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Memory is More Incredible than Ink for it is a Wise Father who Knows His Own Child!
The generation gap is just another way of saying that the younger generation makes overt what is covert in the older generation; the child expresses openly what the parents represses. The mass media with the use of television ( “The Most Effective Devil in America,” is telling you a vision) has flooded out local boundaries and forced the total society into a dim awareness of what it is like to live in fear. It is not so much the increase in violence that upsets middle-class Americans as the democratization of violence: the less affluent and underrepresented have become less willing to serve as specialized victims of violence from a political agenda (“legally”) and each other (illegally). The same point can be made about crimes against property, given the well-known class bias in our legal system. Since the ways in which the affluent steal from the less affluent are rarely defined as crimes (when executives of a major corporation were jailed for a few days some years ago for stealing millions of dollars from the public through antitrust violations many people were shocked that respectable humans could be treated in such a rude fashion) rising property crimes rates may only reflect an increase in the democratization of larceny, a result attributable in part to the success of the mass media in convincing the less affluent that only the possession of various products can satisfy their various social, pleasures of the flesh, and moral requirements. #RandolphHarris 1 of 25
Leaving aside these more likely to be considered violent when they have political overtones. Our nation has never known a time without serious urban riots—usually about some kind of economic or social injustice—but it was only when they began to have a political thrust and to attack business districts that the concerns about the rioting began to grow. The same relationship holds true for the college campus. It is not violence as such but its political aims that arouse concern. The same people who assail the violence of campus radicals are quite happy to regale listeners with tales of their own (apolitical) childhood pranks—pranks that would bring a jail sentence if committed today. College students on many campuses have rioted annually for generations, and the injuries and vandalism resulting from such riots have often far exceeded that produced by protests. Yet these apolitical riots have always been considered venial. The difference is that student pranks and riots in the past attacked authority but accepted it. The protests of today confront authority and question it. Thus although no violence at all may occur, those toward whom the protest is directed may feel that violence has been done to them. The disruption of ordinary daily patterns and assumptions are experienced as a kind of psychological violence. #RandolphHarris 2 of 25
Consider what happens when a defective traffic light fails to change from red to green. The line of cars grows and restlessness increases. At some point someone decides that the symbol of order is in fact in disorder and either goes through the red light or begins to honk one’s hor. As soon as one goes through, the others all follow suit. The initiator in this situation is engaging in a kind of civil disobedience. One is challenging the specific rule about red lights in terms of a broader understanding which says that the purpose of traffic laws is to regulate traffic not to disrupt it. Yet because the situation has no real political significance the incidence carries no threat or violent connotation. We live in a society in which cruelties inflicted upon humanity can be exposed in every living room through mass media or on Facebook and Twitter. We discuss and debate constantly the appearance of any instance anywhere in the World of inhumane treatment of one person by another, but we still do not always get the full story. Nonetheless, we stress that every human life, even corporations, are beings of value. We live, in short, in modern, secure, civilized World, in which a single isolated act of violence is a calamity, an outrage. #RandolphHarris 3 of 25
Yet, innocent people still have their characters and beings terminated by the most barbarous means possible and shows no qualms about it. These techniques are a bit reminiscent of the dunking stool used in earlier centuries to test potential witches: if the person was not a witch the individual would drown—if one did not drown thus proved one was a witch and one was burned to death. The energy required to avoid even the most obvious forms of exploitation by commercial enterprises in our society would not permit the individual to lead a normal active life. Like Looking-glass Country, it takes all the running one can do to stay in the same place. Powerlessness has always been the common lot of most of humankind. However, the more we attempt to solve problems through increased autonomy the more we find ourselves at the mercy of these mysterious, impersonal, and remote mechanisms that we have ourselves created. Their indifference is a reflection of our own. All societies, optimally, must allow for both change and stability since: effective adaptation to the environment requires both modification and consolidation of existing reposes; social integration depends both upon the preservation and upon the periodic dissolution of existing structural differentiation; and personal happiness rest upon both familiarity and novelty in everyday life. Every society evolves patterns for attempting to realize these mutually incompatible needs. #RandolphHarris 4 of 25
We talk of technology as the servant of humans, but it is a servant that now dominates the households, too powerful to fire, upon whom everyone is helplessly dependent. We tiptoe about and speculate upon his mood. What will be the effects of such-and-such an invention? How will it change our daily lives? We never ask, do we want this, is it worth it? (We did not ask ourselves, for example, if the major conveniences offered by social media could really offset the calamitous disruption and depersonalization of our lives that it brought about.) We simply say, “You cannot stop progress,” and shuffle back inside. We pride ourselves on being a “democracy” but we are in fact slaves. We submit to an absolute ruler who governs our state or city whose edicts and whims we never question. We watch that individual carefully, hang on to one’s every word; for technology is a harsh and capricious king, demanding prompt and absolute obedience. We laugh at the old lady who holds off the highway bulldozers with a Winchester Rifle, but we laugh because we are Uncle Toms. We try to outdo each other in singing the praises of the oppressor, although in fact the value of technology in terms of human satisfaction remains at best undemonstrated. For when evaluating its effects we always adopt the basic assumptions and perspective of technology itself, and never examine it in terms of the totality of human experience. #RandolphHarris 5 of 25
We say this or that invention is valuable because it generates other inventions—because it is a means to some other means—not because it achieves an ultimate end. We play down the “side effects” that so often become the main effects and completely negate any alleged benefits. The much-vaunted “freedom” of American life is thus an illusion, one which underlies the sense of spuriousness so many Americans feel about their basic institutions. We are free to do only what we are told, and we are “told” not by a human master but by a mechanical construction. However, how can we be the salves of technology—is not technology merely an extension of, a creation of, ourselves? This is only metaphorically true. The forces to which we submit so abjectly were not generated by ourselves but by our ancestors—what we create will in turn rule our progeny. It takes a certain amount of time for the social effects of technological change to make their appearance, by which time a generation has usually passed. Science-fiction writers have long been fascinated with the notion of being able to create material objects just by imagining them, and have built novels, stories, and films around the idea. Actually, it is merely an exaggeration of what normally takes place. Technology is materialized fantasy. We are ruled today by the material manifestations of the fantasies of previous generations. #RanolphHarris 6 of 25
We treat technology as if it were a fierce patriarch—we are deferential, submissive, and alert to its demands. Perhaps, that is why men dominate the Silicon Valley in San Jose, California USA, and in Shenzhen, a city in south China’s Guangdong province known as the “Silicon Valley of China.” (The Silicon Valley of China has gradually become a global hardware center and hub for scientific and technological advances, where skyscrapers appear commonplace and the population has surged past 13 million.) We feel spasms of hatred toward technology, and continually make fun of it but we do little to challenge the rule. People who develop technology, like Wolfgang Egger who is a World-famous Germany car designer, reports, “to have this opportunity to create something like this [an electric car] from nothing is a big challenge that I need.” That is the main reason why he joined the Chinese car manufacturer BYD three years ago. Technology has inherited the fantasy of the authoritarian father. Furthermore, since the technological environment that rules, frustrates, and manipulates us is a materialization of the wished of our forefathers, it is quite reasonable to say that technology is the authoritarian father in our society. #RandolphHarris 7 of 25
The American father can be a good-natured humble man in the home precisely because he is so ruthless toward the nonhuman environment, leveling, uprooting, filling in, building up, tearing down, blowing up, tunneling under. This ruthlessness affects his children only indirectly, as the deranged environment afflicts the eyes, ears, nose, and nervous system of the next generation. However, it affects them nonetheless. Through this impersonal intermediary we inflict our will upon our children, and punish them for our generous indulgence—our child-oriented, self-sacrificing behaviour. It I small wonder that the myth of the punitive patriarch stays alive. From this viewpoint, then, delegating to technology the role of punitive patriarch is another example of the first process we described: the tendency to avoid interpersonal conflict by compartmentalization and a false illusion of autonomy—to place impersonal mechanisms between and around people and imagine that we have created a self-governing paradise. It is a kind of savage joke in its parental form. We say: “Look, I am an easy-going, good-natured, affectionate father. I behave in a democratic manner and treat you like a person, never pulling rank. As to all those roads and wires and social media and clones and machines and bombs and complex bureaucratic institutions out there, do not concern yourself about them—this is my department.” #RandolphHarris 8 of 25
However, when the child grows up one discovers the fraud. One learns that one is a slave to his father’s unconscious and unplanned whims—that the area of withheld power was crucial. The child becomes angry and rebels, saying, “You were not what you pretended, and I cannot be what you encouraged me to be.” The child attacks “the system” and authority everywhere, trying to find the source of the deception, and using techniques that reflect one’s commitment to what one’s father deceived one into thinking one was—a person. However, by this time one has also learned the system of avoiding conflict through impersonal mechanism and is ready to inflict the same deception on one’s own children. We love and indulge our children, and would never dream of hurting them. If they are poisoned, bombed, gassed, burned, or whatever, it is surely not our fault, since we do not even know how to manipulate those objects. The danger comes from outside. Perhaps long ago we did something to deliver them into these impersonal hands, but we have forgotten, and in any case it is not our responsibility. Technology, in other words, is our plains sorcerer. Because Americans have submitted so passively to the havoc wreaked by technological change, they have had to convince themselves that their obsequiousness is right and good and appropriate. #RandolphHarris 9 of 25
Any challenge to the technological-over-social priority threatens to expose the fact that Americans has lost their adulthood and their capacity to control their environment. So long as the priority is unchallenged and unmentioned, the human surrender involved need not be confronted. However, youth is increasingly saying: “What about the people? Why have you abdicated your birthright to hardware?” It is a humiliating question, and humiliating questions tend to be answered with blows. Furthermore, the social changes wrought by technological change are so vast and shattering and we are kept so off-balance by them that the desire for independent social change (that is, change produced by human needs rather than technology) appears not as a solution and the assumption of control, but as still another disruptive force. It is like the inhabitants of an occupied country, who say to their militants, “do not fight the enemy, it will just bring more massive retaliation down upon us. Attack your own family.” The predominant feeling is that there is more change than anybody can tolerate already, so how can anyone ever consider a radical reevaluation of the whole system. I felt sure that it was just a public-relations problem that only needed a public-relations solution. #RandolphHarris 10 of 25
I do not give a damn how it is done; do whatever has to be done to stop these leaks and prevent further lies and unauthorized disclosures. I do not want excuses. I want results…whatever the cost. It became necessary for Americans to express themselves on a middle plane between vaporous idealism and self-interested practicality. The association of highbrow culture with vaporous idealism and lowbrow culture with self-interested practicality exemplified the widespread acceptance, by intellectuals as well as noneintellectuals, of the idea that devotion to the life of the mind must somehow be opposed to a decent regard for the exigencies of everyday life. The distinctive feature of American middlebrow culture was its embodiment of the old civic credo that anyone willing to invest time and energy in self-education might better oneself. Many uneducated people cherished middlebrow values: the millions of sets of encyclopedias sold door to door from the 1920s well into the 1980s were often purchased through an installment plan by parents who had never owned a book but were willing to sacrifice to provide their children with information about the World that had been absent from their own upbringing. #RandolphHarris 11 of 25
Remnants of earnest middlebrows striving today among various communities, but the larger edifice of middlebrow culture, which once encompassed Americans of many social classes as well as ethnic and racial backgrounds, has collapsed. The disintegration and denigration of the middlebrow are closely linked to the political and class polarization that distinguishes the current wave of anti-intellectualism from the popular suspicion of highbrows and eggheads that have always, to a greater or lesser degree, been a part of the American psyche. What has been lost is an alterative to mass popular culture, imbibed unconsciously and effortlessly through the audio and video portals that surround us all. What has been lost is the culture of effort. Middlebrow culture was, above all, a reading culture. In the 1950s, to be raised in a middlebrow family meant that there were books, magazines, newspapers in the house and that everyone old enough to read had a library card. Some schools in Sacramento, California would even pause for fifteen minutes a day for reading time, where students could read whatever they wanted, as long as it was a book, it was appropriate, and educational. If much of the reading material was scorned by highbrow intellectuals, the books certainly provided ample room for growth. #RandolphHarris 12 of 25
People had books clubs, much like Reese Witherspoon has popularized, where people select a book each month, read it and talk about. And people who live in segregated communities were taught to learn to appreciate masterpieces like The Age of Innocence by Edith Wharton, On the Road by Jack Kerouac, A Tree Grows in Brooklyn by Betty Smith, The Awakening by Kate Chopin, Atlas Shrugged by Ayn Rand, and many more, and to make sure that no one could segregate one’s mind. Still, 25 percent of American high school biology teachers still believe that dinosaurs and humans coexisted. American ideal of self-education is a distinct era of self-help, and people placed far more emphasis on improving personality and public image and the mind like never before. However, “civilized” is still defined by the gatekeeps of greatness on the installment plan. Many people want to make it into the “Fat Man’s” class which was dubbed that for the size of their pocketbooks. We want everything to be cheap and high quality, but do not look at the value and utility it provides, and then complain about how little we get paid. Our parents, grandparents, and maybe for some of you, great grandparents had it a lot harder than we do today. We hear about how inexpensive everything used to be, but do not take inflation into account. #RandolphHarris 13 of 25
In 1952, a great book cost $249.95, in 2020 dollars that is $2,470.21. Imagine what a luxury a book was back then. In fact, reading books was a status symbol because the proved to the World that one was the sort of person who did read and who could afford the price of a book. People like Reese Witherspoon is doing an excellent job trying to get Americans back into reading books. When a celebrity is seen doing anything, it becomes a trend and what could be a more productive trend than getting people to expand their minds. The possession of certain kinds of knowledge, and the ability to recalls facts before an audience of millions, could provide both fame and fortune. When being smart become a trend, imagine how much better off our society will be, how much productive our children will be. They will learn the root of what it takes to have fun and know they have to study and work hard to earn the money it takes to have fun. Because, as one gets older, fun gets more expensive. Getting a day off from school and watching TV is no longer fun, but having the ability to legally buy new cars and houses and take vacations and decorate your own private home is fun. Having privacy and dignity in your own environment is fun. Being able to relocate or explore the World when you want to is fun. #RandolphHarris 14 of 25
An aspect of the Christian work ethic is enthusiasm. “Whatever you do,” Paul told the Colossians, “work at it with all your heart, as working for the Lord, not for humans,” reports Colossians 3.23. To the Romans Pail admonished, “Never be lacking in seal, but keep your spiritual fervor, serving the Lord,” reports Romans 12.11. It is natural—actually quite easy—to be enthusiastic if your work is prominent, but less natural the more hidden it is, as the conductor of a great symphony orchestra once reveled when asked which was the most difficult instrument to play. “Second violin,” he answered. “We can get plenty of first violinists. However, to get someone who will play second violin with enthusiasm—that is a problem!” And so it is. However, actually, doing one’s work with enthusiasm, even if hidden, plays for an audience far greater than that of the most famous symphony orchestras or World champion sports teams! If we could be really see this, our enthusiasm would never flag. However, it can still be hard to reason with some people. Their very mind has been taken over by one or more feelings and is made to defend and serve those feelings at all costs. It is a fearful condition from which some people never escape. We have noted how thoughts generate feelings. If we allow certain negative thoughts to obsess us, then their associated feelings can enslave and blind us—that is, take over our ability to think and perceive. #RandolphHarris 15 of 25
As humans, we can unknowingly become slaves to technology, or feelings and so man other things. Here, for example, is a woman (it could have just as well have been a man) who has taken in the thought that she has been treated unfairly for years in her marriage and her job. Rather than sensibly addressing the circumstances or just turning her mind away from this thought, she receives it and broods over it—for years—developing a tremendous sense of injustice and outrage, which she also welcomes and cultivates with the assistance of sympathetic friends. The “root of bitterness” (Hebrews 12.15) gradually spreads over her whole personality, seeping deeply into her body and soul. It becomes something you can see in her bodily motions and actions and hear oozing through the language she uses. It affects her capacity to see what is actually going on around her, to realize what she is actually doing, and to think thoroughly and consistently. She is in the prison of resentment, though she thinks she is perhaps for the first time acting freely. Beyond the individual level, poisonous emotions and sensations often take over entire social groups, blinding them and impelling them on terrible courses of destruction. This is nearly always what has happened in cases where repression of ethnic groups or genocide occurs. Thus, to the onlooker the participants (the tyrants) seem to be deaf, blind, and insane—which, in a sense, they are. They, too, are imprisoned. #RandolphHarris 16 of 25
Feelings can be successfully reasoned with, can be corrected by reality, only in those (whether oneself or others) who have the habit and are given the grace of listening to reason even when they are expressing violent feelings or are in the grip of them. A feeling of sufficient strength may blot out all else and will invariably do so in one who has not trained oneself, or been trained, to identify, to be critical of, and to have some distance from one’s own feelings. Combined with a sense of righteousness, strong feeling becomes impervious to fact and reason. I beseech ye brethren, by the bowels of Christ, believe ye may be wrong! One’s feelings of righteousness does not mean one is right and actually should alert one to be very cautious and humble. Those who are wise will, accordingly, never allow themselves, if they can help it, to get in a position where they feel too deeply about any human matter. They will never willingly choose to allow feeling to govern them. They will carefully keep the pathway open to the house of reason and go there regularly to listen. If we are to appropriate God’s grace, we must humble ourselves, we must submit to His providential working in our lives. To do this we must first see His mighty hand behind all the immediate causes of our adversities and heartaches. #RandolphHarris 17 of 25
We must believe the biblical teaching that God is in sovereign control of all our circumstances, and whatever or whoever is the immediate cause of our circumstances, God is behind them all. “And it came to pass that he wrote again to the governor of the land, who was Pahoran, and these are the words which he wrote saying: Behold, I direct mine epistle to Pahoran, in the city of Zarahemla, who is the chief judge and the governor over the land, and also to all those who have been chosen by this people to govern and manage the affairs of this war. For behold, I have somewhat to say unto them by the way of condemnation; for behold, ye yourselves know that we have been appointed to gather together humans, and arm them with swords, and with cimeters, and all manner of weapons of war of every kind, and send forth against the Lamanites, in whatsoever part they should come into out land. And now behold, I say unto you that myself, and also my men, and also Helaman and his men, have suffered exceedingly great sufferings; yea, even hunger, thirst, and fatigue, and all manner of afflictions of every kind. However, behold, were this all we had suffered we would not murmur nor complain. #RandolphHarris 18 of 25
“However, behold, great has been the slaughter among our people; yea, thousands have fallen by the sword, while it might have otherwise been if ye had rendered unto our armies sufficient strength and succor for them. Yea, great has been your neglect towards us. And now behold, we desire to know the cause of this exceedingly great neglect; yea, we desire to know the cause of your thoughtless state. Can you think to sit upon your thrones in a state of thoughtless stupor, while your enemies are spreading the work of death around you? Yea, while they are murdering thousands of your brethren—yea, even they who have looked up to you for protection, yea, have placed you in a situation that ye might have sent armies unto them, to have strengthened them, and have saved thousands of them from falling by the sword. However, behold, this is not all—ye have withheld your provisions from them, insomuch that many have fought and bled out their lives because of their great desires which they had for the welfare of this people; yea, and this they have done when they were abut to perish with hunger, because of your exceedingly great neglect towards them. And now, my beloved brethren—for ye ought to have stirred yourselves more diligently for the welfare and the freedom of this people. #RandolphHarris 19 of 25
“However, behold, ye have neglected them insomuch that the blood of thousands shall come upon your heads for vengeance; yea, for known unto God were all their cries, and all their sufferings—behold, could ye suppose that ye could sit upon your thrones, and because of the exceeding goodness of God ye could do nothing and he would deliver you? Behold, if ye have supposed this ye have supposed in vain. Do ye suppose this ye have supposed in vain. Do ye suppose that, because so many of your brethren have been killed it is because of their wickedness? I say unto you, if ye have supposed in vain; for I say unto you, there are many who have fallen by the sword; and behold it is to your condemnation; for the Lord suffereth the righteous to be slain that his justice and judgment may come upon the wicked; therefore ye need not suppose that the righteous are lost because they are slain; but behold, they do enter into the rest of the Lord their God. And now behold, I say unto you, I fear exceedingly that the judgments of God will come upon this people, because of their exceeding slothfulness, yea, even the slothfulness of our government, and their exceedingly great neglect towards their brethren, yea, towards those who have been slain. #RandolphHarris 20 of 25
“For were it not for the wickedness which first commenced at our hear, we could have withstood our enemies that they could have withstood our enemies that they could have gained no power over us. Yea, had it not been for the war which broken out among ourselves; yea, were it not for these king-men, who caused so much bloodshed among ourselves; yea, at the time we were contending among ourselves, if we had united our strength as we hitherto have done; yea, had it not been for the desire of power and authority which those king-men had over us; had they been true to the cause of our freedom, and untied with us, and gone forth against our enemies, instead of taking up their swords against us, which was the cause of so much bloodshed among ourselves; yea, if we had gone forth against them in the strength of the Lord, we should have dispersed our enemies, for it would have been done, according to the fulfilling of his word. However, behold, now the Lamanites are coming upon us, taking possession of our lands, and they are murdering our people with the sword, yea, our women and our children, and also carrying them away captive, causing them that they should suffer all manner of afflictions, and this because of the great wickedness of those who are seeking for power and authority, yea, even those king-men. #RandolphHarris 21 of 25
However, why should I say much concerning this matter? For we know not but what ye yourselves are seeking for authority. We know not but what ye are also traitors to your country. Or is it that ye have neglected us because ye are in the heart of our country and ye are surrounded by security, that ye do not cause food to be sent unto us, and also humans to strengthen our armies? Have ye forgotten in the commandments of the Lord your God? Yea, have ye forgotten the captivity of our fathers? Have ye forgotten the many times we have been delivered out of the hands of our enemies? Or do ye supposed that the Lord will still deliver us, while we sit upon our thrones and do not make us of the means which the Lord has provided for us? Yea, will ye sit in idleness while ye are surrounded with thousands of those, yea, and tens of thousands, who do also sit in idleness, while there are thousands round about in the borders of the land who are falling by the sword, yea, wounded and bleeding? Do ye supposed that God will look upon you as guiltless while ye sit still and behold these things? Behold I say unto you, Nay. Now I would that ye should remember that God has said that the inward vessel shall be cleansed first, and then shall the outer vessel be cleansed also. #RandolphHarris 22 of 25
“And now, expect ye do repent of that which ye have done, and begin to be up and doing, and send forth food and humans unto us, and also unto Helaman, that he may support those parts of our country which he had regained, and that we may also recover the remainder of our possession in these parts, behold it will be expedient that we contend no more with the Lamanites until we have first cleansed our inward vessel, yea, even the great head of our government. And expect ye grant mine epistle, and come out and show unto me a true spirit of freedom, and stive to strengthen and fortify our armies, and great unto them food a part of my freemen to maintain this part of our land, and I will leave the strength and the blessings of God upon them, that none other power can operate against them—and this because of their exceeding faith, and their patience in their tribulation—and I will come unto you, and if there be any among you that has a desire for freedom, yes, if there be even a spark of freedom remaining, behold I will stir up insurrections among you, even until those who have desires to usurp power and authority shall become extinct. Yea, behold I do not fear your power nor your authority, but it is my God whom I fear; and it is according to his commandments that I do take my sword to defend the cause of my country, and it is because of your iniquity that we have suffered much loss. #RandolphHarris 23 of 25
“Behold, I wait for assistance from your; and except ye do administer unto our relief, behold, I come unto you, even in the land of Zarahemla, and smite you with the sword, insomuch that ye can have no more power to impede the progress of this people in the cause of our freedom. For behold, the Lord will not suffer that ye shall live and wax strong in your iniquities to destroy his righteous people. Behold, can you suppose that the Lord will spare you and come out in judgment against the Lamanites, when it is the tradition of their fathers that has caused their hatred, yea, and it has been redoubled by those who have dissented from us, while your iniquity is for the cause of your love of glory and the vain things of the World? Ye know that ye do transgress the laws of God, and ye do know that ye do trample them under your feet. Behold, the Lord saith unto me: If those whom ye have appointed your governors do not repent of their sins and iniquities, ye shall go up to battle against them. And now behold, I, Moroni, am constrained, according to the covenant which I have made to keep the commandments of my God; therefore I would that ye should adhere to the word of God, and send speedily unto me of your provisions and of your men, and also to Helaman. #RandolphHarris 24 of 25
“And behold, if ye will not do this I come unto you speedily; for behold, God will not suffer that we should perish with hunger; therefore he will give unto us of your food, even if it must be by the sword. Now see that ye fulfill the word of God. Behold, I am Moroni, your chief captain. I seek not for power, but to pull it down. I seek not for honour of the World, but for the glory of my God, and the freedom and welfare of my country. And thus I close mine epistle,” reports Alma 60.1-36. A lion protecting His young, you rage when aroused. Nothing stands before You, no troubles can resist You, no enemies defeat You. A roaring in the distance announces your arrival, scattering the dealers of cares. You shake the Earth beneath their feet, upsetting all the plans. “Therefore shall ye lay up these My words in your heart and in your soul; and ye shall bind them for a sign upon your hand, and they shall be for frontless between your eyes. And ye shall teach them to your children, talking of them, when thou sittest in thy house, and when thou walkest by the way, and when thou liest down, and when thou risest up. And thou shalt write them upon the doorpost of thy house, and upon thy gates; that your days may be multiplied, and the days of your children, upon the land which the Lord promised unto your fathers to give them, as the days of the Heavens above the Earth,” reports Deuteronomy 11.16-21. #RandolphHarris 25 of 25
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For when the One Great Scorer Comes He Marks How You Played the Game!
