Love, tenderness, sadism, masochism, ambition, curiosity, anxiety, rivalry—these and many other drives are no longer each attributed to just a special instinct, but they are also influenced by the environment (especially the significant early childhood, teenage, and early to mid-adulthood years). Most public order crimes require a baseline level of skill and organization. Street-level drug deals are depicted as simple, fast-hitting exchanges. Dealers and users develop simple routines such as keeping drugs separate from money, passing merchandise through slot doors, or using pager/cell phones to help slow or hinder the efforts of law enforcement. Growers and smugglers rely on a series of systematized practices (exempli gratia the use of chemistry and botany to refine purity levels at the production stage, disguising and moving large shipments at the smuggling stage, fronting drugs and money to a network of distributors) to minimize their risk of personal harm and maximize profits as they go about moving the drugs closer to their final street-level destinations. Drug dealers enlist the assistance of scales, packaging materials, and substances with similar physical appearances as the drug to dilute (also known as “cut” or “step on”) the goods before they make them available for sale. Dealers also seek to maintain clear rules and sales schedules with a set of reliable users. Habitual drug users must become proficient in the drug paraphernalia and the skills that go along with preparing the drugs for use (exempli gratia cooking, cutting, copping). #RandolphHarris 1 of 17

Similar tricks of the trade are observed in the human trafficking industry. The clients of prostitution, also known as johns, employe strategies aimed at minimizing public contact, avoiding suspicion, minimizing health risks, and identifying desirable partners for pleasures of the flesh. Prostitutes refine their craft by frequenting the same stretch of road, nightclub, neighborhood, bar, or hotel. They specialize their sex acts and seek to develop a steady set of clients. They maintain stashes of condoms, drugs, and weapons to help themselves cope with the job. Pimps and madams (exploitive brokers located in between the prostitute and john) employs a series of techniques directed at the efficient recruitment and control of prostitutes and evading police intervention. Some of their favorite practices include the use of intimidation against rival brokers of pleasures of the flesh, false business fronts, bribes, and payoffs, and total control over their employees’ movements, appearance, and daily habits. Most public order transactions take the form of one-on-one interactions between complete strangers or casual acquaintances. Prostitutes may recognize repeat customers and even be privy to their name and some personal details. However, these associations rarely progress beyond the business transactions. The same can be said about the relationships between actors in the illicit drug market (producers, smugglers, dealers, and users). #RandolphHarris 2 of 17

These participants tacitly agrees that a certain level of routinization and stable relations are good for business, but that too much of a good thing can and will produce problems. Getting too close to pers or clients exposes the individual to cognitive dissonance (id est, psychological conflicts of interest), thus increasing the possibility that informant-based police practices will lead to brushes with the law. Most public order crimes occur in either open-air environments or private locales. In the case of prostitution, sex acts are generally performed by “call girls” or “house girls” or gigolos in hotel rooms or private residence. These crimes rarely see the light of day as the john solicits the prostitute via the phone or by dropping by the brothel in person. Street walkers, on the other hand, often negotiate their exchanges and even perform the sex acts in public places. Street prostitutes used to be able to rely on inexpensive hotels or apartments for privacy. The popularity of urban renewal projects, however, has significantly reduced the prostitute’s options in this regard. Where affordable shelter is not available, street walkers turn to secluded alleyways or automobiles as settings for their sex acts. The same pattern is observed with drug crime. Much of the actual drug dealing takes place on street corners, in seedy business establishments, or in alleyways. At the same time, some dealers work out of their homes. Most smuggler and midlevel distributors seek out private residences to conduct their more complex criminal exchanges. #RandolphHarris 3 of 17

