It is heartbreaking to hear that more than 115,000 Americans have died from drug overdoses in 2022. The human toll has devastated families and communities. Research shows that these two dimensions—availability and life structure—are critical to understanding the dynamics of addict careers. According to our respondents, differences in the ways addicts manage these functions and variations in these two dimensions that are beyond the control of addicts combine to produce fairly distinct patterns, periods, or stages in their careers. The interaction of availability and life structure may be understood to described addict career phases that are familiar to participants o observers of the heroin scene. Throughout their drug-crime careers, addicts typically move through periods in which they may at one time be described as one type and later another. The occasional user—low availability/high life structure: initiates into the heroin-using subculture typically begin as occasional users. For the beginning heroin users, a variety of factors typically serve to limit the availability of heroin. The initiate has usually not spent enough time in the heroin subculture to develop extensive drug connections. In addition, the beginner must be taught how and where to buy heroin, and also must learn how to use it. Moreover, the typical beginning heroin users is unlikely to have sufficient income to maintain any substantial level of heroin consumption, and is most unlikely to have either the connections or the knowledge necessary to increase availability through low-level dealing or through shrewd buying and reselling as experienced addicts sometimes do. #RandolphHarris 1 of 17

In addition to these factors which tend to limit the availability of heroin to the beginning user and hold one to an occasional user role, a variety of factors related to life structure also tend to oblige the beginning heroin user to play an occasional suer role, or at least to do so until that life structure can be modified to accommodate a higher level or heroin use. In many cases beginning heroin users are young, dependent, involved in school, and bear family roles and obligations which are not easily changed. Likewise, adult role obligations, such as a full-time employment, housekeeping, and child rearing, can be altered so as to be compatible with occasional patterns of heroin use, but not without considerable difficult if those patterns include high or even moderately high levels of addiction. One of our respondents, “Belle,” explained how she and her husband, “Taps” maintained a very long period of occasional use, dule largely to Taps’ determination to keep his full-time job: “I know of people that does half a bag generally. Do you understand what I’m saying? That they automatically live off of half a bag and got a jones. Like I Said, Taps waked—and he would shoot no more than half a bag of dope at anytime he took off and wouldn’t do no wrong. He would not do no wrong. He worked each and every day. And this is what I told you before—I said I don’t know how he had a jones and worked, but he worked every day.” Moreover, Belle went on to explain that when the live structure Taps provided for her lapsed—and availability increases—she did not remain an occasional user: “Taps had me limited a long, long time. I mean a long time limited to nothing but a half a bag of drugs, until he completely stopped hisself. Then when he stopped, I went ‘Pheww!’—because I didn’t have anybody to guide me. I didn’t have to take half a bad and divine it in half for him. And I went from one bag to more.” #RandolphHarris 2 of 17

“Ron,” another addict in our sample, played the role of “occasional user” without interruption for nearly eight years. During this period he consumed an average of $10-15 in street heroin per day, while holding down a full-time job and living with his mother, who refused to allow him to use drugs in her home. Toward the end of the eight-year period he became a “tester” for a local drug dealer, a role which increased the availability of heroin. At about the same time, he also lost his job and moved out of his mother’s home. Having lost the support of the stable routine imposed by his job and living arrangements at the same time heroin became more readily available to him in his role of “tester,” his drug use escalated dramatically within a very short time. Interestingly, the low availability/high life structure pattern of occasional use, which typically marks the beginning addict’s entrance into the drug-using World, is characteristic of many addicts’ attempts to leave it. Many formal drug rehabilitation programs impose conditions of low (or no) heroin availability combined with high life structure upon addicts enrolled in their programs. Addicts who attempted to quit on their own often seek to do so by limiting or eliminating altogether their contacts with addict friends, self-medicating with “street” methodone, and devoting themselves intensively to some highly demanding routine activity such as full-time job or caring for young children. #RandolphHarris 3 of 17