I do not know what you could say about a day in which you have seen four beautiful Sunsets. A nation of humans exits, because each individual believes oneself inspired by the Divine Soul which also inspires all beings. Change yourself, ground yourself in your own instincts, and the huge World will come round. American is unique because it had a close connection with England and that enabled Americans to concentrate on developing the continent while drawing on the mother country’s distinguished humans of science, able artists, writers of eminence. This exclusive circumstance had enabled the former colonists to enjoy the treasures of the intellect without labouring to amass them and to neglect pursuits without relapsing into barbarism. However, this also marked the end of the beginning of the American intellectual journey because people would look back and think that a gang of uneducated poor people developed the nations, when it was intellectuals from Europe and African royalty and professionals who provided the labour. People do not focus on the quality of the people who made American so prosperous, instead people now come to America because of what the country can do for them, not for what they can do for the country. #RandolphHarris 1 of 22
The sweeping Enlightenment in the young nation that had given birth to the American Revolution and the Constitution—a vision tinged with grandeur and grandiosity that, although it inspired deep reverence, was poorly understood by most Americans in the 1890s as it is today. The men of science were the tiny minority who had been exposed to learning; to create the habits of mind that had preciously belonged only to an elite minority, it would obviously be necessary to extend learning to ordinary citizens on a scale undreamed of in societies based on the principle of aristocracy of birth rather than aristocracy of intellect. This vision was anything but anti-intellectual; in the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries, the best educated Americans—those steeped in Enlightenment concepts—were most likely to favour the support of schools by general taxation as well as the creation of a national, publicly supported university for outstanding scholars from every state. Yet there was immense disagreement about what the role of government ought to be in promoting the education of both common and uncommon humans; and the victory of those in the revolutionary generation who wished the federal government to do nothing would cast a long shadow over American intellectual life, and contribute to the regional disparities in education that still exert a formidable anti-intellectual influence on American culture. #RandolphHarris 2 of 22
The founders of the American nation were, of course, anything but common humans. More than half of the fifty-five members of the Constitutional Convention had been educated at colleges in America or Europe, mainly England. Others, most notably Benjamin Franklin, were self-educated scholar of international renown. James Madison, wishing to enlighten his fellow delegates about previous experiments in federal unions, presented extensive material from his own studies of confederations in cities and states in both ancient and more recent times. The most influential and admired men of the era—Madison, Franklin, Jefferson, John Adams, Alexander Hamilton, and Benjamin Rush, to name only a few—were also polymaths at a time when it was still considered possible and necessary to comprehend every area of human knowledge and experience. The health of democracy, as so many of the founders had proclaimed, depended on an education citizenry, but many Americans also believed that too much learning might set one citizen above another and violate the very democratic ideals that education was supposed to foster. The sort of education most valued by ordinary Americas was meant to train a person for whatever practical task that lay at hand, not to one into a Man Thinking. #RandolphHarris 3 of 22
The Constitution’s secular provisions came into being with support from a coalition of freethinkers and devout evangelicals, who believed that any state involvement with religion was an insult to God as well as a threat to religious liberty. Outright atheists were probably nonexistent. Eighteenth-century American freethought appealed most strongly to the best educated members of society, including not only the minuscule number of college graduates but much larger numbers of the self-educated, while emotional evangelical revivalism had a much stronger appeal to the uneducated and the poor. A year after his American scholar oration, Ralph Waldo Emerson served his last ties to organized religion when he addressed the faculty of Harvard Divinity School and told the assembled clerics that a human could find salvation only through one’s individual soul’s search for truth and not through the teachings of any church. Thomas Paine famously declared, “My own mind is my own religion.” The more harsh the circumstances of daily life, the more potent are the simple and universal emotional themes of struggle, sin, repentance, forgiveness, and redemption that form the core of evangelical fundamentalist religion. The need for emotional solace explained the appeal of fundamentalism not only to settlers on the frontier but to enslaved Blacks in the south. #RandolphHarris 4 of 22
Ignorance is the greatest enemy of the common good. Thomas Jefferson’s interest in the diffusion of learning at public expense did not of course extent to enslaved people and women. In the 1870s and 1880s, various legislator from New England introduced bills to provide federal assistance to education for the poorest states and to hold them to some minimum, nationally determined standards. The proposals got no further in Congress than George Washington’s effort to establish a national university in the 1790s. Local control of schools meant not only that children in the poorest areas of the country would have the worst school facilities and teachers with the worst training but also that the content of education in the most backward areas of the country would be determined by backward people. In Europe, the subject matter of science and history lessons taught to children in all publicly supported schools has always been determined by highly educated employees of central education ministries. In America, the image of an educated elite laying down national guidelines for schools was and is a bete norie for those who considered local control of education a right almost as sacred as any of the rights enumerated in the Constitution. #RandolphHarris 5 of 22
Reverential images of self-education have been deeply embedded in the American psyche from the colonial period and persist today, in an era characters by a mania for specialized education credentials that Emerson could not have imagined. Yet these images have cut two ways in shaping American attitudes toward intellect and education: they combine respect for learning itself with the message that there is something especially virtuous about learning acquired in the absence of a formal structure provided by society. After all, Ben Franklin invented the lightening rod and bifocals without government support for his research, and Abe Lincoln grew up to become president without ever attending a university. That Franklin was a genius and that Lincoln bitterly regretted his lack of systematic formal schooling is left out of the self-congratulatory story of American self-education. Tinged with a moralistic romanticism, the American exaltation of the self-educated human is linked to the iconic notion of rugged individualism and has often been used to refute any idea that education is, for government, an obligation of justice. If the government does not provide you with an education, you still have the obligation to seek one in order to better your life and society. #RandolphHarris 6 of 22
In this version of American history, Lincoln was a better American, for having struggled to learn against the grain of his immediate environment. The triumph of the extraordinary self-educated human is transformed into moral and social lesson: If you want to learn badly enough, no one can stop you, and the community has no special obligation to create conditions that provide support for the intellectual development of its members. Intellectuals themselves were conflicted about the relationship between formal, systematic learning and self-education. There is a lot to learn from the past, but people must also be prepared to make their own contributions to the sum of cultural knowledge. Thee contributions are fed by the particular social and political circumstances of American life and are rooted in a broader concept of democratic individuality under which each person as the right and the responsibility to develop one’s capabilities to the fullest. The system of natural liberty assets that a basic structure satisfying the principle of efficient in which positions are open to those able and willing to strive for them will lead to a just distribution. Assigning rights and duties in this way is thought to give a scheme which allocates wealth and income, authority and responsibility, in a fair way whatever this allocation turns out to be. The doctrine includes an important element of pure procedural justice which is carried over to the other interpretations. #RandolphHarris 7 of 22
Allocative efficiency is a principle not originally intended to apply to institutions but to particular configurations of the economic system, for example, to distribution of goods among consumers or modes of production. The principle holds that a configuration is efficient whenever it is impossible to change it so as to make some persons (at least one) better off without at the same time making other persons (at least one) worse off. Thus a distribution of a stock of commodities among certain individuals is efficient if there exists no redistribution of these goods that improves the circumstances of at leas one of these individuals without another being disadvantaged. The organization of production is efficient if there is no way to alter inputs so as to produce more of some commodity without producing less of another. For if we could produce more of one good without having to give up some other, the larger stock of goods could be used to better the circumstances of some persons without making that of others any worse. These applications of the principle show that it is, indeed, a principle of efficiency. A distribution of goods or a scheme of production is inefficient when there are ways of doing still a better for some individuals without doing any worse for others. I shall accept this principle to judge the efficiency of economic and social arrangements. #RandolphHarris 8 of 22
Natural liberty permits distributive shared to be properly influenced by adding to the requirement of careers open to talents so people have a fair equality of opportunity. Those with similar abilities and skills should have similar life chances. More specifically, assuming that there is a distribution of natural assets, those who are at the same level of talent and ability, and have the same willingness to use them, should have the same prospects of success regardless of their initial place in the social system, that is, irrespective of the income class into which they are born. In all sectors of society there should be roughly equal prospects of culture and achievement for everyone similarly motivated and endowed. The expectations of those with the same abilities and aspirations should not be affected by their social class. To accomplish this end it is necessary to impose further basic structural conditions on the social system. Free market arrangements must be set within a framework of political and legal institutions which regulate the overall trends of economic events and preserves the social conditions necessary for fair equality of opportunity. Motivation, or value generally, is part of the dynamic experience itself, and is intrinsic to the experience and is not superimposed by some drive or force external to the experience. Experience itself is forceful and self-driven. #RandolphHarris 9 of 22
The emphasis, however, in this description of naïve experience is not on either the objective reality of the alleged referent of experience or the subjective reality of the experiencer. This dichotomization of experience into organism and environment is legitimate only from the point of view of an external observer during the experience or before and/or after the experience relative to the experiencer. The absoluteness of experience concerns the immediacy of the dynamic experience. The experience is absolute as long as the object is not identified as such and the perceiver is not conscious of one’s relationship to the object as perceiver; or it is absolute as long as the relation of the simultaneousness of object and perceiver itself has become the absolute experience. The absolute s that which is called the immediately apprehended differentiated aesthetic continuum with both terms, the object and subject, reduced to one, experience. Whatever you may wish to call this absoluteness of dynamic experience, this statement of immediate relationship, is irrelevant. James Joyce has suggested the use of the term “epiphany” in the brief discussion of aesthetics in Stephan Hero and this may well be accepted because of the seemingly miraculous element in all experience. Recognition must be given to this existential consciousness. #RandolphHarris 10 of 22
Of all that which from a relativistic aspect could have been the particular relationships of organism and environment, only the experience did in fact occur and that is the given, that is the condition of existence and for good or bad you are stuck with it. Perhaps the thinker could have had other thoughts and perhaps other contents were available yet the particular thought as the combination of specific thinker and content was absolute and irrevocable. The particular experience experienced, the experiencer goes on from there. This absoluteness of immediate apprehension, or the epiphany of aesthetic reality, this dynamic experience in itself is easy to recognize in one’s response to inventions, scientific discoveries, moral statements (categorical imperatives), political or economic principles, historical events, the act of love, and to works of art, for these have a discreteness, a standing alone quality which frequently tends to prevent comparisons or other types of relational activity with other areas of experience. In a sense no continuum or choice scale is immediately recognized. These events have the arresting and numbing quality of a thorough seduction. For the moment, the individual is captivated and encapsulated from all the rest of the World. #RandolphHarris 11 of 22
One becomes selfless and seems to exist neither in time or space, are not likely to arise. One is the experience and vice versa, and seems to move in a relatively effortless way towards—satiation. This is most frequently called the aesthetic experience. And yet it is but an aspect of the whole of experience and as such can be treated as noncorrelative. It is but one factor in the matrix of experience, a factor which enables the uniqueness of each experience, a moment of exact time and space which makes the past past and the object always that object, the subject always that subject, and no other. Such is the dimension in which all experience is discrete, unique, and limited in time and space. By such is meant the absolute. In order to take up God’s word as a sword, we must have it at hand, in our hearts. We must be like the psalmist who said, “I have hidden your word in my heart that I might not sin against you,” reports Psalm 119.11. To hide God’s word in our hearts is to store it or treasure it in our own hearts against a time of future need. It is akin to our expression “to day for a rainy day.” This principle of storing up God’s word has a much wider application than only keeping us from sin, especially as we tend to think of a more narrow description of sin as immorality in pleasures of the flesh, lying, stealing, and the like. #RandolphHarris 12 of 22
The word, stored in the heart, provides a mental depository for the Holy Spirit to use to mediate His grace to us, whatever our need for grace might be. I had a significant experience of this myself. A phone call from a distant city brought some very disturbing news about someone I am close to. I went to bed that night feeling as if I had just received an emotional “kick in the stomach.” The next morning, however, I awakened with 1 Peter 5.7 going through my mind, “Cast all your anxiety on him because he cares for you.” As I was getting dressed, the verse kept going through my mind, and I was given grace by God’s Spirit to believe that He did care in this specific situation. I was thus able to cast that particular anxiety on Him, because I had received grace to help in time of need through His word. That one specific incident comes to mind because it is so recent. However, it is only in a series of incidents occurring frequently in my life—and I am sure in the lives of all other believers who store up God’s word in their hearts. “The divine utterance, the product of the Spirit, lends itself readily to the believer who has laid it up in his heart for effective use in the moment of danger against any attempt to seduce him for allegiance to Christ,” reports Ephesians 6.17. #RandolphHarris 13 of 22
So, if you desire to appropriate God’s grace, you must have the sword of the Spirit—the word of God—available in your mind for the Spirit to use. In fact the structure of Ephesians 6.17 provides a very instructive insight into the interaction between the Holy Spirit and the believer. Paul said we are to take the sword of the Spirit. That is something we must do. And yet it is the Spirit’s sword, not ours. He must make it effective. The bare quoting of Scripture does not make it effective in our hearts, only the Spirit can do that. However, God will not make His sword effective unless we take it up. Often God’s word is not made effective immediately. In fact, there are many times when I struggle over an issue for a period of days, mulling over several pertinent passages of Scripture and crying out for grace, before the Holy Spirit finally makes them effective and gives His grace, helping in time of need. The Spirit of God is sovereign in His working, and we cannot squeeze Him into the mold of our spiritual formulas—id est, pray for grace, quote some verses, and receive a guaranteed answer. God not only has His own ways of working, but also His own timetable. Sometimes God grants grace to help almost immediately as He did in my most recent experience with 1 Peter 5.7. #RandolphHarris 14 of 22
At other times, God allows us to struggle for days, perhaps even weeks or month, years or decades before we receive the grace to help. However, regardless of the delays God may impose of us, we must continue to come to the throne of grace believing His promise to grant grace to help, and we must continue to resort to appropriate Scripture until God makes it effective in our hearts. It is our responsibility to take up the sword of the Spirit; it is God’s prerogative to make it effective. “And behold, not it came to pass that our next object was to obtain the city of Manti; but behold, there was no way that we could lead them out of the city by our small bands. For behold, they remembered that which we had hitherto done; therefore we could not decoy them away from their strongholds. And they were so much more numerous than was our army that we durst not go forth and attack them in their strongholds. Yea, and it became expedient that we should employ of men to the maintaining those parts of the land which we had regained of our possessions; therefore it became experience that we should wait, that we might receive more strength from the land of Zarahemla and also a new supply of provisions. And it came to pass that I thus did send an embassy to the governor of our land, to acquaint him concerning the affairs of our people. #RandolphHarris 15 of 22
“And it came to pass that we did wait to receive provisions and strength from the land of Zarahemla. However, behold, this profit us but little; for the Lamanites were also receiving great strength from day to day, and also many provisions; and thus were our circumstances at this period of time. And the Lamanites were sallying forth against us from time to time, resolving by stratagem to destroy us; nevertheless we could not come to battle with them, because of their retreats and their strongholds. And it came to pass that we did wait in these difficult circumstances for the space of many months, even until we were about to perish for the want of food. However, it came to pass that we did receive food, which was guarded to us by an army of two thousand men to our assistance; and this is all the assistance which we did receive, to defend ourselves and our country from falling into the hands of our enemies, yea, to content with an enemy which was innumerable. And now the cause of these our embarrassment, or the cause why they did not send more strength unto us, we knew not; therefore we were grieved and also filled with fear, lest by any means the judgments of God should come upon our land, to our overthrow and utter destruction. #RandolphHarris 16 of 22
“Therefore we did pour out our souls in prayer to God, that he would strengthen us and deliver us out of the hands of our enemies, yes, and also give us strength that we might retain our cities, and our lands, and our possessions, for the support of our people. Yea, and it came to pass that the Lord our God did visit us the assurances that he would deliver us; yea, insomuch that he did speak peace to our souls, and did grant us great faith, and did cause us that we should hope for our deliverance in him. And we did take courage with our small force which we had received, and were fixed with a determination to conquer our enemies, and to maintain our lands, and our possessions, and our wives, and our children, and the cause of our liberty. And thus we did go forth with all our might against the Laminates, who were in the city of Manti; and we did pitch our tents by the wilderness side, which was near to the city. And it came to pass that on the morrow, that when the Lamanites saw that we were in the borders by the wilderness which was near the city, that they sent out their spies round about us that they might discover the number and strength of our army. #RandolphHarris 17 of 22
“And it came to pass that when they saw that we were not strong, according to our numbers, and fearing that we should cut them off from their support except they should come out to battle against us and kill us, and also supposing that they could easily destroy us with their numerous hosts, therefore they began to make preparations to come out against us to battle. And when we saw that they were making preparations to come out against us, behold, I caused that Gid, with a small number of men, should secrete himself in the wilderness, and also that Teomner and a small number of humans should secrete themselves also in the wilderness. Now Gid and his humans were on the right and the others on the left; and when they had thus secreted themselves, behold, I remained with the remainder of my army, in that same place where we had first pitched our tents against the time that the Lamanites should come out to battle. And it came to pass that the Lamanites did come out with their numerous army against us. And when they had come and were about to fall upon us with the sword, I caused that my men, those who were with me, should retreat into the wilderness. And it came to pass that the Lamanites did follow after us with great speed, for they were exceedingly desirous to overtake us that they might slays us. #RandolphHarris 18 of 22
“Therefore they did follow us into the wilderness; and we did pass by in the midst of Gid and Teomner, insomuch that they were not discovered by the Lamanites. And it came to pass that when the Lamanites had passed by, or when the army had passed by, Gid and Teomner did rise up from their secret places, and did cut off the spies of the Lamanites that they should not return to the city. And it came to pass that when they had cut them off, the ran to the city and feel upon the guards who were left to guard the city, insomuch that they did destroy them and did take possession of the city. Now this was done because the Lamanites did suffer their whole army, save a few guards only, to be led away into the wilderness. And it came to pass that Gid and Teomner by this means had obtained possession of their strong holds. And it came to pass that we took our course, after having traveled much in the wilderness toward the land of Zarahemla. And when the Lamanites saw that they were marching towards the land of Zarahemla, they were exceedingly afraid, lest there was a plan laid to lead them on to destruction; therefore they began to retreat into the wilderness again, yea, even back by the same way which they had come. And behold, it was night and they did pitch their tents, for the chief captains of the Lamanites had supposed that the Nephites were weary because of their march; and supposing that they had driven their whole army therefore they took no thought concerning the city of Manti. #RandolphHarris 19 of 22
“Now it came to pass that when it was night, I caused that my men should not sleep, but that they should march forward by anther way towards the land of Manti. And because of this our march in the night-time, behold, on the morrow we were beyond the Lamanites; insomuch that we did arrive before them at the city of Manti. And thus it came to pass, that by this stratagem we did take possession of the city of Manti without the shedding of blood. And it came to pass that when the armies of the Lamanites did arrive near the city, and saw that we were prepared to meet the, they were astonished exceedingly and struck with great fear, insomuch that they did flee into the wilderness. Yea, and it came to pass that the armies of the Lamanites did flee out of all this quarter of the land. However, behold, they have carried with them many women and children out of the land. And those cities which had been take by the Lamanites, all of them are at this period of time in our possession; and our fathers and our women and our children are returning to their homes, all save it be those who have been taken prisoners and carried off by the Lamanites. However, behold, our armies are small to maintain so great a number of cities and so great possessions. However, behold, we trust in our God who has given us victory over those lands, insomuch that we have obtained those cities and those lands, which were our own. #RandolphHarris 20 of 22
“Now we do not know the cause that the government does not grant us more strength; neither do those men who came up unto us know why we have not received greater strength. Behold, we do not know but what ye are unsuccessful, and ye have drawn away for forces into that quarter of the land; if so, we do not desire to murmur. And if it is not so, behold, we fear that there is some faction in the government, that they do not send more humans to our assistance; for we know that they are more numerous than that which they have sent. However, behold, it matereth not—we trust God will deliver us, notwithstanding the weakness of our armies, yea, and deliver us out of the hands of our enemies. Behold, this is the twenty and ninth year, in the latter end, and we are in the possession of our lands; and the Lamanites have fled to the land of Nephi. And those sons of the people of Ammo, of whom I have so highly spoken, are with me in the city of Manti; and the Lord has supported them, yea, and kept them from falling by the sword, insomuch that even one soul has not been slain. However, behold, they have received many wounds; nevertheless they stand fast in that liberty wherewith God has made them free; and they are stick to remember that Lord their God from day to day. #RandolphHarris 21 of 22
“Yea, they do observe to keep his statues, and his judgements, and his commandments continually; and their faith is strong in the prophecies concerning that which is to come. And now, my beloved brother, Moroni, may the Lord our God, who has redeemed us and made us free, keep you continually in his presence; yea, and may he favour this people, even that ye may have success in obtaining possession of all that which the Lamanites have taken from us, which was for our support. And now, behold, I close mine epistle. I am Helaman, the son of Alma,” reports Alma 58.1-41. I send out words in praise of God, from whom all World flow. Mystery of mysteries, this continual creation, like a fountain forever bubbling up from the Earth’s darkness, He is a cup that is never empty. Generous One, eternally giving gifts I pray to you, I praise you, I remember you throughout my day. It shall come to pass, if ye shall hearken diligently unto My commandments which I command you this day, to love the Lord your God, and to serve Him with all your hearts, and with all your soul, that I will give the rain of your land in its season, the former rain and the latter rain, that thou mayest gather in thy corn, and thy wine, and thine oil. And I will give grass in thy fields for thy cattle, and thou shalt eat and be satisfied,” reports Deuteronomy 11.13-15. #RandolphHarris 22 of 22
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So the Heart be Right, it is No Matter which Way the Head Lieth!
Every day you do one of two things: build health or produce disease in yourself. The obvious question of why a guiding intelligence would want to make things so difficult for its creations is never asked because it cannot be answered. Community, engagement, dependency—can all trace their suppression in American society to our commitment to individualism. The belief that everyone should purse autonomously one’s own destiny has forced us to maintain an emotional detachment (for which no amount of superficial gregariousness can compensate) from our social and physical environment, and aroused a vague guilt about our competitiveness and indifference to others; for, after all, our earliest training in childhood does not stress competitiveness, but cooperation, sharing, and thoughtfulness—it is only later that we learn to reverse these priorities. Radical challenges to our society, then always tap a confused responsive chord within us that is far more disturbing than anything going on outside. They threaten to reconnect us with each other, with nature, and with ourselves, a possibility that is thrilling but terrifying—as if we had grown a shell-like epidermis and someone was threatening to rip it off. Individualism finds its roots in the attempt to deny the reality and importance of human interdependence. #RandolphHarris 1 of 28
One of the major goals of technology in America is to “free” us from the necessity of relating to, submitting to, depending upon, or controlling other people. The peculiar germ-phobia that pervaded American Life (and several industries), prior to COVD-19, owes much to this insulation machinery. So far have we carried that fantasy of individual autonomy that we imagine each person to have one’s own unique species of germs, which must therefore not be mixed and confused with someone else’s. We are even disturbed at the presence of the germs themselves: despite the fact that many millions of them inhabit every healthy human body from the cradle to the grave we regard them as trespassers. We feel that nature has no business claiming a connection with us, and perhaps one day we will prove ourselves correct. Unfortunately, the more we have succeeded in doing this the more we have felt disconnected, bored, lonely, unprotected, unnecessary, and unsafe. Individualism has many expressions: free enterprise, self-service, academic freedom, suburbia, permissive gun-laws, civil liberties, do-it-yourself, oil-depletion allowances. Everyone values some of these expressions and condemns others, but the principle is widely shared. #RandolphHarris 2 of 28
Criticism of our society since World War II have almost all embraced this value and expressed fears for its demise—the organization person, the other-directed person, conformity, “group-think,” and so on. In general these critics have failed to see the role of the value they embrace so fervently in generating the phenomena they so detest. The most sophisticated apologist for individualism is David Riesman, who recognizes at least that uniformity and community are not the same thing, and does not shrink from the insoluble dilemmas that these issues create. Perhaps the definitive and revealing statement of what individualism is all about is his: “I am insisting that no ideology, however noble, can justify the sacrifice of an individual to the needs of the group.” Whatever I hear such sentiments I recall Jay Haley’s discussion of the kind of communication that characterizes the families of schizophrenics. He points out that people who communicate with one another necessarily govern each other’s behaviour—set rules for each other. However, an individual may attempt to avoid this human fate—to become independent, uninvolved: “One may choose the schizophrenic way and indicate that nothing one does is done in relationship to other people.” #RandolphHarris 3 of 28
The family of the schizophrenic establishes a system of rules like all families, but also has “a prohibition on any acknowledgement that a family member is setting the rules. Each refuses to concede that one is circumscribing the behaviour of others, and each refuses to concede that any other family member if governing one.” The attempt, of course, fails. “The more a person tries to avoid being governed or governing others, the more helpless one becomes and so governs others by forcing them to take care of one.” In our society as a whole this caretaking role is assigned to technology, like so much else. Riesman overlooks the fact that the individual is sacrificed either way. If one is never sacrificed to the group the group will collapse and the individual with it. Part of the individual is, after all, committed to the group. Part of one wants what “the group” wants, part does not. No matter what is done some aspect of the individual—id, ego, or whatever—will be sacrificed. An individual, like a group, is a motley collection of ambivalent feelings, contradictory needs and values, and antithetical ideas. One is not, and cannot be, a monolithic totality, and the modern effort to bring this myth to life is not only delusional and ridiculous, but also acutely destructive, both to the individual and to one’s society. #RandolphHarris 4 of 28
Recognition of this internal complexity would go a long way toward resolving the dilemma Riesman implicitly poses. For the reason a group needs to sacrifice one: the failure of the group members to recognize the complexity and diversity and ambivalence within themselves. Since they have oversimplified and rejected parts of themselves, they not only lack certain resources but also are unable to tolerate their unveiled exposure by others. The deviant is a compensatory mechanism to mitigate this condition. One comes along and tries to provide what is “lacking” in the group (that is, what is present but denied, suppressed). One’s role is like that of the mutant—most are sacrificed but a few survive to save the group from itself in times of change. Individualism is a king of desperate plea to save all mutants, on the grounds that we do not know what we are or what we need. As such it is horribly expensive—a little like setting a million chimps to banging on a typewriter on the grounds that eventually one will produce a masterpiece. However, if we abandon the monolithic pretense and recognize that any group sentiment, and its opposite, represents a part of everyone but only a part, then the prophet is unnecessary since one exists in all of us. #RandolphHarris 5 of 28
And should one appear it will be unnecessary to sacrifice one since we already admitted that what one is saying is true. And in the meantime we would be able to exercise our humanity, governing each other and being governed, instead of encasing ourselves in the leaden armour of our technological schizophrenia. At the beginning of our period we decided freedom. It was a right decision; it created something new and great in history. However, in that decision we excluded the security, social and spiritual, without which humans cannot live and grow. And now, in the old age of our period, the quest to sacrifice freedom for security splits every nation and the whole World with really daemonic power. We have decided for means to control nature and society. We have created them, and we have brought about something new and great in the history of all humankind. However, we have excluded ends. We have never been ready to answer the question, “For what?” And now, when we approach old age, the means claim to be the ends; our tools have become our masters, and the most powerful of them have become a threat to our very existence. Most Americans would certainly like to return to the safety—or the perceived safety—of the World before September 11, 2001, but the rise of ideological anti-rationalism in American life and much of the World. #RandolphHarris 6 of 28
Because of the manipulation by the media, the United States of America and other nations around the World have become susceptible to a toxic combination of forces that are the enemies of the intellect, learning, and reason. Because so many had decided against reason and outgrown traditions and honoured superstitions, some feel like they have made a great and courageous decision, and have been given a new dignity to humanity. However, we have, in that decision, excluded the soul, the ground and power of life. We have cut off our mind from our soul; we have suppressed and mistreated the soul within us, in other humans, and in nature. And now, when we are old, the forces of the soul break destructively into our minds, driving us to mental disease and insanity, and effecting the disintegration of the souls of uncounted millions, especially in this country, but also all over the World. From the beginning of our period we have decided for the nation, as the expression of our special way of life and of our unique contribution to history. The decision was great and creative, and for centuries it was effective. However, in that decision we excluded humankind and all symbols expressing the unity of all humans. The former unity was broken, and no international group has been able to re-establish it. #RandolphHarris 7 of 28
Now, in the old age of our period, the most powerful nations themselves claim to represent humankind, and try to impose their ways of life upon all humanity, producing, therefore, wars of destruction, which will perhaps unite all humankind in the peace of the grave. Our period has decided for a secular World. That was a great and much-needed decision. It threw a church from her throne, a church which had become a power of suppression and superstition. It gave consecration and holiness to our daily life and work. Yet it excluded those deep things for which religion stands: the feeling for the inexhaustible mystery of life, the grip of an ultimate meaning of existence, and the invincible power of an unconditional devotion. These things cannot be excluded. If we try to expel them in their divine images, they re-emerge in daemonic images. Now, in the old age of our secular World, we have seen the most horrible manifestation of these daemonic images; we have looked more deeply into the mystery of evil than most generations before us; we have seen the unconditional devotions of millions to a satanic image; we feel our period’s sickness until death. This is the situation of our World. Each of us should realize that one participates in it, and that the forces in one’s own soul which makes one old, often in early years, are part of the forces which make our period old. #RandolphHarris 8 of 28
Each of us strengthens these forces, and each of us is a victim of them at the same time. We are in the desert of which the prophet speaks, and none among us knows the way out. Certainly there is no way out in what some idealists tell us: “Make decisions, but do not exclude anything! Take the best in all possibilities. Combine them. Then will our period become young again!” No person and no nation will become young again that way. The new does not appear from a collection of the elements of the old which are still alive. When the new comes the old must disappear. “Remember not the former things, neither consider the things of old,” says the prophet. “Behold, all things are become new,” says the apostle. Out of the death of the old the new arises. The new is created not out of the old, not out of the best of the old, but out of the death of the old. It is not the old which creates the new. That which creates the new is that which is beyond old and beyond new, the Eternal. “Behold, I am doing a new thing, even now it is springing to light. Do you not perceive it? If the new were a part of the old, the prophet would not ask, “Do you perceive it?” for everybody would see it already. However, it is hard to perceive. It is hidden in the profound mystery which veils every creation, birth as well as rebirth. It springs to light—which is to say that it comes out of the morbidity of that mystery. #RandolphHarris 9 of 28
Nothing is more surprising than the rise of the new within ourselves. We do not foresee or observe its growth. We do not try to produce it by the strength of our will, by the power of our emotion, or by the clarity of our intellect. On the contrary, we feel that by trying to produce it we prevent its coming. By trying, we would produce the old in the power of the old, but not the new in the power of the new. The new being is born in us, just when we least believe in it. It appears in remote corners of our souls which we have neglected for a long time. It opens up deep levels of our personality which had been shut out by old decisions and old exclusions. It shows a way where there was no way before. It liberates us from the tragedy of having to decide and having to exclude, because it is given before any decision. Suddenly we notice it within us! The new which we sought and longed for comes to us in the moment in which we lose hope of ever finding it. That is the first thing we must say about the new: it appears when and where it chooses. We cannot force it, and we cannot calculate it. Readiness is the only condition for it; and readiness means that the former things have become old and that they are driving us into the destruction of our souls just when we are trying most to save what we thing can be saved of the old. #RandolphHarris 10 of 28
It is the same in our historical situation. The birth of the new is just as surprising in history. It may appear in some dark corner of our World. It may appear in a social group where it was least expected. It may appear in the pursuit of activities which seem utterly insignificant. If there be in such a situation people who are able to perceive the new of which the prophet speaks, it may appear in the depth of a national catastrophe. When people least believe in it, the new in history always comes. However, certainly, it comes only in the moment when the old becomes visible as old and tragic and dying, and when no way out is seen. We live in such a moment; such a moment is our situation. We realize this situation in its depth only if we do not continue to say, “We know where the new will come from. It will cone from this intuition or this movement, or the special class, or this nation, or the philosophy, or this church.” None of these, of course, is excluded from being the place where the new will appear. However, none of these can guarantee its appearance. All of us who have looked at one of these things as the chosen place of the new have been disappointed. The supposedly new always proves to be the continuation of the old, deepening its destructive conflicts. #RandolphHarris 11 of 28
And so I repeat: the firs ting about the new is that we cannot force it and cannot calculate it. We must realize as profoundly as possible that the former things have become old, that they destroy our period just when we try most courageously to preserve the best of it. And we must attempt this realization in our social as well as in our personal life. In no way but the most passionate striving for the new shall we become aware that the old is old and dying. The prophets who looked for the new thing One is doing were most passionately and most actively involved in the historical situation of their nation. However, they knew that neither they themselves nor any of the old things would bring the new. “Remember not the former things, neither consider the things of old,” says the prophet. That is the second thing we must say about the new: it must break the power of the old, not only in reality, but also in our memory; and one is not possible without the other. Let me say a few words about this mist sublime point in the prophetic text and in the experience of every religion. If the power of the old is not broken within us, we cannot be born anew; and it is not broken so long as it puts the burden of guilt upon us. Therefore religion, prophetic as well as apostolic, pronounces, above all, forgiveness. #RandolphHarris 12 of 28
Forgiveness means that the old is thrown into the past because the new has come. “Remember not” in the prophetic words does not mean to forget easily. If it meant that, forgiveness would not be necessary. Forgiveness means a throwing out of the old, as remembered and real at the same time, by the strength of the new which could never be the saving new if it did not carry with it the authority of forgiveness. I believe that the situation is the same in our social and historical existence. A new which is not able to throw the old into the past, in remembrance as well as in reality, is not the really anew. The really new is able to break the power of old conflicts between human and humans, between group and group, in memory and reality. It is able to break the old curses, the results of former guilt, inherited by one generation from another, the guilt between nations, between races, between classes, on old and new continents, these curses by which the guilt of one group, in reality and memory, permanently produces guilt in another group. What power of the new will be great and saving enough to break the curses which has laid waste half of our World? What new thing will have the saving power to break the curse brought by the German nation upon herself because our eyes? “Remember not the former things,” says the prophet. That is the second thing which must be said about the new. #RandolphHarris 13 of 28
“Behold, I am doing a new thing.” “I” points to the source of the really new, to that which is always old and always new, the Eternal. That is the third thing which must be said about the new: it bears the mark of its eternal origin in its face, as it did when Moses came from the mountain with the tablets of the law, opening a new period in history. The really new is that which has in itself eternal power and eternal light. New things arise in every moment, as every place. Nothing is today as it was yesterday. However, this kind of new is old almost as soon as it appears. It falls under the judgment of the Preacher: “There is no new thing under the Sun.” Yet sometimes a new thing appears which does not age so easily which makes life possible again, in both our personal and our historical existence, a saving new, which has the power to throw into the past what is old and burdened with guilt and curse. Its saving power is the power of the Eternal within it. It is new, really new, in the degree to which it is beyond old and new, in the degree to which it is beyond old and new, in the degree to which it is eternal. And it remains new so long as the eternal power of the Eternal is manifest within it, so long as the light of the Eternal shines through it. For that power may become weaker; that light may become more morbid; and that which was truly a new thing may become old itself. That is the tragedy of human greatness in which something eternal appears. #RandolphHarris 14 of 28
When the apostles say that Jesus is the Christ, they mean that in Him the new eon which cannot become old is present. Christianity lives through the faith that within it there is the new which is not just another new thing but rather the principle and representation of all the really new in human and history. However, it can affirm this only because the Christ deprived Himself of everything which can become old, of all individual and social standing and greatness, experience and power. He surrendered all these things in His death and showed in His self-surrender the only new thing which is eternally new: love. “Love never ends,” says His great apostle. Love is the power of the new in every human and in all history. It cannot age; it removes guilt and curse. It is working even today toward new creation. It is hidden in the morbidity of our souls and of our history. However, it is not completely hidden to those who are grasped by its reality. “Do you not perceive it?” asks the prophet. Do we not perceive it? The grace we receive from God, then, is the assistance of the Holy Spirit. We do not understand just how the Holy Spirit interacts with our human spirit, but we do know He most often uses His word. That is, He brings our mind some Scripture or Scriptures, particularly appropriate to the situation. #RandolphHarris 15 of 28
God may bring us His word through one of our pastor’s sermons, through a Christian book we are reading, through the encouraging words of a friend, or though our own reading of study of Scripture. In my case, since I have memorized so many Scripture over the years, He often brings to my mind a memorized verse. This is that He did when through John 12.21, “Very truly I tell you, unless a kernel of wheat falls to the ground and dies, it remains only a single seed. However, if it dies, it produces many seeds.” I realized that only through “dying” to my own plans and desires would I be fruitful. Having called our attention to the right Scripture, He then enables us to apply it to our situation, as He did for me with John 12.24. In Acts 20.32, Paul said to the Ephesian elders, “Now I commit you to God and to the word of his grace, which can build you up and give you an inheritance among all those who are sanctified.” Earlier in verse 24, Paul had referred to the gospel of God’s grace, the good news of salvation through faith in Christ Jesus. In verse 32, however, he referred to “the word of his grace, which can build you up.” The reference here is to the ongoing use of Scripture in our daily lives to build us up in the Christian faith. However, Paul specifically called it “the word of his grace,” the word through which we come to understand and appropriate God’s grace in our daily lives. #RandolphHarris 16 of 28
The Bible is not merely a book about God; it is a book from God. “All Scripture is God-breathed,” said Paul (2 Timothy 3.16). The Bible is God’s self-revelation to us all He wants us to know about Himself and His provision for our salvation and our spiritual growth. It is God’s only objective, authoritative communication to us. If we are to appropriate the grace of God, then we must become intimate friends with the Bible. We must seek to know and understand the great truths of Scripture: truths about God and His character, and truths about humans and their desperate need of God’s grace. We need to get beyond the “how-tos” of Scripture—how to raise children, how to manage finances, how to witness to unbelievers—and all other such utilitarian approaches to Scripture. Such practical instruction from the Bible regarding our daily lives is indeed valuable, but we need to go beyond that. Our practical age has come to disparage from a firm doctrinal understanding of Scripture as being of no practical value. However, there is nothing more practical for our daily lives than the knowledge of God. David’s chief desire was to gaze upon the beauty of God. “One thing I ask from the Lord, this only do I seek: that I may dwell in the house of the Lord all the days of my life, to gaze on the beauty of the Lord and to seek him in his temple,” reports Psalm 27.4. #RandolphHarris 17 of 28
God’s holiness and sovereignty, His wisdom and power, and His faithfulness and unfailing—only in Scripture has God revealed to us the truths about His person and His character. However, the Bible is more than merely objective truth; it is actually life-giving and life-sustaining. The words of Scripture are “not just idle words for you—they are life,” reports Deuteronomy 32.47. Growth in the grace of God—whether that be His divine favour to the unworthy, or Hid divine enabling to the needy—requires growth in our assimilation of the word of God. In the biological realm, assimilation is the process by which nourishment is changed into living tissue. In the spiritual realm, it is the process by which the written word of God is absorbed int our hearts and becomes, figuratively speaking, living tissue. How do we know God’s grace is sufficient for our particular “thorns”? How do we come to a proper understanding of what it means to live or minister “by the grace of God”? How do we learn about the “throne of grace” where we receive mercy and find grace to help us in our time of need? Where do we learn that God is the gracious landowner who gives us far, far more than we deserve? The answers to all these questions is in the Scriptures, but it is also on display in our daily lives for all the blessings we receive every moment of the day, even when we do not realize it. #RandolphHarris 18 of 28