It is difficult to accurately assess the age, sex, and racial composition of public order offenders, as the victimless/consensual nature of the offenses leaves us without reliable data sources in this regard. We are left with only arrests data at our disposal. The reliability of these data are dependent on the lofty assumptions that police work is unbiased. This caveat aside, let us take a look at the demographic characteristics of public order arrestees. In 2022, state level drug crime arrestees were disproportionately young, male, minority members. A full 49 percent of persons arrested on drug charges were under the age of 25, 83 percent were male, and 35 percent were African American. Although Hispanic America representation is not provided in state- and local-level UCR data, federal arrest data reveal that 48 percent of the persons arrested on drug charges in 2022 were of Hispanic origin. A different demographic profile emerges for the crime of prostitution. While there continue to be disproportionate numbers of African American in the arrest population (49 percent of total), markedly different age (only 22 percent were under 25 while roughly 35 were 25 to 34) and sex (66.6 percent were females) patterns are observed. Public order offenders display some of the most pronounced criminal careers of any category of perpetrator. Drug crimes provide the best evidence to this effect. #RandolphHarris 4 of 17

Persons facing felony drug charges are likely to have long criminal histories. For example, 65 percent of the drug defendants in the sample had at least one prior felony arrests and 29 percent had a rap sheet containing five or more felony arrests. Shifting the focus to prior convictions, we found that 43 percent of drug defendants had at least one past felony conviction and nearly one in four (24 percent) had amassed a criminal resume that included five or more previous felony convictions. What is more, better than one in three (38 percent) were found to be in active criminal justice status (id est, out on pretrial release, probation, or parole) at the time of their arrest. In a longitudinal study of over 272,000 prison releasees, it was further confirmed that the habitual nature of drug offenders’ criminality, two-thirds of the drug offenders were rearrested within 3 years. Drug offenders exhibit considerable variation in their criminal activities, generally involving themselves in a variety of offenses. We found that 42 percent of those released on a drug charge were arrested on a similar offense within 3 years (3 years tends to be the magic number for being rearrested, and it is possible that some people are targeted to return to prison, especially if they did not belong there in the first place), these offenders showed the greatest propensity to branch out and find themselves in trouble for some other form of crime as well. #RandolphHarris 5 of 17

These criminal career trends appear to hold true regardless of the type of drug-related offending engaged in. Small-scale studies of drug users, drug dealers, and drug smugglers reveal a tendency for players in the drug underworld to carry out long and highly active criminal careers tht span a wide variety of offense categories. Much of this activity and versatility are bi-products of their chosen lifestyle. If you are going to smuggle or deal drug, you are bound to come into contact with violent persons and will need to engage in a number of property and public order offenses to maintain your “business.” Conversely, habitual drug users find themselves drawn toward property and violent crimes as a means to feed their habits. Nearly one in five stay prison inmates (17 percent) claim that they landed behind bars because they committed their chosen crime to get money to buy drugs. Interviews with known inner-city heroin and cocaine users, reveals that sizable proportions, as many as one in four, rely entirely on illegal activities to fund their drug habits. This is startling when one considers that their drug habits can necessitate several hundreds or even thousands of dollars in funding each week. The notion of interpersonal competence is not central in current family research; indeed the term is rarely used. (This is not true of its designated components. Bibliographies on empathy, autonomy, judgment, and creativity running to several hundred titles each, have been collected at the Family Study Center.) #RandolphHarris 6 of 17

Certainly some focus for family research is needed. We have already pointed out some serious objections to adjustment as central concept Static functionalist theories of satisfaction or adjustment may be useful for short-run analysis in relatively stable situations, but they are almost useless when they attempt to deal with phenomena of change, which they tend to approach as pathological or dysfunctional conditions. In a society oriented to values which include the continual discovery of new values and the reformulation of old one, theories based on static assumptions are often out of date before they can be tested. The rapid postwar drop in age at marriage, plus the rise in “going steady,” as against prewar theories of student dating, is a case in point. Competent personalities in contrast to adjusted ones have the qualities, skills, and orientations which ideally enable them to cope with whatever confronts them, insofar as any human being can do so. And so long as people have some competence in this sense and are free to exercise it, the achievement of the basic values of our society remains a realistic possibility. Sch statements cannot be made of adjustment as presently conceived. Some suitable measure of interpersonal competence is a function of suitable measures of health, intelligence, empathy, autonomy, judgment, and creativity. The testing of this general hypothesis will we hope become the focus of widespread research effort; for the present purposes we shall assume the essential validity of the general hypothesis. #RandolphHarris 7 of 17