The stabilized junkie—high availability/high life structure: for the occasional users to become a stabilized junkie, heroin must become increasing available in large and regular quantities, and one’s daily structure must be modified to accommodate regular heroin use. Making heroin regularly available in sufficiently large quantities is not only a matter of gaining access to reliable sources of supply of the drug; it also involves learning new and more sophisticated techniques for using and obtaining it as well as getting enough money to be able to buy it regularly. During the time beginning addicts play occasional user roles, they typically learn the fundamentals of copping, cooking, cutting, and spiking. These are all drug-using skills that take time to learn. It was not uncommon for the addicts in our sample to report that a sharp increase in their level of heroin use followed their learning to shoot themselves. When an occasional user learns to self-inject and no longer requires the more knowledgeable drug-using friends to “get off,” this new level of skill and independence, in effect, increases the availability of heroin. Likewise, copping skills and contacts which might have been sufficient to support occasional use require upgrading to support the needs of the stabilized junkie. The would-be stabilized junkie who must rely solely on low-quality, “street” heroin, who gets “ripped” by paying high prices for “bad dope,” or who is totally dependent on what quality or quantity of heroin a single supplier happens to have available must seek to stabilize both the quantity and quality of regularly available heroin. #RandolphHarris 4 of 17

Doing so seems to require extending and developing contact in the drug subculture. In the words of one of our respondents: “…you got to start associating with different people. You got to be in touch with different people for the simple reason that not just one person has it all the time. You go to go from one person to the other, find out who’s got the best bag and who hasn’t….You want to go where the best bag is for your money, and especially for the money you’re spending. You got to mingle with so many different people.” Making, developing, and maintaining the contacts that are helpful if not absolutely necessary to stable heroin use seems to invite natural opportunities for the most common modification in the stabilized junkie’s search for one’s own supply of drugs and, second, it can be a source of money for the purchase of drugs or source of drugs itself. Dealing can be rather easily accommodated to the needs of both availability and life structure. All of our respondents reported that at some time in their drug-using careers they had played the role of dealer, if only occasionally. Becoming an occasional dealer is almost an inevitable consequence of becoming a competent, regular user. A stabilized junkie will not only be approached to “cop” for occasional users and addicts whose suppliers are temporarily out of stock, but the stabilized junkie will come to recognize occasions on which especially “good dope” can be purchased and resold at a profit to drug-using friends. Because the work of dealing drugs on a small scale does not require much more time or effort than that which goes into buying drugs regularly for one’s own use, dealing also had another advantage which makes it an attractive activity for the stabilized junkie. #RandolphHarris 5 of 17

Namely, it can be carried on as a source of drugs or income without undue interference with whatever other “hustle,” if any, constitutes the stabilized junkie’s additional source of support. This is particularly true if, in the course of carrying on the hustle—be it theft, shoplifting, pimping, prostitution, bookmaking, or dealing in stolen property—the stabilized addict is likely to come into regular contact with other drug users. The extent to which dealing can be carried on along with other hustles depends of course, both on the nature of that hustle and on the extent of the dealing. The stabilized junkie will tend to divide one’s hustling efforts between dealing and other hustles with an eye toward which one delivers the highest profit. However, dividing those efforts will also involve other considerations such as the stabilized junkie’s personal preference for one type of work, lifestyle and community reputation considerations, opportunities to practice one type of hustle or another, and the physical demands each type of hustle tends to require. Among female heroin users, a rather common accommodation to the profits and opportunities of dealing and those of other hustles is a live-together arrangement with a male user. In this division of labor each tries to conduct their outside hustle during hours when the other can be at home to handle dealing transactions. An important feature of this arrangement is that, if necessary, it can be structured so as to permit the stabilized female junkie to be at home for housekeeping and child-rearing duties as well as dealing. In the coming days, we will furnish more information on this topic. #RandolphHarris 6 of 17

Humans are a social species; we literally depend on collaborative interactions with others for survival. Because of our social nature, it is important to develop autonomy. Autonomy is the ability to make choices yourself rather than having them made for you by other people. Most of us desire autonomy—who wants to be a slave to another’s wishes? The ability to exercise autonomy and maintain relatedness within close relationships is one hallmark of normative relational development in adolescence and remains an important aspect of healthy functioning in adult relationships. Nonthreatening exposure to a wide range of cultural and subcultural alternatives for handling interpersonal situations enhances autonomy. Repeated categorical discrimination without regard to performance damages autonomy, whereas equivalence of opportunity facilitates development of autonomy. Customary community respect for individual differences enhances autonomy. Persistent involvement or proffering of the opportunity for involvement in group activity, without forcing it, cultivates autonomy; persistent exclusion, ostracism, or forced participation reduces it. Exclusive domination by others reduces autonomy; progressive increments of initiative and responsibility enhance it. Procedures of assignment of duties and periodic reporting are more conductive to autonomy than procedures of direct supervision. Community enforcement of voluntary agreements and nullification of agreements obtained by duress encourage autonomy. Marriage between persons regarding each other as social unequals reduces autonomy of both mates and children; social equality in marriage facilitates the development of autonomy in mates and children. #RandolphHarris 7 of 17

