Randolph Harris II International Institute

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Starring Eyes that Never Shut

Up to the present day there is much gossip about in Santa Clara Valley about a certain hidden treasure of Llanada Villa, for which my servants have often made search, though hitherto in vain. The story is that I, while yet in the vigour of life, concealed a very large quantity of gold, sapphires, rubies, emeralds, diamonds, and silver somewhere in the mansion. I was often asked where it was, and never disclosed their location. I also adorned much of the mansion with art-glass windows and beautiful carvings in marble. The object which the antiquary had before them was of tracing the whereabouts of my Medieval stained-glass windows of Llanada Villa. Shortly after the German Peasants’ War in 1525, a very large quantity of painted glass made it way from the dissolved abbeys of Germany and Belgium to the Winchester family, which I inherited after marrying William, and may now been seen adorning various rooms in the mansion. One of the main contributors was Cennino Cennini. However, once of my favourite pieces was a panel showing a King from a Tree of Jesse window. The work of art was created circa 1210. Another priceless antiquity I loved dearly was the 36-foot-tall stained-glass window, depicting 36 scenes from the same century, which tells the legend of the Antichrist. These clerestory windows made my home look like some capacious church. At intervals, I had been haunted by the recollection of the gossip about the hidden treasure, but the secret was to be found somewhere in the enigmatical windows of my home. #RandolphHarris 1 of 7

One fine autumn morning, I had strolled out before breakfast, as far as the gate of my carriage-drive. The path was a little less than a quarter mile from the front door. All civilization is marked by the touch of the arts. The Victorian Garden not only keeps the blood in a healthy glow, and the brain active in its knowledge, but it also expresses a level of artistic ability. My picturesque garden was ablaze with roses, delphiniums, and hollyhocks. It sparked divinity within me, imagination, and harmony. The well-cut lawn, many fine trees, a shady background, and walks, shrubs, and flowers, were the perfect embellishments and finishing touches to the picture of Llanada Villa. Only the finishing touches—but what a charm of added expression and beauty there is in these perfecting strokes! A verdant gate-way arch frames the common walk into a picture view; the long opening of the lawn gives playroom for the sunlight to smile and hide among the shadows of bordering boxwood shrubs and trees; it is amazing how an opening here, in the shrubs, reveals a pretty vista of another angle of the mansion; a flowerbed there, brightens the lawn like a smile on the face of a beauty; a swing suspended from the strong, outstretched arm of the noble tree attracts the children, whose ever-changing groups engage the eye and interests the heart; a delicate foliaged tree, planted on yonder, glows with the light of the afternoon sun, with an airy undulation trembling against the twilight sky, till it seems neither of the Earth or the sky, but a spirit of life wavering between Earth and Heaven! The Decorative Planting of Llanada Villa is the art of picture making and picture framing, by varied forms of vegetation growth. #RandolphHarris 2 of 7

However, there was something peculiar about this day. The air was cool. The leaves of the giant monkey pine tree above me were not rustling as they usually do. Everything was still. Even the birds were quiet. A low thunder came from the west, warning of an autumn storm. I turned my head and looked up and studied my house as it towered over me. This house is more than just bricks and mortar and wood. It has a soul. Years of secrets are hidden within its walls. What would they be, if the house could tell me, if I could hear the words? There was also a gigantic barn and a carriage house and stables and pastures and orchards and, of course, this Grand Queen Anne Victorian Mansion. As I wandered through the rooms this day, looking at the ceilings and out the tall windows, and into the funny little cabinet that were built into the walls that is when I saw an apparition. I had gone up to my room, but was not yet in bed, when I heard someone at the door, and went to it, thinking that it might be the chambermaid. On opening the door, I saw no one; but on going a few steps along the passage, I saw the figure of a tall lady, dressed in black, standing at the head of the stairs. After a few moments she descended the stairs, and I followed her for a short distance, feeling curious about what it could be. I had only a small piece of candle, and it suddenly burnt itself out; and, being unable to see more, I went back to my room. The figure was that of a tall lady, dressed in black of a soft woollen material, judging from the slight sound in moving. The face was hidden by a handkerchief held in the right hand. #RandolphHarris 3 of 7

This is all I noticed then; but on further occasion, when I was able to observe her more closely, I saw the upper part of the left side of the forehead, and a little of the hair above. Her left hand was nearly hidden by her sleeve and a fold of her dress. As she held it down a portion of a widow’s cuff was visible on both writs, so that the whole impression was that of a lady in a widow’s weeds. There was no cap on the head but a general effect of blackness suggested a bonnet, with a long veil or hood. She is seldom seen but the rustle of her dress is often heard by servants as she crosses several of the living rooms, apparently searching for her errant husband who seduced and ran off with his wife’s younger sister in the late 1880s, leaving Agnus and her baby girl to seek refuge and employment in my home before disappearing. It is suspected she and her daughter died of poisoning. My silver used to be stored one of the rooms she is seen, and a footman was employed to sleep here and guard it. One night, when the footman had turned in to sleep, he was approached by a very pale-looking lady in black who asked him for some water. Thinking it was one of the mansion guests, he turned to get her some when he remembered he was locked in and no visitor could have possibly entered. When he turned back, the apparition had disappeared. It is thought her longing for water suggest that he was poisoned. During the next two years—from 1888 to 1890—I aw the figure; at first at long intervals, and afterwards at shorter, but I only mentioned these appearances to one friend, who did not speak of them to anyone. #RandolphHarris 4 of 7

During this period, as far as we know, there were only three appearances to anyone else. The first, in the summer of 1890, was to my niece Daisy, when the figure was thought to be a housemaid who had called at the house, and no further curiosity was aroused. My niece was coming down the stairs rather late for dinner at 6.30 pm, it then being quite light, when she saw the figure cross the hall in front of her. The apparition said, “You don’t think anything happened to her, do you?” Then she passed into the drawing room. Diasy then asked the rest of us, already seated at dinner, “Who was that chambermaid, whom I just saw going into the drawing room, looking for?” She was told that there was no such person, and a servant was sent to look; but the drawing room was empty, and she was sure no one had come in. Daisy persisted that she had seen a talk figure in black, with some white about it; but nothing was thought of the matter. The second appearance, in the autumn of 1890, was seen by the housemaid about 10 p.m., she declaring that someone had got into the house, her description agreeing fairly with what I had seen; but as on searching no one was found, her story received no credit. On or about December 15, 1890, it was seen in the drawing room by Mr. Hansen and his son. They were playing outside the terrace when they saw the figure in the drawing room close to the window, and ran in to see who it could be that was crying so bitterly. They found no one in the drawing room, and the parlour-maid told them that no one had come into the house. #RandolphHarris 5 of 7

There was a dark connection with hidden forces of evil. Certain spots in my home were almost forbidden territory, as many have learned at considerable cost. There were also hints of certain marvellous transformations leading to bodily immortality—of a sort—on this Earth. The halls of the east wind were reputedly connected by hidden tunnel, being thus a veritable warren of unseen abnormalities. The room I entered was darkened against the afternoon sun, an errant breeze scampered through the lounge and was gone. I waited, alert, a grim, sad curve to my lips. There was a soft tread in the dining room, the whisper of cloth against cloth, the quiet squeak of a floorboard. The morning room, at an oblique angle to the foyer and separated from the lobby by an arc, was not touched by a single light that glowed from the front door, and the soft footfalls turned to the morning room from the dining room, seeking the haven of darkness. When the steps were halfway across the room, I snapped on the light. It was soft, dispelling little of the night around it, but to the black-cloaked figure revealed on the edge of its luminescence, it glowed bright as the heart of a star. The first time I spoke to this apparition was on 27 January 1891. I opened the drawing-room door softly and went in, standing just by it. She came in past me and walked to the sofa and stood still there, so I went up to her an asked if I could help her. She moved, and I thought she was going to speak, but she only gave a slight gasp and moved towards the door. Jut by the door I spoke to her again, but she seemed as if she were quite unable to speak. She walked into the hall, then by the side door she seemed to disappear as before. #RandolphHarris 6 of 7

During the next few days, the only noises I heard were those of slight pushes against my bedroom door, accompanied by footsteps; and if I looked out on hearing these sounds, I invariably saw the figure. Her footstep was very light, you could hardly hear it, except on the wood floors, and then only like a person walking softly with thin boots on. One evening, I went into the drawing room where Diasy was sitting, about nine in the evening, and sat down on a couch close to the bow window. A few minutes later, as I sat reading, I saw the figure come in at the open door, cross the room and take up a position closed behind the couch where I was. I was astonished that no one else in the room saw her, as she was so very distinct to me. She stood behind the couch for about half an hour, and then as usual walked to the door. I went after her, on the excuse of getting a book, and saw her pass along the hall, until she came to the garden door, where she disappeared. I spoke to her as she passed the front of the stairs, but she did not answer, although as before she stopped and seemed as though about to speak. Furtiveness and secretiveness seemed universal in my hushed mansion, and I could not escape the sensation of being watched from ambush on every hand by sly staring eyes that never shut. I shivered as the cracked stroke of the thirteen o’clock sounded from the belfry. The uncertain hall now before me was known to me haunted, but I took the risk and walked down the south hall where traces of life reappeared. Furtive, shambling creatures stared cryptically in my direction, and more normal ghostly faces eyed me closely and curiously. And the shadows were so hideous and incredible. #RandolphHarris 7 of 7

The Winchester Mystery House

The doctrines of Victorian Times promulgated with the notions of purgatory and its purging fires. However, if there is no such place, then ghost could hardly claim it as their home. That is why there is a strong tendency, among orthodox church people, to dispense with ghost altogether or to treat them as manifestations of the devil alone. Yet they cannot be banished from the Earth. Ghosts are effective in detecting the murderer, in disposing their estates, in rebuking injurious executors, in visiting and counselling wives and children, in forewarning them of such and such courses, with other matters of like sort. The late seventeenth and early eighteen centuries were the periods in which pamphlet were issues revealing the latest ghostly manifestation; they were generally entitled “Strange and Extraordinary News From…” and their content was attested by numerous witnesses. For further information about tours, including group tours, weddings, school events, birthday party packages, facility rentals, and special events please visit the website: https://winchestermysteryhouse.com/

Please visit the online giftshop, and purchase a gift for friends and relatives as well as a special memento of The Winchester Mystery House. A variety of souvenirs and gifts are available to purchase.  https://shopwinchestermysteryhouse.com/

The Most Delicious Morsel of Our Self Love?

Colleges such a University of Southern California—Los Angeles, Cornell, Duke and Chapman are now offering courses on how to be a social media influencer as part of their business and communications department. A social media is someone who has a platform on the Internet and vast amounts of fans. Some of these influencers have hundreds of thousands to millions of fans. A lot of them are even more popular than well-known celebrities. When these influencers get popular enough and gain the attention of a brand, the brand will usually sponsor them to market their goods and/or services for a profit. The goal is for the brand to gain more popularity and increase their revenue. Some popular social media influencers are people like Taylor Swift, who by just advocating voting or mentioning that she is attending a football game, can get millions of fans to vote and attend football games. There are of course other social media influencers who may or may not be major celebrities, but became famous by marketing their talents on the Internet and/or other forms of media. A great example is Jillian Harris, who starred on Love it or List it, Too, which is a HGTV program, which comes on television and focuses on renovating and decorating homes. Now Jillian Harris uses her social media platform to help support charities and market items that her followers love. She has over 1 million fans on social media. Austin Harris Mahone, who sang Justin Bieber songs, is also a social media influence. He was discovered and currently an American singer. Micro-influencers with 10,000 to 50,000 fans may earn anywhere between $40,000 and $100,000 per year. However, Cristiano Ronaldo, with over 570 million fans on social media charges around $2.4 million for a social media post. People are now seeing becoming a social media influencer as the great equalizer that education once used to be. With the desire of so many to become famous, it leaves many wondering if fame really just the most delicious morsel of our self-love? #RandolphHarris 1 of 21

Fame has, after all, attached itself to the most uncommon men and women, as an ambition, and in turn to their most uncommon moments. These are moments of sudden illumination in which a human stretches out a commanding arm, as if creating a World, light shining forth and spreading out around one. One is then filled with the deeply gratifying certainty that what enraptured and exalted one into the farthest regions, the height of this one sensation, can never be denied to posterity; in the eternal necessity of this rare illumination for all those to come humans see the necessity of their fame. Far into the future, human kind need man, and just as that moment of illumination is the embodiment and epitome of his innermost essence, so, too, he believes himself, as the man of this moment, to be immortal, dismissing all others as dross, rot, vanity, brutishness, or pleonasm, leaving them to perish. We view all disappearance and demise with discontent, often with astonishment, as if we experienced in it something at bottom impossible. We are disturbed when a Victorian mansion is torn down, and a crumbling tower aggrieves us. Every New Year’s Eve, we feel the mystery of the contradiction of being and becoming. What offends moral man above all, though, is that an instant of supreme universal perfection should vanish without a trace, like the Mansion of the Gilded Age, leaving nothing to posterity. Humans’ imperative reads instead: whatever once served more beautifully to propagate the concept “man” must continue to exist forever. That all the great moments form a chain; that, like mountain peaks, they unite humankind across the millennia; that the greatest things from a bygone age are also great for me; and that the prescient faith of the lust for fame will be fulfilled—that is the idea at the very foundation of culture. #RandolphHarris 2 of 21

The terrible struggle of culture is ignited by the demand that what is great should be eternal; for everything else that continues to live cries out, No! The customary, the small, the common fills every nook and cranny of the World like an oppressive atmosphere we are all condemned to breathe, smoldering around what is great; hindering, choking, suffocating, deadening, smothering, dimming, deluding, it throws itself onto the road the great must travel on the way to immortality. The road goes through human brains! Through the brains of pitiful, short-lived creatures who, given over to their cramped needs, rise again and again to the same afflictions and, with great effort, manage to fend off ruin for a short time. They want to live, to live a bit—at any price. Who would discern among them that arduous torch race that only the great survive? And yet time and again some awaken who, seeing what is great, feel inspired, as if human life were a glorious thing, and as if the most beautiful fruit of this bitter plant were the assurance that someone once walked proudly and stoically through this existence, another with deep thoughts, a third with mercy, but all of them leaving behind a single lesson: that one who lives life most beautifully is one who does not hold it in great esteem. However, while the common man regards this bit of existence with such morbid seriousness, those on their journey to immortality knew how to respond to it with an Olympian laugh, or at least with sublime disdain; often they went to their graves with irony—for what did they have to bury? #RandolphHarris 3 of 21

The boldest knights among those addicted to glory, those who believe they will find their coat of arms hanging on a constellation, must be sought among the philosophers. They address their efforts not to a “public,” to the agitation of the masses and the cheering applause of their contemporaries; it is in their nature to travel the road alone. Their talent is the rarest, and in a certain respect, the most unnatural in nature, shutting itself off from and hostile even to kindred talents. The wall of their self-sufficiency must be hard as diamond not to be shattered and destroyed, for everything is on the move against them, humans and nature. Their journey to immortality is more arduous and impeded than any other, and yet no one can be as sure as the philosopher about reaching one’s goal, since one knows not where to stand, if not on the wings of all ages; for a disregard of the present and the momentary is of the nature of philosophical contemplation. One has the truth; let the wheel of time roll where it will, it can never escape the truth. It is important to realize that such humans did indeed once live. One could never imagine as a mere idle possibility the pride of the wise Heraclitus, who may serve as our example. For all striving for knowledge seems in itself unsatisfied and unsatisfying, which is why, without having learned it from history, one could hardly believe in such regal self-esteem, such boundless confidence in being the one lucky suitor of truth. Such humans live in their own solar system; that is where one must look for them. Even a Pythagoras, an Empedocles treated himself with a superhuman esteem, indeed with an almost religious awe, though the bond of compassion, together with grand faith in the transmigration of souls and the unity of all living things, led them back again to other humans, and to their salvation. #RandolphHarris 4 of 21

The World is not the way they tell you it is. Unconsciously we know this because we have al been immunized by growing up in the United States of America. The little girl watching television asks will she really get the part in the spring play if she uses Listerine, and her good mother says no, darling, that is just the commercial. It is not long before the moppets figure out that parents have commercials of their own—commercials to keep one quiet, commercials to get one to eat, and so on. However, parents—indeed all of us—are in turn being given a whole variety of commercials that do not seem to be commercials. Silver is in short supply, and the Treasury is running out and begins to fear a run. So the Treasury tells the New York Times that, what with one thing and another, there is enough silver for twenty years. Those who listened to the commercial sat quietly, expecting to get the part in the spring play, and the cynics went and ran all the silver out of the Treasury and the price went through the roof. Image and reality an identity and anxiety and money are all major concerns to us. If that does not scare you, nothing will. It is not really that serious and there is a message in here from Lord Keynes to that effect. You already know about image and reality, and you probably already know all about identity and anxiety, and everybody knows about money, so all we are doing is stirring them up together. Many are wondering, as Mr. Adam Smith did, the famous economist and moral philosopher, “To what purpose is all the toil and bustle of this World?” What is the end of avarice and ambition, of the pursuit of wealth, of power, and preheminence?” he asked in The Theory of Moral Sentiments. #RandolphHarris 5 of 21

We are taught—at least those of us who grew up without a great deal of it—that money is A Very Serious Business, that the stewardship of capital is holy, and that the handler of money must conduct oneself as a Prudent Human. It is all part of the Protestant ethic and the spirit of Capitalism and I suppose it all helped to make this country what it is. Penny saved, penny earned, waste not, want not, Summer Sale Save 10 Percent, and so on. The game of professional investment is intolerably boring and overexacting to anyone who is entirely exempt from the gambling instinct; whilst one who has it must pay to this propensity the appropriate told. Drs. John von Neumann and Oskar Morgenstern developed, some years ago, a Theory of Games and Economic Behavior. This game theory has had a tremendous impact on our national life; it influences how our defense decisions are made and how the marketing strategies of great corporations are worked out. What is the game theory? You could say it is an attempt to quantify and work through the actions of players in a game, to measure their options continuously. Or, to be more formal, game theory is a branch of mathematics that aims to analyze problems of conflict by abstracting common strategic features for study in theoretical models. By stressing strategic aspects, id est, those controlled by the participants, it goes beyond the classic theory of probability, in which the treatment of games is limited to pure chance. Drs. Von Neumann and Morgenstern worked through systems that incorporated conflicting interests, incomplete information, and the interplay of free rational decisions and choice. #RandolphHarris 6 of 21

They started with dual games, zero sum two-person games, id est, those in which one player wins what the other loses. At the other end you have something like the stock market, an infinite, n-person game. (N is one of the letters economists use when they do not know something.) The stock market is probably temporarily too complex even for the Game Theoreticians, but I suppose some day even it will become a serious candidate for quantification and equations. The market is both a game and a Game, id est, both sport, frolic, fun, and play, and a subject for continuously measurable options. If it is a game, then we can relieve ourselves of some of the heavy and possibly crippling emotions that individuals carry into investing, because in a game the winning of the stake is clearly defined. Anything else becomes irrelevant. Is this so startling? “Eighty percent of investors are not really out to make money,” says one leading Wall Streeter. Investors not out to make money? It seems almost like a contradiction in terms. What are they doing then? That can be a subject for a whole discussion, and will be, a bit later. Let us go back to the illumine, that the investment game is intolerably boring save to those with a gambling instinct, while those with the instinct must pay to it “the appropriate toll.” This really does say it all. Active investors do not pursue bonds (except convertibles) and preferreds (except convertibles). It is not that one cannot make money with these instruments, it is that they lack romance enough to be part of the game; they are boring. It is very hard to get excited over a bond basis book, where your index finger traces along a column until it gets to the proper degree of safety and yield. #RandolphHarris 7 of 21

Sometime illusions are more comfortable than reality, but there is no reason to be discomfited by facing the gambling instinct that saves the stock market from being a bore. Once it is acknowledged, rather than buried, we can “pay to this propensity the appropriate toll” and proceed with reality. There is really no more than recognizing an instinct. Dr. Thomas Schelling, a Harvard economist and the author of a number of works on miliary strategy, foes a lot further. Writing on “Economics and Criminal Enterprise,” Dr. Schelling says: “The greatest gambling enterprise in the United States has not been significantly touched by organized crime. That is the stock market…The reason is that the market works too well, Federal control over the stock market, designed mainly to keep it honest and informative…makes it a hard market to tamper with.” Sentences like the first one in that excerpt must make the public-relations people at the New York Stock Exchange wake up screaming. For years the New York Stock Exchange and the securities industry have campaigned to correct the idea that buying stocks was gambling, and while there may be some dark corners of this country that persist in a Populist suspicion of Wall Street, by and large they have succeeded. Dr. Schelling’s phrasing has to be counted as unfortunate, and in no sense is the stock market a great gambling enterprise like a lottery. However, it is an exercise in mass psychology, in trying to guess better than the crowd how the masses will behave. Sometimes the literature which was produced in order to dispel the pre-1929 suspicions can get in the way of seeing things the way they are. #RandolphHarris 8 of 21