That is why Scripture is called the word of God’s grace. God uses Scripture to mediate His grace to us. God and the Word of his grace always go together; God lets his grace flow out through that Word. I was watching I believe season 5, episode 13 of Suits, when Donna was having a flash back to when she was a little girl, and her family had this huge 1920s mansion, and she had a room in the mansion to play her grand piano. However, her father lost the family’s money and she found out they would be moving to an apartment, in a new city, and there was no room for her piano. As a child, to lose your home and all your belong and to have to leave your friends and school must have been very devastating for a child. Fortunately, that is a reality some children do not have to face, but by the grace of God Donna and her family did not end up homeless. God is always blessing us, and some of his blessings counteract bad decisions made by humans. Donna may have not seen the blessing in the situation at the time because she lost so much through no fault of her own, but God did provide for her. How do we know God’s grace is sufficient for our particular “thorns”? How do we come to a proper understanding of what it means to live or minister “by the grace of God”? How do we learn about the “throne of grace” where we receive mercy and find grace to help us in our time of need? #RandolphHarris 19 of 28
Where do we learn that God is the gracious landowner who gives us far, far more than we deserve? The answer to all these questions is in the Scriptures. That is why Scripture is called the word of His grace. God uses Scripture to mediate His grace to us. God and the Word of His grace always go together; God lets His grace flow out through that Word. “For everything that was written in the past was written to teach us, so that through endurance and the encouragement of the Scriptures we might have hope. May the God who gives endurance and encouragement give you the spirit of unity among yourselves as you follow Christ Jesus,” reports Romans 15.4-5. Verse 4 tells us that we receive endurance and encouragement from Scripture. Yet verse 5 says God gives endurance and encouragement. Endurance and encouragement are provisions of God’s grace “to help us in our time of need.” As we go to the throne of grace asking for it, God does provide. However, He usually provides through Scripture, but He also manifests blessings in our lives. If we are appropriate to the grace of God, then, we must regularly expose ourselves directly to the word of God. It is not enough to only hear it preached or taught in our churches on Saturdays or Sundays, as important as those avenues are. We need a regular plan of reading, study, and yes, even memorization. #RandolphHarris 20 of 28
Bible study and Scripture memorization earn no merit with God. We never earn God’s blessing by doing these things, anymore than we earn His blessing by eating nutritious foods. However, as the eating of proper food is necessary to sustain a healthy physical life, so the regular intake of God’s word is necessary to sustain a healthy spiritual life and to regularly appropriate His grace. I strongly advocate Scripture memorization. In our warfare against Satan and his emissaries, we are told to take “the sword of the Spirit,” which is the word of God,” reports Ephesians 6.17. In opposition to all the suggestions of the devil, the sole, simple, and sufficient answer is the word of God. This puts flight all the powers of darkness. The Christian finds this to be true in one’s individual experience. It dissipates his doubts; it drives away one’s fears; it delivers one from the power of Satan. We might say, in the language of our present study, it provides the believer grace to help in time of need. “And now it came to pass that I received an epistle from Ammoron, the king, stating that if I would deliver up those prisoners of war whom we had taken that he would deliver up the city of Antiparah unto us. However, I sent an epistle unto the king, that we were sure our forces were sufficient to take the city of Antiparah by force; and by delivering up the prisoners for that city we should suppose ourselves unwise, and that we would only deliver up our prisoners on exchange. #RandolphHarris 21 of 28
“And Ammoron refused mine epistle, for he would not exchange prisoners; therefore we began to make preparations to go against the city of Antiparah. However, the people of Antiparah did leave the city, and fled to the other cities, which they had possession of, to fortify them; and thus the city of Antiparah fell into our hands. And thus ended the twenty and eight year of the reign of the judges. And it came to pass that in the commencement of the twenty and ninth year, we received a supply of provisions, and also an addition to our army, from the land of Zarahemla, and from the land round about, to the number of six thousand humans, besides sixty of the sons of the Ammonites who had come to join their brethren, my little band of two thousand. And now behold, we were strong, yea, and we had also plenty of provisions brought unto us. And it came to pass that it was our desire to wage a battle with the army which was placed to protect the city Cumeni. And now behold, I will show unto you that we soon accomplish our desire; yea, with our strong force, we did surround, by night, the city Cumeni, a little before they were to receive a supply of provisions. And it came to pass that we did camp round about the city for many nights; but we did sleep upon our swords, and keep guards, that the Lamanites could not come upon us by night and slay us, which they attempted many times; but as many times as they attempted this their blood was spilt. #RandolphHarris 22 of 28
“At length their provision did arrive, and they were about to enter the city by night. And we, instead of being Lamanites, were Nephites; therefore, we did take them and their provisions. And notwithstanding the Lamanites being cut off from their support after this manner, they were still determined to maintain the city; therefore it become expedient that we should take those provisions and send them to Judea, and our prisoners to the land of Zarahemla. And it came to pass that not many days had passed away before the Lamanites began to lose all hopes of succor; therefore they yielded up the city unto our hands; and thus we had accomplished our designs in obtaining the city Cumeni. However, it came to pass that our prisoners were so numerous that, notwithstanding the enormity of our numbers, we were obliged to employ all our force to keep them, or to put them to death. For behold, they would break out in great numbers, and would fight with stones, and with clubs, or whatsoever thing they could get into their hands, insomuch that we did slay upwards of two thousand of them after they had surrendered themselves prisoners of war. Therefore it become expedient for us, that we should put an end to their lives, or guard them, sword in hand, down to the land of Zarahemla; and also our provisions were not any more than sufficient for our own people, notwithstanding that which we had taken from the Lamanites. #RandolphHarris 23 of 28
“And now, in those critical circumstances, it became a very serious matter to determine concerning these prisoners of war; nevertheless, we did resolve to send them down to the land of Zarahemla; therefore we selected a part of our humans, and gave them charge over our prisoners to go down to the land of Zarahemla. However, it came to pass that on the morrow they did return. And now behold, we did not inquire of them concerning the prisoners; for behold, the Lamanites were upon us, and they returned in season to save us from falling into their hands. For behold, Ammoron had sent to their support a new supply of provisions and also a numerous army of humans. And it came to pass that those humans who we sent with the prisoners did arrive in season to check them, as they were about to overpower us. However, behold, my little band of two thousand and sixty fought most desperately; yea, they were firm before the Lamanites, and did administer death unto all those who opposed them. And as the remainder of our army were about t give way before the Lamanites, behold, those two thousand and sixty were firm and undaunted. Yea, and they did obey and observe to perform every word of command with exactness; yea, and even according to their faith it was done unto them; and I did remember the words which they said unto me that their mothers had taught them. #RandolphHarris 24 of 28
“And now behold, it was these my sons, and those men who had been selected to convey the prisoners, to whom we owe this great victory; for it was they who did beat the Lamanites; therefore they were driven back to the city of Manti. And we retained our city Cumeni, and were not all destroyed by the sword; nevertheless, we had suffered great loss. And it came to pass that after the Lamanites had fled, I immediately gave orders that my humans who had been wounded should be taken from among the dead, and causes that their wounds should be dressed. And it came to pass that there were two hundred, out of my two thousand and sixty, who had fainted because of the loss of blood; nevertheless, according to the goodness of God, and to our great astonishment, and also the joy of our whole army, there was not one soul of them who did perish; yea, and neither was there one soul among them who had not received many wounds. And now, their preservation was astonishing to our whole army, yea, that they should be spared while there was a thousand of our brethren who were slain. And we do justly ascribe it to the miraculous power of God, because of their exceeding faith in that which they had been taught to believe—that there was a just God, and whosoever did not doubt, that they should be preserved by his marvelous power. #RandolphHarris 25 of 28
“Now this was the faith of these whom I have spoken; they are young, and their minds are firm, and they do put their trust in God continually. And now it came to pass that after we had thus taken care of our wounded humans, and had buried our dead and also the dead of the Lamanites, who were many, behold, we did inquire of Gid (Gid is a Nephite military officer) concerning the prisoners whom they had started to go down to the land of Zarahemla with. Now Gid was the chief captain over the band who was appointed to guard them down to the land. And now, these are the words which Gid said unto me: Behold, we did start to go down to the land of Zarahemla with our prisoners. And it came to pass that we did meet the spies of our armies, who had been sent out to watch the camp of the Lamanites. And the cried unto us, saying—Behold, the armies of the Lamanites are marching towards that city of Cumeni; and behold, they will fall upon them, yea, and will destroy our people. And it came to pass that our prisoners did head their cries, which caused them to take courage; and they did rise up in rebellion against us. And it came to pass because of their rebellion we did cause that our swords should come upon them. And it came to pass that they did in a body run upon the swords, in the which, the greater number of them were slain; and the remainder of them broke through and fled from us. #RandolphHarris 26 of 28
“And behold, when they had fled and we could not overtake them, we took our march with speed towards the city of Cumeni; and behold, we did arrive in time that we might assist our brethren in preserving the city. And behold, we are again delivered out of the hands of our enemies. And blessed is the name of our God; for behold, it is he that has delivered us; yea, that has done this great thing for us. Now it came to pass that when I, Helaman, had heard these words of Gid, I was filled with exceeding joy because of the goodness of God in preserving us, that we might not all perish; yea, and I trust that the souls of them who have been slain have entered into the rest of their God,” reports Alma 57.1-36. He who puts the prayers in my mouth, and He to whom I speak them comprehends all the spiritual needs of every living being with a matchless profundity. We are indebted to God’s compositions. They come from Him, arise in me, and return again to Him, so that my praying is a part of His eternal cycle; and when I pray, I take the part He has laid out for me. When I pray, it is His words I pray; when I sing, it is His song; when I act, it is His deeds I do. I cannot step outside the ways God has laid out, for there is nowhere outside to step. Ground of Being, you contain all within you, both that which acts and that which is acted upon. Nowhere is there anything that does not arise in You. #RandolphHarris 27 of 28
Nothing is there that does not praise You by its existence. Thou createst day and night, rolling away the light before the darkness and the darkness before the light. By Thy will the day passes into night; the Lord of Heavenly host is Thy name. O ever-living God, mayest Thou rule overs us forever. Blessed be Thou, O Lord, who bringest on the evening twilight. With everlasting love hast Thou loved the house of Israel, teaching us Thy Torah and commandments, Thy statutes and judgments. Therefore, O Lord our God, when we lie down and when we rise up, we will meditate on Thy teachings and rejoice forever in the words of Thy Torah and in its commandments, for they are our life and the length of our days. Day and night will we meditate upon them. O my Thy love never depart from us. Blessed be Thou, O Lord, who lovest Thy people of the World. Thou shalt love the Lord thy God with all thy heart, with all thy soul, and with all thy might. And these words which I command thee this day shall be in thy Heart. Thou shalt teach them diligently unto thy children, speaking of the them when thou sittest in thy house, when thou walkest by the way, when thou liest down and wen thou risest up. And thou shalt bind them for a sign upon thine hand, and they shall be for frontlets between thines eyes. And thou shalt write them upon the door post of thy house and upon thy gates. #RandolphHarris 28 of 28
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I Do Not Know the Method of Drawing Up an Indictment Against a Whole People!
Diplomacy is the art of the possible, and we have to keep readjusting our concept of what is possible. In the past, Americans were addressed as people or, in the more distant past, ladies and gentlemen. Now we are consumers. This is symptomatic of a debasement of public speech inseparable from a more general erosion. Proper grammar and respectful forms of address were mandatory not only for people seeking professional jobs, but also for those seeking high office. We have to call for resolution and a spirit of patriotism and sacrifice to encourage people to rise above their everyday selves and to behave as true citizens. To keep telling Americans that they are just consumers is to expect nothing special. The English language is becoming ugly and inaccurate because our thoughts are foolish. The slovenliness of our language makes it easier for us to have foolish thoughts. As it stands, some people never open their mouths without subtracting from the sum of human intelligence. However, few people like to consider themselves enemies of thought and culture. Still, there is a suggestion in society that there is something sinister, even un-American, about intense devotion to ideas, reason, logic, evidence, and precise language is one of them. Anti-intellectualism is turning a treatable, livable condition into a morbid disease affecting the entire community. #RandolphHarris 1 of 28
The media seems to offer ladies and gentlemen an unprecedented variety of choices—television programs on hundreds of channels; movies; news; video games; music; and the Internet versions of these products, available in so many portable electronic packages that it is entirely possible to go through an entire day without being deprived for a second of commercial entertainment. And it is not that the television, or any of its successors in the World of video was designed as an enemy of active intellectual life in American, but the media has restricted their audience’s intellectual parameters by fulling time—a huge amount of time—that used to be occupied by engagement in the written word. However, in the early fifties, many intellectuals had great hops for television as an educational medium and as a general force for good. Television used to be a treat rather than the metronome of everyday life. Medical research does indicate that frequent exposure to any form of video in the early years of life produces older children with shortened attention spans. It does not matter whether the images are produced by a television network, a film studio, or a computer software company: what matters is the amount of time children spend starting at a monitor. The American Academy of Pediatrics has concluded that there is no safe level of viewing for children under age two. #RandolphHarris 2 of 28
Video has a capacity to dull the wits of highly educated professionals as well as innocent babies. However, the way to introduce children to music is by playing good music, uninterrupted by video clowns, at home; the way to introduce poetry is by reciting or reading it at bedtime; and the way to instill an appreciation of beauty is not to bombard a toddler with screen images of Monet’s Giverny but to introduce one to the real sighs and scents of a garden. Still, only a Luddite would claim that the video culture, whether displayed on television screens or computer monitors, has nothing to contribute to individual intellectual development or the intellectual life of society. Yet, there is little question that the intrusion of video into the psyches of Americans at ever earlier ages is not only making it unnecessary for young children to entertain themselves but is also discouraging them from thinking and fantasizing outside the box, in the most literal as well as a figurative sense. In the nineteenth century, London readers used to get up early and wait in line for the newest installment of a novel by Charles Dickens; in New York, Dickens fans would meet at the boasts known to be carrying copies of the tantalizing chapters. The Web, however, is all about the quickest possible gratification; it may well be that people most disposed to read online are least disposed to wait any length of time for a new chapter of work by their favourite writer. #RandolphHarris 3 of 28
The Internet is the perfect delivery medium for reference books and textbooks, which were never designed to be read from cover to cover. However, a narrow, time-saving focus is inimical not only to the reading for enjoyment but to reading that encourages the retention of knowledge. Memory, which depends on the capacity to absorb ideas and information through exposition and to connect new information to an established edifice of knowledge, is one of the first victims of video culture. Without memory, judgments are made on the unsound basis of the most recent bit of half-digested information. All mass entertainment media, and the expanding body of educational media based on the entertainment model, emphasize “stand alone” programming that does not require a prior body of knowledge. The media provide the yeast, which, when added to others American social forces and institutions, creates a fertile culture for the spread of invincible ignorance throughout the public square. Modern media also overtly and covertly appeals to the emotion rather than reason. To begin with it may happen that an affect or an emotion is perceived but misconstrued. By the repression of its proper presentation it is forced to become connected with another idea, and is now interpreted by consciousness as the expression of this other idea. #RandolphHarris 4 of 28
If we restore the true connection, we call the original affect “unconscious” although the affect was never unconscious but its ideational presentation had undergone repression. Motive and wish, as aspect of affect, are certainly assumed to be potentially unconscious. Boredom involves an unconscious attempt to convince oneself that one does not want to gratify an instinctual wish that is frightening, and therefore one has no wish to do anything. We must go beyond the organism and the physical environment to account for human emotions. Social factors enter not simply before and after but interactively during the experience of emotion. Let us say that humans become violently angry when insulted. What, in one’s cultural milieu, constitutes an insult? As one’s anger rases, does one recodify the reality to which one responds? Does some feature of the social context assist or inhibit one in this situation? Simultaneous to one’s outburst, does one react with shame or with pride at the anger? Does one express the anger in ways that work it up or ways that bind it? These are the questions of the interactionist. If we conceptualize emotion as instinct, we never pose questions about these points of social entry in the first place. #RandolphHarris 5 of 28
There are an indefinite number of original or instinctive activities which are organized into interests and dispositions according to the situation to which they respond. Thus, fear or anger have no common origin in a constitutional disposition. Rather, each feeling takes its shape, and in a sense becomes itself only in social context. The self, in the process of charting a course of action actively recharts and alters that course while interacting with the situation. When our feelings are vague and inchoate, the reactions of others to our gestures may help define what we really comes to feel. For example, if a girl has been jilted at the alter and is generally upset about it, the responses of her mother may define the girl’s feelings of sadness and great grief, or of indignation and anger. In such cases, our gestures do not necessarily “express” our prior feeling. They make available to others a sign. However, what it is a sign of may be influenced by their reactions to it. We, in turn, may internalize their imputation and thus define our inchoate feelings. The social interaction of gestures may thus not only express our feelings but define them as well. The girl cries. The mother defines the crying as a sign of anger. The girl responds to her mother’s interpretation of her tears. “Yes, anger more than sadness.” And what the crying “is a sign of” is in this way swayed in interaction with the mother. #RandolphHarris 6 of 28
How do other people influence our understanding of what we feel and, more deeply, even change the “object” of our understanding? How does this influence work differently in differently cultural context? Each situation “taxes” the individual, who in return gets protection from unpredictability and membership in something larger. The affective deviant is one who tries to avoid paying these social taxes. Taxes, in turn, come in emotive currency. For example, embarrassment is an individual’s contribution to the group in the singular sense that embarrassment indicates that the individual cares how one seems in company. Not to feel embarrassed in certain situations is to violate the latent rule that one should care about how the group handles or mishandles one’s identity. The problem with this rendition of reality is that there is no structural bridge between all the situations. There are “taxes” here and “taxes” there but no notion of an overarching pattern that would connect the “collections.” Social structure is only our idea of what many situations of a certain sort add up to. From one fractured island of reality to the next, and all the work of making a situation seem real must begin afresh each time. To solve this problem, we should take this development and link it to institutions on the one had and to personality on the other. This would enable us to account for what we predicate from one situation to the next, in both institutions and individuals. #RandolphHarris 7 of 28
You yourself are the eternal energy which appears as the Universe. You did not come into this World. You came out of it, like a wave from the ocean. You are not a stranger here. Every role one assumes is also audience to all the other, and the play is performed so convincingly that the audience takes it “for real.” Independence training in American society begins almost at birth—babies are held and carried less than in most societies and spend more time in complete isolation—and continues, despite occasional parental ambivalence, throughout childhood and adolescence. When a child is admonished to be a “big boy” or “big girl” this usually means doing something alone without help (the rest of the time it involves strangling feelings, but this norm seems to be on the wane). Signs of independence are usually rewarded, and a child who in too obvious a manner calls attention to the fact that human intelligence is based almost entirely on the process of imitation is ridiculed by calling him a copycat or a monkey (after the paradoxical habit humans have of projecting their most uniquely human attributes onto animals). There have been many complaints in recent years that independence training is less rigorous than it once was, but again, as in the case of competitiveness, this is hard to assess. #RandolphHarris 8 of 28
To be on one’s own in a simple, stable, and familiar environment requires a good deal less internal “independence” than to be on one’s own in a complex, shifting, and strange one. Certainly a child could run about more freely a century ago without coming to harm, and one’s errors and misdeeds had far more trivial consequences than today; but this decline in the child’s freedom of movement says nothing about the degree to which the child is asked to forego the pleasures of depending upon one’s parents for nurturance and support. If the objective need is greater, it may offset a small increase in parental tolerance for dependent behaviour, and cause the child to experience the independence training as more severe rather than less. In any case, American independence training is severe relative to most of the rest of the World, and we might assume this to have emotional consequences. This is not to say that such training is not consonant with the demands of adult society: the two are quite in accord. Sociologists and anthropologists are often content to stop at this point and say that as long as this accord exists there is no problem worth discussing. However, in frustration of any need has its effects (one of them being to increase the society’s vulnerability to social change) and these should be understood. #RandolphHarris 9 of 28
An example might help clarify this issue. Ezra and Suzanne Vogel observe that some Japanese parents encourage dependency as actively as many American parents push independence, and that healthy children and adults in Japan rely heavily on others for emotional support and decisions about their lives. A degree of dependence on the mother which in America would be considered “atypical” prepares the Japanese for a society in which far more dependency is expected and accepted than in ours. The Japanese firm is highly paternalistic and takes a great deal of responsibility for making the individual employee secure and comfortable. The Vogels observe, however, that just as the American mother tends to complain at the success of her effort and feel that her children are too independent, so the Japanese mother tends to feel that her children are too dependent, despite the fact that she has trained them this way. Regardless of the congruence between socialization practices and adult norms, any extreme pattern of training will produce stresses for the individuals involved. And just as the mothers experience discomfort with the effects of these patterns, so do the children, although barred by cultural values from recognizing and naming the nature of their distress, which in our society takes the form of a desire to relinquish responsibility for control and decision-making in one’s daily life. #RandolphHarris 10 of 28
Deeply felt democratic values usually stand in the way of realizing this goal through authoritarian submission, although our attitudes toward democracy are not without ambivalence, as has been suggested elsewhere; but the temptation to abdicate self-direction in more subtle ways is powerful indeed. Perhaps the major problem for Americans is that of choice: Americans are forced into making more choices per day, with fewer “givens,” and more ambiguous criteria, less environmental stability, and less social structural support, then any people in history. Many of the mechanisms through which dependency is counteracted in our society have already been discussed, but a word should be said about the complex problem of internalized controls. In stable societies, as many authors have pointed out, the control of human impulses is usually a collective responsibility. The individual is viewed as not having within oneself the controls required to guarantee that one’s impulses will not break out in ways disapproved by the community. However, this matters very little, since the group is always near at hand to stop one or shame one or punish one should one forget oneself. In more fluid, changing societies we are more apt to find controls that are internalized—that do not depend to so great an extent on control and enforcement by external agents. #RandolphHarris 11 of 28
It has long been characteristic of American society—de Tocqueville observed in 1830 that generally American women were much more independent than European women, freer from chaperonage, and able to appear in what a European would consider “compromising” situations without any sign of involvement in pleasures of the flesh. Chaperonage is in fact the simplest way to illustrate the difference between external and internalized controls. In chaperon cultures—such as traditional Middle-Eastern and Latin societies—it simply did not occur to anyone that a man and a woman could be alone together and not copulate. In American, which represents the opposite extreme, there is almost no situation in which a man and a woman could find themselves in which pleasures of the flesh could not at least be considered problematic (Hollywood comedies have exploited this phenomenon—well past the point of exhaustion and nausea—over the past 35 years). Americans are virtuosi of internalized control of expressions dealing with pleasures of the flesh (the current relaxation of norms involving pleasures of the flesh in no way changes this), and this has caused difficulties whenever the two systems have come into contact. An unchaperoned young lady in a bikini or mini-skirt means one thing in America, another in Baghdad. #RandolphHarris 12 of 28
It is a mistake to consider a chaperon society more prudish—the compliment is likely to be returned when the difference is understood. Even Americans consider some situations inherently to involve pleasures of the flesh: if a young lady from some mythical culture came to an American’s house, disrobed, and climbed into bed with him, he would assume she was making an overture for pleasures of the flesh and would be rather indignant if he found that she was merely expressing casual friendship according to her native customs. If he were also called prudish, he would be puzzled, and we need not speculate as to what he would call her. However, how are internalized controls created? We know that they are closely tied to what are usually called “love-oriented” techniques of discipline in childhood. These techniques avoid physical punishment and deprivation of privileges and stress reasoning and the withdrawal of parental affection. The basic difference between “love-oriented” and “fear-oriented” techniques (such as physical punishment) is that in the later case the child simply learns to avoid punishment while in the former one tends to incorporate parental values as one’s own in order to avoid losing parental love and approval. #RandolphHarris 13 of 28
When fear-oriented techniques prevail, the child is in the position of inhabitants of an occupied country, who obey to avoid getting hurt but disobey whenever they think they can get away with it. Like them, the child does not have any emotional commitment to one’s rulers—one does not fear losing their love. Love-oriented techniques require by definition that love and discipline emanate from the same source. When this happens it is not merely a question of avoiding the punisher: the child wishes to anticipate the displeasure of the loved and loving parent, wants to be like the parent, and takes into oneself as a part of oneself the values and attitudes of the parent. One wants to please, not placate, and because one has taken the parent’s attitudes as one’s own, pleasing the parents comes to mean making one feel good about oneself. Thus while individuals raised with fear-oriented techniques tend to direct anger outward under stress, those raised with love-oriented techniques tends to direct it inward in the form of guilt—a distinction that has important physiological correlates. Under stable conditions external controls work perfectly well. Everyone knows one’s own place and one’s neighbour’s, and deviations from expected behaviour will be quickly met from all sides. #RandolphHarris 14 of 28
When social conditions fluctuate, social norms change, and people move frequently from one social setting to another and are often among strangers, this will no longer do. An individual cannot take one’s whole community with one wherever one goes, and in any case the rules differ from place to place. The mobile individual must travel light, and internalized controls are portable and transistorized, as it were. Anger directed inward is also made from mobile conditions. In a stable community two youths who start to get into a fight will be held back by their friends—they depend upon this restraint and can abandon themselves to their passion, knowing that it will not produce harmful consequences. However, where one moves among strangers it becomes increasingly important to have other mechanisms for handling aggression. In situations of high mobility and flux the individual must have a built-in readiness to feel oneself responsible when things go wrong. Most modern societies are a confused mixture of both systems, a fact that enables conservative spokes persons to attribute rising crime rates to permissive child-rearing techniques. The overwhelmingly majority of ordinary crimes, however, are committed by individuals who have not been reared with love-oriented techniques, but, insofar as the parents or parents have been able to rear them at all, by the haphazard use of fear-oriented discipline. #RandolphHarris 15 of 28
Love-oriented child-rearing techniques are a luxury that some less affluent parents, for example, can seldom afford, not only for financial reasons, but for social reasons also. Furthermore, it is rather misleading to refer to the heavily guilt-inducing socialization techniques of middle-class parents as “permissive.” Misbehaviour in less affluent children is more often greeted with a cuff, possibly accompanied by some non-informative response such as “stop that!” However, it may not be at all clear to the child which of the many motions one is now performing “that” is’ and indeed, “that” may be punished only when the parent is feeling irritable. A child would have to have achieved an enormously high intelligence level (which, of course, it has not, for his very reason) to be able to form a moral concept out of a hundred irritable stop-that’s. What one usually forms is merely a crude sense of when the “old man” or the “old lady” is to be avoided. The self-conscious, highly verbal, middle-class parent is at the opposite extreme. One feels that discipline should relate to the children’s act, not the parent’s own emotional state, and is very careful to emphasize verbally the principle involved in the misbehaviour (“it is bad to hit people” or “we have to share with guests”). Concept-formation is made very easy for the middle-class child, and one tends to think of moral questions in terms of principles. #RandolphHarris 16 of 28
As one grows older this tendency is reinforced by one’s encounter with different groups with different norms. In a mobile society, one cannot simply accept the absolute validity of any rule because one’s experiences competing moral codes. As a result the middle-class child tends to evolve a system of meta-rules, that is, rules for assessing the relative validity of these codes. The meta-rules tend to be based upon the earliest and most general principles expressed by the parents; such as prohibitions on violence against others, egalitarianism, mutuality, and so on. This ability to treat rules in a highly secular fashion while maintaining a strong moral position is baffling to those whose control mechanisms are more primitive, but it presupposes a powerful and articulate conscience. Such an individual can expose oneself to physical harm and to violence-arousing situations without losing control and while maintaining a moral position. This may seem inconceivable to an uneducated working-class authoritarian whose own impulses are barely held in line by a jerry-built structure of poorly articulated and mutually contradictory moral absolutes. Hence one tends to misinterpret radical middle-class behaviour as a hypocritical mask for mere delinquency. #RandolphHarris 17 of 28
However, internalization is a mixed blessing. It may enable one to get one’s head smashed in a good cause, but the capacity to give oneself up completely to an emotion is almost altogether lost in the process. Where internalization is high there is often a feeling that the controls themselves are out of control—that emotion cannot be expressed when the individual would like to express it. Life is muted, experience filtered, emotion anesthetized, affective discharge incomplete. Efforts to shake free from this hypertrophied control system include not only drugs, and sensation-retrieval techniques such as those developed at the Esalen Institute in California, but also confused attempts to reestablish external systems of direction and control—the vogue currently enjoyed by astrology is an expression of this. The simplest technique, of course, would be the establishment of a more authoritarian social structure, which would relieve the individual of the great burden of examining and moderating one’s own responses. One could become as a child, lighthearted, spontaneous, and passionate, secure in the knowledge that others would prevent one’s impulses from causing one harm. Realization of this goal is prevented by democratic values and the social conditions that foster them (complexity, fluidity, change). #RandolphHarris 18 of 28
However, the desire plays a significant part in conventional reactions to radical underrepresented groups, who are all felt to be seeking the abandonment of self-restraints of one kind or another and at the same time demanding more responsible behavior from the establishment. This is both infuriating and contagious to dominant affluent adults, who would like very much to do the same, and their call for “law and order” (that is, more external control) is an expression of that desire as well as an attempt to smother it. This conflict over dependency and internalization also helps explain why official American anticommunism always lays so much stress on the authoritarian (rather than the socialistic) aspects of Communist states. “And now it came to pass that in the commencement of the thirtieth year of the reign of the judges, on the second day in the first month, Moroni received an epistle from Helaman, stating the affairs of the people in that quarter of the land. And these are the words which he wrote, saying: My dearly beloved brother, Moroni, as well in the Lord as in the tribulations of our warfare; behold, my beloved brother, I have somewhat to tell you concerning our warfare in this part of the land. Behold, two thousand of the sons of those men who Ammon brought down out of the land of Nephi—now ye have known that these were descendants of Laman, who was the eldest son of our father Lehi. #RandolphHarris 19 of 28
“Now I need not rehearse unto you concerning their traditions or their unbelief, for thou knowest concerning all these things. Therefore it sufficeth me that I tell you that two thousand of these young men have taken their weapons of war, and would that I should be their leader; and we have come forth to defend our country. And now ye also know concerning the covenants which their fathers made, that they would not take up their weapons of war against their brethren to shed blood. However, in the twenty and sixth year, when they saw our afflictions our tribulations for them, they were about to break the covenant which they had made and take up their weapons of war in our defence. However, I would not suffer them that they should break this covenant which they had made, supposing that God would strengthen us, insomuch that we should not suffer more because of the fulfilling the oath which they had taken. However, behold, here is one thing in which we may have great joy. For behold, in the twenty and sixth year, I, Helaman, did march at the head of these two thousand young men to the city of Judea, to assist Antipus, whom ye had appointed a leader over the people of that part of the land. And I did join my two thousand sons, (for they are worthy to be called sons) to the army of Antipus, in which strength Antipus did rejoice exceedingly; for behold, his army had been reduced by the Lamanites because their forces had slain a vast number of our men, for which cause we have to mourn. #RandolphHarris 20 of 28
Nevertheless, we may console ourselves in this point, that they have died in the cause of their country and of their God, yea, and they are happy. And the Lamanites had also retained many prisoners, all of whom are chief captains, for none other have they spared alive. And we suppose that they are now at this time in the land of Nephi; it is also if they are not slain. And now these are the cities of which the Lamanites have obtained possession by shedding of the blood of so many of our valiant men: the land of Manti, or the city of Manti, and the city of Zeezrom, and the city of Cumeni, and the city of Antiparah. And these are the cities which they possessed when I arrived at the city of Judea; and I found Antipus and his men toiling with their might to fortify the city. Yea, and they were depressed in body as well as in spirit, for they had fought valiantly by day and toiled by night to maintain their cities; and thus they had suffered great afflictions of every kind. And now they were determined to conquer in this place of die; therefore you may well suppose that this little force which I brought with me, yea, those sons of mine, gave them great hopes and much joy. And now it came to pass that when the Lamanites saw that Antipus had received a greater strength to his army, hey were compelled by the orders of Ammoron to not come against the city of Judea, or against us, to battle. #RandolphHarris 21 of 28
“And thus were we favoured of the Lord; for had they come upon us in this our weakness they might have perhaps destroyed our little army; but thus were we preserved. They were commanded by Ammoron to maintain those cities which they had taken. And thus ended the twenty and sixth year. And in the commencement of the twenty and seventh year we had prepared our city and ourselves for defence. Now we were desirous that the Lamanites should come upon us; for we were not desirous to make an attack upon them in their strongholds. And it came to pass that we kept spies out round about, to watch the movements of the Lamanites, that they might not pass us by night nor by day to make an attack upon our other cities which were on the northward. For we knew in those cities they were not sufficiently strong to meet them; therefore we were desirous, if they should pass by us, to fall upon them in their rear, and thus bring them up in the rear at the same time they were met in the front. We supposed that we could overpower them; but behold, we were disappointed in this our desire. They durst not pass by us with their whole army, neither durst they with a part, lest they should not be sufficiently strong and they should fall. Neither durst they marched down against the city of Zarahemla; neither durst they cross the head of Sidon, over to the city of Nephihah. #RandolphHarris 22 of 28
“And thus, with their forces, they were determined to maintain those cities which they had taken. And now it came to pass in the second month of this year, there was brought unto us many provisions from the fathers of those my two thousand sons. And also there were sent two thousand men unto us from the land of Zarahemla. And thus we were prepared with ten thousand men, and provisions for them, and also for their wives and their children. And the Lamanites, thus seeing our forces increase daily, and provisions arrive for our support, they began to be fearful, and began to sally forth, if it were possible to put an end to our receiving provisions and strength. Now when we saw that the Lamanites began to grow uneasy on this wise, we were desirous to bring a stratagem into effect upon them; therefore Antipus ordered that I should march forth with my little sons to a neighbouring city, as if we were carrying provisions to a neighbouring city. And we were to march near the city of Antiparah, as if we were going to the city beyond, in the borders by the seashore. And it came to pass that we did march forth, as if with our provisions, to go to the city. And it came to pass that Antipus did march forth with a part of his army, leaving the remainder to maintain the city. However, he did not march forth until I had gone forth with my little army, and came near the city Antiparah. #RandolphHarris 23 of 28
“And now, in the city Antiparah were stationed the strongest army of the Lamanites; yea, the most numerous. And it came to pass that we did flee before them, northward. And thus we did lead away the most powerful army of the Lamanites; yea, even to a considerable distance, insomuch that when they saw the army of Antipus pursuing them, with their might, they did not turn to the right nor to the left, but pursued their march in a straight course after us; and, as we suppose, it was their intent to slay us before Antipus should overtake them, and this that they might not be surrounded by our people. And now Antipus, beholding our danger, did speed the march of his army. However, behold, it was night; therefore they did not overtake us, neither did Antipus overtake them; therefore we did camp for the night. And it came to pass that before the dawn of the morning, behold, the Lamanites were pursuing us. Now we were not sufficiently strong to contend with them; yea, I would not suffer that my little sons should fall into their hands; therefore we did continue our march, and we took our march into the wilderness. Now they durst not turn to the right nor to the left lest they should be surrounded; neither would I turn to the right nor to the lest they should overtake me, and we could not stand against them, but be slain, and they would make their escape; and thus we did flee all that day into the wilderness, even until it was dark. #RandolphHarris 24 of 28
“And it came to pass that again, when the light of the morning came we saw the Lamanites upon us, and we did flee before them. However, it came to pass that they did not pursue us far before they halted; and it was in the morning of the third day of the seventh month. And now, whether they were overtaken by Antipus we knew not, but I said unto my men: Behold, we know not but they have halted for the purpose that we should come against them, that they might catch us in their snare; therefore what say ye, my sons, will ye go against them to battle? And now I say unto you, my beloved brother Moroni, that never had I seen so great courage, nay, not amongst all the Nephites. For as I had ever called them my sons (for they were all of them very young) even so they said unto me: Father, behold our God is with us, and he will not suffer that we should fall; then let us go forth; we would not slay our own brethren if they would let us alone; therefore let us go, lest they should overpower the army of Antipus. Now they never had fought, yet they did not fear death; and they did think more upon the liberty of their fathers than they did upon their lives; yea, they had been taught by their mothers, that if they did not doubt, God would deliver them. And they rehearsed unto me the words of their mothers, saying: We do not doubt our mothers knew it. #RandolphHarris 25 of 28
“And it came to pass that I did return with my two thousand against these Lamanites who has pursued us. And now behold, the armies of Antipus has overtaken them, and a terrible battle had commenced. The army of Antipus being weary, because of their long march in so short a space of time, were about to fall into the hands of the Lamanites; and had I not returned with my two thousand they would have obtained their purpose. For Antipus has fallen by the sword, and many of his leaders, because of their weariness, which was occasioned by the speed of their march—therefore the men of Antipus, being confused because of the fall of their leaders, began to give way before the Lamanites. And it came to pass that the Lamanites took courage, and began to pursue them; and thus were the great Lamanites pursuing them with great vigour when Helaman came upon their rear with his two thousand, and began to slay them exceedingly, insomuch that the whole army of the Lamanites halted and turned upon Helaman. Now when the people of Antipus saw that the Lamanites had turned them about, they gathered together their men and came again upon the rear of the Lamanites. And now it came to pass that we, the people of Nephi, the people of Antipus, and I with my two thousand, did surround the Lamanites, and did slay them; yea, insomuch that they were compelled to deliver up their weapons of war and also themselves as prisoners of war. #RandolphHarris 26 of 28
“And now it came to pass that when they had surrendered themselves up unto us, behold, I numbered those young men who had fought with me, fearing lest there were many of them slain. However, behold, to my great joy, there had not one soul of hem fallen to the Earth; yea, and they had fought as if with the strength; and with such mighty power did they fall upon frighten them; and for this cause did the Lamanites deliver themselves up as prisoners of war. And as we have no place for our prisoners, that we could guard them to keep them from the armies of the Lamanites, therefore we sent them to the land of Zarahemla, and a part of those men who were not slain of Antipus, with them; and the remainder I took and joined them to my stripling Ammonites, and took our march back to the city of Judea,” reports Alma 56.1-57. Space was born from you in the time before time, and time itself, and death. The Son of God was born leaping fully armed from the womb, rising up to bring miracles to the World and set an example of Godliness. The water poured out, to be placed in their proper locations, and solid ground was born, to support their weight, to be the cup of heir encircling border. The directions were placed, each where it belonged. And life itself was born, the unpredictable, always yet going where it belongs. #RandolphHarris 27 of 28
“And now I wish to praise the Mother, who made these things to be, the source of existence, granter of life. You to whom we all belong, you who knows the way we should go, I praise you with my words, I hold you in my heart. The righteous shall flourish like the palm tree, and grow mighty like a cedar in Lebanon. Planted in the house of the Lord, they shall flourish in the courts of our God. Even in old age they shall being forth fruit, they shall be full of vigour and strength, declaring that the Lord is just, my Rock in whom there is no unrighteousness. The Lord reigneth; He is robed in majesty; the Lord is robed, He hath girded Himself with strength. Now is the Earthy firmly established; it shall not be moved. Thy throne is established of old; Thou art from everlasting. The waters lift up their voices, O Lord, the waters life up their roaring; yet above the voices of many waters, the mighty waters, breakers of the sea, Thou, O Lord, art might on high. Thy law is true and unfailing; holiness is becoming to Thy house, O Lord, forevermore. Praised be the Lord who is blessed for all eternity. Praised be Thou, O Lord our God, Ruler of the Universe, who with Thy word bringest on the evening twilight, and with Thy wisdom openest the gates of the Heavens. With understanding Thou dost order the cycles of time and variest the seasons, setting the stars in their courses in the sky, according to Thy will. #RandolphHarris 28 of 28
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From Him in Vain the Envious Seasons Roll who Bears Eternal Summer in His Soul!
