
Although Joseph Stalin was considered a tyrant and slave driver by many, he is the reason for much of Russia’s current and past economic prosperity, success, recognition, and beauty. The White Sea-Baltic Canal is a testament to the genius of Mr. Stalin and Soviet engineering and to the hardiness of its workers. It stretches 141 miles from the White Sea in far northern Russia, traverses through the dense forest along the shores of Lake Onega, and empties into the Gulf of Finland at the eastern edge of the Baltic Sea. The canal was built to make sure that Moscow would not suffer from drought. Much of it was actually constructed by men and women, which includes the digging, and pouring of concrete. The project took for years to build. Construction on the Moscow Canal started in 1932 and was completed by 1936. An estimated of 100,000 inmates worked in frigid waters to create this waterway. It also contributed to economic success by allowing ships to important and export supplies. The Mayakovskaya Metro Station opened in 1938 and was also built by the Stalinist Empire. It is considered one of the most beautiful subway stations in the World being constructed of marble, with marble columns, u marble floors. The ceiling contains beautiful mosaic tiles, there are gorgeous circular lamps which gives the impression of a magnificent chandelier. The Moscow Metro Subway is one of the biggest and busiest systems in the World today. Mr. Stalin’s place was to sit atop the subway system. It was to be a skyscraper over 650 feet tall, with 42 floors, in a Gothic architecture style and on top there was going to be a giant 328-foot statue of Mr. Stalin. Construction on the building started, but it was never completed because World War II broke out and the steel was, instead, used to make tanks. #RandolphHarris 1 of 19

Another one of Mr. Stalin’s masterpieces is the seven towering skyscrapers known as The Seven Sisters. They are one of the leading architectural legacies of the Stalinist period. After World War II, the Communists had to rebuild large portions of their cities and villages. The Seven Sisters skyscrapers were built in Moscow between 1947 and 1957. Their construction was not just functional, but had ideological and political importance. They were intended to show the accomplishment and regeneration of the USSR in the post-war period, and provide exclusive residence for the Soviet and elite and international visitors. The Soviet Baroque architecture of the Seven Sisters are characterized by their wedding-cake shape intricate architectural and decorative details, and luxurious interiors. The Seven Sisters reflected the modernity, ambition and triumph of Soviet Russia. For years the tallest buildings in Europe, these seven commanding skyscrapers are significant monuments of architecture and urban planning which draws the eyes of admirers from all over the World. Many people compare President Trump to Mr. Stalin. They believe that he could achieve the same kind of prosperity for America because he loves the country and believes that he can “Make American Great Again.” President Trump has many prestigious infrastructure plans for the future, which even include affordable housing and brining manufacturing back to America so that America can again become a prosperous creditor nation, which no longer needs to borrow from China. Mr. Stalin also had ambitions plans to dominate the World. Cuba is no better proof of Russian plans to dominate the World. #RandolphHarris 2 of 19

The Cuban revolution was neither instigated by Moscow nor by the Cuban Communists, who had been collaborating with Batista until his downfall was near. Mr. Castro was never a Communist, but he planned a revolution which transcended the purely political limits of freeing the country from dictatorship. He started a social revolution, expropriating land owners and industry. United States of America’s government and public opinion started to turn against him, and forced Mr. Castro step by step to seek help, economically and politically, from the Soviet Union, and to accept the help of the Cuban Communist Party which had been held in contempt by the Castristas because of its obvious opportunism and corruption. Mr. Khrushchev threatened once to defend Cuba with nuclear bombs against American military intervention, when he knew quite well that the United States of America would not intervene in such a direct fashion. To make sure, he later withdrew this threat by declaring it was meant only symbolically. He has given only the minimum assistance and loans to the Cubans, and it seems that he exercised a restraining influence on Castro, which, after Mr. Guevara’s return from Moscow, led to repeated—though rejected—bids for a “new beginning” in Cuban-American relations. In Cuba too, Mr. Khrushchev has to cope with Chinese competition, which deprives him of some freedom of action. However, the total picture shows that Mr. Castro’s alliance with the Soviet Union was furthered more by United States of America’s action than by Mr. Khrushchev’s wish to penetrate Latin America. #RandolphHarris 3 of 19