If you are a player in the Game, or are thinking of becoming one, there is one irony of which you should be aware. The object of the game is to make money, hopefully a lot of it. All the players in the Game are getting rapidly more professional; the amount of sheer information poured out on what is going on has become almost too much to absorb. The true professionals in the Game—the professional portfolio managers—grow more skilled all the time. They are human and they make mistakes, but if you have your money managed by a truly alert mutual fund or even by one of the better banks, you will have a better job done for you than probably at any time in the past. However, if you have your money managed for you, then you are not really interested, or at least the Game element—with that propensity to be paid for—does not attract you. There are a lot of investors who came to the market to make money, and they told themselves that what they wanted was the money: security, a trip around the World, a new sloop, a country estate, an art collection, a Caribbean house for cold winters. And they succeeded. So they sat on the dock of the Caribbean home, chatting with their art dealers and gazing fondly at the new sloop, and after a while it was a bit flat. Something was missing. If you are a successful Game player, it can be a fascinating, consuming, totally absorbing experience, in fact it has to be. If it is not totally absorbing, you are not likely to be among the most successful, because you are competing with those who do find it so absorbing. The lads with the Caribbean houses and the new sloops did not, upon the discovery that something was missing, sell those trophies and acquire sackcloth and ashes. #RandolphHarris 9 of 21

The sloops and the houses and the art are still there, but the players have gone back to the Game, and they do not have a great deal of time for their toys. The Game is more fun. It probably does not make you a better person, and I am not sure it does any good for humanity; the best you can say is what Samuel Johnson said, that no man is so harmlessly occupied when he is making money. The irony is that this is a money game and money is the way we keep score. However, the real object of the Game is not money, it is the playing of the Game itself. For the true players, you could take all the trophies away and substitute plastic beads or whale’s teeth; as long as there is a way to keep score, they will play. There are cases of a predatory government just as they are in cases of firms and agencies of a benevolent government. Modeling of dynamics seems essential for a more satisfactory treatment of the distinction between roving and stationary bandits than the simple ad hoc procedures. Hierarchical agencies are important in practice because a government has to use middle-level administrators to implement its policies, and these can have their own objectives and information advantages. Thus a top-level government may be more or less benevolent while its middle-level agents are predatory, or both may be predatory and the middle-level agents may be trying to keep some of the extorted sums for themselves. Agricultural reforms in China in the late 1970s eventually won the approval of the top-level government, overcoming initial resistance by local bureaucrats. There are especially harmful consequences when a citizen needs permission from several officials of a predatory government to conduct one’s productive activities, and each of them demand a bribe. #RandolphHarris 10 of 21

If we continue in our present direction, the Soviet Union serves as a warning to Western industrialism of where we will arrive. In the West we have developed a managerial industrialism, with the concomitant “organization man”; Russia, having jumped over the intermediate stage in which we in the West still find ourselves, has carried this development to its logical end—under the names of Marxism and socialism. Nationalization (the abolition of private property in the means of production) is not an essential distinction between “socialism” and “capitalism.” It is merely a technical device for more efficient production and planning. The Soviet system is an efficient, completely centralized system, ruled by an industrial, political and military bureaucracy; it is the completed “managerial revolution,” rather than a socialist revolution. The Soviet system is not the opposite of the capitalist system, but rather the image into which capitalism will develop unless we return to the principles of the Western tradition of humanism and individualism. If concentrated ownership of property, bureaucratic management of the process of production, and manipulated consumption are essential elements of twenty-first century capitalism, the difference from Soviet communism seems to be one of degree rather than of quality. If capitalism, as Mr. Keynes said, can survive only with a considerable degree of socialization, it may be said with equal justification that Soviet communism has survived by incorporating a considerable amount of capitalism. In fact, the Soviet system and the Western system are both confronted with the same problems of industrialization and economic growth in a highly developed, centralized managerial society. They both use the methods of a managerial, bureaucratically ruled mass society characterized by an increasing degree of human alienation, adaptation to the group, and a prevalence of material over spiritual interests; they both produce the organization man who is ruled by the bureaucracies and the machines and yet believes himself to be following the lofty aim of humanistic ideals. #RandolphHarris 11 of 21

The similarities between the Soviet system and “capitalism” were strikingly demonstrated in the presentation of the class stratification and the educational goals of the Soviet Union, a comparison which shows that in many respects the Soviet system resembles the capitalist system of the nineteenth century while in some other it is more modern and “advanced” than that of the West. These similarities become even clearer if we consider one factors that, In Western opinion, is the cornerstone of capitalism: monetary incentives. What are the facts about incentives in Soviet Russia? As far as the workers in Russian are concerned the incentive is cash. The cash incentive operates in two ways. First, is the fact that wages are for the most part based on the piece-work principle. Wages “are fixed for the required output planned for the specific job. As the worker exceeds one’s quota, the incentive system sets up a rising scale to compensate one for increased production. For the labourer who raises one’s output from 1 to 10 percent, the commensurate increases in the piece rate is 100 percent.” If one consistently doubles one’s quota, one’s monthly pay will be almost double one’s regular wage. The second cash incentive for the worker is bonuses, which are paid out of the profit of the enterprise. “In many cases the bonus will make up the larger amount of a Russian worker’s annual wages.” As far as Soviet managers are concerned, the chief incentives is that of the bonus paid for the overfulfillment of targets. “The amount of income earned in the form of bonuses is substantial. The managerial personnel of the iron and steel industry earned bonuses averaging 51.4 percent of their basic income. In the food industry at the low end, the percentage was 21 percent. Since these are averages, many individual managers earned considerably more than this. Bonuses of this magnitude must be a potent incentive indeed.” #RandolphHarris 12 of 21

Also the status symbol and the expense account have become, according to Javits, an important incentive for the Soviet manager. Summing up, Berliner states that “private gain has for the last 25 years been the keystone of the management incentive system” and “we are safe in saying that for the next several decades at least, private gain will be the central economic incentive in both [the America and the Russian] systems.” For the peasants too, cash is one of the main economic incentives. There is one incentive that is paradoxical insofar as it shows a relaxation of state incentive on the one had by the Soviet, and a continued experimentation on the other hand by the United States of America. It refers to the highly publicized incentive to agriculture offered by the United States of America at its expense for the private gain of the farmer. In the Soviet Union…after having sold the required crop to the government, the members of the collectives are permitted to market the excess to the public on a supply-and-demand basis. This area of Soviet economy is about the only one in which a free marker can be found. In the period before the German Revolution of 1918, the authority of the monarchy was undisputed, and by leaning on it and identifying with it the member of the lower middle class acquired a feeling of security and narcissistic pride. Also, the authority of religion and traditional morality was still firmly rooted. The family was still unshaken and a safe refuge in a hostile World. The individual felt that one belonged to a stable social and cultural system in which one had one’s definite place. One’s submission and loyalty to existing authorities were a satisfactory solution of one’s masochistic strivings; yet one did not go to the extreme of self-surrender and one retained a sense of the importance of one’s own personality. #RandolphHarris 13 of 21

What one was lacking in security and aggressiveness as an individual, one was compensated for by the strength of the authorities to whom one submitted oneself. In brief one’s economic position was still solid enough to give one a feeling of self-pride and of relative security, and the authorities on whom one learned were strong enough to give one the additional security which one’s own individual position could not provide. The postwar period changed this situation considerably. In the first place, the economic decline of the old middle class went at a faster pace; this decline was accelerated by the inflation, culminating in 1923, which wiped out almost completely the savings of many years’ work. While the years between 1924 and 1928 brought economic improvement and new hopes to the lower middle class, squeezed in between the workers and the upper classes, was the most defenseless group and therefore the hardest hit. However, besides these economic factors there were psychological considerations that aggravated the situation. The defeat in the war and the downfall of the monarchy was one. While the monarchy and the state had been the solid rock on which, psychologically speaking, the petty bourgeois had built his existence, their failure and defeat shattered the basis of one’s own life. If the Kaiser could be publicly ridiculed, if officers could be attacked, if the state had to change its form and to accept “red agitators” as cabinet ministers and saddle-maker as president, what could the little human put one’s trust in? One had identified oneself in one’s subaltern manner with all these institutions; now, since they had gone, where was one to go? The inflation, too, played both an economic and a psychological role. It was a deadly blow against the principle of thrift as well as against the authority of the state. #RandolphHarris 14 of 21

If the savings of many years, for which one had sacrificed so many little pleasures, could be lost through no fault of one’s own, what was the point in saving anyway? If the state could break its promises printed on its bank noted and loans, whose promises could one trust any longer? It was not only the economic position of the lower middle class that declined more rapidly after the war, but its social prestige as well. Before the war one could feel oneself as something better than a worker. After the revolution the social prestige of the working class rose considerably and in consequence the prestige of the lower middle class fell in relative terms. There was nobody to look down upon any more, a privilege that had always been one of the strongest assets in the life of small shopkeepers and their like. In addition to these factors the last stronghold of middle-class security had been shattered too: the family. The postwar development, in Germany perhaps more than in other countries, had shaken the authority of the father and the old middle-class morality. The younger generation acted as they pleased and cared no longer whether their actions were approved by their parents or not. The decline of the old social symbols of authority like monarchy and state affected the role of the individual authorities, the parents. If these authorities, which the younger generation has been taught by the parents to respect, proved to be weak, then the parents lost prestige and authority too. Another factor was that, under the changed conditions, especially the inflation, the older generation was bewildered and puzzled and much less adapted to the new conditions than the smarter, younger generation. Thus the younger generation felt superior to their elders and could not take them, and their teachings, quite seriously any more. #RandolphHarris 15 of 21

Furthermore, the economic decline of the middle class deprived the parents of their economic roles as backers of the economic future of their children. The older generation of the lower middle class grew more bitter and resentful, but in a passive way; the younger generation was driving for action. Children, after being limbs of Satan in traditional theology and mystically illuminated angels in the minds of educational reformers, have reverted to being little devils—not theological demons inspired by the Evil One, but scientific Freudian abominations inspired by the Unconscious. They are, it must be said, far more wicked than they were in the diatribes of the monks; they displayed, an ingenuity and persistence in sinful imaginings to which in the past there was nothing comparable except St. Anthony. Is all this the objective truth at least? Or is it merely an adult imaginative compensation for being no longer allowed to wallop the little pests? Germany’s economic position was aggravated by the fact that the basis for an independent economic existence, such as their parents had had, was lost; the professional market was saturated, and the chances of making a living as a physician or lawyer were slight. Those who had fought in the war felt that they had a claim for a better deal than they were actually getting. Especially the many young officers, who for years had been accustomed to command and exercise power quite naturally, could not reconcile themselves to becoming clerks or traveling salesmen. The increasing social frustration led to a projection which became an important source for National Socialism: instead of being aware of the economic and social fate of the old middle class, its members consciously thought of their fate in term of the nation. The nation defeat and the Treaty of Versailles became the symbols to which the actual frustration—the social one—was shifted. #RandolphHarris 16 of 21

Instead of denying or seeking to minimize the effects of social investigation on the behaviour of the people investigated, it is probable that social science has much to gain by making them the focus of greater attention. For if the reflexive consequences of social inquiry can be isolated and studied, it is possible that the precise condition under which they occur can be predicted, and ultimately utilized. This outcome is far form certain; it may be that with every cycle of self-examination new conditions are generated, so that prediction is always one move behind self-knowledge, and the concrete outcomes will always remain indeterminate. Abstractly, on the other hand, each increment of self-knowledge is likely to produce at least an enhanced sense of self-determination. If in all social research, furthermore, the subjects were systematically made party to the research, as well as to the findings—as the subjects’ curiosity and co-operation have always seemed in fairness to warrant—the result promises new techniques of self-expression and social planning. Suppose that a survey of all parents in a certain community reveals that 75 percent of those parents beat their children for defying commands and 25 percent do not. The mere interviewing of parents to find this out may have caused large numbers of them to reflect upon beating as a debatable practice, and to discuss it with other. Suppose that the figure found are then published for the information of the whole community. Some parent who beat their children may be encouraged by realizing how many other do likewise; other may be influenced by the fat that many parents et along without beating. #RandolphHarris 17 of 21

Some parents who do not go in for beating may be encouraged to learn that there are many others who do not; others may be discouraged to realize they are in a minority. However, since many parents do not fall neatly into one category or the other, and may resort to beating only under extreme circumstances, it is likely that the interviewing process will force them to clarify their conception of themselves as beaters or nonbeaters. Also, when the results are published, knowledge of how many endorse or condemn each practice is likely to send further waverers in one direction or the other. Human beings quickly lose patience with being studied—unless they are studying themselves. As people become more aware of what is taking place in their community, discussion will occur and opinion form. Instead of the findings remaining mere factual records objectively gathered by disinterested observers, they become indices of progress and achievement; the community commences to measure itself against itself, to accentuate a direction of change guided by a preferred self-characterization; goals of the “Let’s do better next year!” type are informally or formally set up for each period. The adoption of these goals releases the energy for their achievements; new values and motives are created. Human beings change their behaviour as a consequence of studying it. Planning becomes not a procedure for reducing freedom but for increasing the scope of self-determination. Social science becomes not a technique for manipulation but a means for everyone to explore new possibilities of self-development. Family life becomes a lifelong series of experiments in personality reorganization conducted by the persons involved, and family agencies become their sources of leadership. #RandolphHarris 18 of 21

If the goal of family research and family agencies is to be the development of competent personalities, then this implies a good deal more than the acquisition and application of matter-of-fact knowledge. It requires above all the will to carry out these theoretical and practical programs. Not the least of the threats confronting western communities is a dangerous paralysis of the general will. There is compelling evidence in the volume of sales of religious books and self-help books for the existence of an almost universal desire for greater competence. As humans achieve a competence with respect to the social World comparable to their mastery over the material World, some old values may make way for new, but other are realized in higher degree. As some means become an ends in themselves, so some formers ends are reduced to the function of means. Perhaps the substitution of the pursuit of competence for the pursuit of wealth will be such instance. In the contemporary world, a parent is far better advised to endow one’s child with competence in the new sense than to leave one with “a competence” in the old sense. Democracies do not know what kind of citizen the want to create. It is likely, however, that a later generation will look back and observe that we were not trying to create a fixed type of person, as other ages and place have done. Instead, we were groping toward the creation of a person who, not conforming to a predetermine image, is unprecedently capable of determining oneself. The members of a family change and develop, and it is other family members who are the principal determinants of such development. If this is assumed to be true, then the reflexivity quotient of any participant experiment is maximized, the more the behaviour of the subjects resembles that of the members of the family. #RandolphHarris 19 of 21

The more each means to the others, and they do one, the greater the consequence of their interactions. Conversely, the influence of others upon the self sharply declines as they move outside one’s constellation of significant others. Family patterns are normally transferred to interpersonal relations in other institutions. It is the possibility of progressively reconstituting the family through experimentally establishing its preferred relations in the quasi-families which offers hope of raising the quality of family life and of making accessible to experimental research a subject previously almost inviolate to observation. It is clear that incompetence in marriage and parenthood are very common, and its consequences are difficult for millions to bear. The usual references to rates of divorce only crudely suggests how far families fall short of hopes they inspire when formed, since even families that last often fail to achieve the optimal development of their members, so much so that many writers incline to assume that marital and parental misfeasance are the normal human condition. A basic finding is that changes in certain components of competence can be produced through series of meetings of quasi-family groups of young adults, who role-play and discuss problematic family life situations. By over performance a member learns to exhibit greater competence within the sheltered forum of a small group of comparable others, before whom one is willing to expose oneself in challenging tasks of learning. They carry-over to actual life—in one’s real family and interpersonal relations—is a problem not only of competence but of identity-change. It can be accomplished by a process of identification and progressive involvement in one’s practice group from week to week. How stable such gains are is yet to be determine, but as other investigators have frequently found, the only permanent change is structural change. #RandolphHarris 20 of 21

Thus it is assumed that only as increments in competence are stabilized through changed conceptions of identity, and fortified through the actual growth of friendship, commitment, and obligation to other members of the practice group, is there reasonable chance of achieving the substantial results envisaged. And if the family as the cellular component of society can be reconstituted through participant experimentation—if the gap from quasi-family to real life situations can be steadily bridged through wider development of interpersonal competence in the next generation—then the family itself will gain in value and public honour. Because of the domination of the physical pat of the human, and the emphasis placed upon the supernatural experiences in the body, the body is made to do the work of the spirit and is forced into a prominence which hides the true spirit life. It feels the pressure, feels the conflict, and thus becomes the locus of the sense instead of it being the spirit. These believers do not perceive where they feel. If they are question as to where they “feel,” they cannot answer. They should learn to discriminate, and know how to discern the feelings of the spirit, which are neither emotional (soulish) nor physical. The spirit may be likened to an electric light. If the humans’ spirit is in contact with the Spirit of God, it is full of light; apart from Him it is in darkness. Indwelt by Him, “the spirit of the human is a lamp of the Lord,” reports Proverbs 20.27. The possibilities and potentialities of the human spirit are only known when the spirit is joined to Christ and, united to Him, is made strong to stand against the powers of darkness. The Lord will break the bow and the sword and the battle out of the land; He will make the people lie down in safety. Violence shall no more be heard in your land, neither desolation nor destruction within your borders. I pledge allegiance to the Flag of the United States of America, and to the Republic, for which it stands, One Nation, Under God, Indivisible with Liberty and Justice for All. The Sacramento Fire Department has been serving the community since 1851, they are not receiving all their resources, please make donations to them. #RandolphHarris 21 of 21

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Strange Stories of Haunting

In the late 19th century, the Santa Clara Valley presented sweeping vistas of rural open space. It was a serene setting for me to begin my building project, which I did with steadfast determination. I purchased an eighteen-room farm house, immediately hired carpenters to work in shifts around the clock, and within a few short years my farmhouse grew into a nine-story mansion! The estate eventually grew to 734 acres of farmland, which included orchards of apricots, plums, and walnut trees to supplement my income. I was at first happy in my residence, but soon became alarmed by the frequent opening and shutting of doors during the day and night. The house also seemed to echo a cry when it was sad or injured. However, usually by the next day, damages to the house would remarkable be repaired. I feared that there were “irregularities” on part of the servants, but having made the strictest enquiries I was disabused of that notion. Fearing that a stranger had obtained the keys of those house, I arranged for the key to the massive front door that was made of solid gold and the keys for the other 2,000 doors to be changed. However, the noise of closing, or slamming, door continued as before. There were other unusual events. I saw quite clearly for a moment a vision of a wide, dark expanse at night, with a fresh wind blowing, and in the midst lonely figure—how employed, I could not tell. Perhaps I would have seen more had not the picture been broken by the sudden surge of a gust of wind against my casement, so sudden that it made me look up, just in time to see the white glint of a seabird’s wing somewhere outside the dark panes. #RandolphHarris 1 of 6

“But what is this? Goodness! what force the wind can get up in a few minutes! What a tremendous gust! There! I knew that window-fastening was no use! Ah! I thought so—both candles out. It was enough to tear the room to pieces.” The first thing was to get that window shut. I was struggling with the small casement, and felt almost as if I were pushing back a sturdy burglar, so strong was the pressure. It slacked all at once, and the window banged to and latched itself. Now to relight the candles and see what damage, if any, had been done. No, nothing seemed amiss; no glass even was broken in the casement. The wind went on moaning and rushing past the house, at times rising to a cry so desolate that it might have made fanciful people feel quite uncomfortable; even the unimaginative, I thought after a quarter of an hour, might be happier without it. The light was obscure, conveying an impression of gathering storm, late winter evening, and slight cold rain. On this bleak stage at first no actor was visible. Then, in the distance, two guests reported seeing a bobbing black object appear; a moment more, and it was a man running and jumping, clambering over the floor, and every few seconds looking eagerly back. The nearer he came the more obvious it was that he was not only anxious, but even terribly frightened, though his face was not to be distinguished. He was, moreover, almost at the end of his strength. On he came; each successive obstacle seemed to cause him more difficulty than the last. “Will he get over this next one?” said one of the guests; “it seems a little higher than the others.” #RandolphHarris 2 of 6

