Healthy people have the ability to form healthier personalities and maintain relationships of love and friendships in the World. This ability ensures that a healthier person will have access to relief from the existential loneliness in which we all live. Loneliness is not a disease of which one can be cured; it is an unescapable fact of human existence. Although most heroin users spend some portion of their drug-using careers as stabilized junkies and many manage to live for years with high heroin availability and highly-structured daily routines, at least two properties of the stabilized junkie’s situation tend to work against the maintenance of stability. One is the pharmacological property of heroin. It is a drug to which users tend to develop a tolerance rather rapidly, although it has been demonstrated that such tolerance is neither necessary nor universal. Moreover, as we have pointed out in previous reports, numerous factors in the social setting of heroin use mitigate the destabilizing effect of the drug. Work routines, household duties, and even subcultural roles all serve to structure drug consumption. However, in the absence of external structures of constraint, or when such routines are temporarily disrupted, the pharmacological properties of heroin tend to destabilize the lifestyle of the addict further. In sum, contrary to popular belief, heroin use does not inevitably lead to a deterioration of lifestyle. Rather, the physiological dynamics of narcotics use tend to be most destabilizing under conditions where life structure is already weak and incapable of accommodating the physiological demands imposed by increased tolerance. #RandolphHarris 1 of 18

The other property of the stabilized junkie’s life which tends to undermine stability is the hustle the junkie uses to finance his or her habit. According to our respondents, it is not hard times of difficulties in raising money through hustlers which tend to destabilize the stabilized junkie’s life. “You can adjust yourself to a certain amount of drugs a day,” explained Belle, “that you don’t have to have but just that much.” In addition to reducing their drug consumption, stabilized junkies accommodate themselves to such lean periods by substituting other drugs for heroin, working longer and harder at their hustling, or changing the type of hustle they work. On the contrary, it is the unusual success, the “bit sting” or “big hit,” that tends to destabilize the stabilized junkie’s high degree of life structure. The “big sting” or “big hit” can come in many forms. One of our respondents—an armed robber who usually limited his robbing to street mugging, gas stations, and convenience stores—“hit” a bank, which to our respondent’s surprise, produced a “take” of over $60,000. He increased his heroin consumption dramatically and, while doing so, abandoned virtually all the stabilizing routines which marked his life prior to his windfall take. In another instance, a relatively stable junkie dealer was “fronted” several thousand dollars of heroin on consignment. Instead of selling it as he had agreed to do, he absconded with it to another state, shot up most of it himself, and gave the rest away. #RandolphHarris 2 of 18

In another case, a relatively low-level burglar/thief came across $10,000 in cash in the course of one of his burglaries. He took the money to New York where he intended to cop a “big piece” that he could bring back to the city in which he lived and sell for a nice profit. However, instead of selling it, he kept it for his own use and his habit rapidly increases from a stable three bags per day to nearly a “bundle”—a5 bags per day. Although the “big hit” or “big sting” appears to be the most common precipitator of the transition from the status of stabilized or occasional heroin user to the status of free-wheeling junkie, many other variants of similar destabilizing patterns are common. The stabilized junkie may not be the one who makes the big sting. It may be his or her spouse, roommate, paramour, addict friend, or regular trick who receives a windfall of drugs or money and invites the stabilized junkie to share in the benefits of good fortune. “Goody,” a part-time street prostitute, moved in with a big-time drug dealer who provided her with all the heroin she wanted in exchange for domestic services, sexual favors, some modest help in cutting and packaging drugs. Although her supply of drugs was virtually limitless, she took her child-raising obligations and responsibilities very seriously and they kept her to a modest level of use. However, after a year of domestic living she began to miss the “street” life and the friends she had there and to resent her total (“bag b*tch”) dependence on her dealer boyfriend. #RandolphHarris 3 of 18

She returned to the street and used the money she earned from “hoing,” and “ripping” her tricks to purchase drugs in addition to what she got at home for free. This behavior not only destabilized her drug use, but it also disrupted her home life to such an extent that she pated with her dealer and returned to the street full-time. Interestingly, this return to prostitution, theft, and robbery as her sole means of support forced her to develop a new life structure and abandon the free-wheeling pattern into which she had drifted when she had a dual source of supply. Unless heroin addicts are disciplined by a life structure to which they are so committed and obligated that it effectively prevents them from doing so, they will expand their consumption of heroin to whatever level of use the availability of drugs or funds to buy them makes possible. What marks the career stage of the free-wheeling junkie is the almost total absence of structures of restraint. In the word of “Little Italy,” who described a “free-wheeling” stage of his addict career: “I can remember, I wouldn’t be sick, I wouldn’t need a shot…And some of the guys might come around and get a few bags [and say] ‘Hey man, like I don’t have enough money. Why don’t you come down with me?’…I’m saying [to myself], ‘Oh-oh, here I go!’ and I would shoot drugs I didn’t even need to shoot. So I let it get out of control.” The problem for the first free-wheeling junkie is that the binge cannot last forever and is typically fairly short-lived. #RandolphHarris 4 of 18