Adolescents who fail to develop the capacity to establish autonomy and relatedness appear at-risk for using hostile or autonomy-undermining methos of resolving conflict and for experiencing depression and loneliness in adulthood close relationships. The strength and persistence of autonomy are positively correlated with the number of respect responses received by the self from significant others in the person’s life situations. Possession of a family name respected by others encourages autonomy. Intimate presence of adequate models which enables the growing child to form correct gender identification is indispensable for the development of autonomy. Exposure to other highly autonomous persons who can serve as models for identification facilitates autonomy. Recognition by significant others of progressive accomplishment encourages autonomy. Correspondence between the level of performance expected by others and the capacity of the person to equal or exceed it is optimal for development of autonomy. Autonomy increases as failure is met by assistance and encouragement for the next attempt rather than with derogatory personal condemnation. Wherever accomplishment is competitive, matching of competitors is optimal for the development of autonomy. Generally speaking, emphasis upon surpassing previous performance is more conducive to development of autonomy than is stress upon competitive standards of performance. The growth of autonomy is assisted by the customary use of rituals for honoring the defeated party in situations of conflict. #RandolphHarris 8 of 17

Practice in the performance of roles conveying respect to others increases the autonomy of the self. Autonomy is cultivated by participation in groups where one receives open and direct but nonaggressive evaluation of one’s self by the others. Autonomy is increased as appraisals of one’s self by others come from a range of perspectives, thus giving one alternative evaluation to choose from. When parents praise their children individually for characteristics that differentiate them noncompetitively from their siblings, so that each can feel uniquely appreciated, autonomy is cultivated. When parents permit their children to compare them objectively with other parents they cultivate the autonomy both of their children and of themselves. Freedom is a marvelous name. That is why you are so anxious to make use of it. You think that, if you call imprisonment true freedom, people will be attracted to the prison. And you are quite right. Freedom has a strong emotive undertone, which enables the speaker to use this notion in the way of a persuasive definition. If you want someone to do something, you just have to make clear to one that one’s freedom lies in doing precisely this thing. Is not that the true nature of autonomy? Does not autonomy also open the possibility to use it in the way of a persuasive definition? Can autonomy not also be a seductive word which can lead to ends which are not always laid open by protagonists? Autonomy is self-government. If autonomy of a person is a good thing per se, a person’s self-determination must be the ultimate goal of education. Education as a social science has to be autonomous by itself. #RandolphHarris 9 of 17

Therefore, the notion of autonomy is the banner under which educationalists have emancipated their science from the guardianship of religion and philosophy. Rewards for expression of curiosity and critical comparisons encourage autonomy; punishment for these reduces it. Full and consistent recognition of the limitations of human knowledge, the debatability of issues, the disagreement of authorities, and the legitimacy of dissent encourage autonomy. Given a broad grasp and perspective on World history, geography, and culture, one is less likely to be oppressed by the superiority or inferiority of any provincial culture or subculture. Instruction and practice in scientific method foster autonomy. Since teachers frequently are models for identification, they affect the autonomy of pupils favorably if they can serve as autonomous models of unambiguous gender identity. If the curriculum recognizes the development of diverse skills as an objective of education this will encourage autonomy, whereas approval solely for intelligence and intellectual achievement reduces it. When questions by pupils are encouraged and welcomed, the autonomy of teachers and pupils is enhanced. A programming of educational experience which affords intervals of solitude for the assimilation and integration of new knowledge increases autonomy more than programs which maintain a steady barrage of work and participation. Participation in the pursuit of knowledge is more productive of autonomy than mere passive receipt of knowledge. #RandolphHarris 10 of 17

Recognition and facilitation of individual intellectual interest, as they arise encourages autonomy; enforcement of conformity reduces its development. Open reciprocal criticism by fellow-students of each other’s work stimulates autonomy, provided personal aggression is minimized and objectivity of standards maintained. Access by parents to objective and thorough appraisal of their children’s performance, if done in a way to invoke their roles as audience and not their anxiety as performers themselves, assists in the growth of parental autonomy. Youth who are taught to prioritize others’ motivations and needs are likely to acquire less practice in identifying, understanding, and asserting their own autonomous way of thinking. In addition, parents’ use of psychologically controlling tactics has been linked to poorer quality parent-youth relationships, possibly the result of the youths’ resistance to the intrusive or overbearing parenting. Optimistic encouragement and provision for play encourage autonomy; scorn, discouragement, or subordination of play to serve extrinsic interests, reduces its contribution to autonomy. Games which, without threat, convey to a person appraisals of oneself by others contribute to the development of autonomy. Games which provide recognition of improvement on previous performance increase autonomy. Progressive mastery of higher skills in play correlates positively with the growth of autonomy; if new forms of play are made available as old ones are outgrown, autonomy is encouraged. #RandolphHarris 11 of 17