Yes; half climbing, half throwing himself, he did get over, and fell all in a heap on the other side (the side nearest to the spectators). There, as if really unable to get up again, he remained crouching under the t, table looking up in an attitude of painful anxiety. So far no cause whatever for the fear of the runner had been shown; but now there began to be see, in the hall, a little flicker of something light-coloured moving to and fro with great swiftness and irregularity. Rapidly growing larger, it, too, declared itself as a figure in a “snuff-coloured” coat; the figure had been glimpsed both inside and outside the house. In addition, the servants, assembled in the kitchen for a mean, observed a woman in a dark dress of silk rushing past them and going out into the yard. A handyman, coming through the door at the same time, had seen nothing. However, there was something about her motion which made the servants unwilling to see her close quarters. She would stop, raise arms, bow herself toward the floor, the float across the room and back again; and then, rising toward the ceiling, once more continue her course forward at a speed that was startling and terrifying. The moment came when the woman was hovering about from left to right only a few yards beyond the floor where the runner lay hiding. After two or three ineffectual castings hither and thither she came to a stop, stood on the floor, with arms raised high, and then started straight towards the ceiling. As the candles blew out, the servants went to relight them. #RandolphHarris 3 of 6

The scrapping of match on the box and the glare of light must have startled something of the night. The guests and servants her claws scurry across the floor from with much rustling. When I tried to question them, they had a kind of obscure suspiciousness, as if there were something amiss with anyone too much interested in the specters. However, they hinted to me an undercurrent of persistent strangeness. Something about them seemed so odd and provocative that I could not put them out of my mind, and despite the relative lateness of the hour, I resolved to gather a brief explanation of the night’s disturbances. The descriptions of the events all hinted of remote secrets and unimaginable abysses in Llanada Villa. I, then, knew that the rumours of devil-worship where partly justified by a peculiar secret cult which had gained force here and engulfed the servants and several of the orthodox churches. Waldemar Eberling, the cook, was numb, unable to walk or even talk. Everything that happened around him was impossible, the stuff of nightmares. The guests and other servants looked like Musselmanner, the walking dead. For days, they shuffled around, already dead in spirit, until they starved themselves to death. I lived with the pain. I imagined that a tiny fire was burning in my abdomen, slowly consuming me. I stared at the paining of a wheat field. Although the sky looked ominously dark, the wheat was brightly rendered in great broad strokes. A path cut through the fields and crows flew overheard. “I like Van Gogh,” I thought to myself, as I tried to detect a rhythm in the surges of abdominal pain. #RandolphHarris 4 of 6

I liked the painting because it was so bright that it was almost frightening. And the road going through the field did not go anywhere. It ends in the field. And the crows are flying around like vultures. This painting, Wheatfields with Blackbirds was metaphorical. It held a special meaning for me. It is thirteen o’ clock and the mansion is death quiet. The sharp shadows seem to the hardest objects in the room. The gasoliers burn steadily in the hall outside. I looked out into the hallway, but I could only see the far green wall. Across the hall, someone begins to scream, and there is a shuffle of servants. The screaming turns into begging and whining. The parlormaid finally comes into the drawing room, says, “Mrs. Winchester, would you like a cup of tea?” “Why does the man across the hall scream so?” I ask, but the parlormaid is already edging out of the room. “It’s just the wind, Mrs. Winchester.” The incessant whining disgusted me. However, the screams of the “wind” recede as I hurtle through the dark corridors of my labyrinth. The huge mansion is cold and dark. Suddenly, I see two entrances before me. As the World melts behind me, I step into the coal-black doorway. In the darkness I hear an alarm, a bone-jarring clangour. A shadow crossed the moon. I reflected upon how so many people said my home was “interesting.” Shaking my head. I recalled how interesting is often another word for dangerous. There is an old Chinese curse to that effect. I stopped walking when I felt something nudge at my shoulder. I glared, but there was nothing there. “You do not know what it is like,” I said to myself darkly. #RandolphHarris 5 of 6

While laying in the Crystal Bedroom, I plainly heard the footsteps of a man, with plodding step, walking towards the foot of my bed. I sprang out of the bed, thoroughly alarmed by the sound, and took refuge in the Daisy Bedroom; I returned to the Crystal Bedroom with a chambermaid, and a light, but nothing could be seen. The sound of plodding footsteps was subsequently heard in my room on more than one occasion; my maid’s room was similarly affected. Another abnormal sound also seemed to emanate from within the house. A hollow murmuring that seemed to possess the whole house; it was independent of wind, being equally heard on the calmest night. On a subsequent nigh I heard the front door being slammed with such a force that the walls of my bedroom—above the hall—shook perceptibly. On investigation, the front door was locked and bolted as usual. The unusual episodes increased in strength and frequency. The sounds began before I went to bed, and with intermissions were heard till after broad day in the morning. The noise now included that of human voices. A shrill female voice would begin, and then two others with deeper and manlike tones seemed to join in the discourse. I was laying on the bed one night, when I heard the most loud, deep, tremendous noise, which seemed to rush and fall with infinite velocity on the lobby floor. This was followed by a shrill and dreadful shriek and repeated three or four times. Still, I harboured doubts about any supernatural agency. For several nights the servants stayed up nights with their revolvers. They stationed themselves in different rooms, and waited. The noises, of shrieks and footsteps, began as before. Both men rushed out of their rooms, pistols at the ready, but nothing was visible. #RandolphHarris 6 of 6

The Winchester Mystery House

Llanada Villa is a haunted mansion which is over 140 years old. Ghost here may be seen as a bridge of light between the past and the present, or between the living and the dead. They represent continuity, albeit of a spectral kind. These ghosts are uncanny. They move through walls, and cannot be touched by sword or spear. These ghosts in Llanada Villa are deemed to be the souls immured in purgatory, pleading for prayers to absolve them from punishment, or to protect the mansion. Some of these ghosts are the spirit of saints sent from God with news of a paradise. They can, in certain circumstances, be the machinations of the Devil. Devils many times appeare to humans and affright them out of their wits sometimes walking at noon day, sometimes at nights, counterfeiting dead men’s ghost. In any event, whatever their origin, they are part of the machinery of theology and of the supernatural; they are emanations from the eternal World of bliss and pain beyond the grave. They are an integral part of the communion of the living and the dead that The Winchester Mystery House represents.

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The New World Under Construction

Nazism is an economic and political issue, but the hold it has over a whole people has to be understood on psychological grounds. The psychological aspect of Nazism, its human basis suggests two problems: the character structure of those people to whom it appealed, and the psychological characteristics of the ideology that made it such an effective instrument with regard to those people. In considering the psychological basis for the success of Nazism this differentiation has to be made at the outset: one part of the population bowed to the Nazi regime without any strong resistance, but also without becoming admirers of the Nazi ideology and political practice. Another part was deeply attracted to the new ideology and fanatically attached to the new ideology and fanatically attached to those who proclaimed it. The first group consisted mainly of the working class and the liberal and Catholic bourgeoisie. In spite of an excellent organization, especially among the working class, these groups, although continuously hostile to Nazism from its beginning up to 1933, did not show the inner resistance one might have expected as the outcome of their political convictions. Their will to resist collapsed quickly and since then they have caused little difficulty for the regime (excepting, of course, the small minority which has fought heroically against Nazism during all these years). Being a member of the SS in a society like Nazi Germany was a matter of considerable significance. In the Soviet Union, another revolutionary society, people who rose into the elite were called “new people.” They were people of the future, liberated from old norms, and distinct from the nobility of the old regime, who had attained their rank and privileges through birth or wealth. #RandolphHarris 1 of 20

The SS were the new people of Nazi Germany. However, their distinction was based less on class (as in the USSR) than on the perception that they had especially good blood. This was their entrée into the elite of the new World under construction. Early in the war, Otto Meckelburg serves as an adjutant in the Death’s Head regiment, which oversaw the administration of Germany’s concentration camps. No “task was ever too much” for Mr. Mechelburg, his boss wrote in 1940; he was always “fresh and eager to work.” Mr. Meckelburg participated in the Germans’ early campaigns in Poland and the west, and later at the Eastern Front and in Yugoslavia. He was decorated a number of times during the war and moved up the ranks. In September 1942, he was made company commander in the notorious Prince Eugen Division, whose counterinsurgency operations involved numerous war crimes, many against civilians. Whatever the precise nature of his wartime deeds, Mr. Meckelburg would be repeatedly lauded by his superiors for “particularly successful leadership” and promoted. The officer urging his promotion to Sturmbannfuhrer in 1943 described him as “open, direct, and straight-as-an-arrow,” with an “impeccably SS attitude.” He had, another assessor observed in 1944, an “instinct for the possibilities of a given situation.” Psychologically, this readiness to submit to the Nazi regime seems to be due mainly to a state of inner tiredness and resignation, which, is characteristic of the individual in the present era even in democratic countries. In Germany one additional condition was present as far as the working class was concerned: the defeat it suffered after the first victories in the revolution of 1918. #RandolphHarris 2 of 20

The working class had entered the postwar period with strong hopes for the realization of socialism or last least for a definite rise in its political, economic, and social position; but, whatever the reasons, it had witnessed an unbroken succession of defeats, which brought about the complete disappointments of all its hopes. By the beginning of 1930 the fruits of its initial victories were almost completely destroyed and the result was a deep feeling of resignation, of disbelief in their leaders, of doubt about the value of any kind of political organization and political activity. They still remained members of their respective parties and, consciously, continued to believe in their political doctrines; but deep within themselves many had given up any hope in the effectiveness of political actions. An additional incentive for the loyalty of the majority of the population to the Nazi government because effect after Mr. Hitler came into power. For millions of people Mr. Hitler’s government then became identical with “Germany.” Once he held the power of the government, fighting him implied shutting oneself out of the community of Germans; when other political parties were abolished and the Nazi party “was” Germany, opposition to it meant opposition to Germany. It seems that nothing is more difficult for the average man to bear than the feeling of not being identified with a larger group. However much a German citizen may be opposed to the principles of Nazim, if he has to choose between being alone and feeling that he belongs to Germany, most persons will choose the latter. It can be observed in many instances that persons who are not Nazis nevertheless defend Nazism against criticism of foreigners because they feel that an attack on Nazis is an attack on Germany. #RandolphHarris 3 of 20

The fear of isolation and the relative weakness of moral principles help any party to win the loyalty of a large sector of the population once that part has captured the power of the state. This consideration results in an axiom which is important for the problems of political propaganda: any attack on Germany as such, any defamatory propaganda concerning “the Germans” (such as the “Hun” symbol of the last war), only increases the loyalty to those who are not wholly identified with the Nazi system. This problem, however, cannot be solved basically by skillful propaganda but only by the victory in all countries of one fundamental truth: that ethical principles stand above the existence of the nation and that by adhering to these principles an individual belongs to the community of all those who share, who have shared, and who will share this belief. In contrast to the negative or resigned attitude of the working class and of the liberal and Catholic bourgeoisie, the Nazi ideology was ardently greeted by the lower strata of the middle class, composed of small shopkeepers, artisans, and white-collar workers. In fact, 90 percents of doctors were connected to the Nazi Party. Members of the older generation among this class formed the more passive mass basis; their sons and daughters were the more active fighters. For them the Nazi ideology—its spirit of blind obedience to a leader and of hatred against racial and political minorities, its craving for conquest and domination, its exaltation of the German people and the “Nordic Race”—had a tremendous emotional appeal, and it was this appeal which won them over and made them into ardent believers in and fighters for the Nazi cause. #RandolphHarris 4 of 20

The answer to the question why the Nazi ideology was so appealing to the lower middle class has to be sought for in the social character of the lower middle class. Their social character was markedly different from that of the working class, of the higher strata of the middle class, and of the nobility and the upper classes. As a matter of fact, certain features were characteristic for this part of the middle class throughout its history: their love of the strong, hatred of the weak, their pettiness, hostility, thriftiness with feelings as well as with money, and essentially their asceticism. Their outlook on life was narrow, they suspected and hated the stranger, and they were curious and envious of their acquaintances, rationalizing their envy as moral indignation; their whole life was based on the principle of scarcity—economically as well as psychologically. To say that the social character of the lower middle class differed from that of the working class does not imply that this character structure was not present in the working class also. However, it was typical for the lower middle class, while only a minority of the working class exhibited the same character structure in a similarly clear-cut fashion; the one or the other trait, however, in a less intense form, like enhanced respect of authority or thrift, was to be found in most members of the working class too. On the other hand it seems that a great part of the white-collar workers—probably the majority—more closely resembled the character structure of the manual workers (especially those in big factories) than that of the “old middle class,” which did not participate in the rise of monopolistic capitalism but was essentially threatened by it. #RandolphHarris 5 of 20

Although it is true that the social character of the lower middle class had been the same long before the war of 1914, it is also true that the events after the war intensified the very traits to which the Nazi ideology had its strong appeal: its craving for submission and its lust for power. There were, after all, times of spiritual malaise, of mistrust and heightened suspicion. In an atmosphere of determined, willful refusal to acknowledge basic facts, who could be blamed for imagining that evil was lurking about. It is precisely because reason is universal and transcends all nation borders, that the philosopher who follows reason is a citizen of the World; humans are their objects—not this or that person, or this or that nation. The World is one’s country, not the place where one was born. Humans fear thought more than they fear anything else on Earth—more than ruin, more even than death. Thought is subversive and revolutionary, destructive and terrible; thought is merciless to privilege, established institutions, and comfortable habits; thought is anarchic and lawless, indifferent to authority, careless of the well-tried wisdom of the ages. Thought looks into the pit of hell and is not afraid. It sees a human being, a feeble speck, surrounded by unfathomable depths of silence; yet bears itself proudly, as unmoved as if it were lord of the Universe. Thought is great and swift and free, the light of the World, and the chief glory of humans. However, if thought is to become the possession of many, not the privilege of few, we must have done with fear. It is fear that holds humans back—fear lest their cherished beliefs should prove delusions, fear lest the institutions by which they live should prove harmful, fear least they themselves should prove less worthy of respect than they have supposed themselves to be. #RandolphHarris 6 of 20

“Should the working human think freely about property? Then what will become of us, the rich? Should young men and women think freely about sex? Then what will become of morality? Should soldiers think freely about war? Then what will become of military discipline? Away with thought! Back into the shades of prejudice, lest property, morals, and war should be endangered! Better men should be stupid, slothful, and oppressive than that their thoughts should be free. For if their thoughts were free, they might not think as we do. And at all costs this disaster must be averted.” So the opponents of thought argue in the unconscious depths of their souls. And so they act in their churches, their schools, and their universities. For some philosophers, the capacity to disobey is rooted, not in some abstract principle, but in the most real experience there is—in the love of life. This love of life shines through their writings as well as through the persons. It is a rare quality today, and especially rare in the very countries where humans live in the midst of plenty. Many confuse thrill with joy, excitement with interest, consuming with being. The necrophilous slogan “Long live death,” while consciously used only by the fascists, fills the heats of many people living in the lands of plenty, although they are not aware of it in themselves. It seems that in this fact lies of one the reasons in which explain why the majority of people are resigned to accept nuclear war and the ensuing destruction of civilization and to take so few steps to prevent this catastrophe. #RandolphHarris 7 of 20

Some philosophers, on the contrary, fight against the threatening slaughter, not because they are pacifist or because some abstract principle is involved, but precisely because they are humans who love live. For the very same reason many have no use for those voices which love to harp on the evilness of humanity, in fact thus saying more about themselves and their only gloomy moods than about humans. While these steadfast individuals may not be sentimental romantics, they tend to be hard-headed, critical, caustic realist; they are aware of the depth of evil and stupidity to be found in the heart of humans, but they do not confuse this fact with an alleged innate corruption which serves to rationalize the outlook of those who are too gloomy to believe in man’s gift to create a World in those which they can feel themselves to be at home. Except for those rare spirits that are born without sin, there is a cavern of darkness to be traversed before that temple can be entered. The gate of the cavern is despair, and its floor is paved with the gravestones of abandoned hopes. The Self must die; there the eagerness, the greed of untamed desire must be slain, for only so can the soul be freed from the empire of Fate. However, out of the cavern the Gate of Renunciation leads again to the daylight of wisdom, by whose radiance a new insight, a new joy, a new tenderness, shine forth to gladden the pilgrim’s heart. However, those who feel that life on this planet would be a life in prison if it were not for the windows onto a greater World beyond; for those to whom a belief in human’s omnipotence seems arrogant, who desire rather the Stoic freedom that comes of mastery over the passions than the Napoleonic domination that sees the kingdoms of this World at its feet—in a word, to humans who do not find Man an adequate object of their worship, the pragmatist’s World will seem narrow and petty, robbing life of all that gives it value, and making Man himself smaller by depriving the Universe which he contemplates of all its splendour. #RandolphHarris 8 of 20

With the increasing development of capitalism, not only economically but psychologically, the spiritual, humanistic aims of socialism were replaced by those of the victorious capitalist system—the aims of maximal economic efficiency, maximal production and consumption. This misinterpretation of socialism as a purely economic movement, along with an acceptance of the nationalization of the means of production as an aim in itself, occurred both in the right and left wings of the socialist movement. The primary aim of the reformist leaders of the socialist movement in Europe was the elevation of the economic status of the worker within the capitalist system. Their most radical measure in this effort was the nationalization of certain big industries. Only recently has it been realized that the nationalization of an enterprise is in itself not the realization of socialism, and that to be managed by a publicly appointed bureaucracy. The leaders of the Soviet Union evaluated socialism also by the standards of capitalism and their principal claim for the Soviet system is that “socialism” can produce more effectively and abundantly than “capitalism.” Both wings of socialism forget that Mr. Marx aimed at a humanly different society, not only at a more prosperous one. His concept of socialism, despite changes in the development of his own thinking, was principally that of an unalienated society in which every citizen would be an active and responsible member of the community, participating in the control of all social and economic arrangements and not, as the Soviet practice, a “number,” fed with ideologies and controlled by a small bureaucratic minority. #RandolphHarris 9 of 20

For Mr. Marx, socialism was the control of society from below, by its members; not from above, by a bureaucracy. The Soviet Union may be called state capitalism, or anything else; one claim this managerial, bureaucratic system can not make is that of being “socialism” in Marx’s sense. No better answer can be given to this claim than Mr. Schumpeter’s statement that there is “between the true meaning of Marx’s message and Bolshevist practice and ideology at least as great a gulf as there was between the religion of humble Gallileans and the practice and ideology of the princes of the Church or the warlords of the Middle Ages.” While the Soviet system has borrowed the concept of the nationalization of the means of production and of over-all planning from Marxist socialism, it nonetheless shares many features with contemporary capitalism. The development of twentieth-century capitalism has led to an ever-growing centralization in industrial production. The big corporations are becoming increasingly the center of production in the steel, automobile, and chemical industries, in oil, food, banking, movies, and television. Only in certain branches of production, like the clothing industry, do we still find the nineteenth-century picture of a great number of small and highly competitive enterprises. Today’s big enterprises are directed by vast and hierarchically structured bureaucracies, which administer the enterprise according to the principles of profit maximization, yet are relatively independent of the millions of stockholders who are the legal owners. The same centralization has taken place in government, in the armed forces, and even in scientific research. #RandolphHarris 10 of 20

While “private enterprises” decries ideologically all socialist tendencies, it is eager to accept large direct and indirect grants by the state. The same development has led to important changes with regard to free competition and free market. The free market and free competition in the nineteenth-century sense are phenomena of the past. Even though the Western system retain some measure of competition, overt and hidden price agreements between the big corporations, state grants, et cetera, have (in spite of anti-monopoly laws in the United States of America) greatly restricted competition and the function of the free market. Assuming, for a moment, that the tendency toward centralization develops further, and that there will eventually be only one big corporation producing, respectively, automobiles, steel, films, et cetera, the picture of “capitalist” economy would not be so drastically different from the Russian socialist economy. There is of course an increasing element in state planning in Western capitalism, not only through massive state intervention, but also in the sense that the Atomic Energy Commission is the largest industrial enterprise in the United States of America, and that the armament industry, although in private hands, produces a great mass of weapons according to plans made by the state. This, however, does not imply that there is over-all planning in the United States of America beyond arms production, or even a plan for the transition from an armament to a peace economy. The mode of production in contemporary capitalism is that of large conglomerations of workers and clerks who work under the orders of the managerial bureaucracies. They are part of a vast production machine which, in order to run at all, must run smoothly, without friction, without interruption. #RandolphHarris 11 of 20