No doubt Mr. Khrushchev wanted to keep the Communist Parties in Latin America alive for their nuisance value against the United States of America. He had to give some support to them because of his position as a leader in the Communist camp, (especially in view of the Chinese competition), but there is no evidence that Mr. Khrushchev had a serious wish to destroy all possibilities of an understanding with the United States of America by trying to make Latin America part of his empire. The cliché of the Soviet offensive against the United States of America in Berlin, Laos, the Congo, and Cuba was not based on reality but was rather a convenient formula to support further armament and the continuation of the cold war. It corresponds to the Chinese cliché that pictures the United States of America as seeking World domination by the support of Chiang Kai-shek, by the domination of Southern Korea and Okinawa, by the SEATO pact, et cetera. All these mutual accusations could not stand up to sober and realistic analysis. Mr. Kissinger expressed the view that it did not really matter whether the Soviet Union wanted to undermine all non-Communist countries for reasons of security the result would have been the same. Such a view led from the realm of analysis of political reality to the realm of fantasy. It remains a mystery why, considering the relative equality of power now, the Soviet Union would have to conquer the rest of the World in order to be secure, especially when it was clear that before she took the first steps on that road a nuclear war would break out which would be the end of all “security.” #RandolphHarris 4 of 19

Considering the Soviet Union’s very limited form of imperialism, several considerations must be considered. It has become customary to prove the Soviet Union’s unlimited imperialism by counting China with her 600,000,000 inhabitants (at the time) as another proof of Russian aggrandizement. Anybody familiar with the facts knows, of course, that this is sheer nonsense. The Chinese revolution was authentically Chinese; it triumphed in spite of Mr. Stalin’s conviction that it could not do so, and China received only a limited amount of assistance from Russia, even after the Communists had won. The Chinese-Russian alliance was logical for both sides, but it had also its serious problems, especially for the Russians. To consider China a “conquest” of Russia was nothing but a demagogic formula. What about the attitude of the Soviet Union toward the Communist Parties and toward national revolutions in the underdeveloped countries other than the nations we have already discussed? As far as the Communist Parties in the underdeveloped countries are concerned, part of their function is to serve as auxiliary forces for Russian foreign policy just as the Communist Parties do in the West. However, as far as revolutions in the underdeveloped countries are concerned, there is a considerable difference. While Mr. Stalin definitely did not want Communist revolutions in the West, he, just as Mr. Khrushchev was, was in favour of national revolutions in Asia and Africa. These national revolutions in underdeveloped countries are not a threat to the conservative Soviet regime, as Western workers’ revolutions would be. However, they are a very important political support for the Soviet policy, since they bring to power regimes that are not part of the Western Camp. #RandolphHarris 5 of 19

The West, and especially Great Britain, have now to pay for past mistakes. They often supported the reactionary upper-class regimes in Asia and Africa. The result is that now, whenever such a regime is overthrown, the new rulers will take an anti-British and often an anti-Western attitude. Naturally, the Soviet Union exploits this fact to her own advantage by playing the role of the anti-colonialist power for which it has the ideological tools. It does not, however, insist that the new powers become integrated into the Soviet bloc and are stratified with their neutrality. The encouraging trend in the Kennedy administration is that it also tends to accept neutrality as a satisfactory stance; there is no doubt that the United State of America has more of a historical tradition behind the ideas of anti-colonialism and national independence than the Soviet Union. What happened to socialism? The Cold War era saw a renaissance in the scientific study of parapsychology—clairvoyance, Extra Sensory Perception (ESP), second sight, and parakinesis, among other phenomena. By the latter half of the 1950s, the field was being rapidly institutionalized in West Germany, as in other parts of Europe and the United States of America. Socialism eventually succumbed to the spirit of capitalism which it had wanted to replace. Instead of understanding it as a movement for the liberation of man, many of its adherents and its enemies alike understood it as being exclusively a movement for the economic improvement of the working class. #RandolphHarris 6 of 19