I would define morality as enlightened self-interest. That old Platonic ideal that there are certain pure moral forms just is not where we are. The question of political resistance is receiving more and more attention everywhere in the World. There are many causes for resistance, and there are many forms it takes. Under certain circumstances we have a right to resist, even a duty to resist. We must have the courage for peace. Our ideas about institutionalizing the aged, psychotic, those with intellectual disabilities, and infirm are based on a pattern of thought that we might call the Toilet Assumption—the notion that unwanted matter, unwanted difficulties, unwanted complexities and obstacles will disappear if they are removed from our immediate field of vision. As society’s delusions of grandeur become more inflated, the abyss between them and their actual accomplishments yawn all the wider. And from the abyss arises resentment, anger, hatred, and ever greater delusion; for the less one achieves in relation, the more one gives oneself over to fantasy. We do not connect the trash we throw from the car window with the trash in our streets, and we assume that replacing old buildings with new expensive ones will alleviate poverty in the slums. #RandolphHarris 1 of 26
We throw the aged and psychotic into institutional holes where they cannot be seen. Our approach to social problems is to decrease their visibility: out of sight, out of mind. This the real foundation of racial segregation. The result of our social efforts has been to remove the underlying problems of our society farther and father from daily experience and daily consciousness, and hence to decrease, in the mass of the population, the knowledge, skill, resources, and motivation necessary to deal with them. When these discarded problems rise to the surface again—a riot, a protest, an expose in the mass media (except for when the mass media is involved in the illegal collusion)—we react as if a sewer had backed up. We are shocked, disgusted, and angered, and immediately call for the emergency plumber (the special commission, the crash program) to ensure that the problem is once again removed. Pathological cases of narcissism can be so extreme that individuals are incapable of even perceiving what is going on in the outside World because they are so busy deluding themselves. Nonetheless, there is nothing more attractive than a kind, loving person, in whom we see that one loves not just something or someone but that one loves life. #RandolphHarris 2 of 26
However, there are people who do not love life, who are more inclined to hate life, who are drawn to the inanimate and, ultimately, to death. The Toilet Assumption is not merely a facetious metaphor. Prior to the widespread use of the flush toilet all of humanity was daily confronted with the immediate reality of human waste and its disposal. They knew where it was and how it got there. Nothing miraculously vanished. Excrement was conspicuously present in the outhouse or chamber pot, and the slops that went out the window went visibly and noticeably into the street. The most aristocratic Victorian ladies strolling in fashionable city parks thought nothing of retiring to the bushes to relieve themselves. Similarly, garbage did not disappear down a disposal unit—it remained nearby. As with physical waste, so with social problems. The biblical adage, “the poor are always with us,” had a more literal meaning before World War I. The poor were visible and all around. Psychosis was not a strange phenomenon in a textbook but a familiar neighbour or village character. The ages were in every house. Everyone had seen animals slaughtered and knew what they were eating when they ate them; illness and death were a part of everyone’s immediate experience. #RandolphHarris 3 of 26
In contemporary life the book of experience is filled with blank and mysterious pages. Occupational specialization and plumbing have exerted a kind of censorship over our understanding of the World we live in and how it operates. And when we come into immediate contact with anything that does not seem to fit into the ordinary pattern of our somewhat bowdlerized existence our spontaneous reaction is to try somehow to flush it away, bomb it away, throw it down the jail. These types of people are described as having a “bicyclist’s character,” because such individuals bow from the waist to those above them and kick with their feet at those below them. Those people found nothing worthy of love or interest left in their lives, so they turned their energies to acquiring power over others and even to self-destruction. Perhaps that is why, in some small degree, we all feel bored and uneasy with the orderly chrome and porcelain vacuum of our lives, from which so much of life has been removed. Evasion creates self-distaste as well as comfort, and radical confrontations are exciting as well as disruptive. The answering chord that they produce within us terrifies us, and although we cannot entirely contain our fascination, it is relatively easy to project our self-disgust onto the perpetrators of the confrontations. #RandolphHarris 4 of 26
As deception and delusion become apart of the seducer’s way of leading others astray or trying to hide their intentions, these types of people get others to submit to them, then they will believe whatever the individual says. An effective strategy then becomes to hold meetings in the evening when people are tired. That makes them more gullible, and they will offer less intellectual resistance to what they are told. All those factors working together allow seducers to recruit loyal followers whom one deceives because one ides one’s destructiveness from them. There will often times, depending on the size of the audience, be millions of people who do not understand what the seducer’s real goals are. And yet, they will run after individual like rats after the pied piper without realizing where the individual is leading them. This ambivalence is reflected in the mass media. The hunger for confrontation and experience attracts a lot of attention to social problems, but these are usually dealt with in such a way as to reinforce the avoidance process. The TV documentary presents a tidy package with opposing views and an implication of progress. Reports in popular magazines attempt to provide a substitute for actual experience. #RandolphHarris 5 of 26
Important book and film reviews, for example, give just the blend of titillation and condescension to make the reader imagine that one is already “in” and need not undergo the experience itself—that one has not only participated in the novel adventure but already outgrown it. Thus the ultimate effect of the media is to reinforce the avoiding response by providing an effigy of confrontation and experience. There is always the danger with such insulating mechanisms, however, that they at times get overloaded like tonsils, and become carriers of precisely the agents against which they are directed. This is an increasingly frequent event in our society today. Many leaders need the masses behind them. They are not individuals who can develop and propagate an idea without applause to help the along. They need applause; they need others’ enthusiasm to feel confirmed in themselves. Their sense of power comes from the reactions of the people they speak to. Narcissists are so full of themselves that every word they speak seems to them to contain the greatest wisdom and truth. However, the need others who believe in them before they can believe in themselves. If no one is beside them, they find themselves on the edge of insanity, for their ideas do not derive from rationally based convictions. They are expressions of the narcissist’s emotional needs. #RandolphHarris 6 of 26
The narcissist’s ideas are based on one’s sense of their greatness and power, but they need outside confirmation of that greatness and power. If we take away from these types of individuals the applause and success, then what is left is insane. It is the constant approval that proves to these types of individuals their ideas true, not the inner consistency of the ideas themselves. This type of individual is not interested in the true, but like another demagogue, they are only interested in what brings applause, for it is applause that makes things true. This produces a social confrontation, the desire for an incorruptible leader—a leader who cannot be bribed, who does not have a price. Once again this desire is a recessive trait, relegated largely to the realm of folk drama and movie script, but it exists nonetheless, as a silent rebellion against the oppressive democratic harmony of a universal monetary criterion. In the hard reality of everyday life, however, the incorruptible human is at best an inconvenience, and obstacle to the smooth functioning of a vast institutional machinery. Management leaders, for example, tend to prefer corrupt union leaders—“people you can do business with”—to those who might introduce questions and attitudes lying outside the rules of a monetary gain. #RandolphHarris 7 of 26
The person who cannot be bought tends to be mistrusted as a fanatic, and the fact that incorruptible humans are so often called unpatriotic may be understood in the same light. As is the case of the mass media, however, this mechanism has become overloaded so that having been jailed and/or called an unpatriotic trader is now regarded by young adults as a medal attesting to one’s social concern. Also closely related to the latent desire for confrontation is an inarticulate wish to move in an environment consisting of something other than our own creations. Human beings evolved as organisms geared to mastery of the natural environment. Within the past few thousand years we have learned to perform this function so well that the natural environment poses very little threat to civilized peoples. Our dangers are self-made ones—subtle, insidious, and meaningless. We die from our own machines, our own poisons, our own weapons, our own despair. Furthermore, we are separated from primitive conditions by too few millennia to have evolved any comfortable adaption to a completely human-made environment. We sill long for and enjoy struggling against the elements even thought such activity can only occasionally be considered meaningful or functional. #RandolphHarris 8 of 26
The cholesterol problem many Americans face provides an illustration: one theory proposes that the release of cholesterol into the bloodstream was functional for large hunting animals with primitive weapons. Since the animal was rarely killed but only wounded, one had to be followed until one dropped, and this was a matter of walking or running for several days without food or rest. A similar response would be activated today in fields such as advertising, in which a sustained extra effort over a period of time (to obtain a larger contract, for example) is periodically required. However, these peak efforts do not involve any physical release—the cholesterol is not utilized. We cross the ocean in artificially private boats, climb mountains we could fly over, kill animals we do not eat. Natural disasters, such as floods, hurricanes, blizzards, and so on, generate a cheerfulness which would seem inappropriate if we did not share it. It is as if some balance between human and nature had been restored, and with it human’s “true function.” Like the cat that prefers to play with a ball around the obstacle of a chair leg, so humans seem to derive some perverse joy from having a snowstorm force one to use the most primitive mode of transportation. #RandolphHarris 9 of 26
It is particularly amusing to observe people following the course of an approaching hurricane and following the course of an approaching hurricane and affecting a proper desire that it veer off somewhere, in the face of an ill-concealed craving that it do nothing of the kind. There is a satisfaction that comes from relating to nature on equal terms, with respect and even deference to forms of life different from ourselves—as the Native American respects the deer one kills for food and the tree that shields one from the Sun. We interact largely with extensions of our own egos. We stumble over the consequences of our past acts. We are drowning in our own excreta (another consequence of the Toilet Assumption). We rarely come into contact with a force which is clearly and cleanly Not-Us. Every struggle is a struggle with ourselves, because there is a little piece of ourselves in everything we encounter—Cresleigh Homes, clothes, Ultimate Driving Machines, cities, machines, even our foods like Foie Gras Friday at Bistro Ete. There is an uneasy, anesthetized feeling about this kind of life—like being trapped forever inside a climate controlled Ultimate Driving Machine, with X-Drive and power brake with a booster, a Live Cockpit professional, panoramic glass roof and sky lounge, and only a voice-activated BMW Intelligent Personal Assistant to talk to. #RandolphHarris 10 of 26
Our World is only a mirror, and our efforts mere shadowboxing—yet shadowboxing in which we frequently manage to hour ourselves. Even that part of the World which is no human-made impinges upon us through a symbolic network we have created. We encounter primarily our own fantasies: we have a concept and image of a mountain, a lake, or a forest almost before we ever see one. Travel posters tell us what it means to be in a strange land, the events of life becomes news items before they actually happen-all experience receives preliminary structure and interpretation. Public relations, television dramas like Suits and Legend of the Seeker, and life become indistinguishable. The story of Pygmalion is thus the story of modern humans, in life with one’s own product. However, like all discreet fairy tales, that of Pygmalion stops with the consummation of one’s love. It does not tell us of one’s ineffable boredom at having nothing to love but an excrescence of oneself. However, we know that humans who live surrounded by that which and those whom they have molded to their desires—from the Caliph of Baghdad to Federico Fellini—suffer from a fearsome ennui. The minute they assume material from our fantasies cease to be interesting and become mere excreta. #RandolphHarris 11 of 26
Let us take a look at this word “resistance” for a minute. To resist means to “take a stand against” something, and in order to do that we have to be somebody ourselves. Then we are not so easy to deceive or impress. On the contrary, we are capable of protest, rejection, outrage. However, if we are to be able to do that, we have to realize what we are up against. When dealing with a tyrant, we are not just dealing with certain political views of what will best promote our community’s wellbeing but with components of character and emotion, indeed, with philosophical and religious components that run through those views. We have to look beyond the rational formulations and pay not so much attention to what a political leader says as to how one says it. We have to study the individual’s face, one’s gestures, the whole being. Only then can we see that his leader is a necrophiliac, someone whom we reject from the bottom of our hearts, someone who outrages us, someone we want nothing to do with, someone we can never befriend because all our powers are committed to the preservation of life and to the dignity of humanity, to our freedom. All the necrophiliac’s powers are, by contrast, committed to destruction, to the subjugation of others, to putting them down, to dominating them. We have to stop just listening to words and start discovering who and what this being is who speaks such words. What is one’s nature, one’s character? #RandolphHarris 12 of 26
Everyone is religious in a broad sense of the word, which is to say one has goals that go beyond the mere necessities of earning a living; one has a vision and feelings that lead one to do more than be a machine for eating and reproducing. The acceptance by another person, such as the therapist, shows the individual that one no longer needs to fight one’s main battle on the front of whether anyone else, or the World, can accept one; the acceptance frees one to experience one’s own being. This point must be emphasized because of the common error in many circles of assuming that the experience of one’s own being will take place automatically if only one is accepted by somebody else. This is the basic error of some forms of “relationship therapy.” The attitude of “If-I-love-and-accept-you, this-is-all-you-need,” is in life and in therapy an attitude which many well minister to increased passivity. The crucial question is what the individual oneself, in one’s own awareness of and responsibility for one’s existence, does with the fact that one can be accepted. The ego is a part of the personality, and traditionally a relatively weak part, whereas the sense of being refers to one’s whole experience, unconscious as well as conscious, and is by no means merely the agent of awareness. #RandolphHarris 13 of 26
The ego is a reflection of the outside World alone, it is then precisely not one’s own sense of existence. My sense of being is no my capacity to see the outside World, to size it up, to assess reality; it is rather my capacity to see myself as a being in the World, to know myself as the being who can do these things. It is in this sense a precondition for what is called “ego development.” The ego is the subject in the subject-object relationship; the sense of being occurs on a level prior to this dichotomy. Being means not “I am the subject,” but “I am the being who can, among other things, know one’s self as the subject of what is occurring.” Humans no longer act on behalf of God, on behalf of justice, on behalf of love, but in the name of evolution. Some leaders truly believe what they are acting on behalf of, and carrying out, are the laws of evolution, the laws of biology. Some neurophysiologists think that the principles of liberty, egalite, and fraternity have their origin in the structure of the human brain. Freedom is a necessity if the human organism is to function at its full capacity. The authoritarian character has a structural predeliction to submit, to subordinate itself, but it also has a need to dominate. Those two things always go together; the one compensates for the other. #RandolphHarris 14 of 26
The truly democratic or revolutionary character is just the opposite and will refuse both to dominate and to be dominated. For the democratic character the equality and dignity of humans is deeply felt imperatives, and such a character will be drawn only to what promotes human dignity and equality. Our theoretical premise is that what a person thinks is relatively unimportant. It is usually a matter of sheer chance and will depend on what kind of slogans the person has heard, on which party either family tradition or social circumstances have motivated one to join, on which ideologies one has come into contact with. One thinks more or less the same things that others think, which is a sign of the human tendency to conform and to forfeit independence. What a person thinks, then, we call an opinion. Opinion can be easily changed. Opinion remains the same only as long as circumstances remain the same. And this is the great disadvantage of all polls that determine nothing but opinion. It is beyond the scope of such polls to ask: If circumstances where completely different, what would your opinion be tomorrow? However, in politics that is what counts, and the question of primary importance is not what someone happens to think at the moment. #RandolphHarris 15 of 26
What is important is how one lives and acts. And how one lives and acts depends on one’s character. If we put our question this way, then we find we are in need of another concept, and this concept is conviction. Conviction is an opinion that is rooted in a person’s character and not just in one’s head. Conviction is a product of what one is, opinion is based only on what one hears. In other words, people do not act solely out of economic interest but also out of inner needs, feelings, goals that are deeply rooted in the “human condition,” in the givens of human existence. I think we have to become thoroughly familiar with both these factors—with the economic motives and with the specifically human ones—if we want to understand why people act one way or another politically. Both factors are integrated in “social character.” And that means we have to unlearn something first. We have to unlearn the practice of stressing what a person says, and we have to learn to look at the whole person. When it comes to our business lives, it is interesting how skillful we are at this. If we are about to hire someone or enter into a partnership with one, we are not usually so stupid as to listen only to what the individual tells us about oneself. We want to form an impression of one’s personality. #RandolphHarris 16 of 26
The more egotistic our interests are, the more cautious we are and the more ready we are to make characterological judgments. However, where our social and political interests are concerned, we do not want to take the trouble. We want to be led; we want to sit back; we want someone who tells us what we want to hear, who panders to us, and whom we then reward for doing just that. And so we do not take a close loo at one and are not interested in who one is. However, we can learn to look closely. We can learn it in the natural laboratory that all of us, whether we are children, adolescents, or adults, have available to us, the laboratory of our daily experience. We can find just about everything there. All we have to do is want to see it. And then reading can be of some help, too, thought it is regrettable that psychology, and especially academic psychology, which has booked so many great successes, have not proved very fruitful in the areas of society and politics. Characterology, the science of character, crucial as it is to politics, to marriage, to friendship, and to education, remains of relatively minor importance in the field of psychology, even though it is far more relevant to life than mist of the findings that academic psychology makes. #RandolphHarris 17 of 26
You have to have faith in yourself, to be able to think critically, to be an independent human being, a human being and not follow someone around blindly like one of Mary’s sheep because when you wake up, your fleece will no longer be as white as snow. To achieve that, to learn the art of living and dying, takes a lot of effort, practice, patience. Like any other skill, it has to be learned. Anyone whose growth takes this direction will also develop the ability to know what is good—or bad—for oneself and others, good or bad for one as a human being, not good or bad for one’s success, one’s acquisition of power or of goods. The structure of our brains allows us to do something quite unique: We are able to define our optimal goals and put our emotions in the service of those goals. Anyone who takes this path will learn to resist not only the great tyrannies, but also the small tyrannies, the creeping tyrannies of bureaucratization and alienation in everyday life. This kind of resistance is more difficult than ever today, for our overall social structure spawns these small tyrannies. In this structure the human being is reduced more and more to a cipher, a cog, a bit player in a bureaucratic scenario. One has no decisions to make, no responsibilities to meet. By and large one does what the bureaucratic machinery has laid out for one. #RandolphHarris 18 of 26
One does les and less thinking, feeling, shaping of one’s own life. The only thing one does think about are products of one’s own egotism, and they have to do with questions like: How can I get ahead? How can I earn money? How can I be healthier? One does not ask: What is good for me as a human being/ what is good for us as a polis? For the Greeks and in the classical tradition those where the great questions that all thought was directed at solving, thought not as an instrument for increasing control over nature but thought as an instrument for answering the question: What is the best way to live? What promotes human growth, the unfolding of our best powers? Widespread passivity, a lack of participation in the decisions affecting our own lives and our society’s life—that is the soil in which fascism or similar movements, for which we usually find names only after the fact, can grow. Indeed, it is necessary to emphasize that the very fact that the ego is conceived of as weak, passive, and derived is itself an evidence and a symptom of the loss of the sense of being in our day, a symptom of the repression of the ontological concern. This view of ego is a symbol of the pervasive tendency to see the human being primarily as a passive recipient of forces actin upon one. #RandolphHarris 19 of 26
We now come to the important problem of non-being or, as phrased in existential literature, nothingness. The “and” in the phrase “To Be and Not To Be,” expresses the fact tat non-being is an inseparable part of being. To grasp what it means to exists, one needs to grasp the face that one might not exist, that one tread at every moment on the sharp edge of possible annihilation and can ever escape the fact that death will arrive at some unknown moment in the future. Existence, never automatic, not only can be sloughed off and forfeited but is indeed at every instant threatened by non-being. Without this awareness of non-being—that is, awareness of the threats to one’s being in death, anxiety, and the less dramatic but persistent threats of loss of potentialities in conformism—existence is vapid, unreal, and characterized by lack of concrete self-awareness. However, with the confronting of non-being, existences takes on vitality and immediacy, and the individual experiences a heightened consciousness of oneself, one’s World, and others around one. Death is of course the most obvious form of the threat of non-being. This truth on one level is symbolic of the death instinct. Life forces (being) are arrayed at every moment against the forces of death (non-being), and every individual life the latter will ultimately triumph. #RandolphHarris 20 of 26
Human beings are the only creatures we are aware of that knows they are going to die, who anticipates one’s own death. The critical question thus is how one relates to the fact of death: whether one spends one’s existence running away from death or making a cult of repressing the recognition of death under the rationalizations of beliefs in automatic progress or providence, as is the habit in our Western society, or obscuring it by saying “one dies” and turning it into a matter of public statistics which serve to cover over the one ultimately important fact, that one oneself at some unknow future moment will die. Death is, in other words, the one fact of my life which is not relative but absolute, and my awareness of this gives my existence and what I do each hour an absolute quality. Perhaps the most ubiquitous and ever-present form of the failure to confront non-being in our day is conformism, the tendency of the individual to let oneself be absorbed in the sea of collective responses and attitudes, to become swallowed up in das Man, with the corresponding loss of one’s own awareness, potentialities, and whatever characterizes one as a unique and original being. The individual temporarily escapes the anxiety of non-being by this means, but at the price f forfeiting one’s own powers and sense of existence. #RandolphHarris 21 of 26
Impotent people who evade their aggression by repressing it thereupon experience drugged tranquility and free-floating resentment. The self-affirmation of being is the stronger the more non-being it can take into itself. “And now it came to pass in the commencement of the twenty and ninth year of the judges, that Ammoron sent unto Moroni desiring that one would exchange prisoners. And it came to pass that Moroni felt to rejoice exceedingly at this request, for he desired the provisions which were imparted for the support of the Lamanite prisoners for the support of one’s own people; and he also desired one’s own people for the strengthening of his army. Now the Lamanites had taken many women and children, and there was not a woman nor a child among all the prisoners of Moroni or the prisoners whom Moroni had taken; therefore Moroni resolved upon a stratagem to obtain as many prisoners of the Nephites from the Lamanites as it were possible. Therefore he wrote an epistle, and sent it by the servant of Ammoron, the same who had brought an epistle to Moroni. Now these are the words which he wrote unto Ammoron, saying: Behold, Ammoron, I have written unto you somewhat concerning this war which ye have waged against my people, or rather which thy brother hath waged against them, and which ye are still determined to carry on after his death. #RandolphHarris 22 of 26
“Behold, I would tell you somewhat concerning the justice of God, and the sword of his almighty wrath, which doth hang over you except ye repent and withdraw your armies into your own lands, or the land of your possessions, which is the land of Nephi. Yea, I would tell you these things if ye were capable of hearkening unto them; yea, I would tell you concerning that awful hell that awaits to receive such murderers as thou and thy brother have been, except ye repent and withdraw your murderous purposes, and return with your armies to your own lands. However, as ye have once rejected these things, and have fought against the people of the Lord, even so I may expect you will do it again. And now behold, we are prepared to receive you; yea, and except you withdraw your purposes, behold, ye will pull down the wrath of that God whom you have rejected upon you, even to your utter destruction. However, as the Lord liveth, our armies shall come upon your except ye withdraw, and ye shall soon be visited with death, for we will retain our cities and our lands; yea, and we will maintain our religion and the cause of our God. However, behold, it supposeth me that I talk to you concerning these things in vain; or it supposeth me that thou art a child of hell; therefore I will close my epistle by telling you that I will not exchange prisoners, save it be on conditions that ye will deliver up a man and his wife and his children, for one prisoner; if this be the case that ye will do it, I will exchange. #RandolphHarris 23 of 26
“And behold, if ye do not this, I will come against you with my armies; yea, even I will arm my women and my children, and I will come against you, and I will follow you even into your own land, which is the land of our first inheritance; yea, and it shall be blood for blood, yea, life for life; and I will give you battle even until you are destroyed from off the face of the Earth. Behold, I am in my anger, and also my people; ye have sought to murder us, and we have only sought to defend ourselves. However, behold, if ye seek to destroy us more we will seek to destroy you; yea, and we will seek our land, the land of our first inheritance. Now I close my epistle. I am Moroni; I am a leader of the people of the Nephites. Now it came to pass that Ammoron, when he had received this epistle, was angry; and he wrote another epistle unto Moroni, and these are the words which he wrote, saying: I am Ammoron, the king of the Lamanites; I am the brother of Amalickiah whom ye have murdered. Behold, I will avenge his blood upon you, yea, and I will come upon you with my armies for I fear not your threatenings. For behold, your fathers did wrong their brethren, insomuch that they did rob them of their right to the government when it rightly belonged unto them. And now behold, if ye will lay down your arms, and subject yourselves to be governed by those to whom the government doth rightly belong, then will I cause that my people shall lay down their weapons and shall be at war no more. #RandolphHarris 24 of 26
“Behold, ye have breathed out many threatenings against me and my people; but behold, we fear not your threatenings. Nevertheless, I will grant to exchange prisoners according to your request, gladly, that I may preserve my food for my men of war; and we will wage a war which shall be eternal, either to the subjecting the Nephites to our authority or to their external extinction. And as concerning that God whom ye say we have rejected, behold, we know not such a being; neither do ye; but if it so be that there is such a being, we know not but he hath made us as well as you. An if it so be that there is a devil and a hell, behold will he not send you there to dwell with my brother whom ye have murdered, whom ye have hinted that he hath gone to such a place? However, behold these things matter not. I am Ammoron, and a descendant of Zoram, whom your fathers pressed and brought out of Jerusalem. And behold now, I am a bold Lamanite; behold, this war hath been wages to avenge their wrongs, and to maintain and to obtain their rights to the government; and I close my epistle to Moroni,” reports Alma 54.1-24. Here in the center of the turmoil of the city, I turn my thoughts to God. Beneath the buildings, deep beneath them, les the Earth of our Father, the very body of God. #RandolphHarris 25 of 26