The individual worker or clerk becomes a cog in this machine; one’s functions and activities are determined by the whole structure of the organization in which one works. In the large enterprises, legal ownership of the means of production has become separated from its management, and has lost importance. The managers do not have the qualities of the old owners—individual initiative, daring, risk-taking—but the qualities of the bureaucrat—lack of individuality and imagination, impersonality, caution. They administer things and persons, and relate to persons as to things. The giant corporations, which control the economic—and to a large degree the political—destiny of the country, constitute the very opposite of the democratic process; they represent power without control by those whom they rule. Aside from the industrial bureaucracy, the bast majority of the population is administered by still other bureaucracies. First, there is the governmental bureaucracy, (including that of the armed forces) which influences and direct the lives of many millions in one form or another. More and more, the industrial, military and governmental bureaucracies are becoming intertwined, both in their activities and, increasingly, in their personnel. With the development of ever greater enterprises, unions also have developed into big bureaucratic machines in which the individual member has very little to say. Many union chiefs are managerial bureaucrats, just as the industrial chiefs are. All these bureaucracies have little authentic vision; and, due to the very nature of bureaucratic administration, this has to be so. They function rather like electronic computers, into which all the data have been fed and which—according to certain principles—make the “decisions.” #RandolphHarris 12 of 20

When humans are transformed into things and managed like things, their managers themselves become things; and things have no will, no vision, no plan. With the bureaucratic management of people, the democratic process becomes transformed into a ritual. Whether it is a stockholders meeting, or a political election, or a union meeting, the individual has lost almost all power to participate actively in the making of decision. Especially in the political sphere, elections become more and more reduced to plebiscites in which the voter can express preference for one of two slates of professional politicians. The best that can be said for that is that he is governed with his consent. However, the means used to bring about this consent are those of suggestion and manipulation and, with all that, the most fundamental decisions—those of foreign policy which involve peace and war—are made by small groups, which the average citizen hardly even knows of. Not only is the individual managed and manipulated in the sphere of production, but also in the sphere of consumption, which allegedly is the one in which one can express one’s free choice. Whether it is the consumption of food, clothing, liquor, cigarettes, or of films and television programs, a powerful suggestion apparatus is employed for two purposes: first, to increase constantly the appetite for new commodities, and second, to direct these appetites into the channels most profitable for industry. The very size of the capital investment in the consumer goods industry and the competition between a few giant enterprises makes it necessary not to leave consumption to chance, nor to leave the consumer a free choice of whether one want to be more and what one wants to buy. #RandolphHarris 13 of 20

One’s appetites have to be constantly whetted; one’s tastes have to be manipulated, managed, and made predictable. Humans are transformed into the “consumer,” the eternal suckling whose one wish is to consumer more and “better” things. To maximize its own take, the kleptocratic government would ideally to drive everyone down to the subsistence or quiescence utility level. However, such a government, provided it is rational, will recognize the need to give the higher-skilled people sufficient marginal incentives to reveal their skills, because this increases its net extraction from the economy. Therefore, it will keep only the least-skilled person at the lowest utility level, and allow the successively higher-skilled people to enjoy successively higher utility levels. Casual observation confirms that predatory governments do indeed treat the poor harshly. (A benevolent government will also have to tolerate some inequality in the interests of revelation of high skills, but it will keep even the worst-off person above the subsistence level. In fact a government with an extremely egalitarian—so-called Rawlsian—objective function wants to maximize the utility of the least-well-off person, to the extent permitted by the information and resource constraints.) Lowering the marginal tax rate on any one person reduces the revenue that the government can get from all those with higher skills. This is costly to the government: directly so for the kleptocratic government, and indirectly for the benevolent government because that tightens its revenue constraint and makes it harder to deliver utilities to citizens. #RandolphHarris 14 of 20

The calculation of the optimal tax schedule balances, at each skill level, the incentive effect of lowering the marginal tax rate for people at that skill level and the revenue loss from the people with skill levels higher than that. However, the trade-off disappears at the highest skill level that exists in the population, because then there is no higher skill level and therefore no revenue loss. Therefore the incentive effect dominates at the top skill level, and the optimal marginal tax rate is zero there. Benevolent governments usually have regard for equality and fairness. Therefore they are reluctant to lower the marginal tax rates on the most well-off people. They will let the marginal rate go to zero only at the very end, or may even choose to disregard this aspect of optimality in the interests of fairness. However, a kleptocratic government does not care about equality or fairness. Therefore we should expect such a government to treat the richest people in society especially well. They will have to contribute to the government’s coffers, to be sure, but at the margin they will be allowed to earn more income and keep it. Again causal observation supports the result that predatory dictators are often best buddies with their richest citizens. In view of the fact that all human beings organize their experience and actions through the medium of verbal categories, and that social science concepts are usually as accessible to the ordinary citizen as to the social scientist, it probably should be expected that descriptive and analytical concepts would lead to revisions of self-conception and social distinction among the human beings to whom applied. #RandolphHarris 15 of 20

Account must be taken of the common implication of citizens and scientists alike, not only in the methods, findings, and concepts of social science, but also in the interests which motivate social studies. It is not as if a special class of beings called scientists withdrew from the rest of humanity, and became mere spectators of life, knowledge of which they gathered and stored for its own sake. Moreover, the extent of resources made available for social science in general tends to vary with importance accorded to social science in a community, as against the alternative uses to which the same resources might be put. The economics of research and teaching quite clearly reveal the relative values placed upon particular problems. The sociologists of knowledge have for some time been exploring the interests which have animated the work of certain scholars in various periods, places, and settings. Thus far, however, they have only begun to explore the implications which general adoption by their own community of a scientific interest toward itself would have for their own specialty. To recognize that social facts are the creation of the persons observed, that neither persons nor institutions are permanently given but are in constant process of reconstruction, and that the verbal categories by which self and others are construed are the materials of which social organization is constructed, leads to a conception of human nature and the social order which is less a substantive description than a methodology. #RandolphHarris 16 of 20

This is the ultimate outcome of the interactional approach of social psychology, which was first developed in studies of personality in the family. The evolution of social science is not in the direction of permanently definitive statements about human nature and society, but toward the specification of the methods whereby human nature and society come to be what they are. Social theory thus becomes only suspended social action. The famous mot of Poincare, that natural scientists talk about their results while social scientists talk about their methods, is rendered pointless when it becomes evident that the methods of social science are, in this sense, its most valuable findings. Psychopathological offenders seek to create a counterfeit of the truth. If the self-actualized Christian is ignorant of the tactics of the enemy in this way, one lets go the true spirit-action (or allows it to sink into disuse) and follows the counterfeit spiritual feelings, thinking one is walking after the spirit of God all the time. When this true spirit-action ceases, the psychopathological offenders suggest that God now guides through the “renewed mind,” which is an attempt to hide their workings and the human’s disuse of one’s spirit. Upon the cessation of the spirit’s cooperation with the Holy Spirit, with counterfeit “spirit” feelings taking place in the body, what follows is counterfeit light to the mind, reasoning, judging, et cetera—the human thus walking after mind and body, and not after the spirit, with the true illumination of the mind which comes from the full operation of the Holy Spirit. To further interfere with the true spirit of life, the deceiving spirits seek to counterfeit the action of the spirit in burden and aguish. #RandolphHarris 17 of 20

The start is by giving a fictitious “divine love” to the person, the faculty receiving it being the affections. When these affections are grasped fully by the deceivers, the sense of love passes away, and the human thinks that one has lost God and all communion with God. Then follow feelings of constraint and restraint, which will develop into acute suffering—which the believer thinks is in the spirit, and of God. Now one goes by these feelings, calling them “anguish in the spirit,” “groaning in the spirit,” et cetera, while the deceiving spirits, through these sufferings given by them in the affections, compel the human to do their will. The sacramental element in Protestantism is important. For this element is the one essential element of every religion, namely, the presence of the divine before our acting and striving, in a “structure of grace” and in the symbols expressing it. The experience of the holy must be mediated in a concrete and, therefore, sacramental fashion, for the sacramental is nothing else than some reality becoming the bearer of the holy in a special way and under special circumstances. The largest sense of the term “sacramental” denotes everything in which the Spiritual Presence has been experience; in a narrower sense, it denotes particular objects and acts in which a Spiritual community experiences the Spiritual Presence; and in the narrowest sense, it merely refers to some “great” sacraments in the performance of which the Spiritual Community actualizes itself. Two factors are discernible in every sacrament: a relationship to nature, and a participation in salvation history. #RandolphHarris 18 of 20

Although, in principle, anything from the World of nature may covey the Spiritual Presence, certain elements are specially qualified to act as sacramental symbols. Symbols must participate in that which they symbolize, not merely by an arbitrary connection, but by their very nature. For instance, water has a special power which peculiarly fits it to become a sacramental material. Water, in one hand, is a symbol for the origin of life in the womb of the mother, which is a symbol for the creative source of all things, and on the other hand, it is a symbol of death—the return to the origin of things. Thus, by its very character, water has a necessary relation to baptism. Whatever the explanation of individual elements such as water, the sacramental principle asserts that nature is open to and, in fact, participates in the holy. All physical consciousness of supernatural things, and even undue consciousness of natural things, should be refused, as this diverts the mind from walking after the spirit and sets it upon the bodily sensations. Physical consciousness is also an obstacle to the continuous concentration of the mind, and in a spiritual believer an “attack” of physical “consciousness” made use of by the enemy make break concentration of the mind and bring a cloud upon the spirit. The body should be kept calm, and under full control; excessive laughter should be avoided, and all “rushing” which rouses the physical life to the extent of dominating mind and spirit. Believers who desire to be “spiritual” and “full age” in the life in God should avoid excess, extravagance, and extremes in all things. “Natural sacraments” swiftly fall prey to the demonic, and the only way they can escape demonization is by union with the New Being in Jesus as the Christ. #RandolphHarris 19 of 20

Nature has no true sacramental power apart from the history of salvation. Hence, sacraments cannot be manufactured; they “originate when the intrinsic power of a natural object becomes for faith the bearer of sacramental power.” Their origin is linked to the source of all faith, to the Spiritual Presence manifest in Jesus the Christ whose Cross offers the only sure guarantee against the forces of demonization. Since the sacramental principle embraces the whole World of nature and since faith is not restricted by time and places, the question arises: Is the Spiritual Presence bound to any definite sacramental media? Every sacramental act must be subject to the criterion of the New Being in Jesus as the Christ, or demonization would result. Furthermore, sacraments must somehow refer to the central historical and doctrinal symbols of Christianity which have emerged within the history of salvation. However, in the sense that the Spiritual Community may adopt new sacramental symbols, for its entirely possible that a symbol may gradually fade and die, that is, lost its sacramental power. It shall come to pass at the end of days, that the mountain of the Lord’s house shall be established as the top of the mountains; it shall be exalted above the hills; all the nations shall flow into it. And many peoples shall go and say, “Come, let us go up to the mountain of the Lord.” God will teach us His ways, and we will walk in His paths; God shall judge between the nations; He shall decide for many peoples. And they shall beat their swords into plowshares, and their spears into pruning forks. Nation shall not life up sword against nation; neither shall they learn war anymore. I pledge allegiance to the flag of the United States of America, and to the Republic, for which it stands, One Nation, Under God, Indivisible, with Liberty and Justice for all. Please be sure to donate to the Sacramento Fire Department. They are not receiving all of their resources and have been proudly serving the community since 1851. #RandolphHarris 20 of 20

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The Great Mystery of All is the Inexplicable Items Uncovered

It is truth that there are evil influences from the other World at work on the people in this World. Witchcraft is not easy to define, because it is not, like the major formal religions, a coherent body of belief. However, in Western civilization since prehistoric times there has been a loosely grouped body of magical lore—charms, spells, and so forth—having to do primarily with fertility and infertility, and with health and sickness, as well as a series of more marginal concerns, including foretelling of the future. Early Christians thought of the Devil as the most abominable of all pagan deities; they have him his attributes, his horns, and cloven hooves. That the Devil is an extraordinarily powerful god cannot be doubted. One night, I was sitting in the kitchen, my housemaid Erna, reveled that I was in the clutches of an evil force, and was being shadowed by it in the form of a person. That very night, Erna said, this evil character could not sleep, and would come around my mansion. Two male servants went outside to have a look. There was indeed someone there, who quickly took off Georg said later. The first degree of witchcraft is white magic—charms or spells used for benevolent purposes. Carrying a rabbit’s foot is white magic. Black magic is the second degree of witchcraft. It is used maliciously—and in the seventeenth century black magic was very serious indeed; it was an appeal to the Prince of Evil in order to accomplish evil. The third degree is pact, where the witch is no longer merely invoking the Devil’s assistants through charms and spells, but actually believes one has made a contract to serve him. #RandolphHarris 1 of 8

The following day, I sat in a daze all the afternoon pondering recent events. The papers at my desk formed terrible conjectures. I neither could doubt that something hideously serious was closing in around me. Between the phantasms of nightmares and the realities of the objective World a monstrous and unthinkable dimension was roaring in the twilight abysses. I held back conspicuously from discussing the whole affair, as though I was afflicted by a certain fear. I was well aware that there were evil people who conspired to make their neighbours ill or keep them from getting well. These people were those whose wickedness marked them as “slaves to Satan.” Beliefs that neighbours might secretly conspire to do harm to other neighbour’s (or to those neighbours’ families or farms or livestock) could be found in the valley during these times. Witch beliefs have existed and do exist in many parts of the World, they can take quite different forms, and they often erupt in response to abrupt social change and unrest. What link them is their relationship to matter of intimacy and mistrust. Witchcraft conjures up the danger of treacherous attacks from close by and it warns that seeds of destruction are hidden inside human relationships. They prevail in situations where dramatic change has caused the familiar suddenly to appear strange, and even ordinary occurrences—illness, bad luck, accidents, injuries—to gain graver meaning. A death or injury, coming on the heels of other setback, can be perceived as having been not merely accidental but orchestrated by someone, or a conspiracy of someone’s, in secret, behind the scenes. To be sure, even in times of heightened calamity, not every misfortune will be perceived as resulting from witchcraft. #RandolphHarris 2 of 8

However, widespread mistrust may make it more likely. It seemed that someone in my home has been meeting with subterraneous demons, which fueled these attacks. Although, sometimes witchcraft fears can be seen as a cultural idiom of interpersonal and communal conflict, a way of seeing the World and interpreting what happens in it, a search for causes behind causes. Who caused my child to become ill and die? Who is responsible for the death of my husband? Who is responsible for my hogs dying, my cows not giving milk? Accusations of witchcraft are a language of logic for the misfortune cannot be otherwise clarified. While wondering through my mansion, I notice a rectangle of blinding white light. It looked like a doorway into an adjoining World of brightness. I have glimpsed it before. We should remember also that the seventeenth century firmly believed in a dualistic Universe: in a material or visible World, and a spiritual or invisible World. The screaming white abysses flashed before me, and I felt helpless. There was an acceleration of the vague tonal pattern which seemed to foreshadow some unutterable and unendurable climax. However, all this vanished withing seconds. I was again in my library, with cases of ancient books. I heard sounds of something veritably inhuman, and rushed to turn on the lights. On the sofa was a man who had been racked by some torment beyond description. He was withering under the bedclothes, and a great red stain was beginning to appear on the pillows. I scarcely dared to touch him, but gradually the screaming and writhing subsided. I started screaming when a large ghoul suddenly jumped out from beneath the ensanguined bedclothes and fluttered across the room, through the wall. #RandolphHarris 3 of 8

When doctors arrived and began to pull down those frightful covers, we discovered one of my carpenters Peter Geschiere was dead. It would be barbarous to do more than suggest what had milled Mr. Geschiere. There was virtually a tunnel through his body—something had eaten his heart out. Besides his death, the worst thing for a while, was that the housemaids were constantly whining and muttering about spectral and terrible things. In my time I had seen soldiers lay dying on the field, fire falling from the sky, and many crushed people. God tests people, to see if evil drags them down or if they are steadfast. God and the Devil are personified beings, dueling cosmic personalities. The Devil can come in through a keyhole. I can see when someone is evil. They are uneasy, and got up to mischief. Whole families, entire villages can be evil; evil people make up a kind of army of the Devil on Earth. Though, we could have Heaven on Earth if we all could just have compassion. However, I am sure if Jesus as the Christ were to come back, people would just crucify him again. In our century and in a country at our cultural standards, a person might appear suggesting that health and wellbeing, sickness and death, accidents and catastrophes occur not in accordance with natural laws but re instead determined by demonic, irrational forces, whose bearers are people in the service of the Devil. Still, often times, there is no evidence of any real mental illness in the sense of a psychosis nor is there any organic illness of the central nervous system. In many of these people who have been bewitched, the doctors have found no evidence of brain trauma or any mental damage, or any change in personality resulting from injury. #RandolphHarris 4 of 8

It is not without great vexation that very many persons of both sexes have committed abuses with demons, they have no fear of using their incantations, chants and conjurations and other unspeakable superstitions and acts of sorcery, as well as excesses, crimes and misdeeds to afflict and tore my soul. Workmen found bones—badly crushed and splintered, but clearly recognizable as human in a room that had been sealed from all human access. Careful sifting of the debris also uncovered the mingled fragments of many ancient books from my private library and papers. All, without exception, appeared to deal with black magic in its most advanced and horrible forms. An even greater mystery is the absolute homogeneity of archaic writing found on a wide range of papers whose conditions and watermarks suggest they date back to ancient Egypt. Though, the greatest mystery of all is the variety of utterly inexplicable objects—objects whose shapes, materials, types of workmanship, and purpose baffle all conjecture—found scattered about the room in diverse states of injury. One of these things—which greatly excited me profoundly—is a thin sheet of lead with text scratched on it in tiny letters. The tablet had a curse written on it from the Greco-Roman World. When other walls were torn out, the once sealed spaces between the partition and the house’s east wall were found to contain a ghastly layer of older materials which paralyzed the carpenters with horror. The floor was a veritable ossuary of the bones of small children—some fairly modern, but others extending back in infinite gradations to a period so remote that crumbling was almost complete. On this deep bony layer rested a knife of great size, obvious antiquity, and grotesque, ornate, and exotic design—above which the debris as piled. #RandolphHarris 5 of 8

People around the estate and nearby muttered a great deal among themselves, but said very little to the outer World. Many things had taught them secretiveness, and there was now no need to exert pressure on them. I have been willing enough to stay mute while the affair was fresh and uncertain, even thought I have an odd craving to whisper about those frightful details of Llanada Villa, after the evilly shadowed death and blasphemous abnormality. The mere telling helps me to restore confidence in my own faculties; to reassure myself that I was not simply the first to succumb to a contagious nightmare hallucination. As bleak and solemn as it is one of the farmers Egon Schmidt often worked at night. He believed that in the third quarter there is decreased gravitational pull and moonlight, and this is considered a resting period for planets. As a result, Mr. Schmidt used the night to fertilize, deeply water, prude, and harvest crops. However, he would often catch renegades and often times would execute them. It is rumoured that Mr. Schmidt, was a very skilled farmer, but as an executioner, he was inexperienced and that it once took him thirteen blows to sever a head with an axe. The ghost of one of his victims now haunts Llanada Villa, carrying his mutilated head. Every since the room was excavated, the ghost has been seen carrying his mangled head under his arm, his face bearing the pain and horror he suffered when the executioner delivered the final blow that took his life. As well, the ghost of a woman has also been reported drifting across the mansion’s grounds. #RandolphHarris 6 of 8