After a month or two of free-wheeling heroin use—during which time the free-wheeling junkie may have no idea of how much heroin he or she is consuming daily—not only is a modest usage level unsatisfying but the life structure within which one might support it is likely to have been completely abandoned or at least be in severe disrepair. The Street Junkie—Low Availability/Low Life Structure At the point in a free-wheeling junkie’s career when heroin availability drops precipitously and life structure does not provide the support necessary to stabilize heroin use, the free-wheeling junkie may manage to rebuild that life structure and accommodate to a new and lower level of availability. To the extent that his rebuilding and accommodation can be managed, the free-wheeling junkie may be able to return to the life of a stabilized junkie. However, if the rebuilding of life structure cannot be managed, the free-wheeling junkie may become a street junkie. Street junkies most closely approximate the public stereotypes of heroin addicts, if only because their way of life—both where and how they live—make them the most visible variety of heroin addict. Cut off from a stable source of quality heroin, not knowing from where one’s next “fix” or the money to pay for it will come, looking for any opportunity to make a buck, getting “sick” or “jonesing,” being pathetically unkempt and unable to maintain even the most primitive routines of health or hygiene, the street junkie lives a very difficult, hand-to-mouth (or more precisely arm-to-arm) existence. #RandolphHarris 5 of 18

It terms of our typology, the street junkie’s life may be understood as a continuous but typically unsuccessful effort to stabilize life structure and increase heroin availability. The two problems are intimately related in such a way that, unless the street junkie can solve both the problems at once, neither problem will be solved at all. That is, unless the street junkie can establish a stable life structure, one will be unlikely to increase the availability of heroin. Likewise, unless the street junkie is able to increase the availability of heroin, one will be unlikely to establish a stable life structure. To illustrate how this relationship works in les abstract terms, it is helpful to begin with a description of what low life structure means in the life of the street. If any single word can describe the essence of how street opiate users “get over,” that word is opportunism. Subjects were always alert to the smallest opportunity to earn a few dollars. The notion of opportunism is equally relevant to predatory criminality, nonpredatory criminality, employment, and miscellaneous hustling activities. The cause of the street junkie’ opportunism is one’s failure to establish a stable life structure which regularly produces enough income to support an addiction. Consequently, the street junkie’s life is a series of short-term crimes, jobs, and hustles. Street junkies steal or rob when opportunities arise to do so. For a price or in exchange for heroin, they will “cop” for an out-of-towner, “taste” for a dealer, “tip” for a burglar, rents their “work” to another junkie, sell their “clinic meth” and food stamps, or share their “crib” accommodations with a junkie who needs a place to “get off” or a “hoe” who needs a room to take her “tricks.” #RandolphHarris 6 of 18

They will do odd jobs, wash cars, paint apartments, stage accidents and vandalize their own cars, claim it was an accident, and get insurance money, steal and sell other peoples’ medications, deliver circulars, move furniture, carry baggage, or snitch to the police. The problem is not only that this opportunistic crime, hustling, or legitimate work pays very little, but that none of it is stable. While one or more of these activities may produce enough income today, none of them may be counted on to do so tomorrow. Moreover, because typical street addict crimes pay so little, because such crimes must be repeated frequently to produce any sizable income, and because they are so unpredictably opportunistic, the chance that the street addict will be arrested sooner or later is very, very high. This was the unfortunate experience of Little Italy who after falling out with his supplier, was forced to discontinue drug sales as a major means of income and turned to armed robbery to support his use. “I know today, I can say that is you don’t have a plan you’re gonna f*ck up man…Now those robberies weren’t no plan. They didn’t fit in nowhere…just by the spur of the moment, you know what I mean? I had to fond something to take that place so that income would stand off properly, ‘cause I didn’t have a plan or didn’t know anything about robbery.” As Little Italy’s experience demonstrates, street junkies lives are further complicated by the fact that “big dealers”—vendors of quantities of good quality heroin—often refuse to sell to them. #RandolphHarris 7 of 18