God cannot be hidden; whenever life if found, there He is. Great Father, please keep me mindful of you as I walk through the city. Rise, O my folk, from the dust of the Earth, grab thee in raiment beseeming thy worth; nigh draws the hour of the redeemer’s birth, freedom who bringeth, and glorious days. Wake and bestir thee, for come is thy light! Up! With thy shinning, the World shall be bright; sing! For the Lord is revealed in His might—thine is the splendor His glory displays! ‘be not ashamed,” saith the Lord, “nor distressed; fear not and doubt not. The people oppressed, Zion, My city, in thee shall find rest—thee, tat anew on thy ruins I raise.” Spoiled shall thy spoilers be; banished afar, they that devoured. However, in thee, evermore, God shall take joy; as the bridegroom, what hour, blushing, the bride lifts her veil to his gaze. Stretch out thy borders to left and to right; fear but the Lord, whom to fear is delight—the man, son of Perez, shall gladden our sight, and we shall rejoice to the fullness of days. Come in thy joyousness, Crown of thy Lord; come bring peace to the folk of the Word; come where the faithful in gladsome accord, Hail thee as Sabbath-Bride, Queen of the days. Come where the faithful are hymning thy praise; come as a bride cometh, Queen of the days. May the Lord comfort and sustain you among the other mourners for Zion and Jerusalem. Amen. #RandolphHarris 26 of 26
Winchester Mystery House
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But Love is Blind, and Lovers Cannot See the Pretty Follies that themselves Commit
My total conscious search in life has been for a new seeing, a new image, a new insight. This search not only includes the object, but the in-between place. The dogma of Chalcedon is that in Jesus as the Christ, the human nature and the divine nature co-existed, and the human nature, soul and body, was actuated by the divine Person, the Word of God. Thus there was a real unity between the two natures of Christ while they both remained distinct, the one being merely human, undergoing all the tragedies of existence, sin excepted, the other being purely God. This dogma was required as a safeguard against pagan distortions that would have seen Christ as a half-god: Christ had to be affirmed as fully divine. And it was also needed to counteract Monophysite tendencies, which would not have made Christ fully human. These are two dangers that a Christology must avoid, and the two elements that is must protect. An attempt to express the mystery of Christ conceptually can lead to an actual denial of the Christ-character of Jesus as the Christ or it can lead to an actual denial of the Jesus-character of Jesus as the Christ. Christology must always find its way on the ridge between these two chasms. The Christ-character of Christ refers to his divine dimensions; the Jesus-character to his human finitude. #RandolphHarris 1 of 23
The dogma of Nicaea had begun solving the Christological dilemma of the divine nature of God the Son and his relationship to God the father by identifying the Christ-character of Jesus with the eternal Logos. The dogmas of Chalcedon continued in the same line: it described Jesus as having two natures, the human nature and the nature of the eternal Logos, expressed in the formula: two natures, human and divine in ne divine Persona of the Logos. This dogma was necessary and saved the Church. It has substantial truth and historical significance. Nevertheless, Nicene and Chalcedonia formulations ended in inescapable definitive failure. The dogmas of Chalcedon have substantial truth because in it both the Christ-character and the Jesus-character of the event of Jesus as the Christ were preserved. Yet it failed to formulate a definitive dogma, a dogma that would permanently protect the Church from error, because it used very inadequate conceptual tools. The basic inadequacy lies in the term nature. More specifically, the term human nature is ambiguous and the term divine nature is wholly inadequate. Human nature refers to three elements in a human. It refers to human’s essence, to one’s estranged existence, or to the ambiguous unity of the two. #RandolphHarris 2 of 23
As regards the Christ, the first and the third notions apply: Jesus was man, and he was involved in the tragic ambiguities of life for which the Cross stands as a symbol. As for the second notion, one must qualify Christ’s participation in estrangement: He had human’s existential nature as a real possibility, but in such a way that temptation, which is the possibility, is always taken into the unity with God. When applied to the Christ, the word nature should therefore be qualified: it cannot be used without distinctions and corrections. Under these circumstances it is imperative to dismiss altogether the term human nature in relation to the Christ and replace it by a description of the dynamics of life. As to the expression “divine nature,” it cannot be applied to the Christ in any meaningful way; for the Christ (who is Jesus of Nazareth) is not beyond essence and existence. The divine nature is, by definition, beyond essence and existence. If this is the nature of Christ, then Christ could not be a personal life living in a limited period of time, having been born and having to die, being finite, tempted, and tragically involved in existence. What in Christ is not beyond essence and existence is the human element, the divine element remaining, by definition, beyond essence and existence. #RandolphHarris 3 of 23
The two natures in Christ remain unexplained. The two nature lie beside each other like blocks and their unity cannot be understood at all, unless one pays attention to the hupostasis or persona. The two natures are joined in what is called a hypostatical union by later theology. These two natures, then, are united, namely, in one person and one subsistence, not partitioned or divided in two persons, but in the one and self-same Son and only-born of God, the Logos, the Lord Jesus Christ. The two nature are no longer seen as blocks, but they are animated by one and the same centre of divine life, the Word of God. The person of the Word, in which the two natures of Christ subsist, is itself a relational concept. The Word is a substantial relation to the Father. The Word also contains in oneself the divine picture of all being. Created beings exist, precisely because they are related to their being-thought-by-God, that is, to the Word. In the case of Jesus, his created relation to the Word is, as it were, duplicated by the immediate presence of the Uncreated Relation to the Father, which is the eternal Logos. Jesus is perfectly human, and also perfectly the Logos. Thus the Chalcedonian formula provides a basis for a relational understanding of Jesus as the Christ, but still conflicts with our development of a relational Christology! #RandolphHarris 4 of 23
There we can consider Christ an eternal God-man-unity or eternal Godmanhood, this is a Trinitarian theology. The Christ is not God. He may be called divine because what he manifests is the eternal ground of being. The event of Jesus as the Christ remains unique. It is made possible by what it reveals, namely that there is an eternal unity of God and humans within the divine life. For most humans, this unity is a potentiality; it is in our life, actualized through finite freedom and therefore ambiguously. On the contrary, in Jesus, the unity of God and humans was actualized against existential disruption in a triumph over ambiguity. The Christ submitted to, and conquered, the tragedy of existence. He thus manifested the New Being for which humankind had been longing. In terms of doctrine, what we can say of this unity of God and human in Christ is limited. Abstract definitions of the nature of this unity are as impossible as psychological investigations into its character. One can only say that it is a community between God and the centre of a personal life which determines all utterances of the life and resists the attempts within existential estrangement to disrupt it. In other words, one can describe Jesus as the Christ: one cannot explain him. The victory belongs to faith, to perceiving the revelatory power of the Christ, not to philosophy or rational theology. #RandolphHarris 5 of 23
To the question, What is the Christ? one can answer: He is the New Being, eternal Godmanhood manifested in existence. However, to the question, Who is the Christ? there is no answer. The Christ of history is hidden by two thousand years of piety and research. The Christ of faith is beyond historical or psychological investigation. “Then I saw a new Heaven and a new Earth; for the first Heaven and the first Earth had passed away. And I say the holy city, the New Jerusalem, coming down and I heard a great voice from the throne saying: Behold, the dwelling of God is with humans, he will wipe away every tear from their eyes and death shall be no more, for the former things have passed away. Behold, I make all things new,” reports Revelations 21.1-5. Let us mediate on the old and the new, in ourselves and in our World. In these Biblical texts the new is contrasted with the old: the old is rejected, and there is stated, in passionate words, expectations of the new. Even the Preacher, who denies the possibility of anything really new on Earth, does not hide one’s longing for the new, and his disappointment in not being able to find it. Why do these writers feel and speak in this way? Why do they prefer the new to the old, and why do they believe that God is the God of the new? Why do they demand and expect the new birth, the new heart, the new human, the new covenant, the New Jerusalem, the new Heaven and the new Earth? #RandolphHarris 6 of 23
They do not announce the new because they believe what many people of the last decades have believed: that the later things are better than the former things simply because they are later; that new developments are more divine than old ones, because they are nearer to a final perfection; that God guarantees a perpetual progress, and that for this reason He is the God the new. Against such illustrations the disappointed words of the Preacher are true for all history. And certainly such illusions are not the content of the prophetic and apostolic preaching concerning the new. What is the content of their expectation? What do they mean when they warn us not to consider the things of old? What are those old things, and what are the new things which they ask us to see and to accept? “Old” sometimes means that which lasts through all times, that which is today as it was in the past and as it shall be in all the future. There is something that does not age, something that is always old and always new and at the same time, because it is eternal. God is sometimes called the “ancient of days” or the “Redeemer of old.” The wisdom of old and the law of God, which are as old as the foundations of the Earth, are praised just because they are old; nothing new is set against them as no new God is set against the God of old. “Old” as it is used here means “everlasting,” pointing to that which is no subject to change. #RandolphHarris 7 of 23
However, in the texts we have read from the words of the unknown prophet of the exile, in the 43rd chapter of Isaiah, “old” means just the opposite. It means that which passes away and all shall not be remembered any more—the destiny of everything created, of the stars as well as of the grass in the field, of humans as well as of animals, of nations as well as of the Earth. They all become old and pass away. What does it mean to say that somebody or something becomes old? All life grows; it desires and strives to grown, and it lives as long as it grows. Humans always have been fascinated by the law of growth. They have called that which helps growth good, an they have called that which hinders it evil. However, let us look more deeply into the law of growth of a living cell or of a human soul or of a historical period, we see that growth is gain and loss at the same time; it is both fulfillment and sacrifice. Whatever grows must sacrifice many possible developments for one through which it chooses to grow. One who wants to grow as a scientist many have to sacrifice poetic or political possibilities which one would like to develop. One has to pay a price. One cannot grow equally in all directions. The cells of the body lose the lower to adapt themselves to other functions. #RandolphHarris 8 of 23
Periods of history which are determined by one idea suppress the truth of others possible ideas. Every decision excludes possibilities and makes our life narrower. Every decision makes us older and more mature. Youth is openness. However, every decision closes doors. And that cannot be avoided; it is an inescapable destiny. Life makes decisions in every moment; life closes doors in every moment. We proceed from the first minute of our lives to the las minute, because we are growing. The law of growth lends us greatness, and therefore tragedy. For the excluded possibilities belong to us; they have right of their own. Therefore, they take their vengeance upon our lives which have excluded them. They may die; and with them, great powers of life and large resources of creativity. For life, as it grows, becomes a restricted power, more rigid and inflexible, less able to adapt itself to new situations and new demands. Or, on the other hand, the excluded possibilities may not die. They may remain within us, repressed, hidden, and dangerous, prepared to break into the life process, not as a creative resource, but as a destructive disease. Those are the two ways in which the aging life drives toward its own end: the way of self-limitation, and the way of self-destruction. Often the two ways merge, carrying death into all realms of life. #RandolphHarris 9 of 23
Many of the phenomena we have discussed can also be linked to a compulsive American tendency to avoid confrontation of chronic social problems. This avoiding tendency often comes as a surprise to international travelers, who tend to think as Americans as pragmatic and down-to-Earth. However, while trying to solve long-range social problems with short-run “hardware” solutions produces a lot of hardware—a down-to-Earth result, surely—it can hardly be considered practical when it aggravates the problems, as it almost always does. American pragmatism is deeply irrational in this respect, and in our hearts we have always know it. One of the favourite themes of American cartoonists is the man who paints himself into a corner, saws off the limb he is sitting on, or runs out of space on he sign he is printing. The scientist of science-fiction and horror films, whose experimentation leads to disastrously unforeseen consequences, is a more anxious representation of this same awareness that the most future-oriented nation in the World shows a deep incapacity to plan ahead. We are, as a people, perturbed by our inability to anticipate the consequences of our acts, but we still wait optimistically for some magic telegram, informing us that the tangled skein of misery and self-deception into which we have woven ourselves has vanished in the night. #RandolphHarris 10 of 23
Each month popular magazines regale their readers with such telegrams: announcing that our transportation crisis will be solved by a bigger plane or a wider road, mental illness with a pill, poverty with a law, slums with a bulldozer, urban conflict with gas, racism with a goodwill gesture. Perhaps the most grotesque of all these telegrams was an article in Life showing a group of suburbanites participating in a “Clean-Up Day” in an urban slum. When Americans exhibit this kind of naivete and/or cynicism about social problems, international community members are surprised, but their surprise is inappropriate. Whatever realism we may display in technical areas, our approach to social issues inevitably falls back on cinematic tradition, in which social problems are resolved by gesture. Deeply embedded in the somnolent social consciousness of the broom wielding suburbanites is a series of climactic movie scenes in which a long column of once surly natives, marching in solemn silence and as one man, framed by the setting Sun, turn in their weapons to the chief who has done them a good turn, or menace the adventurer’s enemy (who turns pale at the sight), or rebuild the missionary’s church, destroyed by fire. #RandolphHarris 11 of 23
When a social problem persists (as they tend to do) longer than a few days, those who call attention to its continued presence are viewed as “going too far” and “causing the pendulum to swing the other way.” We can make war on poverty but shrink from the extensive readjustments required to stop breeding it. Once a law is passed, a commission set up, a study made, a report written, the problem is expected to have been “wiped out” or “mopped up.” Bombs abroad are matched by “crash programs” at home—the terminological similarity reveals a psychological one. Our approach to transportation problems has had the effect, as many people have observed, of making it easier to travel to more and more paces that have become less and less worth driving to. Asking us to consider the manifold consequences of chopping down a forest, draining a swamp, spraying field with poison, making it easier to drive into an already crowded city, or selling deadly weapons to everyone who wants them arouses in us the same impatience as a chess problem would in a hyperactive six-year-old. The avoiding tendency lies at the very root of American character. This nation was settled and continuously repopulated by people who were not personally successful in confronting the social conditions obtaining in their mother country, but fled these conditions in the hope of a better life. #RandolphHarris 12 of 23
This series of choices (reproduced in the westward movement) provided a complex selection process—populating America disproportionately with a certain kind of person. In the past we have always, explicitly or implicitly, stressed the beneficial side of this selection, implying that America thereby found itself blessed with an unusual number of energetic, mobile, ambitions, daring, and optimistic persons. Now there is no reason to deny that a number of traits must have helped to differentiate those who chose to come from those who chose to stay, nor that these differences must have generated social institutions and habits of mind that tended to preserve and reproduce these characteristics. However, very little attention has been paid to the more negative aspects of the selection. If we gained the energetic and daring we also gained the lion’s share of the rootless, the unscrupulous, those who value money over relationships, and those who put self-aggrandizement ahead of love and loyalty And most of all, we gained a critically undue proportion of persons, when faced with a difficult situation, tended to chuck the whole thing and flee to a new environment. Escaping, evading, and avoiding are responses which lie at the base of much that is peculiarly American—the suburb, the automobile, the self-service store, and so on. #RandolphHarris 13 of 23
These responses also contribute to the appalling discrepancy between our material resources and our treatment of those who cannot adequately care for themselves. This is not argument against institutionalization: American society is not geared to handle these problems in any other way, and this is in fact the point I wish to make. If everything else is left the same, one cannot successfully alter one facet of a social system, for the patterns are interdependent and reinforce one another. In a cooperative, stable society the aged, infirm, or psychotic person can be absorbed by the local community, which knows and understands one. One presents a difficulty which is familiar and which can be confronted daily and directly. This condition cannot be reproduced in our society today—the burden must be carried by a small, isolated, mobile family unit that is not really equipped for it. However, understanding the forces that require us to incarcerate those who cannot function independently in our society does not gives us license to ignore the significance of doing so. The institutions we provide for those who cannot care for themselves are human garbage heaps—they result from and reinforce our tendency to avoid confronting social and interpersonal problems. #RandolphHarris 14 of 23
They make life “easier” for the rest of society, just as does the automobile. And just as we find ourselves having to devise ridiculous exercises to counteract the harmful effects of our dependence upon the automobile, so the “ease” of our nonconfronting social technology makes us bored, flabby, and interpersonally insensitive, and our lives empty and mechanical. There is a Christian view of work which makes God the center of the equation. To be sure, God does not remove the curse and its painful, sweaty toil, but He does replace the meaninglessness. Those who have been saved by faith fall heir to this grand declaration: “For we are God’s workmanship, created in Christ Jesus to do good works, which God prepared in advance for us to do,” reports Ephesians 2.10. Being His workmanship, his work of art, his masterpiece—we are the pinnacle of God’s creation because, above every other created thing (even angels!), we are made in His image. This has mind-boggling possibilities. Beyond his, we have been regenerated—created in Chris Jesus—thus undergoing an even greater second creation. As Paul says in 2 Corinthians 5.17, “If anyone is in Christ, one is a new creation.” God’s most stupendous creation is made alive in Christ. #RandolphHarris 15 of 23
The spiritual life which is reached in work of conversation, is a far greater and more glorious effect than mere being and life. As subjects of Christ’s two creations, we are His ultimate workmanship! As His masterworks, we have been created in Christ Jesus to do good works, which God prepared in advance for us to do. Each of us has an eternally designed work assignment which incudes the task, the ability, and a place to serve. Whatever the task to which He has called you, you will be equipped for it as surely as a bird is made for flight. And in doing the works He has called you to do, you will be both more and more His workmanship and more and more your true self. The practical implications of this are stupendous. There is no secular/sacred distinction, for all honest work done for the Lord is sacred. Historians agree that Luther’s understanding of this revolutionized his life, and indeed the World of his day. He wrote: “Your work is a very sacred matter. God delights in it, and through it He wants to bestow His blessings on you. This praise of work should be inscribed on all tools, on the forehead and the faces that sweat from toiling.” There are no first-class and second-class Christians because of their varying jobs. All work is sacramental in nature, be it checking groceries, selling futures, cleaning teeth, driving a street sweeper, teaching, or painting trim. #RandolphHarris 16 of 23
Everything we do ought to be one to the glory of God. Listen to God’s call to serve Him: “So whether you eat or drink or whatever you do, do it all for the glory of God,” reports 1 Corinthians 10.31. “And whatever you do, whether in word or deed, do it all in the name of the Lord Jesus, giving thanks to God the Father through him,” reports Colossians 3.17. “Whatever you do, work at it with all your heart, as working for the Lord, not for humans, since you know that you will receive an inheritance from the Lord as a reward. It is the Lord Christ you are serving,” reports Colossians 3.23, 24. You may feel you are in a “nothing job.” Because of the Curse, your job may involve painful toil and yield little job satisfaction. However, you can glorify God where you are by your heart attitude. You may fee your occupation is not holy, but it is if you see it so and do it for God’s glory. You are God’s masterpiece, created in Christ Jesus to do good works which God planned in advance for you. Humans, everything about your work must be directed toward Him—your attitudes, your integrity, your intensity, and your skill. What is this experience like? It is a primary feeling—it feels like receiving the deed to my house. It is the experience of my own aliveness no caring whether it turns out to be an ion or just a wave. It is like when a very young child I once reached the core of a peace and cracked the pit, not knowing what I would find and then feeling the wonder of finding the inner seed, good to eat in its bitter sweetness. #RandolphHarris 17 of 23
Knowing that the work I do is for God because I am his masterpiece is like a sailboat in the harbour being given an anchor so that, being made out of Earthly things, it can by means of its anchor get in touch again with the Earth, the ground from which its wood grew; it can lift its anchor to sail but always at times it can cast its anchor to weather the storm or rest a little. It is my saying to Descartes, “I AM, therefore I think, I feel, I do.” It is like an axiom in geometry—never experiencing it would be like going through a geometry course not knowing the firs axiom. It is like going into my very own Garden of Eden where I a beyond good and evil and all other human concepts because my works if for God. It is like the experience of the poets of the intuitive World, the mystics, except that instead of the pure feeling of and union with God it is the finding of and the union with my own being It is like owning Cinderella’s shoe and looking all over the World for the foot it will fit and realizing all of the sudden that one’s own foot is the only one it will fit. It is a “Matter of Fact’ in the etymological sense of the expression. It is like a globe before the mountains and oceans and continents have been drawn on it. It is like a child in grammar finding the subject of the verb in a sentence—in this case the subject would be one’s work and own life span. It is ceasing to feel a theory towards one’s self. #RandolphHarris 18 of 23
God has stated that the quintessence of divinity is the power to be. “And it came to pass that they did set guards over the prisoners of the Lamanites, and did compel them to go forth and bury their dead, yea, and also the dead of the Nephites who were slain; and Moroni placed humans over them to guard them while they should perform their labours. And Moroni went to the city of Mulek with Lehi, and took command of the city and gave it unto Lehi. Now behold, this Lehi was a man who had been with Moroni in the more part of all his battles; and he was a man like unto Moroni, and they rejoiced in each other’s safety; yea, they were beloved by each other, and also by all the people of Nephi. And it came to pass that after the Lamanites had finished burying their dead and also the dead of the Nephite, they were marched back into the land of the Nephites, they were marched back into the land Bountiful; and Teancum, by the orders of Moroni, caused that they should commence labouring in digging a ditch round about the land, or the city, Bountiful. And he caused that they should build a breastwork of timbers upon the inner bank of ditch; and they cast up dirt out of the ditch against the breastwork of timbers; and thus they did cause the Lamanites to labour until they had encircled the city of Bountiful round about with a strong wall of timbers and Earth, to an exceeding height. #RandolphHarris 19 of 23
“And this city became an exceeding stronghold ever after; and in this city they did guard the prisoners of the Lamanites; yea, even within a wall which they had caused them to build with their own hands. Now Moroni was compelled to cause the Lamanites to labour, because it was easy to guard them while at their labour; and he desired all his forces when he should make an attack upon the Lamanites. And it came to pass that Moroni had thus gained a victory over one of the greatest of the armies of the Lamanites, and had obtained possession of the city of Mulek which was one of the strongest holds of the Lamanites in the land of Nephi; and thus he had also built a stronghold to retain his prisoners. And it came to pass that the did no more attempt a battle with the Lamanites in that year, but he did employ his men in preparing for war, yea, and in making fortifications to guard against the Lamanites, yea, and also delivering their women and their children from famine and affliction, and providing food for their armies. And now it came to pass that the armies of the Lamanites, on the west sea, south, while in the absence of Moroni on account of some intrigue amongst the Nephites, which caused dissensions among them, had gained some ground over the Nephite, which caused dissensions amongst them, had gained some ground over the Nephites, yea, insomuch that they had obtained possession of a number of their cities in that part of the land. #RandolphHarris 20 of 23
And thus because of iniquity amongst themselves, yea, because of dissensions and intrigue among themselves they were placed in the most dangerous circumstances. And now behold, I have somewhat to say concerning the people of Ammon, who, in the beginning, were Lamanites; but by Ammon and his brethren, or rather by the power and word of God, they have been converted unto the Lord; and they had been brought down into the land of Zarahemla, and had ever since been protected by the Nephites. And because of their oath they had been kept from taking up arms against their brethren; for they had taken an oath that they never would shed blood more; and according to their oath they would have perished; yea, they would have suffered themselves to have fallen into the hands of their brethren, had it not been for the pity and the exceeding love which Ammon and his brethren had had for them. And for this cause they were brought down into the land of Zarahemla; and they ever had been protected by the Nephites. However, it came to pass that when they saw the danger, and the many afflictions and tribulations which the Nephites bore for them, they were moved with compassion and were desirous to take up arms in the defence of their country. However, behold, as they were about to take their weapons of war, they were overpowered by the persuasions of Helaman and his brethren for they were about to break the oath which they had made. #RandolphHarris 21 of 23
“And Helaman feared lest by so doing they should lose their souls; therefore all those who had entered into this covenant were compelled to behold their brethren wade through their afflictions, in their dangerous circumstances at this time. However, behold, it came to pass they had many sons, who had not entered into a covenant that they would not take their weapons of war to defend themselves against their enemies; therefore they did assemble themselves together at this time, as many as were able to take u arms, and they called themselves Nephites. And they entered into a covenant to fight for the liberty of the Nephites, yes, to protect the land unto the laying down of their lives; yea, even they covenanted that they never would give up their liberty, but they would fight in all cases to protect the Nephites and themselves from bondage. Now behold, there were two thousand of those young men, who entered into this covenant and took their weapons of war to defend their country. And now behold, as they never had hitherto been a disadvantage to the Nephites, they became now at this period of time also a great support; for they took their weapons of war, and they would that Helaman should be their leader. #RandolphHarris 22 of 23
“And they were all young men, and they were exceedingly valiant for courage, and also for strength and activity; but behold, this was not all—they were men who were true at all times in whatsoever thing they were entrusted. Yea, they were men of truth and soberness, for they have been taught to keep the commandments of God and to walk uprightly before him. And now it came to pass that Helaman did march at the head of his two thousand stripling soldiers, to the support of the people in the borders of the land on the south by the west side. And thus ended the twenty and eight year of the reign of the judges over the people of Nephi,” reports Alma 53.1-23. I speak of He who is beyond comparison, the greatest of Fathers who created all wonders. To us, you are Father, and to everything else. The Father of Friends and the Father of blessings. You do not distinguish between your children, but spread your love freely without judgment or preference. Sabbath, to welcome thee, joyous we haste; fountain of blessing from ever thou wast—first in God’s planning, though fashioned the last, Crown of His handiwork, chiefest of days. City of holiness, filled are the years; up from thine overthrow! Forth from thy fears! Log hast thou dwelt in the valley of tears, now shall God’s tenderness shepherd thy ways. #RandolphHarris 23 of 23
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You Always Hold Your Loved One in Your Heart, but You Must Let Go of Your Grief!