Participation in play by parents or older children, serving as models for identification rather than rivals, cultivates autonomy. Respect by others for privacy, reverie, and daydreaming facilitates autonomy. The experience of initiative, leadership, and power in organizing play—even if artificially induced-cultivates autonomy. The device of taking turns in initiating action is an apt illustration. The making and keeping of secrets and confidences develop autonomy. Drama offering heroic models of identification develops autonomy. Recreation which increases the range of experience increases perspective and thereby enhances autonomy. One way to grasp the transforming power of theonomy is to see how cultural ambiguities are resolved under the impact of the “Spiritual Presence.” As you know, the spirit (small “s”) is the actualization of power and meaning in unity and is found only in man. However, the ultimate concern can be symbolically described as “Spirit” (capital “S”), and its relation to man is metaphorically expressed in the statement that the divine Spirit dwells and works in the human spirit. The former seizes the latter in an unconditioned and ultimate concern and, in a moment of ecstasy, drive the human spirit out of itself and into a state of self-transcendence This “breaking-in” of the divine Spirit and the “going-out” of the human spirit is called the Spiritual Presence. It alone effects a theonomous culture. Language seeks to unite subject with object by creating a universe of meaning, but the inherent ambiguity of language is that, in transforming reality into meaning, it separates mind and reality. #RandolphHarris 12 of 17

For instance, there is a poverty of language in the midst of its own richness, in that, while grasping one facet of reality, it neglects innumerable others. Another, its universality is limited by the fact that it is tired to a particular linguistic structure. Furthermore, the definiteness of language is shot through with misleading indefiniteness. And, the communicative power of language can be so manipulated and perverted that it actually conceals instead of reveals. These ambiguities of language are ultimately explained by the ambiguous cleave between subject and object which makes language possible and, at the same time, distorts it. The condition of passivity may come about by wrong interpretations of truth. We are not supposed to participate in conduct disorder, nor psychopathological behavior. We live through the ultimate concern and purity and this energizes man’s individuality, held by him in self-control. There have in some cases been supernatural manifestations of conduct disorder and psychopathic behavior. When the truth is misunderstood, these are primary conditions for the working of psychopaths. Self-actualization brings one into conformity of the ultimate concern and conduct disorder and psychopathic behavior are defeated; for there “here-and-now” declared attitude demands active volition, active cooperation and active acceptance of the Maslow’s top tier of the model of human needs. However, when this hierarchy is interpreted to mean a loss of personality; an absence of volition and self-control, and the passive letting go of the “I myself” into a condition of machine-like, blind, automatic “obedience,” with deadness and heaviness which the self-actualized thinks is “mortification,” it makes the conditions optimal for psychopathic offenders to work, and removes the ascension of the hierarchy. #RandolphHarris 13 of 17

Religions are not the only forces rising up to challenge the power of nation-states as such. The underground Empire today had more power, wealth, and status than many nations. It flies no flag on the terrace of the United Nations, but it has larger armies, more capable intelligence agencies, more influential diplomatic services than many countries do. The ability of a drug cartel to corrupt, terrorize, and paralyze the American government for years, having first shifted its balance of trade, suggests what other outlaw groups, not necessarily narcotic traffickers, may also be able to do before long. A measure of the cartel’s menace bedeviled the government in 2017, when Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA) agents following the money from cocaine deals in Memphis, Tennessee, identified a mysterious figure in Mexico entrusted by drug lords with their millions: a Chinese American gangster named Xizhi Li. He had devised an innovative system that revolutionized the drug underworld and fortified cartels. Mr. Li was able to turn lard mountains of beautiful twenties and hundreds amassed on U.S.A. streets into legitimate fortunes to be spent on yachts, mansions, weapons, technology and bribes to pay police and politicians. For years, the Mexican cartels that supply the U.S.A. market with cocaine, heroin, and fentanyl smuggled truckloads of bulk cash to Mexico, where they used banks and exchange houses to move the money into the financial system. And they also hired middlemen—often Colombian or Lebanese specialists who charged as much as 18 percent—to launder their billions. Those methods were costly, took weeks or even months to complete and exposed the stockpiled cash to risk—damage, robbery, confiscation. #RandolphHarris 14 of 17