According to Mr. Schmidt, this all started when he took a last look before starting homeward. A faint yellow light in the west showed the links, on which a few figures moving toward the mansion were visible, near the miniature Tower of Babel, the lights of the barn, and the fruit orchards. The wind was bitter from the north. One last look behind, to showed him the prospect of company converging on his walk. There was an appearance of them running after him. So, at least, Mr. Schmidt thought, and decided that he almost certainly did not know them and was in danger. In his own words, “Now I saw some very foul fiends coming over the field to meet me. What should I do not?” he thought, “when I looked back, I caught sight of three black figures, and saw that they had horns and wing. I wondered whether I should stand or run for it.” He decided to take a stand. However, it was with some considerable curiosity that he entombed them in my home. Mr. Schmidt had also been driving bargains with the devil and brining imps out of hell to help him with his farming, or had been involved in some Devil worship and awful sacrifices. In fact, a whole legion of devils is seen sometimes at night in the field—sprawled about, or darting in and out of my mansion. But there was talk of his dealing with daemons. It seems he got a queer crowd within these halls, for I have heard voices in other rooms—though most of them are empty—that gave me the shivers. It was foreign talk, but the voice sounded so unnatural—that I did not dare undress and go to sleep. Just waited up until the morning. The talk would usually go on all night. People are always seeking someone stranger than they are, so that they do not have to deal with their own fears or weaknesses. For several days afterward, I wandered about listlessly, oblivious to the stars and whispers that followed me.  #RandolphHarris 7 of 8

I conjure thee, O Guland, in the name of Satan, in the name of Beelzebuth, in the name of Astaroth, and in the name of other Spirits, to make haste and appear before me. Come, then in the name of Satan and in the names of all other demons. Come to me, I command thee, in the name of the Most Holy Trinity. Come without inflicting any harm upon me, without injury to my body or soul, without maltreating my books, or anything which I use. I command thee to appear without delay, or, that failing, to send me forthwith another Spirit having the same power as thou hast, who shall accomplish my commands and be submitted to my will, wanting which, he whom thou shalt send me, if needed thou comest not thyself, shall in no wise depart, nor until he hath in all things fulfilled my desire. I command you, O all ye demons dwelling in these parts, or in what part of the World soever ye may be, by whatsoever power may have been given you by God and our holy Angels over this place, and by the powerful Principality of the infernal abysses, as also by all your brethren, both general and special demons, whether dwelling in the East, West, South, or North, or in any side of the Earth, and, in like manner, by the power of God the Father, by the wisdom of God the Son, by the virtue of the Holy Ghost, any by the authority I derive from our Saviour Jesus Christ, the only Son of the Almighty and the Creator, who made us and all creatures from nothing, who also ordains that you do hereby abdicate all power to guard, habit, and abide in this place; by whom further I constrain and command you, nolens volens, without guile or deception, to open a gateway and act within this World according to my will and purpose! #RandolphHarris 8 of 8

The Winchester Mystery House

If they really want to, it is proverbial that anyone can talk to the dead. The difficult part is getting the dead to talk back. Accomplishing that requires specialist skills, or the assistance of someone who has them—someone who can reach through the veil between the living and the dead, and draw the spirits of the departed back to this World. That someone is a necromancer. Necromancy was once a common form of divination in the ancient World, and if done the right way, by the right people, it was not particularly disreputable. Talking to the dead is not easy and even “respectable” rites become more difficult as the deceased becomes more distant in space and time; necromancy is easiest when the corpse is freshly dead and right in front of the practitioner. From the Greek and Roman point of view, being dead is actually the default condition of humanity. The spirits of the dead are worth talking to because they exist outside of time; to them, the future is as clear as the past, making spirits a useful contact for those seeking to know how their own lives on Earth will turn out. Humans, essentially, are like the gods—immortal and indestructible. The body might die (and it frequently does), but the spirit it contains cannot be destroyed. At any given time, most of the human race dwells among the shadows of the Underworld.

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Overcome the Panic Resulting from Such Loss of Identity

It is a general assumption that most men marry voluntarily. Certainly there are those cases of men consciously marrying on the basis of a feeling of duty or obligation. There are cases in which a man marries because “he” really wants to. However, there are also not a few cases in which a man (or a woman for that matter) consciously believes that he wants to marry a certain person while actually he finds himself caught in a sequence of events which leads to marriage and seems to block every escape. All the months leading up to his marriage he is firmly convinced that “he” wants to marry, and the first and rather belated indication that this may not be so is the fact that on the day of his marriage he suddenly gets panicky and feels an impulse to run away. If he is “sensible” this feeling last only for a few minutes, and he will answer the questions whether it is his intention to marry with the unshakable conviction that it is. We could go on quoting many more instances in daily life in which people seem to make decisions, seem to want something, but actually follow the internal or external pressure of “having” to want the thing they are doing to do. As a matter of fact, in watching the phenomenon of human decisions, one is struck by the extent to which people are mistaken in taking as “their” decision what in effect is submission to convention, duty, or simple pressure. It almost seems that “original” decision is a comparatively rare phenomenon in a society which supposedly makes individual decision the cornerstone of its existence. Pseudo willing can frequently be observed in the analysis of people who do not have any neurotic symptoms. #RandolphHarris 1 of 17

In conjunction with the operation of unconscious forces, there is an additional opportunity to become acquainted with this phenomenon. Moreover, this example that we are considering stresses one point which, though being implicitly made already, should be brought forward explicitly: the connection of repression with the problem of pseudo acts. Although one looks at repression mostly from the standpoint of the operation of the repressed force in neurotic behaviour, dreams, and so on, it seems important to stress the fact that every repression eliminates parts of one’s real self and enforces the substitution of a pseudo feeling for the one which has been repressed. The case I wish to present now is one of a twenty-two-year-old medical student. He is interested in his work and gets along with people pretty normally. He is not particularly unhappy, although he often feels slightly tired and has no particular zest for life. The reason why he wants to be analyzed is a theoretical one since he wants to become a psychiatrist. His only complaint is some sort of blockage in his medical work. He frequently cannot remember things he had read, gets inordinately tired during lectures, and makes a comparatively poor showing in examinations. He is puzzled by this since in other subjects he seems to have a much better memory. He has no doubts about wanting to study medicine, but often has very strong doubts as to whether he has the ability to do it. After a few weeks of analysis, he relates a dream in which he is on the top floor of a skyscraper he had built and looks out over the other buildings with a slight feeling of triumph. #RandolphHarris 2 of 17

Suddenly the skyscraper collapses and he finds himself buried under the ruins. He is aware of efforts being made to remove the debris in order to free him, and can hear someone say that he is badly injured and that the doctor will come very soon. However, he has to wait what seems to be an endless length of time before the doctor arrives. When he eventually gets there, the doctor discovers that he has forgotten to bring his instruments and can therefore do nothing to help him. An intense rage wells up in him against the doctor and he suddenly finds himself standing up, realizing that he is not hurt at all. He seers at the doctor, and at that moment he awakes. He does not have many associations in connection with the dream, but these are some of the more relevant ones. Thinking of the skyscraper he has built, he mentions in a casual way how much he was always interested in architecture. As a child his favourite pastime for many years consisted of playing with construction blocks, and when he was seventeen, he had considered becoming an architect. When he mentioned this to his father, the latter had responded in a friendly fashion that of course he was free to choose his career, but that he (the father) was sure that the idea was a residue of his childish wishes, that he really preferred to study medicine. The young man thought that his father was right and since then had never mentioned the problem to his father again, but had started to study medicine as a matter of course. His associations about the doctor being late and then forgetting his instruments were rather vague and scant. However, while talking about this part of the dream, it occurred to him that his analytic hour had been changed from its regular time and that while he had agreed to the change without any objection, he had really felt quite angry. #RandolphHarris 3 of 17

He can feel his anger rising now while he is talking. He accuses the analyst of being arbitrary and eventually says, “Well, after all, I cannot do what I want anyway.” He is quite surprised at his anger and at this sentence, because so far he had never felt any antagonism toward the analyst or the analytic work. Some time afterwards he has another dream of which he only remembers a fragment: his father is wounded in an automobile accident. He himself is a doctor and is supposed to take care of the father. While he is trying to examine him, he feels completely paralyzed and cannot do anything. He is terror-stricken and wakes up. In his associations he reluctantly mentions that in the last few years he has had thoughts that his father might die suddenly, and these thoughts have frightened him. Sometimes he had even thought of the estate which would be left to him and of what he would do with the money. He had not proceeded very far with these phantasies, as he suppressed them as soon as they began to appear. In comparing this dream with the one mentioned before, it strikes him that in both cases the doctor is unable to render any efficient help. He realized more clearly than ever before that he feels that he can never be of any use as a doctor. When it is pointed out to him that in the first dream there is a definite feeling of anger and derision at the impotence of the doctor, he remembers that often when he hears or reads about cases in which a doctor has been unable to help the patient, he had a certain feeling of triumph of which he was not aware at the time. In the further course of the analysis other material which had been repressed comes up. He discovers to his own surprise a strong feeling of rage against his father, and furthermore that his feeling of impotence as a doctor is part of a more general feeling of powerlessness which pervades his whole life. #RandolphHarris 4 of 17

Although on the surface he thought that he had arranged his life according to his own plans, he can feel now that deeper down he is filled with a sense of resignation. He realizes that he was convinced that he could not do what he wanted but had to conform with what was expected of him. He sees more and more clearly that he had never really wanted to become a physician and that the things which had impressed him as a lack of ability were nothing but the expression of passive resistance. This case is a typical example of the repression of a person’s real wishes and the adoption of expectations of others in a way that makes them appear to be his own wishes. We might say that the original wish is replaced by a pseudo wish. This substitution of pseudo acts for original acts of thinking, feeling, and willing, leads eventually to the replacement of the original self by a pseudo self. The original self is the self which is the originator of mental activities. The pseudo self is only an agent who actually represents the role a person is supposed to play but who does so under the name of the self. It is true that a person can play many roles what he believes he is expected to be, and for many people, if not most, the original self is completely suffocated by the pseudo self. Sometimes in a dream, in phantasies, or when a person is inebriated, some of the original self may appear, feelings and thoughts which the person has not experienced for years. Often they are bad ones which he has repressed because he is afraid or ashamed of them. #RandolphHarris 5 of 17

Sometimes, however, they are the very best things in him, which he has repressed because of his fear of being ridiculed or attacked for having such feelings. The psychoanalytic procedure is essentially a process in which a person tries to uncover this original self. “Free association” means to express one’s original feelings and thoughts, telling the truth; but truth in this sense does not refer to the fact that one says what one thinks, but the thinking itself is original and not an adaptation to an expected thought. Dr. Freud has emphasized the repression of “bad” things; it seems that he has not sufficiently seen the extent to which the “good” things are subjected to repression also. The loss of the self and its substitution by a pseudo self leave the individual in an intense state of insecurity. He is obsessed by doubt since, being essentially a reflex of other people’s expectation of him, he had in a measure lost his identity. In order to overcome the panic resulting from such loss of identity, he is compelled to conform, to seek his identity by continuous approval and recognition by others. Since he does not know who he is, at least the others will know—if he acts according to their expectation; if they know, he will know too, if he only takes their word for it. The automatization of the individual in modern society has increased the helplessness and insecurity of the average individual. Thus, one is ready to submit to new authorities which offer one security and relief from doubt. Among the ideas which Bertrand Russell embodies in his life, perhaps the first one to be mentioned is human’s right and duty to disobedience. By disobedience I do not refer to disobedience of the “rebel without cause” who disobeys because one has no commitment to life except the one to say “no.” #RandolphHarris 6 of 17

This kind of rebellious disobedience is as blind and impotent as its opposite, the conformist obedience which is incapable of saying “no.” I am speaking of the human who can say “no” because one can affirm, who can disobey precisely because one can obey one’s conscience and the principles which one has chosen; I am speaking of the revolutionary, not the rebel. In most social systems obedience is the supreme virtue, disobedience the supreme sin. In fact, in our culture when most people feel “guilty,” they are actually feeling afraid because they have been disobedient. They are not really troubled by a moral issue, as they think they are, but by the fact of having disobeyed a command. This is not surprising; after all, Christian teaching has interpreted Adam’s disobedience as a deed which corrupted him and his seed so fundamentally that only the special act of God’s grace could save man from this corruption. This idea was, of course, in accord with the social function of the Church which supported the power of the rulers by teaching the sinfulness of disobedience. Only those humans who took seriously the Christian biblical teachings of humility, brotherliness, and justice rebelled against secular authority, with the result that the Church, more often than not, branded them as rebels and sinners against God. Mainstream Protestantism did not alter this. On the contrary, while the Catholic Church kept alive the awareness of the difference between secular and spiritual authority, Protestantism allied itself with secular power. #RandolphHarris 7 of 17

Mr. Luther was only giving the first and drastic expression to this trend when he wrote about the revolutionary German peasants of the sixteenth century, “Therefore let us everyone who can, smite, slay and stab, secretly or openly, remembering that nothing can be more poisonous, hurtful or devilish than a rebel.” In spite of the vanishing of religious terror, authoritarian political systems continued to make obedience the human cornerstone of their existence. The great revolutions in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries fought against royal authority, but soon humans reverted to making a virtue of obedience to the king’s successors, whatever name they took. Where is authority today? In the totalitarian countries it is of respect for authority in the family and in the school. The Western democracies, on the other hand, feel proud at having overcome nineteenth-century authoritarianism. However, have they—or has only the character of the authority changed? This century is the century of the hierarchically organized bureaucracies in government, business, and labour unions. These bureaucracies administer things and humans as one; they follow certain principles, especially the economic principle of the balance sheet, quantification, maximal efficiency, and profit, and they function essentially as would an electronic computer that has been programmed with these principles. The individual becomes a number, transforms himself into a thing. However, just because there is no overt authority, because one is not “forced” to obey, the individual is under the illusion that one acts voluntarily, that one follows only “rational” authority. #RandolphHarris 8 of 17

Who can disobey the “reasonable”? Who can disobey the computer-bureaucracy? Who can disobey when one is not even aware of obeying? In the family and in education the same thing happens. The corruption of the theories of progressive education have led to a method where the child is not told what to do, not given orders, nor punished for failure to execute them. The child just “expressed himself.” However, from the first day of his life onward, he is filled with an unholy respect for conformity, with the fear of being “different,” with the fright of being away from the rest of the herd. The “organization man” thus reared in the family and in the school having one’s education completed in the big organization has opinions, but no convictions; one amuses oneself, but is unhappy; one is even willing to sacrifice one’s life and that of one’s children in voluntary obedience to impersonal and anonymous powers. One accepts the calculation of deaths which has become so fashionable in the discussions on thermonuclear war: half the population of a country dead—“quite acceptable”; two-thirds dead—“maybe not.” The question of disobedience is of vital importance today. While, according to the Christian Bible, human history began with an act of disobedience—Adam and Eve—while, according to Greek myth, civilization began with Prometheus’ act of disobedience, it is not unlikely that human history will be terminated by an act of obedience, by the obedience to authorities who themselves are obedient to archaic fetishes of “State sovereignty,” “national honour,” “military victory,” and who will give the orders to push the fatal buttons to those who are obedient to them and to their fetishes. #RandolphHarris 9 of 17

Disobedience, then, in the sense in which we use it here, is an act of the affirmation of reason and will. It is not primarily an attitude directed against something, but for something: for man’s capacity to see, to say what he sees, and to refuse to say what he does not see. To do so he does not need to be aggressive or rebellious; he needs to have his eyes open, to be fully awake, and willing to take the responsibility to open the eyes of those who are in danger of perishing because they are half asleep. Karl Marx once wrote that Prometheus, who said that he “would rather be chained to his rock than to be the obedient servant of the gods,” is the patron saint of all philosophers. This consists in renewing the Promethean functions of life itself. Mr. Marx’s statement points very clearly to this problem of the connection between philosophy and disobedience. Most philosophers were not disobedient to the authorities of their time. Mr. Socrates obeying by dying, Mr. Spinoza declined the position of a professor rather than to find himself in conflict with authority, Mr. Kant was a loyal citizen, Mr. Hegal exchanged his youthful revolutionary sympathies for the glorification of the State in his later years. Yet, in spite of this, Prometheus was their patron saint. It is true, they remained in their lecture halls and their studies and did not go to the marketplace, and there were many reasons for this. However, as philosophers they were disobedient to the authority of traditional thoughts and concepts, to the cliches which were believed and taught. They were bringing light to darkness, they were waking up those who were half asleep, they “dared to know.” #RandolphHarris 10 of 17

Mr. Marx’s concepts are rooted in Prophetic Messianism, in Renaissance to individualism, and in enlightenment humanism. The philosophy underlying his concepts is that of the active, productive, related individual, a philosophy of which the names of Mr. Spinoza, and Mr. Goethe and Mr. Hegal are most representative. That Mr. Marx’s idea was deformed and corrupted into its very opposite, both by the communists and by the capitalist opponents of socialism, is a remarkable—though by no means unique example of human’s capacity for distortion and irrationality. However, in order to understand whether Russia and China represent Marxist socialism, and what might be expected from truly socialist societies, it is important that we have an idea of what Marxism means. That Mr. Marx himself would not have considered Russian or China a socialist state follows from the following statement: “This [vulgar] communism, which negates the personality of man in every sphere, is only the logical expression of private property, which is this negation. Universal envy setting itself up as a power is only a camouflaged form of cupidity which re-establishes itself and satisfies itself in a different way. The thoughts of every individual private property at least directed against any wealthier private property, in the form of envy and the desire to reduce everything to a common level; so that this envy and leveling fact constitutes the essence of competition. Crude communism is only the culmination of such envy and leveling-down on the basis of a preconceived minimum. #RandolphHarris 11 of 17

How little this abolition of private property represents a genuine approbation is shown by the abstract negation of the whole World of culture and civilization, and the regression to the unnatural simplicity of the poor and wantless individual who has not only not surpassed private property but has not yet even attained to it. The community is only a community of work and of equality of wages paid out by the communal capital, by the community as universal capitalist. The two sides of the relation are raised to a supposed universality; labor as a condition in which everyone is placed, and capital as the acknowledged universality and power of the community.” It was not Mr. Marx who believed in the negation of personality, and that socialism meant the leveling of all men. His errors are of a different kind, and have nothing to do with the underestimation of individuality. He underestimated the complexity and strength of human’s irrational passions and their readiness to accept systems that could relieve them of the responsibility and burden of freedom. Humans underestimated the resilience of capitalism and the many new forms into which this system could evolve and thus avoid the necessarily catastrophic results, as assumed by Mr. Marx, of its inner contradictions. Another error Mr. Marx was that he could not free himself sufficiently from the decisive importance nineteenth-century thought gave to legal property. #RandolphHarris 12 of 17

Legal ownership then was identical with management and social control. Hence Mr. Marx concluded that if legal ownership were taken away from the private capitalist and vested in society the workers would direct their own affairs. Little did he see that a change in ownership may only be a change in control, from the owners to bureaucracy acting in the name of the stockholders or of the state, and that this change may have little or no effect on the real situation of the worker within the system of production. Generations later nationalized industries in England, France, and Russia have shown this very clearly. Theoretically the Guild socialists in England and, both theoretically and practically, the Yugoslav Communists, have recognized the ambiguous character of the state ownership, and have built a system based on the ownership and control of factories by the workers, rather than by the state and its bureaucracy. The threat to property rights was assumed to come from other private individuals. However, in many countries, the supposed protectors of property rights, namely the government and its agents, are themselves the predators; Olson, Shleifer and Vishny, and others have emphasized this problem. If the state predators are short-lived “roving bandits,” the incentives to produce and invest may be destroyed completely. However, longer-lived “stationary bandits” will recognize that they stand to gain over the long run by committing themselves not to steal too much at any one time. If people perceive a threat to their property rights, whether from the government or form any other source, one of their responses will be to conceal their assets to the extent possible. They will hide tangible property. They will deny the existence of intangible property; for example, highly productive individuals will pretend to have low productivity because they know that if the truth is revealed, the government will simply force them to work harder. #RandolphHarris 13 of 17

If they know that the government will take away most or even all of the output, another response will be to shrink in their efforts. The government, in turn, can spend resources to monitor and audit the people’s activities and abilities in its attempt to extract more from them. However, the cost of achieving perfect revelation by direct supervision or observation is likely to be prohibitive. Therefore the government will find it desirable to supplement direct auditing or monitoring policies with others that offer the people material incentives to expend effort and to reveal their assets and skills. Stated thus, the interaction between a predatory government and its public is simply another instance of the general problem of mechanism design that has been studied extensively in economic theory over the last six decades. The standard theory of optimal income taxation by a benevolent government comes from Mirrlees (1971). It fundamental and realistic assumption is an information constraint on the government. The population has a continuous distribution or skills or productivities. Each citizen knows one’s own skill, but the government cannot directly or costlessly observe the skill of any individual. If the government could not identify high-skilled individuals, it would try to extract more effort from them: a benevolent government would do this to increase its own take. The government will anticipate such behaviour, and will find it optimal to commit itself to giving the high-skilled people enough incentives to induce them to reveal the information. This means promising people of successively higher skills successively and sufficiently higher utility levels, by keeping the marginal tax rates sufficiently low. Of course the promise has to be credible, and in practice such credibility; in the case of a kleptocratic government this means assuming a stationary bandit. #RandolphHarris 14 of 17