We have probed the Earth, excavated it, burned it, ripped things from it, buried things in it….That does not fit my definition of a good tenant. If we were here on a month-to-moth bases, we would have been evicted long ago, and perhaps that is what is going on with COVID-19. Perhaps the Earth is tired of being abused. After 96 percent of wildfires are caused by humans. Reentering America, one is struck first of all by the grim monotony of American facial expressions—hard, surly, and bitter—and by the aura of deprivation that informs them. One goes abroad forewarned against exploitation by grasping foreigners, but nothing is done to prepare the returning traveler for the fanatical acquisitiveness of one’s compatriots. It is difficult to become reaccustomed to seeing people already weighted down with possession acting as if every object they did not own were bread withheld from a hungry mouth. These perceptions are heightened by the contrast between the sullen faces of real people and the vision of happiness television offers: men and women ecstatically engaged in stereotyped symbols of fun—running through fields, strolling on beaches, dancing and singing. Smiling faces with chronically open mouths express their gratification with the manifold bounties offered by the culture. #RandolphHarris 1 of 24
One begins to feel there is a sever gap between the fantasies Americans life by and the realities they live in. Americans know from an early age how they are supposed to look when happy and what they are supposed to do or buy to be happy. However, for some reason their fantasies are unrealizable and leave them disappointed and embittered. The traveler’s antennae disappear after a time. These impressions fade, and reentry process is gradually effected. American once again seem familiar, comfortable, ordinary. Yet some uneasiness lingers on, for the society seems troubled and self-preoccupied—as if suddenly large numbers of America were scrutinizing their own society with the doubtful eyes of a traveler. One of the functions of a society is to make its inhabitants feel safe, and American devote more of their collective resources to security than to any other need. They build McMansions in gated communities, have cameras inside and outside the home, every member of the family has a mobile phone and every kind of insure you can dream of. Some people even go as far as buying armored (bullet proof) Ultimate Driving Machines. Yet American still think they need more safety because of shotguns in the close, nuclear bombers patrolling overhead, and the fiction the passes as news. #RandolphHarris 2 of 24
With each decade we seem to accumulate more fears, and most of these fears seem to be about each other. In the fifties we were afraid of native Communists, and although we now feel sheepish about that moment of panic, today we express the same kind of fears about the mainstream media and the political party; and in our reactions to all of these fears we have created some very real dangers. Our intense fears make many people believe their race, way of life, religion, wealth, family, home and country are in danger of total extinction. During this COVID-19 crisis, many people have seriously become fearful of a World War III. Given this lack of concern for an overwhelming threat, how can we account for the exaggerated fear of climate change? From Dr. Freud we learned long ago to suspect, when a fear seems out of proportion, that is has been bloated by a wish; and this seems particularly likely when the danger is defined as a psychological one—an evil influence. The truth about climate change is if we want to save the World, we need to stop destroying forests and rain forests. We fear storms and wild beasts, but we do not censor them. If we must guard ourselves against evil influences we there by admit to their seductive appeal. #RandolphHarris 3 of 24
Thus the McCarthy era reached its peak after the discovery that a few Americans has responded to “brainwashing” efforts, and the fear of conversion to Communism was quite explicit in public statements and popular surveys. One survey respondent, for example, made the revealing statement that “so many people in America are eager like those soldiers of ours in Korea to fall into the traps set by Communist propaganda.” The anticommunism of that period and its institutional residues have served as a kind of political fig leaf. The same emphasis surrounds of fears of radicalism today. The political party, peace demonstrations, militance, dens, and student protests are disturbing not only because they provide a serious physical danger (say the equivalent of walking through a street gang wearing the wrong colour), but also because we fear having our secret doubts about the viability of our social system voiced aloud. It is not what happens abroad that generates hysteria, but rather what appears to be happening within ourselves. This is why force must be used against the expression of certain ideas—if the ideas pluck a responsive chord counterarguments are difficult to remember, and one must fall back on clubs and tear gas. However, what is the nature of the attraction exerted by radical ideas on unwilling conservatives? #RandolphHarris 4 of 24
We know something about the hopes that tige the old maid’s search for a ravisher under her bed, but we need to understand better the seductive impact that informs our enraged fascination with the revolutionary currents of American society. Since the very form of this question rests on certain assumptions about culture and personality, however, let me first makes these explicit. The emotional repertory of human beings is limited and standard. When caressed, we are built to feel warm, happy, and content, when frustrated feel angry, when attacked feel frightened, when insulted feel offended, when excluded jealous, and so on. However, every culture holds some of these human reactions to be unacceptable and attempts to warp its participants int some peculiar specialization. Since human beings are malleable within limits, the warping is for the most part successfully achieved, so that some learn not to laugh, some not to cry, some not to love, and some not to hate in situations in which these reactions might appropriately be expressed. This cultural warping of human emotionality is eased by compartmentalization: there are special times and places and situations where the disparaged responses are permitted, or classes of people who can provide vicarious satisfaction through conspicuous performance of some kind. #RandolphHarris 5 of 24
Yet there are always a few of these responses with which every society and every individual has trouble. They must be shouted down continually, although they are usually visible to the outsider. Thus although the Germans, for example, have always placed great stress on order, precision, and obedience to authority, they periodically explode into revolutionary chaos and are driven by romantic Gotterdammerung fantasies. In the same way there is a cooperative underside to competitive America, a rich spoofing tradition in ceremonious England, an elaborate pornography in all prudish societies, and so on. Rather than saying Germans are obedient or Anglo-Saxon societies stuffy or puritanical, it is more correct to day that Germans are preoccupied with issues of authority, Anglo-Saxons with the control of emotional and pleasures of the flesh expression, and so forth. Those issues about which members of a given society seem to feel strongly all reveal a conflict one side of which is strongly emphasized, the other side as strongly (but not quite successfully) suppressed. These opposing forces are much more equally balanced than the society’s participants like to recognize—were this not true there would be no need for suppression. #RandolphHarris 6 of 24
Life would indeed be much less frantic if we were all able to recognize the diversity of responses and feelings within ourselves, and could abandon our somewhat futile efforts to present a monolithic self-portrait to the World. Probably some exaggeration of uniformity is necessary, however, in order for us to act at all, or at least with enough consistency to permit smooth social functioning. On the individual level the delicate balance reveals itself though conversion. An individual who “converts” from one orientation to its exact opposite appears to oneself and others to have made a gross change, but actually it involves only a very small shift in the balance of a focal and persistent conflict. Just as only one percent of the voting population is needed to reserves the results of an American election, so only one percent of an individual’s internal “constituencies” need shift in order to transform one from voluptuary to ascetic, from police officer to criminal, from Communist to anticommunist, or whatever. The opposite sides are as evenly matched before, and the apparent change merely represents the desperate efforts made by the internal “majority” to consolidate its shaky position of dominance. The individual must expend just as much energy shouting down the new “minority” as one did the old; some of the most dedicated witch hunters of the 1950’s, for example, were ex-Communist. #RandolphHarris 7 of 24
So the reason there is so much division in America right now is because the majority is now becoming the minority, as the demographics change. On the society levels there are more outlets from the expression of “minority” themes and sentiments, and reversals of emphasis involve more overlap between the opposing trends. The United States of America, for example, traditionally one of the most prudish societies in the World, has long displayed, in a somewhat warped and mechanical way, the greatest profusion of stimuli involving pleasures of the flesh. These considerations suggest that the fear of radical movements in America derives much of its intensity from the attraction that such movements have for their opponents—an attraction that must be stifled. However, what is it? What is so severely lacking in our society that the assertion of an alternative life style throws so many Americans into panic and rage? I would like to suggest three human desires that are deeply and uniquely frustrated by American culture: The desire for community—the wish to live in trust and fraternal cooperation with one’s fellows in a total and visible collective eternity. The desire for engagement—the wish to come directly to grips with social and interpersonal problems and to confront on equal terms an environment which is not composed of ego extensions is another human desire that is deeply and uniquely frustrated by American culture. #RandolphHarris 8 of 24
The third is the desire for dependence—the wish to share responsibility for the control of one’s impulses and the direction of one’s life. When I say that these three desires are frustrated by American culture, this need not conjure up romantic images of individual struggling against society. In every case it is fair to say that we participate eagerly in producing the frustration we endure—it is not something merely done t us. For these desires are in each case subordinate to their opposites in that vague entity called the American Character. Americans have voluntarily created and voluntarily maintained a society which increasingly frustrates and aggravate these secondary yearnings, to the point where they threaten to become primary. Groups that in any way personify this threat are therefore feared in an exaggerated way, and will be until Americans as a group are able to recognize and accept those needs within themselves. “Thus says the Lord Who made a way through the sea, a path through the mighty waters. Remember not the former things, neither consider the things of old. Behold, I am doing a new thing, even now it is springing to light. Do you not perceive it? A way will I make in the wilderness and rivers in the desert!” (Isaiah 43.16, 18-19.) #RandolphHarris 9 of 24
Most of the conditions we commonly speak of as feelings are really not feelings at all; but the feeling tones or sensations that accompany those conditions are so powerful that the conditions themselves become identified with the associated sensations. This is true love and hatred or contempt, for example, but also with hurry and peace and with self-esteem and discouragement. Now, there are some extremely serious dangers here. When we confuse the condition with the accompanying feeling—peace, for example, with the feeling of peacefulness—we very likely will try to manage the feelings and disregard or deny the reality of the conditions. That way lie such things as “falling in love with love” and most of all the well-known addictions. The person who primarily wants the feeling of being loved or being “in love” will be incapable of sustaining loving relationships, whether with God or with other humans. And the person who wants the feeling of peacefulness will be unable to do the things that make for peace—especially, doing what is right and confronting evil. So, as far as our planning for spiritual formation is concerned, we must choose and act with regard to the condition, good or bad, and allow the feelings to take care of themselves, as they certainly will. #RandolphHarris 10 of 24
In particular, we must never directly cherish, protect, or manipulate feelings, whether in ourselves or others. When negative feelings have themselves become so overwhelming that they threaten to take over our lives, this is the only exception to this rule. Then we must take steps to remove the negative feeling (grief or pain, for example). Prayer or even medication for such feelings is then wise. However, even so, the focus on the feeling must not be allowed to prevent our dealing, when and as we can, with the conditions from which that feelings arises. A well-known minister, after his wife passed away, said he had learned that there is a difference between turning loose your loved one and turning loose your grief. You always hold your loved one in your heart, but you must let go of your grief. So far as possible, we must always away from painful and destructive feelings. Simply that. Walk away. “Behold the days come, saith the Lord, that I will make a new covenant with the house of Israel and with the house of Judah. Not like the covenant which I made with their fathers. On the day that I took them by the hand to bring them out of the land of Egypt; which my covenant they brake, so that I had to reject them. #RandolphHarris 11 of 24
However, this shall be the covenant that I will make with the house of Israel after those days, says the Lord: I will put my law within them and write it in their hearts; and I will be their God and they shall be my people for I will forgive their guilt and I will remember their sins no more,” reports Jeremiah 31.31-34. Charles Darwin. Darwin’s The Expression of the Emotions in Man and Animals (1872) has offered a model of emotion for various other theorists and researchers. Darwin focuses on emotive expressions—that is, on visible gestures—and not on the subjective meanings associated with them. These gestures, he posits, were acquired during a prehistoric period and have survived as “serviceable associated habits.” Originally linked to actions these emotive gestures become actions manque. The emotion of love, for example, is the vestige of what was once a direct act of copulation. The baring of teeth in rage is a vestige of the once immediate act of biting. The expression of disgust is the vestige of what was once the immediate act of regurgitating a noxious thing. For Darwin, there is no emotion without gesture although there may be gesture without action. (The says the Lord God: ) “I will give them a new heart, and I will put a new spirit within them. I will remove their heart of stone and will give them a heart of flesh,” reports Ezekiel 11.19. #RandolphHarris 12 of 24
Darwin’s theory of emotion, then, is a theory of gesture. The question for later students thus became: are emotive gestures universal or are they culturally specific? Darwin’s own general conclusion was that they were universal. Darwin distinguished between facial expressions of emotion that are innate and universal and facial gestures (not necessarily of emotion) that are learned and thus culturally variable. He devised a sixteen-item questionnaire and sent it to thirty-six missionaries and others who had lived in non-Western societies. One question was: “Can a dogged or obstinate expression be recognized, which is chiefly shown by the mouth being firmly closed, a lowering brow, and a slight frown?” Based on his returned questionnaires, Darwin concluded that “the chief expressive actions” of human beings were innate and therefore universal. Despite his generally universalist interpretations, however, Darwin concluded that some nonverbal behaviours (such as weeping, kissing, nodding, and shaking the head in affirmation and negation) were not universal but culture-specific and “learned like the words of a language.” However, the debate has been carried forward by those who argue that emotional expressions are probably innate, and those who argue that they are modeled on language and therefore culturally variable. #RandolphHarris 13 of 24
What is missing from both sides of this debate is what was missing in Darwin’s theory from the beginning: a conception of emotion as subjective experience and a more subtle and complex notion of how social factor impinge. Humans compete with each other for control of the ritual apparatus, which is a powerful tool for commanding people by controlling their emotions. The ego is a mediator between the id (drive) and conscious expression. Affects are seen as signals of impending danger (from inside or outside) and as an impetus to action. The ego is assigned the capacity to postpone id drives, to neutralize or bind them. One emotion—anxiety—is the model for all others because it is more important due to the unpleasantness of anxiety which leads to the development of various ego defenses against unpleasantness. As analysts we recognize that anxiety occupies a special position in mental life. It is the motive for defense. Defenses serve the purpose of minimizing, or, if possible, preventing the development of anxiety. Anxiety was initially defined in a way that bypasses the ego: anxiety is the reaction to an influx of stimuli which is too great for the mental apparatus to master or discharge. (Thus says the Lord God: ) “I ignore the troubles of the past. I shut mine eyes to them. For, behold, I create new Heavens and a new Earth. The past shall be forgotten and never come to mind. Humans shall rejoice forever in what I now create,” reports Isaiah 65.16, 17. #RandolphHarris 14 of 24
So we see that God is a worker and that humans, created in God’s image, is a worker and that work is good. However, then come the Fall and the Curse. “Cursed is the ground because of you; through painful toil you will eat of it all the days of your life. It will produce thorns and thistles for you, and you will eat the plants of the field. By the sweat of your brow you will eat your food until you return to the ground, since from it you were taken; for dust you are and to dust you will return,” Genesis 3.17-19. The Curse made nature uncooperative, so that work became painful toil and humans had to sweat for a living. Today our working conditions vary. Some sweat more than others. We may be in a better position than some. However, the norm for the World is “painful toil.” Even more, the normal experience of humankind is one’s labour is a malaise of futility. The writer of Ecclesiastes gave this universal expression as he bemoaned his plight from the perspective of one who leaves God out of his life. In 2.4-10 he describes his professional success in acquiring vineyards and gardens and parks and enslaved humans and flocks and treasures. He was greater than all his contemporaries. He was denied nothing his eyes desired. However, he concluded in verse 11, “Yet when I surveyed all that my hands had done and what I had toiled to achieve, everything was meaningless, a chasing after the wind; nothing gained under the Sun.” #RandolphHarris 15 of 24
And he reiterates in verse 17, “So I hated life, because the work that is done under the Sun was grievous to me. All of it is meaningless, a chasing after the win.” Humans and others, this is as far as work will take you apart from God. You will engaged in it because, though fallen, you are in the image of God and because work is part of the natural order, and it will produce its benefits and satisfactions—but it will also be toil, and its joys will be ephemeral. Studs Terkel has revealed what has always been true under the Sun when God is left out. “And now it came to pass that Moroni did not stop making preparations for war, or to defend his people against the Lamanites; for he caused that his armies should commence in the commencement of the twentieth year of the reign of the judges, that they should commence in digging up heaps of Earth round about all the cities, throughout all the land which was possessed by the Nephites. And upon the top of these ridges of Earth he caused that there should be timers, yea, works of timbers built up to the height of a human, round about the cities. And he caused that upon those works of timbers there should be a frame of pickets built upon the timbers round about; and they were strong and high. And he caused towers to be erected that overlooked those works of pickets, and he caused places of security to be built upon those towers, that the stones and the arrows of the Lamanites could not hurt them. #RandolphHarris 16 of 24
“And they were prepared that they could cast stones from the top thereof, according to their pleasure and their strength, and slay one who should attempt to approach near he walls of the city. Thus Moroni did prepare strongholds against the coming of their enemies, round about every city in all the land. And it came to pass that Moroni caused that his armies should go forth into the east wilderness; yea, and they went forth and drove all he Lamanites who were in the east wilderness into their own lands, which were south of the land of Zarahemla. And the land of Nephi did run in a straight course from the east sea to the west. And it came to pass that when Moroni had driven all the Lamanites out of the east wilderness which was north of the lands of their own possessions, he caused that the inhabitants who were in the land of Zarahemla and in the land round about should go forth into the east wilderness, even to the borders by the seashore, and possess the land. And he also placed armies on the south, in the borders of their possessions, and caused them to erect fortifications that they might secure their armies and their people from the hands of their enemies. And thus he cut off all the strongholds of the Lamanites in the East wilderness, yea, and also on the west, fortifying the line between the land of Zarahemla and the land of Nephi, from the west sea, running by the head of the river of Sidon—the Nephites possessing all the land northward, yea, even all the land which was northward of the land Bountiful according to their pleasure. #RandolphHarris 17 of 24
“Thus Moroni, with his armies, which did increase daily because of the assurance of protection which his works did bring forth unto them, did seek to cut off the strength and the power of the Lamanites from off the lands of their possession, that they should have no power upon the lands of their possession. And it came to pass that the Nephites began the foundation of a city, and they called the nae of the city Moroni; and it was by the east sea; and it was on the south by the line of the possessions of the Lamanites. And they also began a foundation for a city between the city of Moroni and the city of Aaron, joining he borders of Aaron and Moroni; and they called the name of the city, or the land, Nephihah. And they also began in that same year to build many cities on the north, one in a particular manner which they called Lehi, which was in the north by the borders of the seashore. And thus ended the twentieth year. And in these prosperous circumstances were the people of Nephi in the commencement of the twenty and first year of the reign of the judges over the people of Nephi. And they did prosper exceedingly, and they became exceedingly rich; yea, and they did multiply and wax strong in the land. And thus we see how merciful and jus are all the dealings of the Lord, to the fulfilling of all his words unto the children of humans; yea, we can behold that his words are verified, even at this time, which he spake unto Lehi, saying: #RandolphHarris 18 of 24
“Blessed art thou and thy children; and they shall be blessed, inasmuch as they shall keep my commandments they shall prosper in the land. However, remember, inasmuch as they will not keep my commandments they shall prosper in the land. However, remember, inasmuch as they will not keep my commandments they shall be cut off from the presence of the Lord. And we see that these promises have been verified to the people of Nephi; for it has been their quarrelings and their contentions, yea, their murderings, and their plunderings, their idolatry, their whoredoms, and their abominations, which were among themselves, which brought them their wars and their destructions. And those who were faithful in keeping the commandments of the Lord were delivered at all times, whilst thousands of their wicked brethren have been consigned to bondage, or to perish by the sword, or to dwindle in unbelief, and mingle with the Lamanites. However, behold, there was never a happier time among the people of Nephi, since the days of Nephi, than in the days of Moroni, yea, even at this time, in the twenty and first year of the reign of the judges. And it came to pass that the twenty and second year of the reign of the judges also ended in peace; yea, and also the twenty and third year. #RandolphHarris 19 of 24
“And it came to pass that in the commencement of the twenty and fourth year of the reign of the judges, there would also have been peace among the people of Nephi had it not been for a contention which took place among them concerning the land of Lehi, and the land of Morianton, which joined upon the borders of Lehi; both of which were on the borders by the seashore. For behold, the people who possessed the land of Morianton did claim a part of the land of Lehi; therefore there began to be a warm contention between them, insomuch that the people of Morianton took up arms against their brethren, and they were determined by the sword to slay them. However, behold, the people who possessed the land of Lehi fled to the camp of Moroni, and appealed unto him for assistance; for behold they were not in the wrong. And it came to pass that when the people of Morianton, who were led by a man whose name was Morianton, found that the people of Lehi had fled to the camp of Moroni they were exceedingly fearful lest the army of Moroni should come upon them and destroy them. Therefore, Morianton put it into their hearts that they should flee to the land which was northward, which was covered with large bodies of water, and take possession of the land which was northward. #RandolphHarris 20 of 24
“And behold, they would have carried this plan into effect, (which would have been a cause to have been lamented) but behold, Morianton being a man of much passion, therefore he was angry with one of his maid servants, and he fell upon her and beat her much. And it came to pass that she fled, and came over to the camp of Moroni, and told Moroni all things concerning the matter, and also concerning their intentions to flee into the land northward. Now behold, the people who were in the land Bountiful, or rather Moroni, feared that they would hearken to the words of Morianton and unite with his people, and thus he would obtain possession of those parts of the land, which would lay a foundation for serious consequences among the people of Nephi, yea, which consequences would lead to the overthrow of their liberty. Therefore Moroni sent an army, with their camp, to head the people of Morianton, to stop their flight into the land northward. And it came to pass that they did not head them until they had come to the borders of the land Desolation; and there they did head them, by the narrow pass which led by the sea into the land northward, yea, by the sea, on the west and on the east. And it came to pass that the army which was sent by Moroni, which was led by a man whose name was Teancum did meet the people of Morianton. #RandolphHarris 21 of 24
And when Teancu met the people of Morianton, so stubborn were the people of Morianton, (being inspired by wickedness and his flattering words) that a battle commenced between them, in which Teancum did slay Morianton and defeat his army, and took them prisoners, and returned to the camp of Moroni. And thus ended the twenty and fourth year of the reign of the judges over the people of Nephi. And thus were the people of Morianton brought back. And upon their covenanting to keep the peace they were restored to the land of Morianton, and a union took place between them and the people of Lehi; and they were also restored to their lands. And it came to pass that in the same year that the people of Nephi had peace restored unto them, that Nephihah, the second chief judge, died, having filled the judgment seat with perfect uprightness before God. Nevertheless, he had refused Alma to take possession of those records and those things which were esteemed by Alma and his fathers to be most sacred; therefore Alma had conferred them upon his son, Helaman. Behold, it came to pass that the son of Nephihah, Pahoran, was appointed to fill the judgment-seat, in the stead of his father; yea, he was appointed chief judge and governor over the people, with an oath and sacred ordinance to judge righteously, and to keep the peace and the freedom of the people. #RandolphHarris 22 of 24
Pahoran also had the power to grant unto them their sacred privileges to worship the Lord their God, yea, to support and maintain the cause of God all his days, and to bring the wicked to justice according to their crime. And Pahoran did fill the seat of his father, and did commence his reign in the end of the twenty and fourth year, over the people of Nephi,” Alma 50.1-40. Wonder and awe, as I sit in your presence, you who sit in the gateway, in this World and in the other, mediating the power that shines through, letting pass what I need, and what I can use, holding back in mercy what I cannot. Seen against the brightness, your dark silhouette is still and sharp and clear. Sitting fiercely, with perfect intent, pure in your purpose, source of terror and comfort. A roaring fire, you sit in my heart’s center. A rampaging bull, you tear through my soul. A searing bolt, you cut through my life. A skirring arrow, you slice me in two. A standing stone, you are my anchor. The Lord reigneth while the people stand in awe; He is enthroned upon His judgment seat, while the Earth trembles. The Lord is mighty in Zion; He is exalted over all peoples. They praise His name: “God is great and revered, is holy.” Mighty King who loveth justice, Thou hast established equity; Justice and righteousness hast Thou wrought in Jacob. #RandolphHarris 23 of 24
A tall-standing cypress tree is our God, supporting the Worlds on his limbs, each World ordered according to the spreading of His branches. Into each World, His twigs extend, bearing the leaves and birds that are our lives. From what source is the tree nourished? Where do its roots extend? Deep within the void they reach and are fed there from the substance of the Goddess. He makes known her will, giving it form, from which we might know it and live according to its pattern. Shaper and essence, open my eyes, open my ears, open my heart, that I might perceive the sacred pattern and conform my life to it. The goddess is the one who is Lady of all, and she is the one of whom I would speak, the one who gives birth and the one who brings death, beginning and end of the course of our lives. God is the Lord Almighty. Exalt the Lord our God, and worship at His footstool, declaring: “Holy is He!” Moses and Aaron were among His priests; Samuel was among those that called upon His name, calling upon the Lord and being answered. He would speak unto them out of a pillar of cloud; they kept His testimonies and the laws He gave them. Thou, O Lord, didst answer them; Thou wast a forgiving God unto them, through punishing them for their evil. Exalt the Lord our God, and worship at His holy mountain; for the Lord our God is holy. #RandolphHarris 24 of 24
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We agree completely on everything, including that fact that we do not see eye to eye. The principles of justice for institutions must not be confused with the principles which apply to individuals and their actions in particular circumstances. Now by an institution I shall understand a public system of rules which defines offices and positions with their rights and duties, powers and immunities, and the like. These rules specify certain forms of action as permissible, others as forbidden; and they provide for certain penalties and defenses, and so on, when violations occur. As examples of institutions, or more generally social practices, we may think games and rituals, trials and parliaments, markets and systems of property. An institution may be thought of in two ways: first as an abstract object, that is, as a possible form of conduct expressed by a system of rules; and second, as the realization in thought and conduct of certain persons at a certain time and place of the actions specified by the rules. There is an ambiguity, then, as to which is just or unjust, the institution as realized or the institution as an abstract object. It seems best to say that it is the institution as an abstract object is just or unjust in the sense that any realization of it would be just or unjust. #RandolphHarris 1 of 25
An institution exists at a certain time and place when the actions specified by it are regularly carried out in accordance with a public understanding that the system of rules defining the institution is to be followed. Thus parliamentary institutions are defined by a certain system of rules (or family of such system to allow for variations). These rules enumerate certain forms of action ranging from holding a session of parliament to taking a vote on a bill to raising a point of order. Various kinds of general norms are organized int a coherent scheme. A parliamentary institution exists at a certain time and place when certain people perform the appropriate actions, engage in these activities in the required way, with a reciprocal recognition of one another’s understanding that their conduct accords with the rules they are to comply with. In saying that an institution, and therefore the basic structure of society, is a public system of rules, I mean then that everyone engages in it knows what one would know if these rules and one’s participation in the activity they define were the result of an agreement. A person taking part in an institution knows what the rules demand of one and of others. One also knows that the others know this and that they know that ne knows this, and so on. #RandolphHarris 2 of 25
To be sure, the condition is not always fulfilled in the case of actual institutions, but it is a reasonable simplifying assumption. The principles of justice are to apply to social arrangements understood to be public in a sense. Where the rules of a certain subpart of an institution are understanding that those in this part can make rules for themselves as long as these rules are designed to achieve ends generally acceptable and others are not adversely affected. The publicity of the rules of an institution insures that those engaged in it know what limitations on conduct to expect of one another and what kinds of actions are permissible. There is a common basis for determining mutual expectation. Moreover, in a well-ordered society, one effectively regulated by a shared conception of justice, there is also a public understanding as to what is just and unjust. It is necessary to note the distinction between the constitutive rules of an institution, which established its various rights and duties and so on, and strategies and maxims for how best to take advantage of the institution for particular purposes. Rational strategies and maxims are not themselves part of the institution. Rather they belong to the theory of it, for example to the theory of parliamentary politics. #RandolphHarris 3 of 25
Normally the theory of an institution, just as that of a game takes the constitutive rules as given and analyzes the way in which power is distributed and explains how those engaged in it are likely to avail themselves of its opportunities. In designing and reforming social arrangements one must, of course, examine the schemes and tactics it allows and the forms of behaviour which it tends to encourage. Ideally the rules should be set up so that humans are led by their predominant interests to act in ways which further socially desirable ends. The conduct of individuals guided by their rational plans should be coordinated as far as possible to achieve results which although not intended or perhaps even foreseen by them are nevertheless the best ones from the standpoint of social justice. Bentham thinks of this coordination as he artificial identification of interests, Adam Smith as the work of the invisible hand. It is he aim of the ideal legislator in enacting laws and of the moralist in urging their reform. Still, the strategies and tactics followed by individuals, while essential to the assessment of institutions, are not part of the public system of rules which define them. We may also distinguish between a single rule (or group of rules), and institution (or a major part thereof), and the basic structure of the social system as a whole. #RandolphHarris 4 of 25
The reason for doing this is that one or several rules of an arrangement may be unjust without the institution itself being so. Similarly, an institution may be unjust although the social system as a whole is not. There is the possibility not only that single rules and institutions are not by themselves sufficiently important but that within the structure of an institution or social system one apparent injustice compensates for another. The whole is less unjust than it would be if it contained but one of the unjust parts. Further, it is conceivable that a social system may be unjust even though none of its institutions are unjust take separately: the injustice is a consequence of how they are combined together into a single system. One institution may encourage and appear to justify expectations which are denied or ignored by another. These distinctions are obvious enough. They simply reflect the fact that in appraising institutions we may view them in a wider or a narrower context. There are, it should be remarked, institutions in regard to which the concept of justice does not ordinarily apply. A ritual, say, is not usually regarded as either just or unjust, although cases can no doubt be imagined in which this would be true, for example, the ritual sacrifice of the first-born or of prisoners of war. #RandolphHarris 5 of 25
A general theory of justice would consider when rituals and other practices not commonly thought of as just or unjust are indeed subject to this form of criticism. Presumably they must involve in some way the allocation among persons of certain rights and values. However, our concern is solely with the basic structure of society and its major institutions and therefore with the standard cases of social justice. Now let us suppose a certain basic structure to exist. Its rules satisfy a certain conception of justice. We may not ourselves accept its principles of justice in the sense that for this system they assume the role of justice: they provide an assignment of fundamental rights and duties and they determine the division of advantages from social cooperation. Let us also imagine that this conception of justice is by and large accepted in the society and that institutions are impartially and consistently administered by judges and other officials. That similar cases are treated similarly, the relevant similarities and differences being those identified by the existing norms. The correct rules as defined by institutions is regularly adhered to and properly interpreted by authorities. This impartial and consistent administration of laws and institutions, whatever their substantive principles, we may call formal justice. #RandolphHarris 6 of 25
If we think of justice as always expressing a kind of equality, then formal justice requires that in their administration laws and institutions should apply equally (that is, in the same way) to those belonging to the classes defined by them. As Sidgwick emphasized, this sort of equality is implied in the very notion of a law or institution, once it is thought of as a scheme of general rules. Formal justice is adherence to principle, or as some have said, obedience to system. It is obvious that law and institutions may be equally executed and yet be unjust. Treating similar cases similarly is not a sufficient guarantee of substantive justice. This depends upon the principles in accordance with the basic structure is framed. There is no contradiction in supposing that a slave or caste society, or one sanctioning the most arbitrary forms of discrimination, is evenly and consistently administered, although this may be unlikely. Nevertheless, formal justice, or justice as regularity, excludes significant kinds of injustices. For if it is supposed that institutions are reasonably just, then it is of great importance that the authorities should be impartial and not influenced by personal, monetary, or other irrelevant considerations in their handling of particular cases. Formal justice in the case of legal institutions is simply an aspect of the rule of law which supports and secures legitimate expectations. #RandolphHarris 7 of 25
One kind of injustice is the failure of judges and others in authority to adhere to the appropriate rules or interpretations thereof in deciding claims. A person is unjust to the extent that from character and inclination one is disposed to such actions. Moreover, even where laws and institutions are unjust, it is often better that they should be consistently applied. In this way those subject to them at least know what is demanded and they can try to protect themselves accordingly; whereas there is even greater injustice if those already disadvantaged are also arbitrarily treated in particular cases when the rules would give them some security. On the other hand, it might still better in particular cases to alleviate the plight of those unfairly treated by departments from the existing norms. How far we are justified in doing this, especially at the expense of expectations founded in good faith on current institutions, is one of the tangled questions of political justice. In general, all that can be said is that the strength of the claims of formal justice, of obedience to system, clearly depend upon the substantive justice of institutions and the possibilities of their reform. Some have held that in fact substantive and formal justice tend to go together and therefore that at least grossly unjust institutions are never, or at any rate rarely, impartially and consistently administered. #RandolphHarris 8 of 25
Those who uphold and gain from unjust arrangements, and who deny with contempt the rights and liberties of others, are not likely, it is said, to let scruples concerning the rule of law interfere with their interests in particular cases. The inevitable vagueness of laws in general and the wide scope allowed for their interpretation encourages an arbitrariness in reaching decisions which only an allegiance to justice can allay. Thus it is maintained that where we find formal justice, the rule of law and the honouring of legitimate expectations, we are likely to find substantive justice as well. The desire to follow rules impartially and consistently, to treat similar cases similarly, and t accept the consequences of the supplication of public norms is intimately connected with the desire, or at least the willingness, to recognize the rights and liberties of others and to share fairly in the benefits and burdens of social cooperation. The one desire tends to be associated with the other. This contention is certainly plausible, but I shall not examine it here. For it cannot be properly assessed until we know what are the most reasonable principles of substantive justice and under what conditions humans comes to affirm and to live by them. #RandolphHarris 9 of 25
Once we understand the content of these principles and their basis in reason and human attitudes, we may be in a position to decide whether substantive and formal justice are tied together. “Forasmuch then as the children are partakers of flesh and blood, one also oneself likewise took part of the same; that through death one might destroy him that had the power of death, that is, the devil; and deliver them who through fear of death were all their lifetime subject to bondage. For verily, he took not on him the nature of angels; but he took on him the seed of Abraham. Wherefore in all things it behoved him to be made like unto his brethren, that he might be a merciful and faithful high priest in things pertaining to God, to make reconciliation for the sins of the people. For in that he himself hath suffered being tempted, he is able to succour them that are tempted,” reports Hebrews 2.14-18. The darkness into which the light of Christmas shines is above all the darkness of death. The threat of death, which shadows the whole road of our life, is the dark background of the Advent expectations of humankind. Death is not merely the scissors which cuts the thread of our life, as a famous ancient symbol indicates. It is rather one of those threads which are woven into the design of our existence, from its very beginning to its end. #RandolphHarris 10 of 25
The force of energy is not entirely incomprehensible: But are we not equally ignorant of the manner or force by which a mind, even the supreme mind, operates either on itself or on body? When I beseech you, do we acquire any idea of it? We have no sentiment or consciousness of this power in ourselves. We have no idea of the Supreme being but what we learn from reflection on our own faculties. Were our ignorance, therefore, a god reason for rejecting anything, we should be led into that principle of denying all energy in the Supreme Being as much as in the grossest matter. We surely comprehend as little the operations of one as the other. Is it more difficult to conceive, that motion may arise from impulses, than that it may arise from volition? All we know is our profound ignorance in both cases. Our having to die is a shaping force through our whole being of body and soul in every moment. The face of every being shows the trace of the presence of death in one’s life, of one’s fear of death, of one’s courage toward death, and of one’s resignation to death. This frightful presence of death subjects humans to bondage and servitude all their lives, according to our text. Ignorance or impotence may be pleaded for so limited a creature as humans; but those imperfections have no place in our Creator. #RandolphHarris 11 of 25
So far as I stand in fear, I stand not in freedom; and I am not free to act as the situation demands, but am bund to act as the pictures and imaginations produced by my fear drives me to act. For fear is, above all, fear of the unknown; and the darkness of the unknown is filled with the images created by fear. This is true even with respect to events on the plane of daily life: the unknown face terrifies the infant; the unknown will of the parent and the teacher creates fear in the child; and all the unknown implications of any situation or new task produce fear, which is the feeling of not being able to handle the situation. All this is true to an absolute degree with respect to death—the absolutely unknown; the darkness in which there is no light at all, and in which even imagination vanishes; that darkness in which all acting and controlling cease, and in which everything which we were is finished; the most necessary and impossible idea at the same time; the real and ultimate object of fear from which all other fears derive their power, that fear the overwhelmed even Christ at Gethsemane. However, we must ask what is the reason for this fear. Are not finite, limited and unable to imagine or to wish for an infinite continuation of our finiteness? Would that not be more terrible than death? #RandolphHarris 12 of 25
Is there not a feeling within us of fulfillment, of satisfaction, and of weariness with respect to life, as is evident in the words about the Old Testament Patriarchs? Is not the law “dust to dust” a natural law? However, then why is it used as a curse in the Paradise story? There must be something more profoundly mysterious about death than the natural melancholy which accompanies the realization of our transitoriness. Paul points to it, when he calls death the wages of sin, and sin, the sting of death. And our text, as well, speaks of “him that had the power of death, that is, the devil”—the organized power of sin and evil. Death, although natural to every finite being, seems at the same time to stand against nature. However, it is humans only who are able to face their death consciously; that belongs to their greatness and dignity. It is that which enables one to look at one’s life as a whole, from a definite beginning to a definite end. It is that which enables one to ask for the meaning of one’s life—a question which elevates one above one’s life, and gives one the feeling of one’s eternity. Human’s knowledge that one has to die is also human’s knowledge that one is above death. It is human’s destiny to be moral and immortal at the same time. All events seem entirely loose and separate. One event follows another; but we never can observe any tie between them. #RandolphHarris 13 of 25