The humanistic aims of socialism were forgotten, or only paid lip service to, while, as in capitalism, all the emphasis was laid on the aims of economic gain. Just as the ideals of democracy lost their spiritual roots, the idea of socialism lost its deepest root—the prophetic-messianic faith in peace, justice, and the brotherhood of humans. Thus socialism became the vehicle for the workers to attain their place within the capitalistic structure rather than transcending it; instead of changing capitalism, socialism was absorbed by its spirit. The failure of the socialist movement became complete when in 1914 its leaders renounced international solidarity and chose the economic and military interests of their respective countries as against the ideas of internationalism and peace which had been their program. The misinterpretation of socialism as a purely economic movement, and of nationalization of the means of production as its principal aim, occurred both in the right wing and in the left wing of the socialist movement. The reformist leaders of the socialist movement in Europe considered it their primary aim to elevate the economic status of the worker within the capitalist system, and they considered as their most radical measures the nationalization of certain big industries. Only recently have many realized that the nationalization of an enterprise is in itself not the realization socialism, that to be managed by a publicly appointed bureaucracy is not basically different for the worker than being managed by a privately appointed bureaucracy. #RandolphHarris 7 of 19

The leaders of the Communist Party in the Soviet Union interpreted socialism in the same purely economic way. However, living in a country much less developed than western Europe and without a democratic tradition, they applied terror and dictatorship to enforce the rapid accumulation of capital, which in western Europe had occurred in the nineteenth century. They developed a new form of state capitalism which proved to be economically successful and humanly destructive. They built a bureaucratically managed society in which class distinction—both in an economic sense and as far as the power to command other is concerned—is deeper and more rigid than in any of the capitalists societies of today. They define their system as socialistic because they have nationalized the whole economy, while in reality their system is the complete negation of all that socialism stands for—the affirmation of individuality and the full development of humans. In order to win the support of the mases who had to make unendurable sacrifices for the sake of the fast accumulation of capital, they used socialistic, combined with nationalistic, ideologies, and this gained them the grudging cooperation of the governed. Thus far the free-enterprise system is superior to the communist system because it has preserved one of the greatest achievements of modern humans—political freedom—and with it a respect for the dignity and individuality of humans, which links us with the fundamental spiritual tradition of humanism. It permits possibilities of criticism and of making proposals for constructive social change which are practically impossible in the Soviet police state. #RandolphHarris 8 of 19

It is to be expected, however, that once the Soviet countries have achieved the same level of economic development that western Europe and the United States of America has achieved—that is, once they can satisfy the demand for a comfortable life—they will not need terror, but will be able to use the same means of manipulation which are used in the West: suggestion and persuasion. This development will bring about the convergence of twenty-first century capitalism and twenty-first century communism. Both systems are based on industrialization; their goal is ever-increasing economic efficiency and wealth. They are societies run by a managerial class and by professional politicians. They are both thoroughly materialistic in their outlook, regardless of lip service to Christian ideology in the West and secular Messianism in the East. They organize the masses in a centralized system, in large factories, in political mass parties. In both systems, if they go on in the same way, the mass-man, the aliened man—a well-fed, well-clothed, well-entertained automaton-man governed by bureaucrats who have as little a goal as the mass-man has—will replace the creative, thinking, feeling man. Things will have the firs place, and man will be dead; he will talk of freedom and individuality, while he will be nothing. Where do we stand today? Capitalism and a vulgarized, distorted socialism have brought human to the point where one is in danger of becoming a dehumanized automaton; one is losing one’s sanity and stands at the point of total self-destruction. Only full awareness of one’s situation and its dangers and a new vision of a life which can realize the aims of human freedom, dignity, creativity, reason, justice, and solidarity can save us from almost certain decay, loss of freedom, or destruction. #RandolphHarris 9 of 19

We are not forced to choose between a managerial free-enterprise system and a managerial communist system. There is a third solution, that of democratic, humanistic socialism which, based on the original principles of socialism, offers the vision of a new, truly human society. Once upon a time there was a little boy who lived in Chicago named Max Palevsky. His father had come to this country because the streets were paved with gold, but the were not, and so to support his family he became a painter. Houses, not canvas. Max grew up and went to the University of Chicago and studied philosophy. His father said, “Philosophy?” Max did not know, but he wanted to study philosophy, and so he went right on studying philosophy. In graduate school he was still studying philosophy, notably logic. After eleventy-seven years in graduate school he got a bit fatigued with the academic environment, and so one day he went to work for Bendix as a logician. Bendix was trying its hand at computers and Max was there to tell the computer how to think, since the computer did not know what was logical. One day Max moved on to Packard-Bell, which was also trying its hand at computers, and one day after that Max decided to start his own company. IBM dominates the computer field, but even IBM cannot do absolutely everything well at all times, and Max thought there was a niche in the computer field that IBM was not covering, in the area of small computers. So Max got together with Art Rock, who had some money and some friends at Hayden, Stone. Art had moved to San Francisco and formed a firm, Davis and Rock, to invest venture capital in ideas such as Max’s. Max put up $80,000 and Art Rock’s people put up $920,000, and from a sheet of yellow paper Scientific Data Systems was born. #RandolphHarris 10 of 19