The reasons they refuse are directly related to the instability of street junkies’ lives. Because street junkies can never be certain when and for how much they will “get over,” they are frequently unable to afford to buy enough drugs to satisfy their “jones.” In the face of such a shortage they will commonly beg drugs from anyone they know who might have them or have access to them, try to “cop short” (buy at less than the going rate), attempt to strike a deal to get drugs loaned or “fronted” (given on consignment) to them on a short-term basis, or, if necessary, engage in opportunistic hustling. Also, because street junkies are the type of addict most vulnerable to arrest they are also the most likely category of addict to be “flipped” by police into the role of an informant. Usually street junkies will be promised immunity from prosecution on the charge for which they were arrested if they “give up” somebody “big.” Given the frequency with which street addicts “come up short,” the relatively small amount of profit to be made in each individual transaction with them, and the higher-than-normal risk of police involvement, few “big dealers” are willing to put up with all of the attendant hassles and hustles that dealing with street junkies typically involves. While there are exceptions—the most common being big dealers who relatives of street junkies or their friends of long standing—street addicts are mainly limited to “street dope,” heroin that has been repeatedly “stepped on” (diluted) as it is passed from the highest-level dealer to the lowest. #RandolphHarris 8 of 18

In fact, some studies have shown that as much as 7 percent of street dope may have no heroin in it at all, while other studies show a heroin concentration of from 3 to 10 percent in street dope as compared with an average concentration of nearly 30 percent in bags seized from “big dealers.” The irony in this situation is that, as a consumer of “street dope,” the street addict pays a higher per/unit price for heroin than any other person in the distribution chain. Furthermore, this very low and often unpredictable quality of heroin available to the street junkie serves to destabilize his or her life structure further. In 2020, heroin-involved overdose death rates decreased nearly 7 percent from 2019 to 2020. However, more than 13,000 people died from a drug overdose involving heroin in the United States of America, a rate of more than four deaths for every 100,000 Americans. The number of heroin-involved overdose deaths was nearly seven times higher in 2020 than in 1999. Nearly 20 percent of all opioid deaths involved heroin. Heroin is an opioid drug made from morphine, a natural substance taken from the seed pod of the various opium poppy plants grown in Southeast and Southwest Asia, Mexico, and Colombia. Heroin can be a white or brown powder, or a black sticky substance known as black tar heroin. People inject, sniff, snort, or smoke heroin. Some people mix heroin with crack cocaine, a practice called speedballing. Heroin enter the brain rapidly and binds to opioid receptors on cells located in many areas, especially those involved in feelings of pain and pleasure and in controlling heart rates, sleeping, and breathing. However, it is a very dangerous drug. In the age of fentanyl, all drugs are dangerous, as they could be mixed with it and could be immediately fatal. Even marijuana could be laced with fentanyl. Therefore, it is important to stay away from all drugs and be sober at all times. #RandolphHarris 9 of 18

Passivity caused by misconception of self-effacement. Under the idea that surrender of self to the Ultimate cause means self-effacement, self-renunciation, and, practically, self-annihilation, the self-actualized has aimed at unconsciousness of personality, personal needs, personal states, feelings, desires, external appearances, circumstances, discomforts, opinions of others et cetera, so as to be “conscious” of the ultimate concern only moving, working, acting, through it. To this end one has given over one’s “self-consciousness” to “death” and has prayed that one might have no consciousness of anything in the World but the presence of the ultimate concern. Then, to carry out this absolute surrender of self to death—this entire self-effacement—one consistently, in practice, “yields to death” every trace of the movement of “self” one become aware of, and sets one’s will steadily to renounce all consciousness of personal wishes, desires, tastes, needs, feelings, et cetera. All this—appearing to be so “self-sacrificing” and “righteous”—results in an entire suppression of personality, and the giving of ground to psychopathic offenders in a passivity of the whole being. This permits the powers of psychopathic offenders to work, and bring about an “unconsciousness” which becomes in time a deadness and dullness of the sensibilities, and an inability to feel—not only for oneself but for others, so as not to know when they suffer or when one oneself cases suffering. How does the Spiritual Presence attack and close the gap between subject and object in the matter of language? It does so insofar as it witnesses, it expresses, it gives voice to what transcends the subject-object structure. Under the influence of the Spirit the human word becomes the Word of the ultimate concern. #RandolphHarris 10 of 18