Events seem conjoined, but never connected. And as we can have no idea of anything, which never appeared to our outward sense or inward sentiment, the necessary conclusion seems to be, that we have no idea of connexion or power at all, and that these words are absolutely without any meaning, when employed either in philosophical reasonings, or common life. And now we know what the sting of death is, and why the devil has the power of death: we have lost our immortality. It is not that we are mortal which creates the ultimate fear of death, but rather that we have lost our eternity beyond our natural and inescapable mortality; that we have lost it by sinful separation from the Eternal; and that we are guilty of this separation. To be in servitude to the fear of death during our lifetime means beings in servitude to the fear of death which is nature and guilt at the same time. In the fear of death, it is not merely the knowledge of our having lost eternity. We are slaves of dear, not because we have to ide, but because we deserve to die. Every idea is copied from some preceding impression or sentiment; and where we cannot find any impression, we may be certain that there is no idea. In all single instances of the operation of bodies or minds, there is nothing that produces any impression, nor consequently can suggest any idea, of power or necessary connexion. #RandolphHarris 14 of 25
However, when many uniform instances appear, and the same object is always followed by the same event; we then begin to entertain the notion of cause and connexion. We then feel a new sentiment or impression, to wit, a customer connection in the thought or imagination between one object and its usual attendant; and this sentiment is the original of that idea which we seek for. For as this idea arises from a number of similar instances, and not from any single instance; it must arise from that circumstance, in which the number of instances differ from every individual instance. However, this customary connexion or transition of the imagination is the only circumstance, in which they differ. In ever other particular they are alike. To be in servitude to the fear of death during our lifetime means being in servitude to the fear of death which is nature and guilt at the same time. In the fear of death, it is not merely the knowledge of our finiteness that is preserved, but also the knowledge of our infinity, of our being determined for eternity, and of having lost eternity. We are slaves of fear, not because we have to ide, but because we deserve to die! Therefore, salvation is not a magic procedure by which we lose our finiteness. It is rather a judgment which declares that we do not deserve to ide, because we are justified—a judgement which is not based on anything we have done, for then certainly we would have faith in it. #RandolphHarris 15 of 25
However, it is based on something that Eternity itself has done, something that we can hear and see, in the reality of a mortal human who by one’s own death has conquered one who has the power over death. If Christmas has any meaning, it has that meaning. Ask yourself, as you listen to the prophecies of Advent and to the stores of Christmas, whether your attitude toward death has changed; whether you are any longer in servitude to the fear of death; and whether you can stand the image of your own death. Do not deceive yourself about the seriousness of death—not death in general, not the death of somebody else, but your own death—by nice arguments for the immortality of the soul. The Christian message is more realistic than those arguments. It knows that we, really we, have to die; it is not just a part of us that has to die. And within Christianity there is only one “argument” against death: the forgiveness of sins, and the victory over Him who has the power of death. It speaks of the coming of the Eternal to us, becoming temporal in order to restore our eternity. The whole human is mortal and immortal at the same time, because the Eternal took part in flesh and blood and fear of death. That is the message of Christmas. #RandolphHarris 16 of 25
It is true; if humans attempt the discussion of questions, which lie entirely beyond the reach of human capacity, which as those concerning the origins of Worlds, or the economy of the intellectual system or region of spirits, they may long beat the air in their fruitless contests, and never arrive at any determinate conclusion. However, if the question regard any subject of common life and experience; nothing, one would think, could preserve the dispute so long undecided, but some ambiguous expressions, which keep the antagonists still at a distance, and hinder them from grappling with each other. Ambition, avarice, self-love, vanity, friendship, generosity, public spirit; these passions, mixed in various degrees, and distributed through society, have been, from the beginning of the World, and still are, the source of all the actions and enterprises, which have ever been observed among humankind. “And now it came to pass in the eleventh month of the nineteenth year, on the tenth day of the month, the armies of the Lamanites were seen approaching towards the land of Ammonihah. And behold, the city had been rebuilt, and Moroni had stationed an army by the borders of the city and they had cast up dirt round about to shield them from the arrows and the stones of the Lamanites; for behold, they fought with stones and with arrows. #RandolphHarris 17 of 25
“Behold, I said that the city of Ammonihah had been rebuilt. I say unto you, yea, that it was in part rebuilt; and because the Lamanites had destroyed it once because of the iniquity of the people, they supposed that it would again become an easy prey for them. However, behold, how great was their disappointment; for behold, the Nephites had dug up a ridge of Earth round about them, which was so high that the Lamanites could not cast their stones and their arrows at them that they might take effect, neither could they come upon them save it was by their place of entrance. Now at this time the chief captains of the Lamanites were astonished exceedingly, because of the wisdom of the Nephites in preparing their places for security. Now the leaders of the Lamanites had supposed, because of the greatness of their numbers, yea, they supposed that they should be privileged to come upon them as they had hitherto done; yea, and they had also prepared themselves with shields, and with breastplates; and they had also prepared themselves with garments of skins, yea, very think garments to cover their nakedness. And being thus prepared they supposed that they should easily overpower and subject their brethren to the yoke of bondage, or slay and massacre them according to their pleasure. #RandolphHarris 18 of 25
“However, behold, to their uttermost astonishment, they were prepared for them, in a manner which never had been known among the children of Lehi. Now they were prepared for the Lamanites, to battle after the manner of the instructions of Moroni. And it came to pass that he Lamanites, or the Amalickiahites, were exceedingly astonished at their manner of preparation for war. Now, if king Amalickiahites, were exceedingly astonished at their manner of preparation for war. Now, if king Amalickiah had come down out of the land of Nephi, at the head of his army, perhaps he would have caused the Lamanites to have attacked the Nephites at the city of Ammonihah; for behold, he did care not for the blood of his people. However, behold, Amalickiah did not come down himself to battle. And behold, his chief captains durst not attack the Nephites at the city of Ammonihah, for Moroni had altered the management of affairs among the Nephites, insomuch that the Lamanites were disappointed in their places of retreat and they could not come upon them. Therefore they retreated into the wilderness, and took their camp and marched towards the land of Noah, supposing that to be the next best place for them to come against the Nephites. #RandolphHarris 19 of 25
“For they knew not that Moroni had fortified, or had built forts of security, for every city in all the land round about; therefore, they marched forward to the land of Noah with a firm determination; yea, their chief captains came forward and took an oath that they would destroy the people of that city. However, behold, to their astonishment, the city of Noah, which had hitherto been a weak place, had now, by the means of Moroni, become strong, yea, even to exceed the strength of the city of Ammonihah. And now, behold, this was wisdom in Moroni; for he had supposed that they would be frightened at the city Ammonihah; and as the city of Noah had hitherto been the weakest part of the land, therefore they would march thither to battle; and thus is was according to his desires. And behold, Moroni had appointed Lehi to be chief captain over the humans of that city; and it was that same Lehi who fought with the Lamanites in the valley on the east of the river Sidon. And now behold it came to pass, that when the Lamanites had found that Lehi commanded the city they were again disappointed, for they feared Lehi exceedingly; nevertheless their chief captains had sworn with an oath to attack the city; therefore, they brought up their armies. #RandolphHarris 20 of 25
“Now behold, the Lamanites could not get into their forts of security by any other way save by the entrance, because of the highness of the bank which had been thrown up, and the depth of the ditch which had been dug round about, save it were by the entrance. And thus were the Nephites prepared to destroy all such as should attempt to climb up to enter the fort by any other way, by casting over stones and arrows at them. Thus they were prepared, yea, a body of their strongest humans, with their swords and their slings, to smite down all who should attempt to come into their place of security by the place of entrance; and thus were they prepared to defend themselves against the Lamanites. And it came to pass that the captains of the Lamanites brought up their armies before the place entrance, and began to contend with the Nephites, get into their place of security; but behold, they were driven back from time to time, insomuch that they were slain with an immense slaughter. Now when they found that they could not obtain power over the Nephites by the pass, they began to dig down their banks of Earth that they might obtain a pass to their armies, that they might have an equal chance to fight; but behold, in these attempts they were swept off by the stones and arrows which were thrown at them. #RandolphHarris 21 of 25
“And by pulling down the banks of Earth, they were filled up in a measure with their dead and wounded bodies. Thus the Nephites had all power over their enemies; and thus the Lamanites did attempt to destroy the Nephites until their chief captains were all slain; yea, and more than a thousand of the Lamanites were slain; while, on the other hand, there was not a single soul of the Nephites which was slain. There were about fifty who were wounded, who had not been exposed to the arrows of the Lamanites through the pass, but they were shielded by their shields, and their breastplates, and their head-plates, insomuch that their wounds were upon their legs, many of which were very severe. And it came to pass, that when the Lamanites saw that their chief captains were all slain they fled into wilderness. And it came to pass that they retuned to the land of Nephi, to inform their king, Amalickiah, who was a Nephite by birth, concerning their great loss. And it came to pass that he was exceedingly angry with his people, because he had not obtained his desire over the Nephites; he had not subjected them to the yoke of bondage. Yea, he was exceedingly worth, and he did curse God, and also Moroni, swearing with an oath that he would drink his blood; and this because Moroni had kept the commandments of God in preparing for the safety of his people. #RandolphHarris 22 of 25
“And it came to pass, that on the other hand, the people of Nephi did thank the Lord their God, because of his matchless power in delivering them from the hands of their enemies. And thus ended the nineteenth year of the reign of the judges over the people of Nephi. Yea, and there was continual peace among them, and exceedingly great prosperity in the church because of their heed and diligence which they gave unto the word of God, which was declared unto the by Helaman, and Shiblon, and Corianton, and Ammon and his brethren, yea, and by all those who had been ordained by the holy order of God, being baptized unto repentance, and sent forth to preach among the people,” report Alma 49.1-30. Excessive guru-worship provokes a reaction, a critical, sometimes sceptical attitude from which there must also be a recoil. Only after that can an honourable, honest, and true relationship be established. One should rather object to anyone’s making a cult out of one. Why not respect one’s wish and let one remain what one is—a researcher? Faith in the master is the first step, obedience to one’s injunctions is the next one, devotion toward one is the third step, and remembrance of one’s presence, name or image is the fourth. Such following of the master and practice of one’s teachings will bring one’s graces. #RandolphHarris 23 of 25
Those whose temperament is innately submissive and dependent make better disciples than the others. However, they are less likely to advance father than the others. However, if the teacher must have the capacity to point out the right way, the student, in one’s turn must have the capacity to travel every step of it in thought with one. There are some tremendously difficult problems involved in the highest Quest. The key to these problems must be placed in one’s hands by the teacher. The wisest plan for one, therefore, is to work out in detail and patiently the few hints given by the teacher, to study the books suggested and to plod on the path stringently, thinking of it as a period of patient preparation for the karmic time when one will assuredly receive what one is seeking. This one will get if one has the right mental equipment, if one has expressed the desire for guidance in the right quarters, and also if one recognizes the necessity of serving humanity. You are strong, and greatly to be praised, worthy of sacrifice, Lord of life and death. You are tough, and greatly to be praised, worthy of sacrifice, Lord of life and death. You are fortified, and greatly to be praised, worthy of sacrifice, life and death. You are solid, and great to be praised worthy of sacrifice, Lord of life and death. #RandolphHarris 24 of 25
You who are the sacrifice, you who are the Lord of life and death: Worthy are you, greatly to be praised. Declare His glory among the nations, His marvelous works among the peoples. Great is the Lord highly to be praised; He is to be revered above all who are worshipped as gods. For all the gods of the heathens are things of naught, but the Lord created the Heavens. Honour and majesty are before Him; strength and beauty are in His sanctuary. Ascribe unto the Lord, O families of humankind, ascribe unto the Lord glory and strength. Render unto the Lord the glory due unto His name; with offerings of homage, come into His courts. Let the field and all within it exult; let all the trees of the forest sing before the Lord; before the Lord, as He cometh; He cometh to judge the Earth, to judge the World in righteousness, and the nations by His truth. God is in command, ruling the herds: worthy of worship, worthy of praise. He is our anchor in the forest of spirits, ruling the wilds: worthy of worship, worthy of praise. The Lord of forests is the Lord of the city, King of the Universe, spirits, and Ancestors, king of people in this World and the next: worthy of worship, worthy of praise. #RandolphHarris 25 of 25
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From the Gold Bar of Heaven No Person is Justified in Doing Evil on the Ground of Expediency
Listen carefully to first criticisms made of your own work. Note just what it is about your work that the critics do not like—then cultivate it. That is the only part of your work that is individual and worth keeping. I tend to learn the most from small, intense experiences which illuminate for me different aspects of what I am doing. They also illustrate in a vivid fashion some of the more abstract concepts of a person-centered approach. Frequently I write them down in order to store them as memories or to provide them for the use of the people involved. We must look still more closely at feeling. “Feeling” encompasses a range of things that are “felt”: specifically, sensations, desires, and emotions. We feel warm, hungry, an itch, or fearful. “Feelings” include dizziness and thirst, sleepiness and weariness, pleasures of the flesh and desire, pain and pleasure, loneliness and homesickness, anger and jealousy; but also comfort and satisfaction, a sense of power and accomplishment, curiosity and intellectual gratifications, compassion for others and the enjoyment of beauty, sense of honour, and delight in God. Aesthetic experiences (of art and beauty), personal relations, and actions all involve feeling and, moreover, require that the feeling be somehow “right.” #RandolphHarris 1 of 26
There is no complete list of human feelings, and it would be a formidable task to define what feeling is. We have not attempted that here and need not concern ourselves with it. A familiar range of feelings frame our day-to-day existence, and we know a lot about these feelings and how important they are to our lives and to how we act and relate to one another. We know, for example, that feelings move us, and that we enjoy being moved. They give us a sense of being alive. Without feeling we have no interest in things, no inclination to action. To “lose interest in life” means we have to carry on by mere exertions of will or by waiting for things to happen. That is a condition to be dreaded, and it cannot be sustained for long. That is why so many people become dependent upon “substances” and activities that give them feeling, even if the dependence badly harms them and those near them. Such a condition is also the frequent background of suicide. A beautiful young woman, an artist, committed suicide after the death of her old, unprepossessing father. It was her last wish to be buried with him. The question this woman’s death posed continued to gnaw at those who loved her. How could she have loved her father so much that she chose death with him over the joys of life, joys that were accessible and familiar to her? #RandolphHarris 2 of 26
Feeling is essential to life. We must accept this and work with it. And you can be sure that harmful feeling, feeling associated with evil—arising from it or producing it—will eventually be take by a human being as better than no feeling at all. Healthy feelings, properly ordered among themselves are essential to a good life. So if we are to be formed in Christlikeness, we must take good care of our feelings and not just let them “happen.” The one known as the Good Samaritan, in the story by Jesus (Luke 10.30-37) was distinguished from the priest and the Levite by the fact that “when he saw him [the wounded man], he felt compassion” (verse 33). This feeling of compassion is what led him to help them man and “be a neighbour to” him (verses 36-37). Did the priest and the Levite then have no feelings? Of course not. They had feelings alright: feelings of disdain, perhaps, or of fear for the harm that might come to them if they became involved, or a feeling of urgency as they remembered the business awaiting them at the end of their journey, which, being their own business, moved them more than did the need of this unfortunate man to be helped out of his mortally dangerous situation. #RandolphHarris 3 of 26
They had feelings that motivated them to selfish actions, and they hardened their hearts to any other feelings of sympathy and concern for the half-dead man that might have competed for their attention. My sense of the World is not that of a modern human but of a premodern one; and that attitude is reinforced by studying the Talmud, reading the Bible a lot, and hearing a lot of stories about my ancestors, who had all lived in a World that predated the bourgeois World. Let me tell you a story to illustrate what I mean. One of my great-grandfathers was a great Talmudist, but he was not a rabbi. He has a small shop in Bavaria, and he earn very little money. Then one day he was offered a chance to earn more money if he would do a little traveling. He had a lot of children, and that did not make his lot any easier. His wife said to him: “Maybe you should think about taking this opportunity. You would be gone only three days a month, and we would have a little more money.” And he said: “Do you think I should do that and lose more than three days of study a month?” She replied: “For God’s sake, of course not!” And that was the end of that. So my great-grandfather sat in his shop and studied the Talmud. Whenever a customer came in, he would look up and snap at him: “Is there not some other shop you can go to?” That was the World that was so real to me. I found the modern World strange. #RandolphHarris 4 of 26
I recall that when I was ten or twelve whenever someone told me he was a salesman or businessman I always felt a little embarrassed. I would think to myself: God, he must feel awful having to admit that he is not doing anything else with life except earning money. Imagine, having nothing else to do! In the meantime I have learned that that is quite normal. What eventually attracted me to the modern World was that in capitalism, there was a synthesis between the things of the past that were still alive for me and the things of the modern World that I loved. The aspects of the modern World that had their roots in the old and felt close to me, and that is why I experienced no contradiction between those two Worlds. Such was the World I was familiar with, the World I enjoyed, and so I became an eager student of everything that created this link between the old and the new. Many of the feelings that animate us are destructive of others and ourselves. Jesus’s younger brother, James, pointedly asked, “What is the source of quarrels and conflicts among you? Is not the source your pleasures that wage war in your members? You lust and do not have; so you commit murder. And you are envious and cannot obtain; so you fight and quarrel,” reports James 4.1-2. And elsewhere he points out that “where jealousy and selfish ambition exist, there is disorder and every evil thing,” reports James 3.16. #RandolphHarris 5 of 26
This goes far to explain what happens in many homes, churches, and other social groups. However, the need is to remove the cause (the underlying feelings) and not just the effect (the conflict), which, if denied or suppressed without removal of the feelings, will only break out again. The Old Testament book of Proverbs is full of wise sayings about the good and evil of feelings in human life. As we have already seen, “The fear of the LORD is the beginning of wisdom,” reports Proverbs 9.10. Moreover, “Hatred stirs up strife, but love covers all transgressions, reports Proverbs 10.12. “When pride comes, then comes dishonour,” reports Proverbs 11.2. “Anxiety in the heart of humans weighs it down,” reports Proverbs 12.25. “A cheerful heart has a continual feast,” reports Proverbs 15.15. “A joyful heart is good medicine, but a broken spirit dries up the bones,” reports Proverbs 17.22. “One who loves pleasure will become a poor human; one who loves wine and oil will not become rich,” reports Proverbs 21.17. “The reward of humility and the fear of the LORD are riches, honour and life,” reports Proverbs 22.4. “They heavy drinker and the glutton will come to poverty, and drowsiness will clothe a man with rags,” reports Proverbs 23.21. “The fear of humans brings a snare, but one who trusts in the LORD will be exalted,” reports Proverbs 29.25. #RandolphHarris 6 of 26
And so forth. It is part of divine and human wisdom to realize that feelings are central to our existence and to make sure they are good feelings. And indeed they can be strong, healthy ones. We do not have to be victimized by destructive feelings. Even the feelings that harm us are, for the most part, not bad in themselves, but are somehow not properly limited or subordinated. They are not of order feelings are, with a few exceptions, good servants. However, they are disastrous masters. Denial and repression of the feeling are not the answer. Now, if we have destructive feelings, and everyone does sometimes, we should not deny that we have them nor try to repress them—though we also should not, normally, dump them on others by acting them out. In any case, let it be very clear that we are not in favour of denying feelings or repressing them. That is not the answer to our problem. The proper course of action is to replace destructive feelings with others that are good, or to subordinate them—anger and pleasures of the flesh, for example—in a way that makes them constructive and transforms their effects. The process of spiritual formation in Christ will do this by grace—effectively and intelligently received, and put into constant practice. #RandolphHarris 7 of 26
Several other points about feelings must be considered before we come to deal with particular feelings (emotions, sensations, desires) and what can be done for their transformation into Christlikeness. If therapy is successful the individual will inevitably have taken care of the tag ends of one’s past unsolved problems, because these tag ends are bound to cause trouble in the present, and so they are bund to come up in the course of the therapeutic session, disguised in any number of different ways—disassociations, nervous habits, fantasies, et cetera. However, these tags ends of the past are also current problems which inhibit the individual’s participation in the present. The neurotic is, by accepted definition, a person whose difficulties make one’s present life unsuccessful. In addition, by our definition, one is a person who chronically engages in self-interruption, who has an inadequate sense of identity (and thus cannot distinguish properly between oneself and the rest of the World), who has inadequate means of self-support, whose psychological homeostasis is out of order, and whose behaviour arises from misguided efforts in the direction of achieving balance. Within this general framework, we can see what must be done. #RandolphHarris 8 of 26
The neurotic finds it difficult to participate fully in this present—one’s past unfinished business gets in one’s way. One’s problems exist in the here and now—and yet too often only part of one is here to cope with them. Through therapy, one must learn to live in the present, and one’s therapeutic sessions must be one’s first practice at this hitherto unaccomplished task. Gestalt therapy is therefore a “here and now” therapy, in which we ask the patient during the session to turn all one’s attention to what one is doing at the present, during the course of the session—right here and now. Gestalt therapy is an experiential therapy, rather than a verbal or an interpretive therapy. We ask our patients not to talk about their traumas and their problems in the removed area of the past tense and memory, but to re-experience their problems and their traumas—which are their unfinished situations in the present—in the here and now. If the patient is finally to close the book on one’s past problems, one must close it in the present. For one must realize that if one’s past problems were really past, they would no longer be problems—and the certainly would not be present. In addition, as an experiential therapy, the Gestalt technique demands of the patient that one experiences oneself as fully as one can here and now. #RandolphHarris 9 of 26
We ask the individual to become aware of one’s gestures, of one’s breathing, of one’s emotions, of one’s voice, and of one’s facial expressions as much as of one’s pressing thoughts. We know that the more one becomes aware of oneself, the more one will learn about what one’s self is. As one experiences the ways in which one prevents oneself from “being” now—the ways in which one interrupts oneself—one will also begin to experience the self one has interrupted. In this process, the therapist is guided by what one observes about the individual. Here lit it suffice to say that the therapist should be sensitive to the surface the patient presents so that the therapist’s broader awareness can become the means by which the patient is enabled to increase one’s own. The basic sentence with which we ask our patients to begin therapy, and which we retain throughout its course—not only in words, but in spirit—is the simple phrase: “Now I am aware.” The now keeps us in the present and brings home the fac that no experience is ever possible except in the present. And the present, itself, is of course an ever changing experience. Once the now is used, that patient will easily use the present tense throughout, work on the phenomenological basis and, provide the material for the past experience which is required to close the gestalt, to assimilate a memory, to right the organismic balance. #RandolphHarris 10 of 26
The “I” is used as an antidote to the “it” and develops the individual’s sense of responsibility for one’s feelings, thoughts and symptoms. The “am” is one’s existential symbol. It brings home whatever one experiences as part of one’s being, and, together with one’s now, of one’s becoming. One quickly learns that each new “now” is different from the previous one. The “aware” provides the individual with the sense of one’s own capacities, and abilities, one’s own sensoric and motor and intellectual equipment. It is not the conscious—for that is purely mental—it is the experience sifted, as it were, only through the mind and through words. The “aware” provides something in addition to the conscious. Workings, as we do, with what the individual has, one’s present means of manipulation, rather than with what one has not developed or what one has lost, the “aware” gives both therapist and patient the best picture of the patient’s present resources. For awareness always takes place in the present. It opens up possibilities for action. Routine and habits are established functions, and any need to change them requires that they should be brought into the focus of awareness afresh. The mere idea of changing them presupposes the possibility of alternative ways of thinking and acting. #RandolphHarris 11 of 26
Without awareness, there is no cognition of choice. Awareness, contact, and present are merely different aspects of one and the same process—self-realization. It is here and now that we become aware of all our choices, from small pathological decisions (is this pencil lying straight enough?) to the existential choice of devotion to a cause or avocation. How does this “now I am aware,” this here and now therapy work in action? Let us take the example of a neurotic whose unfinished business is the unfinished labour of mourning a dead parent. Aware or unaware, such a patient fantasizes that one’s guiding parent is still around; one acts as if the parent were still alive and conducts one’s life by outdated directions. To become self-supportive and to participate fully in the present as it is, one has to give up this guidance; one has to part, to say a final good-bye to one’s progenitor. And to do this successfully, one has to go to the deathbed and face the departure. One has to transform one’s thoughts about the past into actions in the present which one experiences as if the now were the then. One cannot do it merely by re-recounting the scene, one must re-live it. One must go through and assimilate the interrupted feelings which are mostly of intense grief, but which may have in them elements of triumph or guilt or any number of things. #RandolphHarris 12 of 26
It is insufficient merely to recall a past incident, one has to psychodramatically return to it. Just as talking about oneself is a resistance against experiencing oneself, so the memory of an experience—simply talking about it—leaves it isolated as a deposit of the past—as lacking in life as the ruins of Pompei. You are left with the opportunity to make some clever reconstructions, but you do not bring them back alive. The neurotic’s memory is more than simply a hunting ground for the archeologists of human’s behaviour we call psychoanalysts. It is the uncompleted event, which is still alive and interrupted, waiting to be assimilated and integrated. It is here and now, in the present, that this assimilation must take place. The psychoanalysts, out of the vast stores of one’s theoretical knowledge, might explain to the patient: “You are still tied to your mother because you feel guilty about her death. It was something you wished for in childhood and repressed, and when your wish came true, you felt like a murderer.” And there may be elements of truth in what one says. However, this kind of symbolic or intellectual explanation does not affect the individual’s feelings, for these are the result not of one’s sense of guilt, but of one’s interruption of it when one’s mother died. If one has permitted oneself fully to experience one’s guilt then, one would not feel distressed now. #RandolphHarris 13 of 26
In Gestalt therapy we therefore required that the individual psychodramatically talk to one’s dead mother. Because the neurotic finds it difficult to live and experience oneself in the present, one will find it difficult to stick to the here and now technique. One will interrupt one’s present participation with memories of the past, and one will persist in talking about them as if they were indeed past. One finds it less difficult to associate tan to concentrate and, in concentrating, to experience oneself. Whether concentrating on one’s body sensations or one’s fantasies—although at first one will find this a miserable task—one’s unfinished business makes concentration a major project for one. One no longer has a clear sense of the order of one’s needs—one tends to give them all equal value. One is like the young man Stephen Leacock once spoke about who hot on his horse and galloped off madly in all directions. It is not a desire to make one’s life miserable that lies behind our request to make one capable of concentrations. If one is to move towards full participation in the present, to take the first step towards productive living, one must learn to direct one’s energies—that is, to concentrate. One will be able to move from “now I need this” to “now I need that,” only if one truly experiences each now and each need. #RandolphHarris 14 of 26
In addition, the concentration technique (focal awareness) provides us with a tool for therapy in depth, rather than in breadth. By concentrating on each symptom, each area of awareness, the individual learns several things about oneself and one’s neurosis. One learns what one is actually experiencing. One learns how one experiences it. And one learns how one’s feelings and behaviour in one area are related to one’s feelings and behaviour in other areas. We often use mercy and grace, as referred to God, interchangeably as synonyms, and some Bible commentators understand their use that way. Though the two words are very close in their meaning, they are usually distinguished as follows: “God’s goodness, exercised toward the unworthy, is called grace; toward the suffering, it is called pity, or mercy.” It may be defined as the goodness or love of God shown to those who are in misery or distress, irrespective of their deserts. Then, I understand the term grace in Hebrews 4.16 to mean that particular expression of grace we have been considering: divine enabling thought the Help of the Holy Spirit. Thus, we approach the throne of grace needing first mercy, because we come as ones in misery of distress. God in His mercy then gives us grace—that is, divine enabling through His Spirit—to help us in our time of need. We are thus enabled to cope with whatever adversity, trial, or dilemma we face in a Godly manner. #RandolphHarris 15 of 26
I have analyzed Hebrews 4.15-16 rather extensively because we need to understand how to appropriate the grace of God through prayer. I believe all of us need to grasp more fully what it means to come to the throne of grace. We need to grasp in the depth of our souls what it means that we do have a High Priest, Jesus, who is able and disposed to sympathize with out weaknesses. Above all, we simply need to go to the throne of grace to find the grace to help in time of need. That is what I did in the incident I recounted at the beginning of this essay. I went to the throne of grace and told God I did not have the ability to respond to what I thought was His will for me at the time. I asked Him for the spiritual strength to say yes to Him. The disciples went to the throne of grace when Peter and John had been commanded by the Jewish rulers not to speak or teach at all in the name of Jesus. They prayed, “Now, Lord, consider their threats and enable your servants to speak your words with great boldness,” reports Acts 4.29. They went to God’s throne of grace, and they asked for grace, specifically the grace to speak boldly for Christ in the face of tremendous opposition. September 11, 2001 was a crucial event in the development of many people. People were in grips of fear when what seemed like a war broke out on American soil. #RandolphHarris 16 of 26
Many youths did not understand what was going on. However, it was not long before they began to see through all the supposed justifications for it, and so they started to puzzle over a question that has pursued them for the rest of their lives. How it is possible that millions of people can kill millions of other people, that they let themselves be killed, that it can take years before an end can be called to this inhuman situation? And all that for goals that are in part quite obviously irrational and for political notions that no one would sacrifice one’s life for if one could only see them for what they are. How is war politically possible, and how is war psychologically possible? These have become burning questions that have influenced the thinking of many more than any others right up to the present day. And 19 years later, we are now faced with another crisis. COVID-19 is sweeping the World and leveling millions of people physically and financially, and when they need help, no one is there for them because our lawmakers are taking their $10,000.00 a month in salary and other endorsements they may receive and living comfortably, while people struggle, lose their homes, go hungry, suffer and die. Remember us this day, O Lord our God, for our good, and be mindful of us for a life of blessing. #RandolphHarris 17 of 26
With Thy promise of salvation and mercy, please deliver us and be gracious unto us; have compassion upon us and save us. Unto Thee do we lift our eyes for Thou art a gracious and merciful God and King. O Lord our God, please bestow upon us the blessings of Thy festivals for life and peace, for joy and gladness, even as Thou hast graciously promised to bless us. [Our God and God of our fathers, accept our rest.] Sanctify us through Thy commandments, and grant our portion in Thy Torah; please give us abundantly of Thy goodness and make us rejoice in Thy salvation. Purify our hearts to serve Thee in truth. In Thy living favour, O Lord our God, let us inherit with joy and gladness Thy holy [Sabbath and] festivals; and may Israel who sanctifies Thy name, rejoice in Thee. Blessed art Thou, O Lord, who hallowest [the Sabbath and] Israel and the festivals. “Now we will return in our record to Amalickiah and those who had fled with him into the wilderness; for, behold, he had taken those who went with him, and went up in the land of Nephi among the Lamanites, and did stir up the Lamanites to anger against the people of Nephi, insomuch that the kind of the Lamanites sent a proclamation throughout all his land, among all his people, that they should gather themselves together again to go to battle against the Nephites. #RandolphHarris 18 of 26
“And it came to pass that when the proclamation had gone forth among them they were exceedingly afraid; yea, they feared to displease the proclamation had gone forth among them they were exceedingly afraid; yea, they feared to go to battle against the Nephites lest they should lose their lives. And it came to pass that they would not, or the more part of them would not, obey the commandments of the king. And now it came to pass that when the proclamation had gone forth among them they were exceedingly afraid; yea, they feared to displease the king, and they also feared to go to battle against the Nephites lest they should lose their lives. And it came to pass that they would not, or the more part of them would not, obey the commandments of the king. And now it came to pass that the king was wroth because of their disobedience; therefore he gave Amalickiah the command of that part of his army which was obedient unto his commands, and command him that he should go forth and compel them to arms. Now behold, this was the desire of Amalickiah; for he being a very subtle man to do evil therefore he laid the plan in his heart to dethrone the king of the Lamanites. And now he had got the command of those parts of the Lamanites who were in favour of the king. #RandolphHarris 19 of 26
“And he sought to gain favour of those who were not obedient; therefore he went forward to the place which was called Onidah, for thither had all the Lamanites fled; for they discovered the army coming, and supposing that they were coming to destroy them, therefore they fled to Onidah, to the place of arms. And they had appointed a man to be king and a leader over them, being fixed in their minds with a determined resolution that they would not be subjected to go against the Nephites. And it came to pass that they had gathered themselves together upon the top of the mount which was called Antipas, in preparation to battle. Now it was not Amalickiah’s intention to give then battle according to the commandments of the king; but behold, it was one’s intention to gain favour with the armies of Lamanites, that he might place himself at their head and dethrone the king and take possession of the kingdom. And behold, it came to pass that he caused his army to pitch their tents in the valley which was near the mount Antipas. And it came to pass that when it was night he sent a secret embassy into the mount Antipas, desiring that the leaders of those who were upon the mount, whose name was Lehonti, that he should come down to the foot of the mount, for he desired to speak with him. #RandolphHarris 20 of 26
“And it came to pass that when Lehonti received the message he durst not go down to the foot of the mount. And it came to pass that Amalickiah sent again the second time, desiring him to come down. And it came to pass that Lehonti would not; and he sent again the third time. And it came to pass that when Amalickiah found that he could not get Lehonti to come down off from the mount, he went up into the munt, nearly to Lehonti’s camp; and he sent again the fourth time his message unto Lehonti, desiring that he would bring his guards with him. And it came to pass that when Lehonti had come down with his guards to Amalickiah, that Amalickiah desired him to come down with his army in the night-time, and surround those men in their camps over whom the king had given him command, and that he would deliver them up into Lehonti’s hands, if he would make him (Amalickiah) a second leader over the whole army. And it came to pass that Lehonti came down with his men and surrounded the men of Amalickiah, so that before they awoke at the dawn of the day they were surrounded by the armies of Lehonti. And it came to pass that when they saw that they were surrounded, they pled with Amalickiah that he would suffer them to fall in with their brethren, that they might not be destroyed. Now this was the very thing which Amalickiah desired. #RandolphHarris 21 of 26
“And it came to pass that he delivered his men, contrary to the commands of the king. Now this was the thing that Amalickiah desired, that he might accomplish his designs in dethroning the kind. Now it was the custom among the Lamanites, if their chief leader was killed, to appoint the second leader to be their chief leader. And it came to pass that Amalickiah caused that one of his servants should administer poison by degrees to Lehonti, that he died. Now, when Lehonti was dead, the Lamanites appointed Amalickiah to be their leader and their chief commander. And it came to pass that Amalickiah marched with his armies (for he had gained his desires) to the land of Nephi, to the city of Nephi, which was the chief city. And the king came out to meet him with his guards, for he supposed that Amalickiah had fulfilled his commands, and that Amalickiah had gathered together so great an army to go against the Nephites to battle. However, behold, as the king came out to meet him Amalickiah caused that his servants should go forth to meet the king. And they went and bowed themselves before the king, as if to reverence him because of his greatness. #RandolphHarris 22 of 26
“And it came to pass that the king put forth his hand to raise them, as was the custom with the Lamanites, as a token of peace, which custom they had taken from the Nephites. And it came to pass that when he had raised the first from the ground, behold he stabbed the king to the heart; and he fell to the Earth. Now the servants of Amalickiah raised a cry, saying: Behold, the servants of the kind have stabbed him to the heart, and he has fallen and they have fled; behold, come and see. And it came to pass that Amalickiah commanded that his armies should march forth and see what had happened o the king; and when they had come to the spot, and found the king lying in his gore, Amalickiah pretended to be wroth, and said: Whosoever loved the king, let him go forth, and pursue his servants that they may be slain. And it came to pass that all they who loved the king, when they heard these words, came forth and pursued after servants of the king. Now when the servants of the king saw an army pursuing after them, they were frightened again, and fled into the wilderness, and came over into the land of Zarahemla and joined the people of Ammon. And the army which pursued after them returned, having pursued after them in vain; and thus Amalickiah, by his fraud, gained the hearts of the people. #RandolphHarris 23 of 26
“And it came to pass on the morrow he entered the city of Nephi with his armies, and took possession of the city. And now it came to pass that the queen, when she had heard that the king was slain-for Amalickiah had sent an embassy to the queen informing her that the king had been slain by his servant, that he had pursued them with his army, but it was in vain, and they had made their escape—therefore, when the queen had received this message she sent unto Amalickiah, desiring him that he would spare the people of the city; and she also desired him that he should come in unto her; and she also desired him that he should bring witnesses with him to testify concerning the death of the king. And it came to pass that Amalickiah took the same servant that slew the king, and all them who were with him, and went in unto the queen, unto the place where she sat; and they all testified unto her that the king was slain by his own servants; and they said also: They have fled; does not this testify against them? And thus they satisfied the queen concerning the death of the king. And it came to pass that Amalickiah sought the favour of the queen, and took her unto him to wife; and thus by his fraud, and by the assistance of his cunning servants, he obtained the kingdom. #RandolphHarris 24 of 26
“Yea, he was acknowledged king throughout all the land, among all the people of the Lamanites, who were composed of the Lamanites and the Lemuelites and the Ishmaelites, and all the dissenters of the Nephites, from the reign of Nephi down to the present time. Now these dissenters, having the same instruction and the same information of the Nephites, yea, having been instructed in the same knowledge of the Lord, nevertheless, it is strange to relate, not long after their dissensions they became more hardened and impenitent, and more wild, wicked and ferocious than the Lamanites—drinking in with traditions of the Lamanites; giving way to indolence, and all manner of lasciviousness; yea, entirely forgetting the Lord their God,” reports Alma 47.1-36. I think now of the ancient times, when your worship first was established. It has been a long time now since your worship was celebrated as it should be, with processions in the marketplaces, with games to unite the scattered tribes, with hospitality granted to strangers in your name. Throughout the lonely times, you have waited patiently, in the sure foreknowledge that the night would end. See now, on the horizon; the light of dawn begins to creep over the edge of the World! #RandolphHarris 25 of 26
We need not wait much longer before the Sun will rise again and shine down once more on a World in which your worship is no longer neglected. Through the long night, we have kept your faith; in secret or in disguise we have performed the sacred acts. Sometimes, even unbeknownst to us, we have kept ancient lore alive. Now we hope to return to the light, to practice your ways openly and without fear, drawing the thoughts of other to you. In the backs of our people’s minds, they have remembered you, God. God, we pray to you! We who has been faithful, pray to you! Repository of all wisdom, out of which all others have only a share: it is to you we look when we need advice. The words you speak drop like late Summer rains, refreshing after a drought, awakening the dormant grass. Again and again I call to you, again and again you answer me. Old Wise One, it is you whom I worship. My love pours out, even as your bounty pours out. What I do here is only an image of your greater generosity. I pour out my love to the ancient High One, I make my offerings to One who should be worshipped. The Lord reigneth; He is robed in majesty; the Lord if robed, He hath girded Himself with strength. Now is the Earth firmly established; it shall not be moved. #RandolphHarris 26 of 26
MILLS STATION AT CRESLEIGH RANCH
Rancho Cordova, CA |
Now Selling!