The idea was right and people were able and Scientific Data Systems began to make money on its small computers. A group of underwriters sold some stock to the public and the market on the first day capitalized—id est, decided—that the earnings of SDS were worth a paper value of $50 million. That made Max’s piece worth a little less than $10 million. At the time, after some notable triumphs, the market said SDS was worth about $540 million, and that made Max’s price worth about $50 million. You cannot do that in the stock market unless you start with a lot in the first place and have trusted financial advisors. One spring evening I was sitting in Max’s hotel room on Central Park South and we were watching the lights go on in Central Park and I asked him what difference the $50 million made. Max thought for s minute and then he said it had not made any difference. He still lived in the same house and had the same friends. He did have a problem, because every once in a while, his children would read in the paper that their father had $50 million and he did not want them to grow up with any false values. And of course, he did have the fund and the satisfaction of creating a company and beating IBM. Then he added one footnote. “It has made one difference,” he said. “It made my father happy. My father said, ‘I did the right thing. I was right after all.’” And Max said, ‘I did the right thing. I was right after all.’” And Max said, “Right about what?” And his father said, “I was right what I thought before I came, about the streets, and the gold.” #RandolphHarris 11 of 19

So if we are talking about real big money, forget the stock market. Max’s story, in varying degrees, of course, has been duplicated by the principals of a hundred other companies. That $240 million may be a paper value, but if you own a piece of it, you can trade the paper in for all the nice tangible thing you can think of, and even after they get the carpeting in on your yacht, you will have a lot left. Engineers know this well; they follow the trial of the stock options. You have stock and as long as there are buyers for it that currency is just as good as greenbacks. You can whisk engineers out of RCA and Sperry Rand and General Electric because the engineers there are too far from the top and if they have options, they are small in relation to the size of the company. So if you have a device or a process for which there is a ready market, and you can corral some engineers, that is the way to big money. If an individual realized one self by spontaneous activity and thus relates oneself to the World, one ceases to be an isolated atom; one and the World become part of one structuralized whole; one has one’s rightful place, and thereby one’s doubt concerning oneself and the meaning of life disappears. This doubt sprang from one’s separateness and from the thwarting of life; when one can live, neither compulsively nor automatically but spontaneously, the doubt disappears. One is aware of oneself as an active and creative individual and recognizes that there is only one meaning of life: the act of living itself. If the individual overcomes the basic doubt concerning oneself and one’s place in life, if one is related to the World by embracing it in the act of spontaneous living, one gains strength as an individual and one gains security. This security, however, differs from the security that characterizes the preindividualist state in the same way in which the new relatedness to the World differs from that of the primary ties. #RandolphHarris 12 of 19

The new security is not rooted in the protection which the individual has from a higher power outside oneself; neither is it a security in which the tragic quality of life is eliminated. The new security is dynamic; it is not based on protection, but on humans’ spontaneous activity. It is the security acquired each moment by humans’ spontaneous activity. It is the security that only freedom can give, that needs no illusions because it has eliminated those conditions that necessitate illusions. Positive freedom as the realization of the self implies the full affirmation of the uniqueness of the individual. Humans are born equal but they are also born different. The basis of this difference is the inherited equipment, physiological and mental, with which they start life, to which is added the particular constellation of circumstances and experiences that they meet with. This individual basis of the personality is as little identical with any other as two organisms are ever identical physically. The genuine growth of the self is always a growth, the unfolding of a nucleus that is peculiar for this one person and only for one. The development of the automaton, in contrast, is not an organic growth. The growth of the basis of the self is blocked and a pseudo self I superimposed upon this self, which is—as we have seen—essentially the incorporation of extraneous patterns of thinking and feeling. Organic growth is possible only under the condition of supreme respect for the peculiarity of the self of other persons as well as of our own self. This respect for and cultivation of the uniqueness of the self is the most valuable achievement of human culture and it is this very achievement that is in danger today. #RandolphHarris 13 of 19