This Spirit-determined human word is not bound to any particular religion or revelation. However, whenever language becomes a bearer of the Spirit, it unites the speaker with that of which one speaks by reaching beyond the subject-object structure to the power of being and meaning in which they both are grounded. Consequently, the ambiguity of poverty and abundance is overcome in that a few words become great words when they convey the Spirit. The ambiguity of particularity and universality is conquered since the Spirit-bearing word, though particular, shares in the universality of the Spirit. Ambiguous indefiniteness yields, for the word, determined by the Spiritual Presence, does not try to grasp an ever escaping object but expresses a union between the inexhaustible subject and the inexhaustible object. Finally, the ambiguity of communication and anti-communication is overcome when the word, impregnated with the Spirit, penetrates to the center of both listener and speaker so that estrangement and, with it, the possibility of deception and distortion vanish. The presence of the Spirit in human language is another Pentecost. The subject-object chasm is bridged, thus striking at the root of all linguistic ambiguities. The result is a theonomous central function. Judgment in interpersonal relations refer not to the perception of differences in quantity, though a large body of gestaltist literature in psychology includes such matters under this caption. Instead, it refers to the evaluation of alternative courses of action. There is a lively current interest in critical thinking, planning, and decision-making, for which good judgment is imperative. #RandolphHarris 11 of 18

Judgment is here conceived as very similar to the ancient concept of wisdom, as signified in the Greek word sophia, from which philosophy gets its name. In view of the centuries of effort which have been devoted to seeking out the mysteries of its occurrence and transmission, it will inevitably seem foolhardy to some to make further tries at identifying the conditions of its development. Yet, every wise parent must continue to instill wisdom in his offspring, and there is room for hope that contemporary social science can add something toward clarifying the conditions for cultivating this long valued ability. The operational definition of judgment must itself be the product of research; a priori definitions can at best point the way toward preliminary approximations, and distinguish judgment from some other abilities which are sometimes take for it. Thus judgment is not another name for utility, which by an assumption common to economists, all rational choices are said to maximize. Indeed, as some of the more critical economists themselves aver, many decisions among alternative values are not commensurable through resort to some imputed quasi-monetary common denominator or intervening variable; their qualitative ordering in particular situations is not reducible to universal categories and dimensions. #RandolphHarris 12 of 18

The quality of judgment itself—construed as an ability to make correct decisions—mut be estimated in actual situations and reference to identified actors. What is a correct decision for one actor may be a mistake for another actor, or for the same actor at a different time. The level of judgement cannot be inferred simply from the content of decisions made; the decisions have to be gauged in their context. To take a concrete example: while as a rough guide home economists recommend that families spend no more than a fourth of their income on rent, it may be good judgment under extraordinary circumstances to spend two or three times that much. Whether the family is exercising good judgment depends on its total living situation and the other expenditure choices it makes. Thus the measurement of judgment is likely to require reference to a representative range of decision and considerations within the history of the actor. The interpersonal origins of judgment need heavy emphasis. A person can only be reasonable as long as the other is reasonable, and one, as one’s self is reasonable. However, each can help the other to acquire skill in being reasonable. On this account it might be useful to rename judgment in interpersonal relations—reasonableness or reasonability. That measurement of judgment is ultimately feasible and may become quite reliable and exact is suggested by the fact that people are always making appraisals of the good judgment or mistakes of others and of themselves, and are interested, at least abstractly, in the steady improvement of their judgment. #RandolphHarris 13 of 18

Arguments are popular, for instance, among parents as to how far children have progressed in the development of judgment, how far they can be trusted to exercise responsibility for themselves and others. Although it is generally recognized that children increase or improve in judgment as they grow older, laws are continually debated as to the age at which teenagers may drive cars, choose their own movies and reading matter, govern their own morals, spend money wisely, and depart from parental counsel. The practical bearing and importance of the optimal development of judgment on martial choice and the rearing of children seems obvious. However, the judgment does not necessarily reach a plateau at the age of twenty-one, or a peak at any other age. Its growth is not an inevitable concomitant of aging, since it can be readily arrested, and can even degenerate and decline. While paternalistic husbands restrict the responsibility of their wives, for example, their wives’ judgment deteriorates in consequence, leading to further restrictions of their responsibility. Neither is there any upper limits to judgment; it can develop progressively like the other elements of interpersonal competence. Global leaders must go beyond this basic level of interpersonal skills to effectively lead their team. Because global leadership goes beyond domestic, expatriate, and comparative leadership, as well as global management or simply a global title, and becomes “extreme leadership.” Yes, kind of like extreme sports. And like an extreme athlete who needs that higher level of resilience, endurance, willpower, fitness and courage to push themselves to the absolute limit, so must global leaders take their competencies—whether interpersonal or otherwise—to a higher level. #RandolphHarris 14 of 18