Mills Station at Cresleigh Ranch is Rancho Cordova’s newest home community! This charming neighborhood offers an array of home types with eye catching architecture styles such as Mission, Mid-Century Modern, California Modern, and Contemporary Farmhouse.
Located off Douglas Road and Rancho Cordova Parkway, the residents of Cresleigh Ranch will enjoy, being just minutes from shopping, dining, and entertainment, and quick access to Highway 50 and Grant Line Road providing a direct route into Folsom. Residents here also benefit from no HOA fees, two community parks and the benefits of being a part of the highly-rated Elk Grove Unified School District. https://cresleigh.com/mills-station/residence-4/
They Day of Glory Has Arrived–The Strongest Force in Our Universe is Not Overriding Power, but Love!
The entire movement to acquire antiques was born out of sheer respect for things that lasted longer than fifteen minutes. We are part of an incredible paradox. On the one hand, we want self-sufficiency, independence, privacy. Each person, even each family member, wants and “needs” an Ultimate Driving Machine, so that one person never has to adjust to the schedule or the wants of another. The family home comes with a dishwasher, so that family members need not cooperate in washing the dishes. If not an absolute “must,” a separate room for each members of the family is always the goal, and these days many kids have their own bedrooms and a play room, and each parent usually has more than one room as well, the den is usually reserved for the father and the mother has an office. When we commute by train or bus, we bury our respective noses in our own newspapers or books or laptop or tablet so that we can avoid communicating with the person next to us. It is very clear that the utmost in privacy is none too private. Our slogan could well be that of Greta Garbo: “I vant to be alone.” We pursue privacy and self-sufficiency in almost every possible way. #RandolphHarris 1 of 25
Many of us abhor superficial communication—chitchat, long conversations on trivial topics, cocktail-party burbling, lengthy arguments over everything from politics to baseball. So, to avoid such “a waste of time,” we remove ourselves from situations in which such superficiality is the expected level of communication. We in the West seem to have made a fetish out of complete individual self-sufficiency, of not needing help, of being completely private except in a very few selected relationships. This way of living would have been completely impossible during the most of history, but modern technology makes this goal achievable. With my private room, private Ultimate Driving Machine, private office, private (and preferably unlisted) telephone, with food and clothing purchased in large impersonal stores, with my own stove, refrigerator, dishwasher, washer-dryer, I can be practically immune from intimate contact with any other person. What with social media and dating applications, and singles bars, even intimate moments can be satisfied without personal intimacy. The utmost in privacy of personal life can be—and often is—achieved. We have reached our goal. #RandolphHarris 2 of 25
However, we pay a price. From our alienated young people come our criminals, capable of senseless violence. From our private middle years, we “progress” to be a very lonely “senior citizen” status. Both the young and the old are almost completely useless in our modern society, and are made keenly aware of that uselessness. They have no place. They are private, isolated—and hopeless. Our economy is based on spending billions to persuade people that happiness is buying things, and then insisting that the only way to have a viable economy is to make things for people to buy so they will have jobs and get enough money to buy things. We must realize that the pendulum has swung too far in the direction of separateness. Humanity has to rediscover that we prize deep intimacy, that it helps us grow, that it empowers us to act in our society. We are to be sad with one another, and we are to rejoice with one another. We have to be quite willing to put up with discomfort in order to be together. We have to relearn to enjoy nourishing one another. When we find our private selves lost in the larger endeavour of forming a community, we will discover that this gives us a deeper and more solid sense of self. #RandolphHarris 3 of 25
Perhaps the most dramatic and far-reaching future significance of our work is simply our way of being and acting as humans. To create a climate where power is shared, where individuals are empowered, where groups are dealt with as being trustworthy and competent to face problems—this is unheard of in ordinary life. Our schools, our government, our businesses and corporations are permeated with the view that neither the individual nor the group is trustworthy. There must be power over, power to control. The hierarchical system is inherent in our whole culture. Even in many of our religions, persons are regarded as basically sinful, and hence, in need of discipline and guidance. In the psychological sphere, psychoanalysis takes a similar view—that at the core, individuals are full of unconscious impulses which, if uncontrolled, would wreak havoc upon society. The paradigm of Western culture is that the essence of persons is dangerous; thus, they must be taught, guided, and controlled by those with superior authority. Yet out experience, and that of an increasing number of humanistic psychologists, has shown that another paradigm is far more effective and constructive for the individual and for society. #RandolphHarris 4 of 25
It is that, given a suitable psychological climate, humankind is trustworthy, creative, self-motivated, powerful, and constructive—capable of releasing undreamed-of potentialities. The first paradigm of controlling the evil in human nature has brought civilization to the brink of disaster. Can society come to see the effectiveness of the second paradigm? It appears to be the only hope for survival. Our goal as a nation and World is to create a harmonious unity out of citizens. Imagine reaching the point where people can truly hear and understand and respect one another, where humanness had a higher priority than power. The results could have the most profound significance. I do not mean all the problems will be resolved. Not all. However, even the most difficult tensions and demands will become more soluble in a human climate of understanding and mutual respect. If a group of individuals, no matter how antagonistic or hostile its members, are willing to gather in the same room together, we know the attitudes and skills that can move it in the direction of a communicative mutual respect, and eventually toward becoming a community. If we utilize the knowledge we have today, the impact on education in the future would be phenomenal. #RandolphHarris 5 of 25
The knowledge we have today could make future education a climate of trust in which curiosity, the natural desire to learn, could be nourished and enhanced. It could free students, faculty, and administrators alike to engage in a participatory mode of decision-making about all aspects of learning. It could develop a sense of community in which the destructive competition of today would be replaced by cooperation, respect for others, and mutual helpfulness. It could be a place where students would come to prize themselves, would develop self-confidence and self-esteem. It could be a situation in which both students and faculty would increasingly discover that source of values in themselves, coming to an awareness that the good life is within, not dependent on outside sources. In such an educational community, students could find an excitement in intellectual and emotional discovery which would lead them to become lifelong learners. These are not “pie-in-the-sky” statements. These goals are realistic and achievable, but we have to stop doubting peace is a reality. Much like how recently President Donald J. Trump secured a historic deal between Israel and the United Arab Emirates to advance peace and prosperity in the region. What does this signify for the future? #RandolphHarris 6 of 25
In any new development, a subterranean current in the popular mind and feeling, which grows stronger and stronger until, with a seeming suddenness, it breaks forth into clearly articulated forms in various places and countries. This is why President Trump is advocating law and order. Law and order weeds out corruption and discrimination and makes it so people can live in peace and prosper. In this sense I believe there is, alongside the obviously destructive forces on our planet, a growing current that will lead to a new level of human awareness. There is the strong interest in holistic healing; the recognition of undeveloped psychic powers within each individual; the mysterious, unspoken communication that is so evident in our groups; a dimly sensed recognition that the strongest force in our Universe is not overriding power, but love. I know with certain that the problem is not that people cannot love. The problem is with their receptors for love. If one has dysfunction of one’s receptors of God’s love, one can lose one’s way and succumb to dangers, such as hopelessness, helplessness, and loneliness. When a person’s receptors for God’s love is dysfunctional, God’s influence in one’s life is minimized. The ability to sense Heavenly Father and His Son’s love and caring is lost. #RandolphHarris 7 of 25
Without Heavenly Father and Jesus Christ and Their influence in our lives, we have no shepherd. Without Them, there is no sail—meaning there is no power. Without Them, there is no anchor—meaning there is no stability, especially in times of storm. Without Them, there is nothing which to steer—meaning there is no direction. No power, no stability, and no direction are all consequences of dysfunctional receptors for Their love. Receptor dysfunction for God’s love does not happen all at one—but slowly and imperceptibly over time. An inability to sense God’s love can also stem from sin or not pressing forward on the covenant path. Such inability can also be due to physical or mental illness that may require professional help. When indicated, God expects us to seek professional help. The first step is to repent. Repentance is a joyful process. If you stole Leo’s lunch and keep stealing it, then repent and never do it again and ask God for forgiveness. Remember that God does not really care who you were and what you did. God cares who you are, what you are doing, and who you are becoming. When, or whether, this cluster of new ways of seeing human beings in relation to the Universe will emerge fully into the open, I cannot predict. I simply point to the fact that the harmonious sense of community that occurs in our workshops enhances all the separate springs of this flowing subterrane current. #RandolphHarris 8 of 25
To further highlight this illustration, the Thwaites Glacier in West Antarctica covers 74,000 square miles—the size of the US State of Florida or Great Britain—and it is particularly susceptible to climate and ocean changes. Over the past 30 years, the overall rate of ice loss from Thwaites and its neighbouring glaciers has increased more than 5-fold. It was recently discovered that deep seabed channels beneath Thwaites Glacier is the pathway for warm ocean water and causing the ice to melt faster. So, if we are creating peaceful subterranean of love, peace, law and order, we could dissolve hate before people realize what is happening, at much faster rate than people believed possible. Our workshop experiences, along with the many other manifestations of this current, mean to me that humankind may be moving into a far different type of consciousness than exists today. We all must wait upon the social will. If the time comes when our culture tires of the endless fleecing of our economy, looting, rioting, vandalisms, homicidal feuds, despairs of the use of force and war as a means of bringing peace, becomes discontent with the half-lives that its members are living—only then will our culture seriously look for alternatives. #RandolphHarris 9 of 25
When people are ready to solve the ills of society, they will not find a void. They will discover that there are means for facilitating the resolutions of feuds. They will find that there are ways of building community without sacrificing the potential and creativity of the person. They will realize that there are ways, already tried out on a small scale, of enhancing learning, of moving toward new values, of raising consciousness to unexpected levels. They will find that there are ways of being that do not involve power over persons or groups. They will discover that harmonious community can be built on a basis of mutual respect and enhanced personal growth. That, to my mind, is our basic contribution as humanistic psychologist with a person-centered philosophy—we have created working models on a small scale which our culture can use when it is ready. Many of these small-scale models are seen in the suburbs in communities like Cresleigh Ranch and Plumas Ranch by Cresleigh Homes. “For we do not have a high priest who is unable to sympathize with our weaknesses, but we have one who has been tempted in every way, just as we are—yet was without sin. Let us then approach the throne of grace with confidence, so that we may receive mercy and find grace to help us in out time of need,” reports Hebrews 4.15-16. #RandolphHarris 10 of 25
God’s power enables us to respond to the various circumstances and challenges hat constantly come to us. Perhaps the idea of appropriating the grace of God is a new thought to you, and you are not quite sure what I mean. The basic meaning of the word if “to take possession of,” and that is what we do when we appropriate God’s grace. We take possession of the divine strength He has made available to us in Christ. To use an analogy, we draw on an inexhaustible bank account, the account of God’s grace. Now there are times when the Holy Spirit works in a sovereign way in our lives, apart from any appropriating activity on our part, but more often God expects us to acts to appropriate His grace. To this end, God has provided four principal means of doing so: prayer, His word, submission to His providential workings in our lives, and the ministry of others. The first avenue of appropriating God’s grace is simply to ask for it in prayer. When we realize that we have reached the limits of our commitment, sometimes we may consider ceasing to ask God for guidance and begin to ask for the grace—that is, the spiritual ability—to say yes to what we think is His will. #RandolphHarris 11 of 25
The throne of grace is a figurative expression for God seated on His throne as the God of all grace. It is obviously not the throne itself but God on the throne who will give us His grace in time of need. In Revelation 6.16-17, God is portrayed sitting on His throne as the God of wrath and judgment. The people who see Him in that setting will call for mountains and rocks to fall on them to hide from His face and His wrath. The prophet Isaiah saw God seated on His throne as the God of infinite majesty and holiness. Isaiah was awestruck and cried out, “Woe to me! I am ruined! For I am a man of unclean lips, and I love among a people of unclean lips, and my eyes have seen the King, the LORD Almighty” (6.5). However, in Hebrew 4.16, we see, not a throne of wrath, nor even a throne of infinite majesty and holiness, but a throne of grace. We are encouraged to come to this throne, not with terror because of His wrath, nor with awed fear because of His holiness, but with confidence because of His grace. God is indeed the infinitely holy God, high and exalted as Isaiah saw Him, and He will one day manifest Himself as the God of wrath to those who have spurned Him. However to us who are His children, He is the God of grace seated on His throne of grace. #RandolphHarris 12 of 25
We need to remember that it was God Himself who presented Jesus as the atonement for our sins, and the One who satisfied the justice of God and by that satisfaction turned aside God’s wrath from us. And because of Jesus’ atoning sacrifice, God’s throne is no longer a throne of judgment and wrath for us but it is now a throne of grace. God, whom Paul described as living in “unapproachable light” (1 Timothy 6.16), now encourages us to enter “the Most Holy Place,” His very throne room, and “draw near to God.” (Hebrews 10.19-22). This invitation is a striking contrast to the restrictions that existed under the Mosaic dispensation of the Old Testament. Under that system, only the high priest was allowed to enter the most holy place of the Temple, and then only once a year and never without the blood of the atonement (Hebrews 9.7). Now all believers may enter the Most Holy Place in Heaven, at all times, through the blood of Jesus, which was shed once for all (Hebrews 10.19). Not only may we enter, we are encouraged to enter, to come into the very presence of God, and to come with confidence because we come by the blood of Jesus. When we come to God’s throne, we need to remember He is indeed the God of all grace. He is the landowner who graciously gave a full day’s pay to the workers who had worked only one hour in the vineyard. #RandolphHarris 13 of 25
God is the God who said of the sinful nation of Israel even while they were in captivity, “I will rejoice in doing them good,” reports Jeremiah 32.41. He is the God who remained faithful to Peter through all his failures and sins and made him into a mighty apostle. He is the God who, over and over again, has promised to never lead us, nor forsake us (id est Deuteronomy 31.6,8; Psalm 94.14; Isaiah 42.16; Hebrews 13.5). He is the God who “longs to be gracious to you,” reports Isaiah 30.18, and He is the God who is for you, not against you (Romans 8.31). All this, and more, is summed up in that one statement, the God of all grace. As we approach the throne of grace, we find that Jesus, our Great High Priest, has gone before us and is, even as we come, already interceding for us. “But this man, because he continueth ever, hath an unchangeable priesthood. Wherefore he is able also to save them to the uttermost the come unto God by him, seeing he ever liveth to make intercession for them,” reports Hebrews 7.24-25. Jesus is described by the writer of Hebrews as being able to sympathize with out weakness. The double negative, “For we do not have a high priest who is unable to sympathize with our weakness” (4.15), is equivalent to a very strong absolute assertion: “We do have a high priest who can sympathize with us. #RandolphHarris 14 of 25
The truth is, He not only can be touched [with our weaknesses], but cannot but be touched. The assertion is not, It is possible that He may sympathize; but, It is impossible that He should not. Jesus can sympathize with our weakness because He has been tempted in every way, just as we are—yet was without sin. The word translated as sympathize means far more than the popular meaning, to feel sorry for. It is the capacity for sharing or understanding the feelings of another person. This feeling can be felt only by a person who has experienced the same or similar trials and who, consequently, understands what the other person is going through and has a desire to relieve the other’s distress. It is pity; but it is something more than pity: it is the pity which a human of kind affections feels towards those who are suffering what he himself has suffered. The Son of God, had He never become incarnate, might have pitied, but He could not have sympathized with His people. To render Him capable of sympathy, it was necessary that He should become a man that He might be susceptible of suffering, and that He should actually be a sufferer that He might be susceptible of sympathy. I suspect, however, that many of us, especially when we are experiencing physical or emotional pain, question whether or not Jesus suffered in the same way we are suffering. #RandolphHarris 15 of 25
After all, Jesus never experienced prolonged unemployment, Jesus never had to deal with lawmakers who refuse to help the people they serve, was not faced with the risk of contracting COVID-19, never had a child die in an plane crash, or endured the debilitating effects of a physical disability, or watched a spouse die slowly and painfully from cancer. The biblical text does not assert that Jesus suffered in all these ways. It says, “We have one who has been tempted in every way, just as we are—yet was without sin” (4.15). That is, Jesus was tempted, or tried, in all the various ways human nature is afflicted. He was born into poverty and experienced rejection from His own family, reproach by the leaders of His day, desertion by His friends, and excruciating physical pain on the cross. And the absence in Scripture of any reference to Joseph or Luke 2 leads to a reasonable inference that Jesus lost his Legal, Earthy father before He was thirty. Above all, He suffered the ultimate trial, which you and I will never have to experience: being forsaken by His Heavenly Father (Mathew 27.46). Sometimes you and I feel forsaken in the midst of trial (David felt that way in Psalm 13.1), and that sense of divine abandonment is the hardest part of the trial. However, Jesus actually was forsaken by God and knew it. He was “a man of sorrows, and acquainted with grief,” reports Isaiah 53.3. #RandolphHarris 16 of 25
So Jesus does fully understand and sympathize with us in our times of trials. We can be sure, whatever the nature of our hurts, they are not new to Him. Because Jesus can enter into our hurts and does sympathize with us, we can approach God’s throne with confidence, without being ashamed to lay our weakness before Him. He understands and He cares. We are encouraged to come to the throne of grace where we have a sympathetic High Priest already interceding for us, “so that we may receive mercy and find grace to help us in our time of need,” reports Hebrew 4.16. “And it came to pass that as many would not hearken to the words of Helaman and his brethren were gathered together against their brethren. And now behold, they were exceedingly wroth, insomuch that they were determined to slay them. Now the leader of those who were worth against their brethren was a large and a strong man; and his name was Amalickiah. And Amalickiah was desirous to be a king; and those people who were wroth were also desirous that he should be their king; and they were the greater part of them the lower judges of the land, and they were seeking for power. And they had been led by the flatteries of Amalickiah, that is they would support him and establish him to be their king that he would make them rulers over the people. #RandolphHarris 17 of 25
“Thus they were led away by Amalickiah to dissension, notwithstanding the preaching of Helaman and his brethren, yea, notwithstanding their exceedingly great care over the church, for they were high priests over the church. And there were many in the church who believed in the flattering words of Amalickiah, therefore they dissented eve from the church; and thus were the affairs of the people of Nephi exceedingly precarious and dangerous, notwithstanding their great victory which they had over the Lamanites, and their great rejoicing which they had had because of their deliverance by the hand of the Lord. Thus we see how quick the children of humans do forget the Lord their God, yea, how quick to do iniquity, and to be led away by the evil one. Yea, and we also see the great wickedness one very wicked man can cause to take place among the children of humans. Yea, we see that Amalickiah, because he was a man of cunning device and a man of many flattering words, that he led away the hearts of many people to do wickedly; yea, and to seek to destroy the church of God, and to destroy the foundation of liberty which God had granted unto them, or which blessing God had sent upon the face of the land for the righteous’ sake. #RandolphHarris 18 of 25
“And now it came to pass that when Moroni, who was chief commander of the armies of the Nephites, had heard of these dissensions, he was angry with Amalickiah. And it came to pass the he rent his coast; and he took a piece thereof, and wrote upon it—In memory of our God, our religion, and freedom, and our peace, our wives, and our children—and he fastened it upon the end of a pole. And he fastened on his headplate, and his breastplate, and his shields, and girded on his armour, about hi loins; and he took the pole, which had on the end thereof his rent coast, (and he called it the title of liberty) and he bowed himself to the Earth, and he prayed mightily unto his God for the blessings of liberty to rest upon his brethren, so long as there should a band of Christians remain to possess the land—for thus were all the true believers of Christ, who belonged to the church of God, called by those who did not belong to the church. And those who did belong to the church were faithful; yea, all those who were true believers in Christ took upon them, gladly, the name of Christ, or Christians as they were called, because of their belief in Christ who should come. And therefore, at this time, Moroni prayed that the cause of the Christians, and the freedom of the land might be favoured. #RandolphHarris 19 of 25
“And it came to pass that when he had poured out his soul to God, he named all the land which was south of the land of Desolation, yea, and in fine, all the land, both on the north and on the south—A chosen land, and the land of liberty. And he said: Surely God shall not suffer that we, who are despised because we take upon us the name of Christ, shall be trodden down and destroyed, until we bring it upon us by our own transgressions. And when Moroni had said these words, he went forth among the people, waving the rent part of his garment in the air, that all might see the writing which he had written upon the rent part, and crying with a loud voice, saying: Behold, whosoever will maintain this title upon the land, let them come forth in the strength of the Lord, and enter into a covenant that they will maintain their rights, and their religion, that the Lord God may bless them. And it came to pass that when Moroni had proclaimed these words, behold, the people came running together with their armour girded about their loins, rendering their garments in token, or as a covenant, that they would not forsake the Lord their God; or, in other words, if they should transgress the commandments of God, or fall into transgression, and be ashamed to take upon them the name of Christ, the Lord should rend them even as they have rent their garments. #RandolphHarris 20 of 25
“Now this was the covenant which they made, and they cast their garments at the feet of Moroni, saying: We covenant with our God, that we shall be destroyed, even as our brethren in the land northward, if we shall fall into transgression; yea, he may cast us at the feet of our enemies, even as we have cast our garments at thy feet to be trodden under foot, if we shall fall into transgression. Moroni said unto them: Behold, we are a remnant of the seed of Jacob; yea, we are a remnant of the seed of Joseph, whose coast was rent by his brethren into many pieces; yea, and now behold, let us remember to keep the commandments of God, or garments shall be rent by our brethren, and we be cast into prison, or be sold, or be slain. Yea, let us preserve our liberty as a remnant of Joseph; yea, let us remember the words of Jacob, before his death, for behold, he saw that part of the remnant of the coat of Joseph was preserved and had not decayed. And he said—Even as this remnant of garment of my son hath been preserved, so shall a remnant of the seed of my son be preserved by the hand of God, and be taken unto himself, while the remainder of the seed of Joseph shall perish, even as the remnant of this garment. Now behold, this giveth my soul sorrow; nevertheless, my soul hath joy in my son, because of that part of his seed which shall be taken unto God. #RandolphHarris 21 of 25
“Now behold, this was the language of Jacob. And now who knoweth but what the remnant of the seed of Joseph, which shall perish as his garment, are those who have dissented from us? Yea, and even it shall be ourselves if we do not stand fast in the faith of Christ. And now it came to pass that when Moroni has said these words he went forth, and also sent forth in all parts of the land where there were dissensions, and gathered together all the people who were desirous to maintain their liberty, to stand against Amalickiah and those who had dissented, who were called Amalickiahites. And it came to pass that when Amalickiah saw that the people of Moroni were more numerous than the Amalickiahites—and he also saw that his people were doubtful concerning the justice of the cause in which they had undertaken—therefore, fearing that he should not gain the point, he took those of his people who would and departed into the land of Nephi. Now Moroni thought it was not expedient that the Lamanites should have any more strength; therefore he thought to cut off the people of Amalickiah, or to take them and bring them back, and put Amalickiah to death; yea, for he knew that he would stir up the Lamanites to anger against them, and cause them to come to battle against them; and this he knew that Amalickiah would do that he might obtain his purpose. #RandolphHarris 22 of 25
“Therefore Moroni thought it was expedient that he should take his armies, who has gathered themselves together, and armed themselves, and entered into a covenant to keep the peace—and it came t pass that he took his army and marched out with his tens into the wilderness, to cut off the course of Amalickiah in the wilderness. And it came to pass that he did according to his desires, and marched forth into the wilderness, and headed the armies of Amalickiah. And it came to pass that Amalickiah fled with a small number of his men, and the remainder were delivered up to the hands of Moroni and were taken back into the land of Zarahemla. Now, Moroni being a man who was appointed by the chief judges and the voice of the people, therefore he had power according to his will with the armies of the Nephities, to establish and to exercise authority over them. And it came to pass that whomsoever of the Amalickiahites that would not enter into a covenant to support the cause of freedom, that they might maintain a free government, he caused to be put to death; and there were but few who denied the covenant of freedom. And it came to pass also, that he caused the title of liberty to be hoisted upon every tower which was in all the land, which was possessed by the Nephites; and thus Moroni planted the standard of liberty among the Nephites. #RandolphHarris 23 of 25
“And the began to have peace again in the land; and thus they did maintain peace in the land until nearly the end of the nineteenth years of reign of the judges. And Helaman and the high priests did also maintain order in the church; yea, even for he space of four years did they have much peace and rejoicing in the church. And it came to pass that there were many who died, firmly believing that their souls were redeemed by the Lord Jesus Christ; thus they went out of the World rejoicing. And there were some who died with fevers, which at some seasons of the year were very frequent in the land—but not so much with fevers, because of the excellent qualities of the many plants and roots which God had prepared to remove the causes of diseases, to which humans were subject by the nature of the climate—but there were many who died with old age; and those who died in the faith of Christ are happy in him, as we must needs suppose,” reports Alma 46.1-41. How shall I find words that can capture the truth? I am far too bold even to try. For how many before me have dared this, to praise you, searching themselves for new ways of speaking? If I could find only one phrase that expressed a Sunset, or a word for birds’ wings, or a sound for clouds, I would be content. #RandolphHarris 24 of 25
However, so many are your wonders and so inadequate my small attempts that I can only hope to have reflected some of what you are. Or perhaps I serve you best when I fall silent in your presence, God. What is done in the night, you see it. What is done in the day, you see it. Who can hide from you, who are found in all things? Where would we hide from you, who are fund in all things? Why would we hide from you, whose love pours out on all things? We thankfully acknowledge that Thou art the Lord our God and God of our fathers, the God of all that lives, our Creator and Creator of the Universe. We offer blessings and thanksgiving to Thy great and holy name because Thou hast kept us in life and sustained us; so mayest Thou continue to keep us in life and sustain us. O gather our exiles into the courts of Thy holy sanctuary to observe Thy statutes, to do Thy will, and to serve Thee with a perfect heart. We give thanks unto Thee. Blessed be God to whom we are every grateful. O Lord, our God, please be gracious unto Thy people and accept their prayer. Please restore the worship to Thy sanctuary and receive in love the supplications of your children; and may the worship of Thy people be ever acceptable unto Thee. O may our eyes witness Thy return to Zion. Blessed art Thou, O Lord, who restorest Thy divine present unto the land. #RandolphHarris 25 of 25
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Randolph Harris II International Institute 