The uniqueness of the self in no way contradicts the principle of equality. The thesis that humans are born equal implies that they all share the same fundamental human qualities, that they share the basic fate of human beings, that they all have the same inalienable claim on freedom and happiness. It furthermore means that their relationship is one of solidarity, not one of domination-submission. What the concept of equality does not mean is that all humans are alike. Such a concept of equality is derived from the role that the individual plays in one’s economic activities today. In the relation between the human who buys and the one who sells, the concrete differences of personality are eliminated. In this situation only one thing matters, that the one has something to sell and the other has money to but it. In economic life one man is not different from another; as real persons they are, and the cultivation of their uniqueness is the essence of individuality. Positive freedom also implies the principle that there is no higher power than this unique individual self, that humans are the center and purpose of one’s life; that the growth and realization of humans’ individuality is an end that can never be subordinated to purposes which are supposed to have greater dignity. This interpretation may arouse serious objections. Does it not postulate unbridled egotism? Is it not the negation of the idea of sacrifice for an ideal? Would its acceptance not lead to anarchy? These questions have actually already been answered, partly explicitly, partly implicitly, during our previous discussion. However, they are too important for us not to make another attempt to clarify the answers and to avoid misunderstanding. #RandolphHarris 14 of 19

To say that humans should not be subject to anything higher than oneself does not deny the dignity of ideals. On the contrary, it is the strongest affirmation of ideals. It forces us, however, to a critical analysis of what an ideal is. One is generally apt today to assume that an ideal is any aim whose achievement does not imply material gain, anything for which a person is ready to sacrifice egotistical ends. This is a purely psychological—and for that matter relativistic viewpoint—concept of an ideal. From this subjectivist viewpoint a Fascist, who is driven by the desire to subordinate oneself to a higher power and at the same time to overpower other people, has an ideal just as much as the human who fights for human equality and freedom. On this basis the problem of ideals can never be solved. We must recognize the difference between genuine and fictitious ideals, which is just as fundamental a difference as that between truth and falsehood. All genuine ideals have one thing in common: they express the desire for something which is not yet accomplished but which is desirable for the purposes of the growth and happiness of the individual. We may not always know what serves this end, we may disagree about the function of this or that ideal in terms of human development, but this is no reason for a relativism which says that we cannot know what furthers life or what blocks it. We are not always sure which food is health and which is not, yet we do not conclude that we have no way whatsoever of recognizing poison. In the same way we can know, if we want to, what is poisonous for mental life. #RandolphHarris 15 of 19

We know that poverty, intimidation, isolation, are directed against life; that everything that serves freedom and furthers the courage and strength to be oneself is for life. What is good or bad for humans is not a metaphysical question, but an empirical one that can be answered on the basis of an analysis of humans’ nature and the effect which certain conditions have on one. However, what about “ideals” like those of the Fascists which are definitely directed against life? How can we understand the fact that humans are following these false ideals as fervently as others are following true ideals? The answer to this question is provided by certain psychological considerations. The phenomenon of masochism shows us that humans can be drawn to the experiencing of suffering, submission, or suicide is the antithesis of positive aims of living. Yet these aims can be subjectively experienced as gratifying and attractive. This attraction to what is harmful in life is the phenomenon which more than any other deserves the name of a pathological perversion. Many psychologists have assumed that the experience of pleasure and the avoidance of pain is the only legitimate principle guiding human actions; but dynamic psychology can show that the subjective experience of pleasure is not a sufficient criterion for the value of certain behaviour in terms of human happiness. The analysis of masochistic phenomena is a case in point. Such analysis shows that the sensation of pleasure can be the result of a pathological perversion and proves as little about the objective meaning of the experience as the sweet taste of a poison would prove about its function for the organism. #RandolphHarris 16 of 19