Much of what is regarded as research on the family is in this primitive state—or worse, that is, not even approaching hypothetical statement. Such a condition needs to apology provided the goal is a more rigorous level. Psychological tests, to illustrate difference, may enable an employer to pick out with some reliability employees whose performance will be good. That would be a case of prediction from selections variables, these variables having been identified through previous research as showing the highest correlations with later performance. On the other hand, an employer may find oneself with a staff already on hand, whose performance one wishes to improve, not by discharging the poorer ones and rehiring better ones, but by training procedures. In that case, research, if it is to help one, must identify those conditions which will produce the desired change in employee behavior. Marriage research tht relies principally on prediction of adjustment from selection variables contribute little to the understanding or control of how to produce desired changes in the capacities of mates. It thus stands to benefit from the precedent of training variables, which have been established, almost perforce, in child development research. There it has to be assumed that parent must do what they can with the children they have, rather than exchanging them for better risks. To dramatize this point somewhat more strongly, the reader, as one scans the following hypotheses, may consider in one’s own mind how, if validated, they could be used by husbands and wives in evaluating the conditions which they as actors create for the continuous development of each other after marriage. #RandolphHarris 8 of 17

Finally, because it is not immediately evident, it may be important to point out that experimental hypotheses like those to follow are not readily derived from static descriptive correlations. Because height and weight are correlated does not mean that one can grow taller by eating more. Though everyone grants that correlation is not causation, the curiosity of many is satisfied by the finding of mere associations. Some experimental hypotheses can be derived by translation from empirical regularities of this sort, but most come from theoretical propositions which cannot themselves be put to the test. For reasons of space and the large amount of existing research, as well as the presumably greater familiarity of the reader with health and intelligence, we include only sample unit hypotheses about the conditions affecting their optimal development. Empathy and autonomy are treated much more fully, partly because special interest in these two variables. Biological conditions during: Infancy: The planned child I more likely to be born under favorable conditions of maternal health. (Ceteris paribus is a qualification that applies to all the following hypotheses.) Childhood: The health of the parent affects the child, and improvement of their health may often be more effective than direct approach to the child. Preadolescence: If left alone, food fears run a course and abate; if alternate diets are kept at hand meanwhile, the range of taste will freely expand. #RandolphHarris 9 of 17

Adolescence: If disrupted arbitrarily, developing rhythms of sleeping and eating, work and play lead to stress reactions, but if respected, facilitate regular autonomic functioning. Adulthood: Self-management of the body along hygienic lines depends on commitment to health as a value, and not on mere learning of practices. Later maturity: Health histories show a cumulative feature; that is, early health predisposes to later good health, and bad health disposes to chronic illness. Economic conditions during: Infancy: The chances of life for each child increase with its family’s rising level of living, and approach a point where chances are even. Childhood: Since the health of each school child largely depends on the health of the other school children, where the school explicitly functions to bring community medical resources to bear in cases of need, the health of all improves. Preadolescence: Progressive involvement in productive manual work which mobilizes energies for tasks of extended duration is conductive to good physical condition, and particularly to control of situation. Adolescence: Health is favorably affected by the development of clear-cut vocational identity through ideal models and confirming groups. Adulthood: Security of employment fosters health; assurance of permanent worth to the employment unit fosters it even more. Later maturity: Availability of rewarding work, regardless of age, prolongs the retention of vigor and faculties. #RandolphHarris 10 of 17