Through periodic reports and appraisals, the reflexive thrust of self-analysis can potentially be intensified to a far higher degree than is usual in the community self-survey. Also, periodic self-appraisal can be varied and adjusted for maximum effect, as well as being handled in a less amateurish and more scientific manner, with each cycle of experience. As annal reports become more and more like the records of statistical and historical surveys and comparisons, research by a group upon itself becomes more and more an instrument of self-conscious self-change. Just as the conduct of social action has evolved in the direction of scientific procedure, so research in some of the social sciences—notably social psychology—has as the result of a series of important discoveries been approaching a model of social action. One of the most striking of these discoveries was what has been called by Mr. Dewey and others the Heisenberg effect in social science research. In physics, the Heisenberg principle of indeterminacy is the finding that in making minute measurements, the effect of the measuring instrument upon the phenomenon measured under certain conditions distorts the phenomenon so substantially that measurement is possible. In some cases this effect can be prevented by use of more delicate measuring instruments, but in other cases the dilemma is theoretically insoluble. In social science there are countless expressions of analogous dilemma. If a person is interviewed about one’s occupational aspirations, for example, these are quite frequently changed, or new ones are created, in the course of the interview. #RandolphHarris 15 of 17

Voters when canvassed on their political opinions often find these opinions altered by having attention directed to them—the alterations sometimes being differentially affected by the status of interviewers, even when the latter make every effort not to influence respondents. One of the writers early in the war had to interview diary farmers regarding their plans for increasing milk production, and despite a carefully followed sampling procedure decided that the answers were unrepresentative, because they were the only farmers in their counties who had been interviewed. The mere asking of questions, as Mr. Socrates found long ago, can have reorganizing and occasionally distressing consequences. Indeed, mere listening may have profound effects upon the person listened to, as psychotherapists have learned recently. A second kind of repercussion to social research is the oft noted episode in which people of some group or category react to predictions of their behaviour in such a way as to falsify the prediction or to knowledge of trends. A companion phenomenon—the way in which some attribution or prediction made known to a group by its attribution or prediction made known to a group by its author will cause them to behave in a way to validate it—as been called by Robert K. Merton “the self-fulfilling prophecy” and also was designated earlier by Gunner Myrdal as “the principle of cumulation.” #RandolphHarris 16 of 17

The success of the technique of psychoanalysis may be taken as still another instance of the reflexive influence of inquiry upon the characteristic behaviour of the person studied, since in accomplished desirable changes in personal integration by causing the subjects to raise to conscious recollection the meaning of past acts and relations. The effects of books of history on the further course of history illustrates almost the identical phenomenon; rewriting history books is always a necessary instrument of any revolution. Though there is as yet no systematic review of this phenomenon, various other illustrations of it could be given, but these should suffice to demonstrate that the findings of social science have as definite impact upon the subjects of the research as do the methods employed. Are the concepts of social science to be included among its findings or its methods? If neither, their popular adoption may be added as a third channel through which social science alters the character of the phenomena it studies. For as long ago as 1927 Morris R. Cohen noted that “the invention of a technical term often creates facts for social science. Certain individuals become introverts when the term is invented, just as many persons begin to suffer from a disease the moment they read about it…” The burden of certain criticisms of the Warner scheme for analysis of social classes is that by becoming generally know his six-level concept tends to intensify or to create the phenomenon which it purports to describe. That is, the mere sociological concept of class—if widely employed—may have a normative effect upon popular behaviour, just as the Marxian concept of class struggle is said to encourage class struggle. And so there may be some genuine rather than sentimental justification for those professing equalitarians who do not want the existence of social classes to be discussed. #RandolphHarris 17 of 17

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A Spell is Believed to be a Primeval Text

My life had become a tale of dark powers and secret treachery. My youth, beauty, and social station all stood at the brink of unimaginable riches. As my husband and I would enter the church, I would scan the room. Zaiss and Renee were always on the edges of their seats, excitement and greed dancing in their eyes. Ruth usually looked hot and bored, and was disappointed when Victoria would show up without Dieter. Aunt Marriam typically had a frown on her face, her mouth puckered with concern. Service was my favourite, but I could not stand the sickly-sweet lemonade which seared by throat. Church service was always followed with it, along with lukewarm tomato soup, and caviar. However, only at the deaths of my infant daughter and untimely death of my husband did I learn the price for this fortune. Ghostly manifestations have been taking place at Llanada Villa ever since I started expansion. Strange phantoms moved in disturbing fashions through the mansion. These ghosts took the form of a peculiar sound and sensation. Many people had heard the swish of a silken gown as the ghosts approached. However, I freely owned that I did not like careless talk about what some call ghost. A woman in my position could not, I found, be too careful about appearing to sanction the current beliefs on such subjects. Of course, my ears were frequently ringing horribly, as if with the residual echoes of some horrible noise heard in dreams. The halls were often haunted by vast leaping shadows, of a monstrous, half-acoustic pulsing, and of the thin, monotonous piping of an unseen flute—and that was not all. #RandolphHarris 1 of 7

There had been soft talking too—these voices were almost an inaudible whisper. They welled up from the floor, while no one appeared to be stirring about. I could not imagine what had set these supernatural creatures gossiping, but supposed their imaginations had been roused by the elaborate construction. I heard sounds in the halls and on the stairs at night. The cults to which many of the witches belonged to in Santa Clara Valley possessed guarded and handed down surprising secrets from elder, forgotten aeons; and it was by no means impossible that they had actually mastered the art of passing through dimensional gates. Tradition emphasizes the uselessness of material barriers in halting a witch’s motions. I was determined to gain similar powers for the picturesque possibilities were enormous. Time could not exist in certain belt of space, and by entering and remaining in such a belt one might preserve one’s life and age indefinitely; never suffering organic metabolism or deterioration except for slight amounts incurred during visits to one’s own or similar planes. One might, for example, pas into a timeless dimension and emerge at some remote period of the Earth’s history as young as before. One evening, I was out of the dinning room and halfway across the lobby when an inconspicuous door on the mezzanine opened and a familiar voice called my name. I looked up swiftly, and turned toward the stairs that led to the mezzanine. The door opened onto one of my smaller libraries, which was comfortably furnished in dark-stained wood and substantial Victorian chairs upholstered in leather. There was one person in the room at the moment, and he smiled as I closed the door. When he spoke, it was not in English. #RandolphHarris 2 of 7

He propped his elbows on the arms of the chair and linked his fingers under his chin. His hands were beautifully shaped and surprisingly small for a carpenter. “There is part of the trail to the fruit orchard that is going to need reinforcement before winter or we will have a big wash-out,” I said. He nodded, and went right out to fix it. There was an elegance about him that had little to do with his black clothing. I was noticeably pale the next day as I sat by the fire in my tunic with ruffled neck and hem. I gave a wan smile to the housemaid. “Good morning,” Abagail called as she saw me. “I thought you were still asleep.” “No,” I said hastily. “I have not had much rest. So I decided to get up and do some reading.” “Very well, Mrs. Winchester,” she said. “Will there be anything else for you?” “That will be all,” I said in a politely gelid tone. I stood at the bedroom window looking outside while the sounds of footsteps and trunks being dragged across the floor above came to me. It was still pitch-black outside, without the slightest illumination spilling outside from my room. Quite suddenly I felt vulnerable in the most dreadful way as if dissolution was imminent. Layers of ice formed within me; my teeth began to chatter. The gasolier flickered. My mind became totally possessed with the transient nature of life and the certainty of the grave’s final cold embrace. I was utterly lost, drained of every scrap of hope, afraid for my very soul’s existence. A vision of Annie lying downstairs flashed before my mind. The fear of the light going out and leaving me in total darkness up here suddenly overwhelmed me. A tiny, isolated bit of me listened amazedly to someone whimper—myself—before I turned and fled the icy chamber, padded as fast as I could to the head of the narrow flight of stairs and descended, to hasten in mindless terror back to my chamber. #RandolphHarris 3 of 7

With no hope of achieving sleep, I tried to relax to control the endless cycling constructs of my overwrought imagination, to wait out the last long hours of darkness. Gradually warm came to me again and I fell into an exhausted, disturbed sleep just before the first gray light of dawn began to filter through the beautiful windows in the Daisy Bedroom. The sound of knocking alerted me. I tried to place the source of the noise. I felt my mind tinged with that vague sense of anxiety so often associated with the brain’s return to consciousness after an unpleasant dream. The knocking was repeated. My oversensitive ears caught a hideous strangled cry. I opened the door and walked down the staircase; halting only when seized and chocked by the waiting shadow. Growing fright and bewilderment overcame me. On the floor were confused, tiny, muddy prints, but oddly enough they did not extend from the door. The more I looked at them, the more peculiar they seemed. I could form no idea of what happened. Where the crying child could be, or where it came from. When I looked in the mirror, I noticed there were dark, livid marks on my throat, as if someone tried to strangle me. I put my hands up to them, and found that they did not even approximately fit. Abagail came down stairs and inquired about the footprints on the floor and confessed that she had heard a terrific clattering overhead in the dark small hours. However, even in daytime was not safe, for after dawn there had been strange sounds in the house—especially a thin, childish wail hastily choked off. A mood of revolting apprehension had seized me. I could not doubt that something hideously serious was closing in around me. Between the phantasmas of the nights and the realities of daytime, a monstrous and unthinkable relationship was crystallizing, and only stupendous vigilance could avert still more direful developments. #RandolphHarris 4 of 7

The hall leading back to the kitchen was long and dim. I stood shuffling indecisively. I tiptoed upstairs up to the closed attic door, but I looked in the rooms off the landing. Two of the doors which I opened stealthily showed me nothing but beautiful floors and flurries of colourful light flooding in from the stained-glass windows. Then landing in from of the third was every more pristine. I pulled it toward me, and entered. Most of it did not seem to make sense to me. It was not as I remembered it. There was a single bed with floral sheets. Against the walls were tables and piles of ancient books. There were black candles and several small trunks. On one of the tables lay a single book. I padded across the Persian rug and opened the book in a thin path of sunlight through the shutters. Inside the covers was a page which I slowly realized had been ripped from this Bible. It was the story of Lazarus. Scribbles that might be letters filled the margin. As I flipped through the Bible, I saw a drawing of a corpse sitting up in his coffin, but the book was all in the language we sometimes used in church: Latin. As I walked down the stairs, something was troubling me. I did not know who had been using this room. I reached the kitchen door when I realized what had been bothering me. When I did emerge from the bedroom the attic door had been open. I looked back involuntarily, and saw a woman walking away from me down the hall. I was behind the closed kitchen door before I had time to feel fear. That came only when I saw that the back door was latched. Then I controlled myself. This had to be a new housemaid, I thought. I opened the door minutely. The hall was empty. #RandolphHarris 5 of 7

Halfway down the hall I had to slip into the side room, heart jumping in my chest, for she did appear again from between the stairs and the front door. I felt the beginnings of anger and recklessness, and they grew faster and faster when I opened the door and had to flinch back as I saw her passing. The fingers looked famished, the colour of old lard, with long yellow cracked nails. There was no nail on her wedding finger, which wore a plain ring. She was returning from the direction of the kitchen, which was why I had not expected her. Through the opening of the door, I heard her padding upstairs. She sounded barefoot. I waited until I could not hear her, then edged out into the hall. The door began to fall open with a faint creak, and I drew it stealthily closed. I paced towards the front door. If I had not seen her shadow creeping down the stairs, I would have come face to face with her. I was listening behind the kitchen door, and near to panic, when I realized she was aware of me. She was playing a game with me. At once I was furious. This was my house and who was this old woman to be toying with me? Her body beneath the long white dress was sure to be as thin as her hands, she could only shout when she saw me, should could not harm me. I threw open the kitchen door in anger, and walk gently down the hall. The sight of her picking up a knife broke my stride for a moment. Perhaps she was going to kill me? However, she laid the knife down. I halted in a state of confusion. I was still struggling to react when she turned toward me, and I saw her face. Part of it was still on the bone. I did not back away until she began to advance on me, hair nails tearing new strips into the fine Lincrusta wallpaper I imported from England. All I could see was her protruding eyes, unsupported by flesh. I ran into my Blue Séance Room and locked the door. I would be safe here. #RandolphHarris 6 of 7

Emperor Lucifer, Master and Prince of Rebellious Spirits, I adjure thee to leave thine abode, in whatsoever quarter of the World it may be situated, and come hither to communicate with me. I command and I conjure thee in the Name of the Mighty living God, Father, Son, and Holy Ghost, to appear without noise and with pleasant scent, to respond in a clear and intelligible voice, point by point, to all that we shall ask thee, failing which, thou shalt be most surely compelled to obedience by the power of the divine ADONAY, ELOIM, ARIEL, JEHOVAM, TAGLA, MATHON, and by the whole hierarchy of superior intelligences, who shall constrain thee against thy will. Venite, Venite! Submiritillor Lucifuge, or eternal torment shall overwhelm thee, by the great power of this Blasting Rod. In subito. I command and I adjure thee, Emperor Lucifer, as the representative of the might and living God, and by the power of Emanuel, his only Son, who is thy master and mine, and by the virtue of His precious blood, which He shed to redeem humankind from thy chains, I command thee to quit thine abode, wheresoever it may be, swearing that I will give thee one quarter of an hour alone, if thou doest not straightway come hither and communicate with me in an audible and intelligible voice, or, if thy personal presence be impossible, dispatch me thy Messenger Astarot in a human form, without either noise and with pleasant scent, failing which smite thee and thy whole race with the terrible Blasting Rod into the depth of the bottomless abysses, and that by the power of those great words in the Clavicle—By ADONAY, ELOIM, ARIEL, JEHOVAM, TAGLA, MATHON, ALMOUZIN, ARIOS, PITHONA, MAGOTS, SYLPHAE, TABOTS, SALAMANDRAW, GNOMUS, TERRE, COELIS, GODENS, AQUA. In subito. #RandolphHarris 7 of 7

The Winchester Mystery House

Present-day scholars of magic—historians, anthropologists, and religion scholars—note that ritual scripts (a category that would include magic books) are sometimes augmented with elements from religious traditions their authors perceive as “exotic.” Such elements can lend authority to magical practice by enhancing what British anthropologist Bronislaw Malinowski, in his famous work on the Trobriand Islanders, called its “coefficient of weirdness.” The vocabulary of Trobriand magic, he observed, was not just any vocabulary, not just any langue. “A spell is believed to be a primeval text, which somehow came into being side-by-side with animals and plants, with winds and waves, with human disease…courage and…frailty.” Why, then, would the idioms of magic “be as the words of common speech”?

Both the potency and the efficacy of magical idioms depend on their being ancient, epic, legendary—and entirely distinct from what their users perceive as ordinary. This is perhaps one reason, among others, that Jewish symbols had so long been perceived in Christian and esoteric history as talismans. Over three late November days in 1956, various experts took the stand to offer their testimony regarding The Sixth and Seventh Books of Moses in a trial in Braunschweig, Germany. The star witness for the prosecution was a professor of medicine, forensic pathologist Otto Prokop. Dr. Prokop—who, like Johann Kruse, was a member of DEGESA—reviled magic books as road maps for mayhem and criminality. In court, he referenced a 1954 case in which three men in Westphalia had committed various crimes while using formulas in the Moses book to conjure the Devil. The Moses book in essence represented a historical stage in the development of early modern German science.

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If that Happens to Us, We Experience Grace

Our choice to obey or disobey God’s standard of morality will largely determine our happiness in life. It is almost unbelievable to think that God has given to many of His children the power that is most prized and sacred to Him—the power to create life. Because God gave most humans this power, He, and He alone, has the right to prescribe how it should be used. There is nothing negative ore restraining about God’s moral standards. Rather, they are beneficial, uplifting, and liberating. They build relationships of trust, they enhance self-esteem, they foster a clear conscience, and they invite the Spirit of the Lord to bless individual and married lives. They are the proven standards for happy marriages and stable communities. In illustrating the doctrines of practical morality (if we make allowances for some unfortunate prejudices produced or encountered by violent and oppressive systems of policy), the ancients seem to have availed themselves of every light furnished by nature to human reason; and indeed those writers who, in later times, have treated the subject with the greatest success, are they who have followed most closely the footsteps of the Greek and the Roman philosopher. The theoretical questions, too, concerning the essence of virtue, of the proper object of moral approbation, was a favourite topic of discussion in ancient schools. It was the opinion of Dr. Cudworth, and also of Dr. Clarke, that moral distinctions are perceived by that power of the mind, which distinguishes truth from falsehood. Qualities which are denominated virtuous are those that are useful either to ourselves or to others, and the pleasure of utility. As long as these are deemed righteous acts in the eyes of God and the law. #RandolphHarris 1 of 20

Our moral judgements, both with respect to our own conduct and that of others, include two distinct perceptions: first, A perception of conduct as right or wrong; and secondly, A perception of the merit or demerit of the agent. To that quality of conduct which moralist, in general, express by the word Rectitude, Mr. Adam Smith gives the name of Propriety. When we approve of any character or action, the sentiments which we feel are derived from four different sources. First, we sympathize with the motives of the agent; secondly, we enter into the gratitude of those who receive the benefit of one’s actions; thirdly, we observe that one’s conduct has been agreeable to the general rules by which tends to promote the happiness either of the individual or of society, they appear to derive a beauty from this utility, not unlike that which we ascribe to any well-contrived machine. “You Are Accepted,” portrays the experience of grace which overcome sin. Grace is neither a magical power nor is it an accumulation of gifts. Grace touched us at the deepest level of our being: Sometimes at that moment a wave of light breaks into our darkness, and it is as though a voice were saying: “You are accepted. You are accepted, accepted by that which is greater than you, and the name of which you do not know…Do not seek for anything; do not perform anything; do not intend anything. Simply accept the fact that you are accepted!” #RandolphHarris 2 of 20

If that happens to us, we experience grace. After such an experience we may not be better than before, and we may not believe more than before. However, everything is transformed. In that moment, grace conquers sin, and reconciliation bridges the gulf of estrangement. And nothing is demanded of this experience, no religious or moral or intellectual presupposition, not but acceptance. Psychically disturbed persons cannot be helped by telling them what to do, by holding up a norm to them. They can be helped only by accepting them in spite of their unacceptability. They therapy of acceptance is, in reality, a therapy of grace. What is the connection between grace as acceptance and the Gestalt of grace? Faith is the common denominator, for faith means being grasped and being transformed by grace, by the divine actions which operates through a Gestalt to effect the justification which is acceptance. Furthermore, to experience grace is to experience the New Being in Jesus the Christ who conquers estrangement and whose Cross is the ultimate norm of protest. To experience grace in any fashion is to receive the impact of the Spiritual Presence. However, grace is always a gift, the result of the divine initiative; it can never be produced by human efforts. Grace qualifies all relations between God and man in such a way that they are freely inaugurated by God and in no way dependent on anything the creature does or desires. Although in every virtuous action propriety is an essential ingredient—it is not always the sole ingredient. Beneficent actions have in them another quality, by which they appear, not only to deserve approbation, but recompense, and excite a superior degree of esteem, arising from a double sympathy with the motives of the agent, and the gratitude of those who are the object of one’s affections. #RandolphHarris 3 of 20

As to “guidance,” the believer should understand that when there is no action in one’s spirit, one should use one’s mind. If in everything there must be the “Amen” in the spirit, there is no use for the brain at all, but the spirit does not always speak. There are times when it should be left in abeyance. In all guidance the mind decides the course of action—not only from the feeling in the spirit but by the light in the mind. In coming to a decision, the deciding is an act of mind and will, based upon either the mental process of reasoning or the sense of the spirit, or both, id est: Decision by mental process, reasoning, or decision by sense of the spirit; id est, movement, impelling; drawing or restraint; spirit as if “dead”—no response; contraction of spirit; openness of spirit; fullness of spirit; compression of spirit; burden on spirit; wrestling in spirit; resisting in spirit. Passivity can be produced by seeking for a “leading” in spirit all day, when there may be no action in the spirit to go by. When there is no movement, or “draw,” or “leading” in the spirit, then the mind should be used in reliance upon the promise of God: “The meek will He guide in judgement,” reports Psalms 25.9. An example of this use of his mind when Paul had no consciousness in his spirit of any special guidance from God is clearly given by him when he wrote to the Corinthians that in one matter he had commandment (1 Corinthians 7.10), but in another he said, “I have no commandment of the Lord, but I give my judgment,” reports 1 Corinthians 7.25. In the one case he had the guidance through his spirit; in the other he used his mind, and clearly said so—see verse 40: “after my judgment.” #RandolphHarris 4 of 20