We thus come to define a genuine ideal as any aim which furthers the growth, freedom, and happiness of the self, and to define as fictitious ideals those compulsive and irrational aims which subjectively are attractive experiences (like the drive for submission), but which actually are harmful to life. Once we accept this definition, it follows that a genuine ideal is not some veiled force superior to the individual, but that it is the articulate expression of utmost affirmation of the self. Any ideal which is in contrast to such affirmation proves by this very fact that it is not an ideal but a pathological aim. Those enormous beams and planks of concepts to which humans cling needily one’s whole life to save oneself are for the liberated intellect merely a scaffolding and plaything for its most daring feats; and in smashing it, mixing it up, reassembling it ironically, combining the most alien elements and separating those most closely connected, it demonstrates that it has no need of such makeshifts of neediness and will from now on be led not by concepts but by intuitions. There is no regular path leading from those intuitions into the land of ghostly schemata, of abstractions: there are no words for them; humans fall silent when one sees them or speaks in strictly forbidden metaphous and egregious combinations of concepts in order to correspond creatively to the impression of the powerful present intuition, at least by demolishing and ridiculing the old conceptual restraints. There are ages in which the rational humans and the intuitive humans stand side by side, the one fearful of intuition, the other scornful of abstraction; the latter as irrational as the former is inartistic. Both desire to rule over life: the former by knowing how to meet the most pressing needs with foresight, intelligence, and regularity, the latter, as an “over-joyous hero,” by not seeing those needs and regarding life as real only when it feigns semblance and beauty. #RandolphHarris 17 of 19

Where the intuitive human, as, for instance, in ancient Greece, brandishes one’s weapons more formidably and victoriously than one’s opponent, in favourable conditions a culture can emerge and art can establish dominion over life; all outward manifestations of that life are accompanied by that dissimulation, that denial of neediness, the radiance of metaphorical intuitions, and, above all, the immediacy of deceit. Neither such a humans’ house nor one’s way of walking nor one’s clothing nor one’s earthen jug look as if they were invented by need; everything in them seems to express a sublime happiness and an Olympian clear blue—and yet a playing at seriousness. Whereas the human led by concepts and abstractions uses them merely to ward off misfortune, deriving no happiness from the abstractions and seeking out the greatest possible freedom from misery, the intuitive human, standing in the midst of a culture, reaps from one’s intuitions not only a defense against evil but a continuous influx of illumination, cheerfulness, redemption. Of course, when one suffers, one suffers more intensely; one even suffers more often, since one does not know how to learn from experience and keeps falling into the same ditch one has fallen into before. One is then just as irrational in one’s sorrow as one is in one’s happiness; one cries out and has no consolation. How different things are for the Stoic suffering the same misfortune, instructed by experience and ruling oneself by means of concepts! Usually aspiring only to sincerity, truth, freedom from deception, and protection against beguiling attack, now, in misfortune, one delivers one’s masterpiece of dissimulation, just as the human of intuition did in happiness; one’s visage is not a wincing and expressive human face but like a mask with features of dignified symmetry; one does not cry out or even change one’s time of voice. #RandolphHarris 18 of 19

If a dark storm cloud bursts upon one, one wraps oneself up in one’s cloak and slowly walks out from under it. Consciousness of appearance.—How wonderful and new and yet how eerie and ironic my knowledge makes me feel toward the whole of existence. I have discovered for myself that the old humanity and animality, indeed the entire primal age and past of all sentient beings, goes on composing, loving, hating, inferring—I awoke suddenly in the midst of this dream, but only to the consciousness that I am still dreaming and that I must go on dreaming in order not to perish: just as the sleepwalker must go on dreaming in order to keep from falling down. What is “seeming” (Schein) to me now! Certainly not the opposite of some kind of being (Wesen)—what could I possibly say of any such being, other than the predicates of its seeming! Certain not a dead mask that one could put on some unknown X, and indeed take off! For me, seeming is what is truly effective and alive, going so far in its self-mockery as to make me feel that here there is seeming and ghost lights and spirits dances, and nothing more—that among all those dreaming, I, too, the “knower,” dance my dance; that one who knows is a means of drawing out the Earthly dance and in this way belongs among the masters of ceremony of existence; and that the sublime consistency and interconnectedness of all knowledge is and will be perhaps the highest means of sustaining the universality of dreaming and the understanding all these dreamers have among themselves, and so, too, even the duration of the dream. This holiday season, please open your hearts, and donate to the Sacramento Fire Department, for the are not receiving all of their resources. #RandolphHarris 19 of 19


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