When it comes to passivity of judgment and reason—the man in this condition has closed his mind to all arguments and clarifying statements. One has come to settled conclusions; all attempts to give one further truth and light are rejected as interference, while the person attempting it is regarded as ignorant or intrusive. The ultimate concern expressed will, given in words spoken “supernaturally” to him, has become his law, so that he cannot be induced to reason about it. The believer in this stage of passivity lapses into a state of psychopathology and infallibility, from which nothing can release him except the rude shock of seeing that he has been deceived by psychopaths. Undermining the deception of a believer in this condition almost means the re-laying of the very foundations of his self-actualized life. Hence the very few—called “fanatics” and “cracks” by the World—who have been saved out of this degree of the deception of the enemy. When form is distinctively qualified by substance in a large number of cultural activities, the resulting pattern is what is called “style,” a term borrowed from the World of art. Style provides the key to a comparison of cultures of different people and epochs, for cultural styles reflect the varied manner in which the human spirit encounters reality. One who can read the style of a culture can discover its ultimate concern, its religious substance. This is precisely the goal of a theology of culture: to analyze cultural styles in order to discover the ultimate concern in the ground of a philosophy, a political system, an artistic style, a set of ethical or social principles. #RandolphHarris 11 of 17

Systematic theology enunciates principles, but it is the task of a constructive theology of culture to apply these principles to the concrete problems of our cultural existence. In turn, by its analyses the theology of culture opens up to the systematic theologian one of the theological sources, the history of culture, just as the exegete makes the biblical source available. Linking theology with culture so a legitimate theology of culture emerges can be difficult. However, the connecting link is spirit. Theology is the science of religion, and religion resides in Geist. Geist is also the domain of culture. Religion provides the substance (unconditioned meaning), while culture imparts form (conditioned form). Thus, the role of a theology of culture is sharply delimited. It cannot directly produce cultural creations, but it act critically as a gauge to indicate the degree to which religious substance has been realized in cultural forms. More beneficially, it reveals the unity of a culture by working toward a cultural synthesis based on the transparency of form to substance. The theology of culture is contributed to the ultimate concern which animates specific cultural creations. In the economy sphere, there is a financial culture. Major Western banks and other financial institutions have been curtailing transactions with risky and potentially toxic measures. The reason major layoffs and housing price did not drop during the COVID pandemic is because the government bailed out public and private industries and individuals. So, money did not dry up, but the influx of cash caused prices to rise. #RandolphHarris 12 of 17

Banks’ capital-to-asset ratios increased, especially in the United States of America, after the economic crises of 2008. As of the second half of 2023, the four major American Banks (Bank of America, J.P. Morgan, Citigroup, and Wells Fargo) were holding capital equal to about 10-12 percent of their outstanding loans versus 9 percent at the end of 2008. The ratio for the average EU banks rose from 5.9 percent at the end of 2007 to nearly 11 percent as of 2023. In 2023, the largest European banks registered combined net profits equal to about $3.2 billion. Profits were generated first of all in the major area of business: commercial, especially retail, banking operations. Lenders are checking borrowers more thoroughly and tightening lending criteria: Today’s major problem is not overlining, but rather a credit squeeze. Banks often refuse to lend even to quite reliable clients. The monitoring of mortgage loan recipients has been significantly strengthened, containing the lending expansion—and posing problems of an entirely different character: New home sales increased 4.1 percent in April 2023 compared with March and were up 12 percent compared with April 2022. The median priced home in California is nearly $1 million. However, the number of homes fell nearly 40 percent. Nationally, existing home sale prices declined nearly 1 percent to $375,700 in March compared to a year ago. Total existing-homes sales dipped 2.4 percent from February to March and are down 22 percent from a year ago. #RandolphHarris 13 of 17

