord replied I answer prayer for grace and faith. These inward trials I now employ from self and pride to set three free, and break they schemes of Earthly joy, that thou may’st seek thy all in me.” However, it is not enough to see God’s mighty hand behind the immediate causes of all our adversities, nor to see it as the hand of a loving Father discipling His children. I have seen the doctrine of the sovereignty of God in the Scriptures for so many years that I instinctively see his hand behind every circumstance. And I have come to the place where I acknowledge, almost reluctantly sometimes, that all hardship is God’s discipline, either corrective or remedial. The rub comes in submitting to it. Sometimes we resist it. However, if we are to appropriate God’s grace in our trial, we must first submit to His hand, which brought the trial. God gives grace only to the humble, to those who are not only humble toward other people, but are humble, or submissive, under His mighty hand. John Lillie expressed this idea so well. He said, “’Humble yourselves, therefore,’ receiving in silent, meek submission whatever humiliation it [God’s hand] may now lay upon you. For this is your time of trial, and, when paternal rod meets thus with the child-like spirit, will be surely followed by another time of healing and joy.” #RandolphHarris 9 of 25

Then Dr. Lillie added an important word of exhortation: “See that you do not frustrate the gracious purpose of God and lose the blessing of sorrow. Rather make that purpose yours also.” Lord, I am willing to receive what You give, to lack what You withhold, to relinquish what You take, to suffer what You inflict, to be what You require. We must have that spirit if we are to humble ourselves under God’s mighty hand and receive the grace He has promised to give. However, there is still one more essential element in this exercise of humbling ourselves under His mighty hand. We must not only submit, we must also do so in faith that He will lift us up in due time. The “due time,” is when the adversity has accomplished its purpose. As the prophet Jeremiah said, “For humans are not cast off by the Lord forever. Though he brings grief, he will show compassion, so great is his unfailing love,” reports Lamentations 3.31-32. God will not leave His heavy hand of adversity on us one moment more than is necessary to accomplish His purpose: “For he does not willingly bring affliction or grief to the children of humans,” Lamentations 3.33. The empty self is filled up with consumer goods, calories, experiences, politicians, romantic partners, and empathetic therapist. #RandolphHarris 10 of 25
The empty self experiences a significant absence of community, tradition, and shared meaning, a lack of personal conviction and worth, and it embodies the absences as a chronic, undifferentiated emotional hunger. Neurosis is always a substitute for legitimate suffering. In their uncompromising determination to proclaim truth, Christians must avoid the intellectual flabbiness of the larger society. They must rally against the prevailing distrust of reason and the exaltation of the irrational. Emotional self-indulgence and irrationalities have always been the enemies of the gospel, and the apostles warned their followers against them. If we spend all of our time trying to look directly at ourselves, our lives dart around, become unstable, and get drastically out of focus. However, if we deny ourselves daily for Christ’s sake (Matthew 16.24)—that is, if we gaze past ourselves and stare at Him with dedication and affection—as a byproduct we come into focus and stabilize in the foreground. This sort of self-denial actually requires a strong, integrated self. An immature, fragmented, narcissistic person cannot bring oneself to live with this sort of focus and discipline. The intellectual life requires the same sort of self-denial and dedication to be part of a larger life of spiritual power and productivity for the kingdom of God. #RandolphHarris 11 of 25

For Christians, the intellectual life of cultivating the mind and valuing rationality makes sense and receives its proper motivation and balance when seen as part of an overall view of what life is all about. The purpose of life is to bring honour to God, to know, love, and obey Hum, to become like Him, and to live for His purposes in this World as I prepare to live in the next one. A life that is intentionally lived for this purpose will be characterized by certain attitudes and action. For one thing, if I am to progress in this sort of life, I must regularly live for a larger whole. I must live for the kingdom of God and be involved aggressively in the war between that kingdom and the kingdom of darkness. Further, while self-interest and personal joy are important components of Christian motivation, they are not adequate in and of themselves to carry the weight of a skillful Christian life. I must also seek to live for others. Among other things, this means that I need to discover my vocation, my overall calling in life, composed of my talents, spiritual gifts, historical circumstances, and so forth. And I should passionately seek to occupy my vocational place for the good of believers and unbelievers alike. This would be my understanding of the good life. Make no mistake. Such a life is not easy. It involves discipline, hard work, suffering, patience, and endurance in forming habits conducive to and characteristic of this kind of life. #RandolphHarris 12 of 25