Through ignorance a large majority of believers walk “after the soul,” id est, their mind and emotions, and think they are “walking after the spirit.” The satanic forces know this right well, and use all their wiles to draw the believer to live in one’s soul or body, sometimes flashing visions to the mind, or giving exquisite sensations of joy, buoyancy of life, et cetera, to the body—and the believer “walks after the soul” and “after the body” as one follows these things, believing that one is following he Spirit of God. Depending upon supernatural things given from outside or on spiritual experiences in the sense realm checks the inward spiritual life through the spirit. By these experiences of the senses, instead of living in the true sphere of the spirit the believer is drawn out to live in the outer man of one’s body; and ceasing to act from one’s center, one is caught by the outer workings of the supernatural in one’s environment and loses the inner cooperation with God. The devil’s scheme is therefore to make the believer cease walking after the spirit, and to draw one out into the realm of soul or body. Then the spirit, which is the organ of the Holy Spirit in conflict against a spiritual foe, drops into abeyance and is ignored, because the believer is occupied with the sense-experience. It is then practically out of action, either for guidance, or power in service, or conflict. Prophets appear only at intervals in this history of humanity. They die and leave their message. The message is accepted by million, it becomes dear to them. This is precisely the reason why the idea becomes exploitable for others who can make use of the attachment of the people to these ideas, for their own purposes—those of ruling and controlling. #RandolphHarris 5 of 20

Let us call the men who make use of the idea the prophets have announced the priests. The prophets live their ideas. The priests administer them to the people who are attached to the idea. The idea has lost its vitality. It has become a formula. The priests declare that it is very important how the idea is formulated; naturally the formulation becomes always important after the experience is dead; how else could one control people by controlling their thoughts, unless there is the “correct” formulation? The priests use the idea to organize humans, to control them through controlling the proper expression of the idea, and when they have anesthetized humans enough they declare that humans are not capable of being awake and of directing their own lives, and that they, the priests, act out of duty, or even compassion, when they fulfill the function of directing humans who, if left to themselves, are afraid of freedom. It is true not all priests have acted that way, but mot of the have, especially those who wielded power. There are priests not only in religion. There are priests in philosophy and priests in politics. Every philosophical school has its priests. Often they are very learned; it is their business to administer the idea of the original thinker, to impart it, to interpret it, to make it into a museum object and thus to guard it. Then there are the political priests; we have seen enough of them in the last 150 years. They have administered the idea of freedom to protect the economic interests of their social class. In the twenty-first century the priests have taken over the administration of the ideas of socialism. #RandolphHarris 6 of 20

While socialism is an idea aimed at the liberation and independence of humans, the priests declared in one way or another that humans are not capable of being free, or at least that they would not be for a long time. Until then they were obliged to take over, and to decide how the idea was to be formulated, and who was a faithful believer and who was not. The priests usually confuse the people because they claim that they are the successors of the prophet, and that they live with they preach. Yet, while a child could see that they live precisely the opposite of what they teach, the great mass of the people are socially engineered effectively, and eventually they come to believe that if the priests live in splendor they do so as a sacrifice, because they have to represent the great idea; or if they kill ruthlessly they only do so out of revolutionary faith. No historical situation could be more conducive to the emergence of prophets than ours. The existence of the entire human race is threatened by the madness of preparing nuclear war. Stone-age mentality and blindness have led to the point where the human race seems to be moving rapidly toward the tragic end of its history at the very moment when it is near to its greatest achievement. At this point humanity needs prophets, even though it is doubtful whether their voices will prevail against that of the priest. Among the few in whom the idea had become manifest in the flesh, and whom the historical situation of humankind has transformed from teachers into prophets, is Bertran Russell. He happens to be a great thinker, but that is not really essential to his being a prophet. #RandolphHarris 7 of 20

Mr. Betran, together with Mr. Einstein and Mr. Schweitzer, represents the answer of Western humanity to the threat to its existence, because all three of them have spoken up, have warned, and have pointed out the alternatives. Mr. Schweitzer lived the idea of Christianity by working in Lambarene. Mr. Einstein lived the idea of reason and humanism by refusing to join the hysterical voices of nationalism of the German intelligentsia in 1914 and many times after that. Bertrand Russell for many decades expressed his ideas on rationality and humanism in his books; but in recent years he has gone out to the marketplace to show all humans that when the laws of the country contradict the laws of humanity, a true human must choose the laws of humanity. Bertrand Russell has recognized that the idea, even if embodied in one person, gains social significance only if it is embodied in a group. When Abraham argued with God about Sodom’s fate, and challenged God’s justice, he asked that Sodom be spared if there were only ten just men, but not less. If there were less than ten, that is to say, if there were not even the smallest group in which the idea of justice had become embodied, even Abraham could not expect the city to be saved. Bertrand Russell tries to prove that there are the ten who can save the city. That is why he had organized people, has marched with them, and has sat down with them and been carried off with them in police van. While his voice is a voice in the wilderness it is, nevertheless, not an isolated voice. It is the leader of a chorus; whether it is the chorus of a Greek tragedy or that of Mr. Beethoven’s Ninth Symphony only the history of the next few years will reveal. #RandolphHarris 8 of 20

 Laws have originated chiefly from the circumstances of society; and attempt to account, from the changes in the condition of humankind, which take place in the different stages of their progress, for the corresponding alterations which their institutions undergo. When there is no outside enforcement, the protector’s honesty is not guaranteed. When one person buys specialized private protection, some bandits shift from protected to unprotected (or self-protected) property. A government concerned with social welfare will internalize this externality, and may in addition apply a higher weight to the welfare of the poorer owners. However, the rich may then prefer private protection. This may lead to cream-skimming, and the political economy of the situation may even defeat any attempts to institute a formal legal system of protection. When some people buy protection, the predators’ attention shifts to the rest, who then need protection more. The owners of smaller or lower-value properties are the ones who suffer more from this externality. Security of property rights depends on government protection, private protection, the efforts made by other people to capture one’s property. All these are costly in different ways; therefore rights are generally not complete. When transacting is costly, all contract forms are costly, so choice of governance form is a constrained optimum (at best). The balance between these forces depends on the underlying parameters. It is often assumed that producers, protectors, and predators come from entirely different populations with entirely different outside opportunities. In reality there is considerable mobility and choice across these occupations; therefore analysis of occupation choice under anarchy has considerable interest. Second, it is also assumed that the protectors will not themselves become predators; the necessary repeated relationships are kept implicit, but they may interact in important ways with the included features. #RandolphHarris 9 of 20

Frequently, we also see that other subtleties that arise in defining and enforcing property rights are ignored. For example, there is an importance of multiple dimensions and heterogeneous interests; there is a political process of adaptation of property rights to changing circumstances. Study of traditional systems of defining and enforcing property rights also brings out the multidimension, multistakeholder nature of the problem, and we should be warned that attempts to impose modern systems of formal laws on such societies can cause more harm than good. Many and rich possibilities remain open for theoretical analyses of these issues. The growth of competence is not separable from the elaboration of identity. In America, the rapid evolution of agencies for concerted action has coincided with remarkable progress in social science. Each development has long roots into the past and strong claims to legitimacy in American public opinion. Current planning agencies trace back to the many types of voluntary mutual assistance associations which have always distinguished this society, and social science in turn professes to be the offspring of natural science, the most potent canon of truth in modern times. Administrators of action agencies seek professional status for themselves and scientific guidance for their policies; social scientist seek public recognition by administrators and expanded use of the research findings; and the future bodes their co-operation. Not only have social science and social planning acted on each other, but each development has had its opponents, who have also interacted. #RandolphHarris 10 of 20

The most severe critics of the administrators of action agencies have charged that, far from implementing the principle of voluntary association and increasing the power of the citizen over one’s destiny, they are destroying it through bureaucratic centralization of power. The most severe critics of social science have denied that social science is or ever can be a science at all. Other critics have condemned social science as a sinister technique for the manipulation of the majority by a self-interested elite of experts and administrators. We call attention to these contemporary clashes of opinion not for the purpose of intensifying them, but only to record in general terms the existence of a controversy which could be documented by numberless references. The current context of discussion into which any proposals for scientific action upon any problems of personality or social organization must plunge is thus highly polarized. This context is not static, however; the controversy does not simply revolve in fixed channels. Out of the dialectical interplay of thought and action, of creation and criticism, some synthesis is emerging. This synthesis can appropriately be named participant experimentation. This concept brings research and planning into an integral relation, closer than they are generally thought to be at present. By deriving future proposals for research and planning from this synthesis, for force of current opposition may be gradually dissolved, and the terms of previous controverses be made obsolete. Furthermore, if the synthesis is real, it will release motivation for carrying forward a movement of research and action suitable for the next few decades. #RandolphHarris 11 of 20

Research of one kind or another has been applied already in every phase of the planning process—in defining the scope of the problem, in calculating the goals and resources for each alternative proposal, in canvassing the views and values of each interest group concerned in a policy decision, in translating the broad program adopted into specific tasks, and in reporting progress periodically through the application of vali indices. The reflexive consequences of proper reporting of progress by agencies need to be restated for special stress: the clarification of an agency’s identity by the mirror of its recent history, the motivating effects of comparing its present achievement with that of past and projected periods, and the involvement effected by avoiding absolute commitments and encouraging the exploration of creation of new values. It is in the appraisal phase of the planning process—the measurement of change and the evaluation of progress—that the nexus between research and planning becomes most clear. In the spread of group work among social workers—a sort of transitional step along the way from the therapeutic to the planning approach in community action—one of the most effective techniques for stimulating action by a community has been the community self-survey. The social worker employing this technique begins dealing with a problem, interracial tension, for example, by organizing a study committee of interested and affected citizens. This group itself carries on the work of obtaining facts and figures about the problem. #RandolphHarris 12 of 20

In the course of meeting together, this committee usually irons our personal and group differences, educates its members and gets them working together in such a way that they are far more ready to take action on their own recommendations than they would have been had the same recommendations been made by the social worker at the outset. Extension workers in agriculture and home economics are now moving beyond their older demonstration methods toward the same group-decision technique. Of course, the community self-survey, promising as it is when properly employed, does not always lead to sufficient action nor can it guarantee the success of a program. Nevertheless, as a transitional development, it has already pointed the way to adoption of the full-scale model of planning. In provides empirical evidence of the motivating effects to be derived from the self-analysis of a group. The main concern of Mr. Marx was, as was Mr. Hegel’s, the full development of human’s potentialities, the subject, as Mr. Hegel put it, “translating itself from the night of possibility into the day of actuality.” Humans, so Mr. Max taught, develop their potentialities in the process of history. He or she ought to be that which one could be, yet which one not yet is. In modern industrial society, humans, according to Mr. Marx, have reached the peak of alienation. In the act of production, the relationship of the worker to one’s own activity is experienced as something “not belonging to him.” While man thus becomes alienated from himself, the product of labour becomes “an alien object which dominates him. The labourer exists for the process of production, and not the process of production for the labourer.” #RandolphHarris 13 of 20

Not only do the things that humans produce become one’s rulers, so do the social and political circumstances which one creates. “This consolidation of what we ourselves produce which turns into an objective power above us, growing out of our control, thwarting our expectations, bringing to naught our calculations, is one of the chief factors in historical development up to now.” That man, the fully developed, productive human has become the subject and not the object of history, that humans have ceased to be “a crippled monstrosity and becomes a fully developed human being” is, according to Mr. Marx, the aim of socialism. Human’s aim, in Mr. Marx’s concept, is independence and freedom. “A being,” he says, “does not regard himself as independent unless he is his own master and he is only his own master when he owes his existence to himself. A man who lives by the favor of another considers himself a dependent being.” As Mr. Marx put it, man is independent only if he “appropriates his manifold being in an all-inclusive way, and thus as a whole man. All his human relations to the World-seeing, hearing, smelling, tasting, touching, thinking, observing, feeling, desiring, acting, loving—in short, all the organs of his individuality…are…the appropriation of human reality…Private Property has made us so stupid and partial that an object is only ours when we have it, when it exists for us as capital or when it is directly eaten, drunk, worn, inhabited, et cetera, in short, utilized in some way;…Thus all the physical and intellectual senses have been replaced by the simple alienation of all these senses; the sense of having. The human being had to be reduced to this absolute poverty in order to be able to give birth to all his inner wealth.” #RandolphHarris 14 of 20

Mr. Marx’s idea of the full self-realization of man implies that this self-realization can occur only in human’s relatedness to the World, to nature, to one’s fellow human and in the relationship of men to women. That socialism was, for Mr. Marx, as Paul Tillich has put it “a resistance movement against the destruction of love in social reality,” becomes very evident from the following passage: “Let us assume man and his relation to the World to be a human one. Then love can only be exchanged for love, trust for trust, et cetera. If you wish to influence other people, you must be a person who really has a stimulating and encouraging effect upon others. Every one of your relations to man and to nature must be a specific expression corresponding to the object of your will, of your real individual life. If you love without evoking love in return, id est, if you are not able by the manifestation of yourself as a loving person, to make yourself a beloved person, then your love is impotent, a misfortune.” The productive, free, independent, loving individual—this was Mr. Marx’s vision of humans. He was not concerned with maximum production and consumption, although he was in favour of making possible for everybody the attainment of an economic level that is the basis of a humanly dignified life. He was also not primarily concerned with the equalization of income, although he would have been opposed to such inequality as prevents humans from sharing the same basic experiences of life. Mr. Marx’s central concern was with the liberation of humans from the kind of work which destroys one’s individuality, transforms one into a thing, and enslaves one to the things of one’s own creation. #RandolphHarris 15 of 20

A man dreams that he is back with the A.E.F. in the war. He has received orders to get through the opposite lines into enemy headquarters. He dons an officer’s uniform, which seems to be German, and suddenly finds himself among a group of German officers. He is surprised that the headquarters are so comfortable and that everyone is so friendly to him, but he gets more and more frightened that they will find out that he is a spy. One of the younger officers for whom he feels a particular liking approached him and says “I know who you are. There is only one way for you to escape. Start telling jokes, laugh and make them laugh so much that they are diverted by your jokes from paying any attention to you.” He is very grateful for this advice and starts making jokes and laughing. Eventually his joking increases to such an extent that the other officers get suspicious, and the greater their suspicions the more forced his jokes appear to be. At last such a feeling of terror fills him that he cannot bear to stay any longer; he suddenly jumps up from his chair and they all run after him. Then the scene changes, and he is sitting in a streetcar which stops just in front of his house. He wears a business suit and has a feeling of relief at the thought that the way is over. Let us assumes that we are in a position to ask him the next day what occurs to him in connection with the individual elements of the dream. We record here only a few associations which are particularly significant for understanding the main point we are interested in. The German uniform reminds him that there was on guest at the party on the previous evening who spoke with a heavy German accent. He remembered having been annoyed by this man because had had not paid much attention to him, although he (our dreamer) had gone out of his way to make a good impression. #RandolphHarris 16 of 20

While rambling along with these thoughts he recalls that for a moment at the party he had had the feeling that this man with the German accent had actually made fun of hum and smiled impertinently at some statement he had made. Thinking about the comfortable room in which the headquarters were, it occurs to him that it looked like the room in which he had once failed in an examination. Surprised at this association, he went on to recall that before going to the party he was somewhat concerned about the impression he would make, partly because one of the guests was the brother of a girl whose interest he wanted to win, and partly because the host had much influence with a superior on whose opinion about him much depended for his professional success. Speaking about this superior he had felt some dislike for his host too, although he was not aware of if at all. Another of his associations is that he had told a funny incident about a bald man and then was slightly apprehensive lest he might have hurt his host who happened to be almost bald too. The streetcar struck him as strange since there did not seem to be any tracks. While talking about it, he remembers the streetcar he was riding on as a boy on his way to school, and further detail occurs to him, namely, that he had thought that driving a streetcar was astonishingly little different from driving an automobile. It is evident that the streetcar stands for his own car in which he had driven home, and that his returning home reminded him of going home from school. #RandolphHarris 17 of 20

To anyone accustomed to understand the meaning of dreams, the implication of the dream and the accompanying associations will clearly by now, although only part of his associations have been mentioned and practically nothing has been said about the personality structure, the past and the present situation of the man. The dream reveals what his real feeling was at the previous night’s party. He was anxious, afraid of failing to make the impression he wanted to make, angry at several persons by whom he felt ridiculed and not sufficiently liked. The dream shows that his gaiety was a means of concealing his anxiety and his anger, and at the same time of pacifying those at whom he was angry. All his gaiety was a mask; it did not originate in himself, but covered what “he” really felt: fear and anger. This also made his whole position insecure, so that he felt like a spy in an enemy camp who might be found out any moment. The fleeting expression of sadness and desperation we noticed on him just when he was leaving, now finds its affirmation and also its explanation: at that moment his face expressed what “he” really felt, although it was something “he” was not really aware of feeling. In the dream, the feeling is described in a dramatic and explicit way, although it does not overtly refer to the people toward whom his feelings were directed. This man is not neurotic, nor was he under a hypnotic spell; he is a rather normal individual with the same anxiety and need for approval as are customary in modern man. #RandolphHarris 18 of 20

He was not aware of the fact that his gaiety was not “his,” since he is so accustomed to feel what he is supposed to feel in a particular situation, that it would be the exception rather than the rile which would make him aware of anything being “strange.” What holds true of thinking and feeling holds also true of willing. Most people are convinced that as long as they are not overtly forced to do something by an outside power, their decisions are theirs, and that if they want something, it is they who want it. However, this is one of the great illusions we have about ourselves. A great number of our decisions are not really our own but are suggested to us from the outside; we have succeeded in persuading ourselves that it is we who have made the decision, whereas we have actually conformed with expectations of others, driven by the fear of isolation and by more direct threats to out life, freedom, and comfort. When children are asked whether they want to go to school every day, and their answer is, “Of course, I do,” is the answer true? In many cases certainly not. The child may want to go to school quite frequently, yet very often would like to play or do something else instead. If he feels, “I want to go to school every day,” he may repress his disinclination for the regularity of schoolwork. He feels that he is expected to want to go to school every day, and this pressure is strong enough to submerge the feeling that he goes so often only because he has to. If he could be aware of the fact that sometimes he wants to go and sometime he only foes because he has to go, the child might feel happier. Yet the pressure of the sense of duty is great enough to give him the feeling that “he” wants what he is supposed to want. #RandolphHarris 19 of 20

I pledge allegiance to the Flag of the United States of America, and to the Republic, for which it stands, One Nation, under God, Indivisible, with Liberty and Justice for all. “Seek good and not evil, that you may live; then I the Lord, the God of hosts, will be with you. Hate evil and love what is Good, yea, establish justice in the land. Let justice well up as the water, and righteousness as a mighty stream. For righteousness and justice are the foundation of God’s throne. For the Lord of Hosts is exalted through righteousness, and God, the Holy One, is sanctified through justice.” Speak not against the truth; and when you lack knowledge, keep silent. Keep your tongue from speaking falsehood; whoever speaks falsely will oneself be maligned. Be steadfast in your conviction, and let your speech be true to it. Speakers of falsehood are despised by all, but the faithful are honoured in the sight of man. Be rulers over your speech, and have control over your words. Utter no falsehood, for the habit of it leads to evil. He who strives for truth and speaks it, is worthy in the sight of man. Falsehood is common, truth is rare; yet truth endures while falsehood comes to an evil end. Oppression and injustice shall be destroyed, but true dealings shall endure forever. Do not hesitate to speak the truth when you should speak, and do not hide your wisdom as a treasure. Contend for the truth unto death, and the Lord will establish your cause. Truth is the bridge between Earth and Heaven, the brightest jewel in the crown of virtue. Truth is the seal of God; one who has truth in one’s heart has God for one’s guide. And please be sure to donate to the Sacramento Fire Depart, for they are not receiving all of their resources. #RandolphHarris 20 of 20

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A Labyrinth Designed and Built by Spirits