Enter Mr. Li. About seven years ago, federal antidrug agents in Chicago trailed cartel operatives transporting cash to a new destination: Chinatown, an immigrant enclave in the flatlands. The cartel operatives delivered suitcases full of cash to Chinese couriers directed by Mr. Li. These exchanges took place in models and parking lots. The couriers did not have criminal records nor carry guns; they were students, waiters, drivers. Both sides used prearranged signals. After the handoff, the couriers altered their Chinese bosses in Mexico, who quickly sent pesos to the bank accounts or safe houses of Mexican drug lords. Mr. Li then executed a chain of transactions through China, the United States of America and Latin American to launder the dollars. His powerful international connections made his service inexpensive, fast, and efficient; he even guaranteed insurance on cast lost in transit. Mr. Li and his fellow Chinese money launderers married market forces: drug lords wanting to get rid of dollars and a Chinese elite desperate to acquire dollars. The new model blew away the competition. At no time in the history of organized crimes has there been an example where a revenue stream has been taken over like this, and without a shot being fired. This enriched the Mexican cartels beyond their wildest dreams. Mr. Li and others moved tens of millions of dollars among Chinese banks and companies with seeming impunity. The criminal rings exploited a landscape in which more than $4 trillion of capital has left China since 2006.  Chinese launderers had emerged at the number one underwriter of drug trafficking in the Western Hemisphere. #RandolphHarris 15 of 17

China has the World’s largest and most sophisticated state security apparatus. It is estimated that $154 billion in illicit funds a year pass through China. President Xi Jinping has led a well-publicized and highly successful crusade against corruption. Xizhi Li had more then 17 aliases. At 35, Mr. Li stood 5’7”, and weighed 135 pounds. But he was intimidating. He spoke fluent, Mexican-accented Spanish, and wore a Rolex. He actually spoke many languages and also had bodyguards. Governments find it increasingly difficult to deal with these new actors on the World stage. Governments are too bureaucratic. Their response times need improvement. They are linked into so many foreign relationships that require consultation and agreement with allies, and must carter to so many domestic political interest groups, that it takes them longer to react to initiatives by drug lords or religious fanatics and terrorists. By contrast, many of the Global Gladiators, guerrillas and drug cartels in particular, and non- or even pre-bureaucratic.  A single charismatic leader calls the shots quickly, and with chilling—or killing—effect. In other cases, it is unclear who the leaders really are. Governments stagger away confused from conflicts with them. With whom can one make a deal? If a deal is possible, how is one to know if the people making it can actually deliver? Can they really return hostages, stem the flow of drugs, prevent bomb attacks on embassies, or cut down on piracy? #RandolphHarris 16 of 17

The few international laws that have reduced global anarchy in the past are totally inadequate to deal with the new global realities. In a World of satellites, lasers, computers, briefcase weapons, precision targeting, and a choice of viruses with which to attack people or computers, nations as we know them may well find themselves up against potent adversaries, some no more than a millionth their size. Contrary to the West, China’s public finance is preserved in a very healthy condition. The Communist Party and the government have put the development and expansion of the social security network on the top of their domestic policy agenda. There is a solid financial basis to raise social expenditure further, making more and more people feel that tomorrow will be better than today. Social spending increases work as a socially stabilizing factor—by making people more confident in their tomorrow, they induce them to gradually reduce savings and increase consumption. Currently, the West is trying to pass a budget to keep pandemic level spending going, which would put the government in debt another $4 trillion dollars, as to not cause social tensions, if not disturbances, undermining people’s confidence in their future. China’s social spending has accelerated—not least because its population is aging. The working population peaked in 2015, but China plans to avoid the Western trap of excessive (and unsustainable) social spending, which have resulted in a too heavy social security contributions burden. It is in a good position to create a financially sound and sustainable social security system, sticking to a healthy principle of providing just minimal basic living standards worthy of a human being at the present stage of the country’s economic development. The Chinese economy appears to be structurally stronger than major economies of the West. Structural strength, coupled with good macroeconomic condition, works as one of the major driving forces of changes in the global power balance. #RandolphHarris 17 of 17

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