It requires taking a long-haul view of my life and learning to defer intellectual and moral virtues and habits before I can become fully skilled at living this way. Unfortunately, the intellectual life, the life of intentional, habitual cultivation of my mind under Christ’s lordship, can be valued and entered into only as a part of the overall approach to life just described, and this approach runs contrary to the conditions that define our modern lifestyles. Many people today, including many Christians, simply do not read of think deeply at all. And when believers do read, they tend to browse self-help books or other literature that is not intellectually engaging. I once wrote a piece for what is most likely the top Christian periodical of the last thirty years, and I was warned to keep my prose to about an eighth-grade level. How far we have come since the time of Joseph Butler (1692-17520 when, as one historian put it, the church could still out-think her critics. Butler was an Anglican minster at Rolls Chapel in England. His fifteen-part sermon series on ethics is regarded as one of the finest pieces of moral reasoning in the history of philosophy and has, in the words of philosopher Stephen L. Darwall, “influenced moral philosophy ever since.” The mind is like a muscle. If it is not exercised regularly and strenuously, it loses some of its capacities and strength. #RandolphHarris 13 of 25

We modern evangelicals often feel small and without influence in the public square. If we are to present to our brothers and sisters, our children, and post-Christian culture a version of Christianity rich and deep enough to challenge the dehumanizing structures and habits of thought of society gone mad, we must recapture our intellectual heritage. To do this, we must change our reading habits; indeed, we must alter our entire approach to the life of the mind as part of Christian discipleship. “And now it came to pass that when Moroni has received this epistle his heart did take courage, and was filled with exceedingly great joy because of the faithfulness of Pahoran, that he was not also a traitor to the freedom and cause of his country. However, he did also mourn exceedingly because of the iniquity of those who had driven Pahoran from the judgment-seat, yea, in fine because of those who had rebelled against their country and also their Gd. And it came to pass that Moroni took a small number of humans, according to the desire of Pahoran, and gave Lehi and Teancum command over the remainder of his army, and took his march towards the land of Gideon. And he did raise the standard of liberty in whatsoever place he did enter, and gained whatsoever force he could in all his march towards the land of Gideon. #RandolphHarris 14 of 25

“And it came to pass that thousands did flock unto his standard, and did take up their swords in the defence of their freedom, that they might not come into bondage. And thus, when Moroni had gathered together whatsoever men he could in all his march, he came to the land of Gideon; and uniting his forces with those of Pahoran they became exceedingly strong, even stronger than the men of Pachus, who was the king of those dissenters who had driven the free humans out of the land of Zarahemla and had taken possession of the land. And it came to pass that Moroni and Pahoran went down with their armies into the land of Zarahemla, and went forth against the city, and did meet the men of Pachus, insomuch that they did come to battle. And behold, Pachus was slain and his men were taken prisoners, and Pahoran was restored to his judgment-seat. And the humans of Pachus received their trial, according to the law; yea, those humans of Pachus and those king-men, whosoever would not take up arms in the defence of their country, but would fight against it, were put to death. And thus it became expedient that this law should be strictly observed for the safety of their country; yea, and whosever was found denying their freedom was speedingly executed according to the law. #RandolphHarris 15 of 25