Just as nations are proving inept in coping with terrorist or religious frenzy, they are also finding it harder to regulate global corporations capable of transferring operations, funds, pollution, and people across borders. The liberalization of finance has encouraged the growth of some six hundred mega-firms, which used to be called “multinationals” and which now account for about one fifth of value added in agriculture and industrial production in the World. The term multinational, however, is obsolete. Mega-firms are essentially non-national. Until the recent past, globe-girdling corporations have typically “belonged” to one nation or another even if they operated all over the World. IBM was an unquestionably American firm. Under the new system for creating wealth, with companies from several countries linked into global “alliances” and “constellations,” it is harder to determine corporate nationality. IBM-Japan is, in many ways, a Japanese firm. Honda builds cars in the United States of America and ships them to Japan. Ford used own Jaguar (1999-2008) and used to own Land Rover (2000-2008) before selling both to Tata Motors in 2008. It is difficult to designate the nationality of global corporations. They fly the flag of their customers, not their country. What is the “nationality” of Visa International? Its headquarters may be in the United States of America, but it is owned by 21,000 financial institutions in 187 countries and territories. Its governing board and regional boards are set up to prevent any one nation from having 51 percent of the votes. #RandolphHarris 15 of 18

With cross-national takeovers, merger, and acquisitions on the rise, ownership of a firm could, in principle, switch from one country to another overnight. Corporations are thus becoming more truly nonnational or transnational, drawing their capital and management elites from many different nation, creating jobs and distributing their streams of profit to stockholders in many countries. Changes like these will force us to rethink such emotionally charged concepts as economic nationalism, neocolonialism, and imperialism. For example, it is an article of faith among Latin Americans that Yankee imperialists siphon “superprofits” from their countries. However, if tomorrow “superprofits” from a Mexican operation were to go to investors dispersed throughout Japan, Western Europe, and, say, Brazil (or even someday China), who exactly is the neocolonislist? What if a transnational is nominally based in Macao or, for that matter, Curacao, and its stock is owned by 100,00 continually changing shareholders from a dozen countries, trading in half a dozen different stock exchanges from Bombay and Sydney to Paris and Hong Kong? What if even the institutional investors are themselves transnational? What if the managers come from all over the World? What country, then, is the “imperialist oppressor”? As they lose their strictly national identities, the entire relationships between global firms and national governments is transformed. In the past, “home” governments of such companies championed their interests in the World economy, exerted diplomatic pressure on their behalf, and often provided either the threat (or the reality) of military action to protect their investments and people when necessary. #RandolphHarris 16 of 18

In the early 1970s, at the behest of ITT and other American corporations, the CIA actively worked to destabilized the Allende government in Chile. Future governments may be far less ready to respond to cries for help from firms that are no longer national or multinational but truly transnational. If so, what happens when terrorists, guerrillas, or a hostile nation threaten the people and facilities of one of the great transnationals? To whom does it turn for help? Does it meekly walk away from its investments? Perhaps the most popular definition of the economic system of today’s China is state capitalism as opposed to the Western-style liberal market economy with private companies at its core. It can hardly be denied that, at this point, compared to the West, in the Chinese economy there is more state, and compared to China, in the Western economies there is more private entrepreneurship. Still, this conceptual framework is too simplistic—first of all because it underestimates the role of change. While retaining differences from Western economic systems, especially regarding the role of the state, China is accommodating more and more elements of conventional Western capitalism, first of all Anglo-Saxon capitalism as the latter’s classical model. This process of accommodation and the ability to accommodate are the sources of China’s economic strength. Remaining different, it is becoming more and more similar to the West in many important respects. China’s economic system appears to be a mix created by this dialectical game of similarities and differences. #RandolphHarris 17 of 18

The increase of its economic power is supported both by market incentives, which are becoming stronger and stronger (in some respects significantly stronger than in the West) and by large-scale government intervention. It is crucially important that, when intervening in the economy, the government remains premarket enough, or pragmatic enough, not to undermine market incentives. Basically, the emergence of China as a new economic giant underlines the fact that the economic system of a nation influences its growth and power first of all not through its static condition (the way it looks at this particular moment), but through the dynamics of its evolution and adaptation to the changing internal and external environment. The economies of the West are losing their market-driven dynamism. In contrast, the Chinese economy is growing and increasing its strength exactly on the energy of its premarket drive. Within the three decades of reforms, it terms of its systemic transformation, China achieved three results of a historical importance. China is rebounding strongly following the reopening of its economy. The country’s GDP will grow 5.2 percent this year and 5.1 percent in 2024. The Chinese government has resorted to surprising measures to restore confidence among private entrepreneurs. China’s education ministry has estimated that nearly 11.6 million college graduates are looking for jobs this year. The government set a cautious growth plan for this year with a job creation target of 12 million. #RandolphHarris 18 of 18

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