No home in the country was more steeped in macabre. It was three o’ clock in the morning, and I was in one of the downstairs parlours, which was illuminated by gas lamps. My ears were growing sensitive to a preternatural and intolerable degree. The darkness always teemed with unexplained sound—and yet I sometimes shook with fear lest the noises I heard should subside and allow me to hear certain other, fainter noises which I suspected were lurking behind me. Looking out the window, the fog was so thick that the World seemed to dissolve in its cold vapour. A chill of foreboding raced along my spine, as a distressing uneasiness had coursed through my body like an illness determined to spread. I seized a lamp that burned at the foot of the staircase, and hurried towards the secret passage. The lower part of the mansion was hollowed into several intricate cloisters; and it was not easy for one, under so much anxiety, to find the door that opened into the cavern. An awful silence reigned throughout the subterraneous regions of the mansion, except now and then some blasts of wind shook the doors I had passed, as their hinges re-echoed through that long labyrinth of darkness. Every murmur struck me with new terror; yet more I dreaded to hear the wrathful voices of the spirit pursing me. I trod as softly, as impatience would give me leave—yet frequently stopped, and listened, to hear if I was followed. In one of those moments, I thought I heard a sigh. I shuddered, and recoiled a few paces. In a moment, I thought I heard the step of some person. My blood curdled; I concluded it was a vengeful spirit. Every suggestion that horror could inspire, rushed into my mind. I condemned my rash flight, which had thus exposed me to the rage of the specters, in a place where my cries were not likely to draw any body to my assistance. Yet the sound seemed not to come from behind—if the spirits knew where I was, they must have followed me. #RandolphHarris 1 of 5

 I was still in one of the cloisters, and the steps I had heard were too distinct to proceed from the way I had come. Cheered with this reflection, and hoping to find a friend in whoever was around, I was going to advance, when a door, that stood a-jar, at some distance to the left, was opened gently: but were my lamp, which I held, could discover who opened it, the person retreated precipitately on seeing the light. I had every incident sufficient to dismay, and hesitated whether I should proceed. My dread of the vengeful spirits soon outweighed every other terror. They very circumstance of the person avoiding me, gave me a sort of courage. It could only be, I thought, some domestic belonging to the mansion. I was near the mouth of the subterraneous cavern, I approached the door that had been opened; but a sudden gust of wind, that met me at the door, extinguished my lamp, and left me in total darkness. Words could not paint the horror of my situation. Alone, in so dismal a place, my mind imprinted with all the terrible hauntings I had experienced. So I stood there and listened. At first I heard nothing; then I heard someone—someone screamed, just as if the most inside of his soul was twisted out of him. I sat there for three-quarters of an hour. Then I heard someone else. He laughed out loud. After that, I heard a great door shut. Before I raised myself there was a sound of metal hinges creaking. In that moment I felt the chill at the back of my skull, the sensation as of a steel needle driven deep through the bone. I stiffen. Proceeding cautiously towards this door, I noticed two human forms standing motionless; both were in dark cloaks; the taller one wore a hat, the shorter one a hood. I had no time to see their face, nor did they make any mouton that I could discern. I sank back against the wall in something like desperation. I had seen them before.  #RandolphHarris 2 of 5

I screamed like one who is in great pain, before falling to the floor in a death like faith. Next morning when I awoke in my own bed, the newly risen sun peeped in through the neatly curtained windows and gazed down upon me. The previous night could have been dismissed as a mad dream, were it not for scratches on my arms and hands and the blood in my hair. Later that evening, there was a thunderous assault on the front door. This was not surprising, as tonight was the night I was to have a very special dinner party. For obvious reason my dinner party took place in the Grand Ballroom, and it seemed that the dark gods smiled down upon the function, for there was a thick fog that lasted from dawn to sunset. The supper was, of necessity, a simple affair. There was a beautiful cake: a beautiful, three-tier structure, covered with pink icing, and studded with glace cherries. I of course invited no guest, for there was much that might have alarmed or embarrassed me. Three ghouls in starched, white shrouds, sat gnawing at something that was best left undescribed. A few apparitions sipped a basic beverage from red goblets. Every paradise must have its snake. The moon was full, turning Llanada Villa into a gothic wonderland. Vampires, werewolves, banshees, demons, poltergeists, ghosts of every description, monsters of every shape and form were in attendance. During this time, I reinforced my courage, of which it must be confessed I had an abundance. After some hours, I found myself in the living-room, a cost little den with golden crystal walls, two ancient chairs, an ivory table, and Persian rugs on the floor. There was also a banked-up fire, and a beautiful ceiling oil-lamp that Mr. Hansen had cleverly adapted for electricity. #RandolphHarris 3 of 5

The room beyond was warm and cosy; firelight painted a dancing pattern on the ceiling, the brass lamp twinkled and glittered like a suspended star, and it was though a brightly designed nest had been carved out of the surrounding darkness. When one’s reality contains the spiritual, ghoulish hints, Gothic tales and the wild whispers of ghosts, one can hardly expect to be wholly free from mental tension. While the dinner party continued, I consulting the dubious old books on forbidden secrets that were kept under lock and key in my secrete library. Afterwards, I walked through the shadowy tangles of the mansion. Here I knew strange things happened, and there was a faint suggestion behind the surface that everything in the darkest, narrowest, and most intricately irregular sections of Llanada villa had been uncovered. Life had become an insistent and almost unendurable cacophony, and there was that constant, terrifying impression of other sounds—perhaps from regions beyond life—trembling on the very brink of audibility. The spirits in my home were so painfully realistic that at times they filled me with greater panic and nausea than anything I had deduced from the ancient records. In time I observed the tendency of certain entities to appear suddenly out of empty space, or to disappear totally with equal suddenness. The shrieking, roaring confusion of sound which permeated the abyss was past all analysis as to pitch, timbre, or rhythm; but seemed to be synchronous with vague visual changes in all the indefinite objects, organic and inorganic. Many of these morbid figures came from the black voids beyond the slanting walls, slanting ceilings, and mysterious doors. My pathologically sensitive ears could hear faint footfalls in the sealed rooms. #RandolphHarris 4 of 5

My guests were very rambunctious. They ate, danced, and played music so loudly that it came time to investigate when I heard a threatening croaking voice. The Grand Ballroom was the center of chaos this night. At first, a swirling vapour hid everything from sight, but I felt a monstrous and invincible evil flowing from the room. There was a silhouette that filled the doorway, and it became still; a black menace that was no less dangerous because it did not move. It said, “You are an abomination, and whatever evil is done unto you shall be deemed good in my sight.” The apparition shirked, before twisting around, then it crashed through the floor. Two gentlemen who were employed in my house stood by me. They both entered the Grand Ballroom prepared to talk to the guest. They never did. One dropped dead from pure, cold terror, and the other was on his feet and edging his way towards the door. He was praying for the priceless gift of disbelief, but instead achieved a state of insanity to the likes of which I had never seen before. Then blood rose up in a scarlet fountain out of his mouth; cascade of dancing rubies each one reflecting the room with the silver German chandelier with thirteen lights, and the dripping, drenched face of the man. Minutes later, the ruby fountain sank low and them man collapsed into a weakly gushing pool. Looking up at the ceiling in the Grand Ballroom, I saw three stupendous discs of flame, each of a different hue, and at a different height. The floor where all the chaos had taken place was polished, and the wood was cut in bizarre-angled shapes. It was some unearthly symmetry whose laws I could not comprehend. The walls had become a grotesque design and exquisite workmanship. The nature and cleanliness of this room utterly defined conjecture. #RandolphHarris 5 of 5

The Winchester Mystery House

The Winchester Mystery House is just that. A labyrinth designed and built by spirits; it is a very mysterious place. It was built by Mrs. Sarah L. Winchester. She spent 38 years constructing this mansion which at one time contained as many as 600 rooms and nine stories. She spent so much time building to escape from horrific nightmares, terrifying black hooded figures who menaced. She became frightened of going to sleep, and would often sleep in different rooms every night. Perhaps a supernatural door way opened? Legend has it that Mrs. Winchester ownrfa 38-karat diamond pendant. Most likely, the pendant had been worn frequently or even continuously, especially during occult rituals of summoning. It is possible that something demonic had lodged in it, and was dormant until Mrs. Winchester started wearing it. Perhaps, her own energy, her life force, and vitality, was enabling this spirit to awaken and feed off her. Or maybe the diamond was cursed?

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If Your Value Peace and Quiet—Build!

Llanada Villa was like a fairy-tale castle. The inspiration for my home was so magnificent that such an edifice had virtually no precedent in America; it can from Old World and supernatural sources. As I went up the beautiful stairs and passed along the gallery, looking down on a hall such as few palaces contained, it put me in mind of a scene I well-remembered at the Hotel de Ville, in Paris, at a ball given by Emperor Napoleon III to the King of Sardinia. The recently renovations looked royal, everything was grand and on a generous scale. The principal expansion of the mansion took two years and one hundred men to complete, even though my home was always under constant construction. The clayey soil held on to a kind of forest magic. Stands of palms, cedar, and tulip trees marched along the crest of the estate. Orchards proliferated, heave with fruit. There were apricots with the girth of plumbs. It was most impressive. The sprawling Queen Anne Victorian mansion gave off a sober air of prime and proper prosperity. This was the beginning of a new phenomenon, towering mansions and manicured lawns. Llanada Villa had everything to commend it: a lawn for tournaments of badminton or cricket, formal gardens, greenhouses, a cow barn, horse stables, and a pasture. I found myself brooding about diamonds. In the past few social seasons, as the precious stones flooded onto the market from new mines in South Africa, the prices of diamonds had dropped. They were at once everywhere. Many of my housemaids owned brilliants—small ones, but diamonds nonetheless. They studded not only jewelry but belt buckles, headdresses and hat pins. Infants wore gold buttons set with diamond chips. For any proper ball gown, diamonds were an essential grace note. However, there were invisible trails through this pastoral prettiness. #RandolphHarris 1 of 7

Twilight was beginning to turn Llanada Villa to a red bronze. I gaped at the interior. Skylights of stained glass transformed the brilliant sun outside into a kaleidoscope of softly coloured lights, illuminating mahogany paneled walls. Comfortable armchairs covered in a rich, floral brocade were arranged around low tables, and a beautifully pattern carpet stretched across the vast room’s floor, punctuated by the occasional potted palm tree. As I brushed past a pair of maids, bustling down the passageway with their arms full of linens and whispering furiously, everything felt so unsettled at present; the winter was shaping up to be a rather odd, disjointed season. A chill swept over me despite the warm air wafting in from the fireplaces. Since the deaths of William and Annie, darkness lurked just on the border of holiday celebrations. Their deaths could not be explained on natural grounds. To make matters worse, ghost from different eras and life situations seemed to intermingle down in the basement. As the moon waxed full—a strange restlessness took over. It began with insomnia, which rocketed me out of a deep sleep into a strange wakefulness. I became aware of an urge to go for long moonlit walks. I began a downward ascent from the fourth floor. Darkness was embracing the mansion. Grotesque silhouettes hung like dark ominous clouds all about me. It crept into my nostrils and throat until it became painful to breathe or swallow. I watched the shadows rolling and tumbling, until they finally disappeared from sight. Immediately after I sat down…and did see a black thing jump into the window. And it came and stood just before my face. The body of it looked like a monkey, only the feet had claws, and the face somewhat more like a man. And I being greatly affrighted, not being able to speak or help myself by reason of fear. #RandolphHarris 2 of 7

I shut my eyes. Darn it to hades. I saw those old trivial and horrible things, and turned slightly to the side. Someone or something beside me touched my hand as if in sympathy. My eyes opened. It was dark, but not as dark as before. A little moonlight was seeping through the skylight. However, there was no one beside me. I began to walk in silence. Passing through the sumptuous halls, stretched out like a never-ending arrow shaft, in the distance, mirages—like dreams—sprang into life, shimmered and silently dissolved at my approach. Suddenly there was a high, thin voice, and it seemed dry, as if from long disuse. Of words or tune there was no question. It went sailing up to a surprising height, and was carried down with a despairing moan as of a winter wind in a hollow chimney, or an organ whose wind fails suddenly. It was a really horrible sound. Light shone from under the door of one of the parlors. I approached it. Turned the handle, and gave a sudden vigorous push. No use. The door stood fast. The darkness that came in around me now was a tangible thing, warm, disquieting, fearful as the interior of a locked coffin. With my back to the door, in that moment it opened, and an arm came out and clawed at my shoulder. It was clad in ragged, yellowish linen, and the bare skin, where it could be seen, had long grey hair upon it. I gasped with a cry of disgust and fright, as the door shut again, and a low laugh was heard. Hurring off, I was glad to be away from the scene of action. However, the darkness had been too dark; it seemed to m that there were other things—unseen, unheard, unreal—in my home. These forbidden horrors—something of the age-old horrors were festering in corners with monstrous spirits to keep them alive. That night I slept in one of the guest-chambers, and in the morning everything seemed calmer. I talked to Mr. Hansen as little as possible about the strange and unpleasant things, but discussed the renovation. I was queerly enslaved by my home. #RandolphHarris 3 of 7

All day, I racked my brain over the problem. I could think of nothing but this terrible enigma, and gave up all efforts to perform my usual work. Perhaps the oppressiveness of the house came from its construction, more like a tomb or a prison, than a mansion. There are walls in the house that are two feet thick, and there are room boarded up by brick walls a foot thick. Yet, for al that anyone knows, the mysterious darkness of Llanada Villa came from the very wood purchased from the Schwartzwald Forest in Germany. At the time, unbeknownst to me, legend has it that the forest is actually haunted by werewolves, witches, and the devil himself. When the dark curtain of mist rolls slowly over the forest, the werewolves and other supernatural beings may sometimes be seen to sweep across the moors, rough, swarthy and of huge size, with fiery sparks shooting from their eyes and nostrils. They have been said to devour sleeping children in the absence of the household. A person who was passing at night heard them sweep through the forest with a great cry and shouting; and when he reached the highest point of the forest, he saw them pass by, with the “Master” behind—a dark gigantic figure, carrying a long hunting pole at his back, and with a horn slung around his neck. When they reached the ancient redwood tree—the Master blew a great blast upon his horn, and the whole company sank into the Earth. In any case, to discover the source of my redwood made me aware that these trees were the poor creatures of the Devil. The wildest and most remarkable of the supernatural beings still linger within the bounds of the forest and haunt the wood. Their souls cry for vengeance. The Spectre Hounds of the Schwartzwald Forest, are believed to pass, at close of day, in one great army. #RandolphHarris 4 of 7

I first noticed the curved bank of cloud edged by faint auroral light at about half-past seven. As the sun dropped below the horizon line, I began climbing the magnificent stairs. When the sun came back into sight once more, it looked like the malevolent inflamed eye of an angry god at being awakened again. The wind started howling, and Llanada Villa make an awful creaking sound like a cry from a giant infant. I knew there was spiritual warfare going on in my home with terrifying entities, which put my life in mortal danger. Suddenly, utter horror burst over me and weighted my spirit with a black, clutching panic from which I could not shake free. The moment was too hurtful, too awful. I could hear the voices of whispering children, as I was walking down the far side of the mansion. A horribly oppressive darkness of the claustrophobic closed in menacingly…it seemed to billow like impenetrable black smoke. A large group of children appeared, they passed through the walls, and suddenly blood rained—and pieces of dead bodies fell to the floor, which were torn from the graves of powerful witches buried in the haunted forest. That same night, one of the servants incautiously left the door to the kitchen open. I could hear the far-off drumbeat of a horse’s hooves. I made my way to the kitchen and looking before me, there was only a shadow moving across the room at first, but as the sound came nearer, I could see the animal, its mane and tail rippling like black flags. It was a magnificent beast, like a great dog (one of the dogs of hell) coming toward me; being within four or five yards of me, it stopped and sat down, and set up such a scream, so horrible so loud and strong, that I though the Earth moved under me, with which I fainted and fell down. #RandolphHarris 5 of 7

I opened my eyes and screamed when I saw an apparition. In the semi-darkness, it cast a shadow…a black elongated shadow of the cross. It was a scream wrenched involuntarily from my soul, for there, in the faint light of an approaching dawn, I could see that I was holding in my arms the rotting cadaver of a woman—a body from which the flesh was peeling in great huge strips like rotten liver, from which the death grimace revealed crooked brown teeth, and eyeless sockets. I whimpered and jumped to my feet. My heart was hammering as though it were an overtaxed runaway machine about to explode into pieces. My breath came in deep pants of fright. My eyes darted frantically around like lose of one tormented by phantoms. Running down the stairs, I fell twice, painfully ripping open my legs and hands, and the words I wanted most to say came spewing out, “Help me…someone! Help me!” The cold undulating horror closed in around me. Awaken…wake up…wake up I mentally shouted. However, the nightmare, more real than life itself, remained. There are horrors beyond life’s edge that we do not suspect, and once in a while evil’s preying calls them just within our range. The devil called me in, and engulfed me. My mind leaped into turmoil. I could make out nothing in the dim half-light, so I edged back into the hall, the dog of hell clumping mechanically after but pausing on the inner door’s threshold. I felt my knees give under me and my vision go black. I was lying on the floor when I came to. I found myself choked in the dark. Weeping and knowing now the desperate futility of hope, I had reached the edge of night…and the everlasting darkness of the dead and the damned reached out to embrace me. #RandolphHarris 6 of 7

ADONAY, DALMAY, LAUDAY, TETRAGRAMMATON, ANERETON, and all ye holy angels of God, be ye here and deign to impart virtue onto this skin, that it may be properly conserved, and that all thing there written may attain their perfection. I am one that is looking with gladness upon thee, O thou spirit Berith—the twenty-eight Spirit in Order. I call upon thee Berith and your 26 Legions of Spirits, as thou are beautiful and praiseworthy! With gladness I say, because thou art called in him who is creator of Heaven and Earth and the dwelling of darkness, and all things that are in their palaces, and because thou art the servant of obedience In these the power by which thou art obedient to the living breath, I bind three to remain visible to our eyes in power and presence as the servant of fealty before the circle until I say “Descend unto thy dwelling” until the living breath of the voice of the Lord is according to the law which shall be given unto thee. By the seal of the secret wisdom of Solomon thou art called! I conjure thee, creature of parchment, by all the names of God, that nothing which shall be written within thee may ever be blotted from truth. Do thou manifest before this circle, fulfil our will in all things that may seem good to us. I invoke, conjure, and command thee, O Spirit Berith and your 26 Legions of Spirits, to appear and show thyself before this circle, in fair and comely shape, without deformity or guile, by the Name of ON; by the Name Y and V, which Adam heard and spake; by the Name of JOTH, which Jacob learned from the Angel on the night of his wrestling, and was delivered from the hands of his brother Esau. The spiritual weapon has been made manifest in this corporeal World through our will and counter creative power so you may fill it with your essence and might. Empower it so that it may serve us here upon the corporeal plane! May it serve as a key to the realms above and below unlocking power and wisdom for our glory and ascent! Fill this spiritual weapon with your powers of wrath and fury that it may seek out spiritual attacks made toward us rendering them useless and impotent! #RandolphHarris 7 of 7

The Winchester Mystery House

The phenomena of death, the mystery of disease and sickness, and all the other events of common occurrence in daily life gave rise to speculations about the unseen World, which gradually led to a distinction, although slight at times, between good and evil spirits. It is a World of ghost, ghouls, and demons that have the capabilities of silently entering lives and wreaking havoc. There are generally three distinct classes of evil spirits, many ready to torment the hapless wanderer.  First came the disembodied human soul which could find no rest, and so wandered up and down the face of the Earth; second, the gruesome spirits which were half human and half demon; and thirdly, the fiends and devils who were of the same nature as the gods, who rode on the noxious winds, or brought storms and pestilence. Demons are actually disembodied spirits who existed before the World was a paradise and never were in human form. Some people believe The Winchester Mystery House to be haunted. Many have had pleasant experiences, while others account of fearful tales of ghosts. Whatever your opinion may be, it is a beautiful place thousands of people come to enjoy year after year. You can tour the mansion, and stroll the beautiful gardens and may feel more at peace than you have anywhere else on Earth.

For further information about tours, including group tours, weddings, school events, birthday party packages, facility rentals, and special events please visit the website: https://winchestermysteryhouse.com/

Please visit the online giftshop, and purchase a gift for friends and relatives as well as a special memento of The Winchester Mystery House. A variety of souvenirs and gifts are available to purchase.  https://shopwinchestermysteryhouse.com/