“And thus ended the thirtieth year of the reign of the judges over the people of Nephi; Moroni and Pahoran having restored peace to the land of Zarahemla, among their own people, having inflicted death upon all those who were not true to the cause of freedom. And it came to pass in the commencement of the thirty and first year of the reign of the judges over the people of Nephi, Moroni immediately caused that provisions should be sent, and also an army of six thousand humans should be sent unto Helaman, to assist him in preserving that part of the land. And he also caused that an army of six thousand humans, with a sufficient quantity of food, should be sent to the armies of Lehi and Teancum. And it came to pass that this was done to fortify the land against the Lamanites. And it came to pass that Moroni and Pahoran, leaving a large body of humans in the land of Zarahemla, took their march with a large body of men towards the land of Nephihah, being determined to overthrow the Lamanites in that city. And it came to pass that as they were marching towards the land, they took a large body of men of the Lamanites, and slew many of them, and took their provisions and their weapons of war. And it came to pass after they had taken them, they caused them to enter into a covenant that they would no more take up their weapons of war against the Nephites. #RandolphHarris 16 of 25

“And when they had entered into this covenant they sent them to dwell with the people of Ammon, and they were in number about four thousand who had not been slain. And it came to pass that when they had sent them away they pursued their march towards the and of Nephihah, they did pitch their tents in the plains of Nephihah, which is near the city of Nephihah. Now Moroni was desirous that the Lamanites should come out to battle against them, upon the plains; but the Lamanites, knowing of their exceedingly great courage, and beholding the greatness of their numbers, therefore they durst not come out against them; therefore they did not come to battle in that day. And when the night came, Moroni went forth in the darkness of the night, and came upon the top of the wall to spy out in what part of the city the Lamanites did camp with their army. And it came to pass that they were on the east, by the entrance; and they were all asleep. And now Moroni returned to his army, and caused that they should prepare in haste strong cords and ladders, to be let down from the top of the wall into the inner part of the wall. And it came to pass that Moroni caused that his men should march forth and come up the top of the wall, and let themselves down into that part of the city, yea, even on the west, where the Lamanites did not camp with their armies. #RandolphHarris 17 of 25

“And it came to pass that they were all let down into the city by night, by the means of their strong cords and their ladders; thus when the morning came they were all within the walls of the city. And now, when the Lamanites awoke and saw that the armies of Moroni were within the walls, they were affrighted exceedingly, insomuch that they did flee out by the pass. And now when Moroni saw that they were fleeing before him, he did cause that his men should march forth against them, and slew many, and surrounded many others, and took them prisoners; and the remainder of them fled into the land of Moroni, which was in the borders by the seashore. Thus had Moroni and Pahoran obtained the possession of the city of Nephihah without the loss of one soul; and there were many of the Lamanites who were slain. Now it came to pass that many of the Lamanites that were prisoners were desirous to join the people of Ammon and become a free people. And it came to pass that as were desirous, unto them it was granted according to their desires. Therefore, all the prisoners of the Lamanites did join the people of Ammon, and did begin to labour exceedingly, tilling the ground, raising all manner of grain, and flocks and herds of every kind; and thus were the Nephites relieved from a great burden; yea, insomuch that they were relieved from all the prisoners of the Lamanites. #RandolphHarris 18 of 25
“Now it came to pass that Moroni after he had obtained possession of the city of Nephihan, have taken many prisoners, which did reduce the armies of the Lamanites exceedingly, and having regained many of the Nephites who had been taken prisoners, which did strengthen the army of Moroni exceedingly; therefore Moroni went forth from the land of Nephihah to the land of Lehi. And it came to pass that when the Lamanites saw that Moron was coming against them, they were again frightened and fled before the army of Moroni. And it came to pass that when the Lamanites saw that Moroni was coming against them, they were again frightened and fled before the army of Moroni. And it came to pass that Moroni and his army did pursue them from city to city, until they were met by Lehi and Teancum; and the Lamanites fled from Lehi and Teancum, even down upon the borders by the seashore, until they came to the land of Moroni. And the armies of the Lamanites were all gathered together, insomuch that they were all in one body in the land of Moroni. And the armies of the Lamanites were all gathered together, insomuch that they were all in one Ammoron, the king of the Lamanites, was also with them. #RandolphHarris 19 of 25

“And it came to pass that Moroni and Lehi and Teancum did encamp with their armies round about in the borders of the land of Moroni, insomuch that the Lamanites were encircled about in the borders by the wilderness on the south, and in the borders by the wilderness on the east. And thus they did encamp for the night. For behold, the Nephites and the Lamanites also were weary because of the greatness of the march; therefore they did not resolve upon any stratagem in the night-time, save it were Teancum; for he was exceedingly angry with Ammoron, insomuch that he considered that Ammoron, and Amalickiah his brother, had been the cause of this great and lasting war between them and the Lamanites, which had been the cause of so much war and bloodshed, yea, and so much famine. And it came to pass that Teancum in his anger did go forth into the camp of the Lamanites, and did let himself down over the walls of the city. And he went forth with a cord, from place to place, insomuch that he did cast a javelin at him, which did pierce him near the heart. However, behold, the king did awaken his servants before he died, insomuch that they did pursue Teancum, and slew him. #RandolphHarris 20 of 25
“Now it came to pass that when Lehi and Moroni knew that Teancum was dead they were exceedingly sorrowful; for behold, he had been a man who had fought valiantly for his country, yea, a true friend to liberty; and he had suffered very many exceedingly sore afflictions. However, behold, he was dead, and had gone the way of all the Earth. Now it came to pass that Moroni marched forth on the morrow, and came upon the Lamanites, insomuch that they did slay them with a great slaughter; and they did drive them out of the land; and they did flee, even that they did not return at that time against the Nephites. And thus ended the thirty and first year of the reign of the judges over the people of Nephi; and this they had had wars, and bloodsheds, and famine, and affliction, for the space of many years. And there had been murders, and contentions, and dissensions, and all manner of iniquity among the people of Nephi; nevertheless for the righteous’ sake, yea, because of the prayers of the righteous, they were spared. However, behold, because of the exceedingly great length of the war between the Nephites and the Lamanites many had become hardened, because of the exceedingly great length of the war; and many were softened because of their afflictions, insomuch that they did humble themselves before God, even in the depth of humility. #RandolphHarris 21 of 25
“And it came to pass that after Moroni had fortified those parts of the land which were most exposed to the Lamanites, until they were sufficiently strong, he returned to the city of Zarahemla; and also Helaman returned to the place of his inheritance; and there was once more peace established among the people of Nephi. And Moroni yielded up the command of his armies into the hands of his son, whose name was Moronihah; and he retired to his own house that he might spend the remainder of his days in peace. And Pahroan did return to his judgement-seat; and Helaman did take upon him again to preach unto the people the word of God; for because of so many wars and contentions it had become expedient that a regulation should be made again in the church. Therefore, Helaman and his brethren went forth, and did declare the word of God with much power unto the convincing of many people of their wickedness, which did cause them to repent of their sins and to be baptized unto the Lord their God. And it came to pass that they did establish again the church of God, throughout all the land. Yea, and regulations were made concerning the law. And their judges, and their chief judges were chosen. #RandolphHarris 22 of 25

“And the people of Nephi began to prosper again in the land, and began to multiply and to wax exceedingly strong again in the land. And they began to grow exceedingly rich. However, notwithstanding their riches, or their strength, or their prosperity, they were not lifted up in the pride of their eyes; neither were they slow to remember the Lord their God; but they did humble themselves exceedingly before him. Yes, they did remember how great things the Lord had done for them, that he had delivered them from death, and from bonds, and from prisons, and from all manner of afflictions, and he had delivered them out of the hands of their enemies. And they did pray unto the Lord their God continually, insomuch that the Lord did bless them, according to his word, so that they did wax strong and prosper in the land. And it came to pass that all these things were done. And Helaman died, in the thirty and fifth year of the reign of the judges over the people of Nephi,” reports Alma 62.1-51. God is the One who sits in protection over the World, who spreads His wings over us as a shield: King God, You are the One I praise! He is the one who is the throne of Kings, who established governments and maintains them in power: King God, you are the One I praise! #RandolphHarris 23 of 25

God is the One who rises from the sea in glory, who rocks the cradle with his own hand: King God, you are the one I praise! God is the one who is King of the Universe, who created the World. God, You are the one I praise. True and certain it is that there is one God, and there is none like unto Him. It is He who redeemed us from the might of tyrants, and executed judgment upon all our oppressors. Great are the things that God hath done; His wonders are without number. He causes us to triumph over our enemies, and raises up our glory above our foes. Wondrously He visited judgment upon Pharaoh, performing signs and wonders in the land of Egypt. He brought forth the children of Israel from bondage, and delivered them from slavery unto freedom. In every age the Lord hath been our hope; He rescued us from enemies who sought to destroy us. May He continue His protecting care over the Universe and beyond, and guard all His children from disaster. When the children of Earth beheld the might of the Lord, they gave thanks unto Him and praised His name. They accepted His Sovereignty willingly, and sang a song unto Him. Moses and the Children of Israel exultingly proclaimed: Who is like unto Thee, O Lord, among the mighty? Who is like unto Thee, glorious in holiness, revered in praises, doing wonders? #RandolphHarris 24 of 25

When Thou didst rescue Israel at the Red Sea, Thy children beheld Thy supreme power. This is my God! they exclaimed, and said: The Lord shall reign for ever and ever. As Thou didst deliver Israel from a power mightier than he, so mayest Thou redeem all Thy children from oppression. Blessed art Thou, O Lord Redeemer of the Universe and beyond! Cause us, O Lord our God, to lie down in peace, and rise us up again, O our King, unto life. Please spread over us They tabernacle of peace. Direct us aright through Thine own good counsel. Save us for Thy name’s sake. Be Thou a shield about us. Please remove from us every enemy, pestilence, sword, famine and sorrow. Please help us, O Lord, to resist temptation. Please shelter us with Thy protecting love for Thou art our guardian and deliverer. Yea, Thou God and King art gracious and compassionate. Guard our going out and our coming in unto life and peace, henceforth and forevermore. Yea, do Thou spread over us the tabernacle of Thy peace. Blessed be Thou, O Lord, who spreadest the tabernacle of peace over us, over Earth and the Universe and Beyond. “I am the Alpha and the Omega, the beginning and the end, the first and the last,” reports Revelation of St. John 22.13. If a teacher must put into finite phrases every communication from one’s inner being to a pupil, if one must use material means for every transmission of one’s own thought, then the being yet ready to be a disciple. #RandolphHarris 25 of 25

Cresleigh Homes

The kitchen comes fully equipped with a large island, stainless steel appliances, and quartz counters with a butler’s pantry to provide easy access to the dining room. The great room is spacious and its open floor plan allows all parts of the home to flow. The Owner’s suite nestled away from the secondary bedrooms allowing for maximum privacy, yet still accessible.
Best of all, each Cresleigh home comes fully equipped with an All Ready connected home! This smart home package comes included with your home and features great tools including: video door bell and digital deadbolt for the front door, connect home hub so you can set scenes and routines to make life just a little easier. Two smart switches and USB outlets are also included, plus we’ll gift you a Google Home Hub and Google Mini to help connect everything together!

Channel your inner child at this more grown up version of a picnic table under your gazebo. The backyard at #BrightonStation Residence 2 is so beautiful that we bet you will find something new to admire each and every time you are outside.🌷🌿

Houses with abundant space and charming comforts are a singular symbol of progress and proof that the American way is winning.
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