Rising mortgage rates seems to be slowing the demand for houses. However, lower priced homes on the market tend to have more than one offer. Yet, both conventional and government home purchase applications are down nearly 28 percent from last year’s pace. Home inventory is down nearly 50 percent from 1999 levels. The COVID crisis actually increased housing by 44 percent, from 2020 to 2022. Overall, Western financial capitalism and human capital are reassessing their mode of behavior, becoming more cautious and risk-conscious. The recession which many households believe is already here, has made many Western households more financially conservative than they used to be. They are not financially confident enough to be on big spending spree. Consumer net worth declined by 3 percent in 2022. This was the first time consumer net worth had declined since 2009. Consumer spending is down by 1 percent from this time last year, and credit card spending has rebounded robustly in 2022, with balances now largely back to prepandemic levels. Consumers continue to draw down excess savings, at an average of $88 billion monthly or 0.5 percent of annual consumer spending, since July 2022. Estimated excess savings are at $1.0 trillion as of March 2023, which is down 52 percent from the $2.2 trillion peak in August 2022. Support from excess savings is now approximately 20 percent of the growth in spending capacity. Western capitalism is trying to become more cautious, but prices of goods and services are so high that people are maxing out their credit cards and using up their savings. And for those who thought COVID was over, as of May 25, 2023, China is facing 40 million cases a week, and it is expected to peak at 65 million a week, which could slow the economy, cause a supply shock and create a recession sooner than expected. #RandolphHarris 14 of 17

America and Europe are deeply in debt, and in America, a government shutdown is looming. The real estate market is hanging on by a thread. There is a conflict over the $31.4 trillion debt ceiling. If Congress refuses to raise it, it could force the government to shut down and risk default on its debts as soon as June 1, 2023. The federal government has had four shutdowns in 30 years. There has never been a default, that moment when the government cannot borrow money to pay its bills. This could slow down the residential real estate market, and the longer the shutdown lasts, the slower it will get. If the government defaults or shutdown, mortgage rates could go from 6.39 percent now for a 30-year fixed rate loan to 8.5 percent, or even higher—which would take many home buyers out of the market. The Fed funds rate is above 5 percent, which is the highest it has been in 15 year, and they may not be done raising rates. With rates no longer stimulating economic growth, each rate hike from here could have an even greater effect on the U.S.A. economy. They will meet in the middle of June 2023 to discuss the matter. Markets fear that defeating inflation means starting a recession. Economist are largely expecting a recession. Each rate hike for consumers means higher borrowing costs on credit cards, personal loans, and auto loan and more, and it will also drive up the costs of food, energy, fuel and other supplies. The odds of a recession for 2023 are at 64 percent, and the government possibly defaulting on its debt for the first time in history has investors spooked. The price for the unconventional stimulus policies of the crisis years is high, and the payment period will be long. Hard times have already come for many. Fed officials see inflation remaining elevated through at least 2024, after which it is projected to hit 2.1 percent by 2025.  #RandolphHarris 15 of 17

Even more than in the United States of America and Japan, the future of European power will depend on its “third leg”—its knowledge base. Measured by the number of Nobel Prizes and distinguished research laboratories and institutes, Western Europe had little to worry about. It has strength in nuclear energy, aerospace, and robotics, and stuck a hesitant toe into superconductor research. The EC, which long treated science and technology as a poor relative, has stepped up its funding, especially of cross-border research projects. Science and technology are “in.” Here again, Germany leads. West German scientists enjoy the largest R&D budgets in Europe, and hold 2.5 time as many U.S.A. patents as either the British or the French. Since 1984, West Germans have been on the Nobel Prize science list every year, for things like scanning-tunneling microscope or the quantum Hall effect. Yet Europe, including Germany, trails both Japan and America in the crucial fields of computers and information technology, notably chip manufactures and supercomputers. The recent failure of Nixdorf—once West Germany’s hottest computer firm—and its absorption by Siemens, along with the difficulties faced by Norsk Data in Norway and Phillips in Holland, underscore Europe’s embarrassing weakness in these fields. In the related field of telecommunications, progress is suffocated by the stubborn refusal of various national PTTs—the post office and telecom ministries—to give up their monopoly control. #RandolphHarris 16 of 17

Meanwhile, bad as American schools are, Europe, too, has severe educational problems. Its school systems are overcentralized, formalistic, and rigid. And while Europe’s cultural exports are greater and more prestigious than those of Japan, Europe lags far behind the United States of America as an originator of emulated life styles, art, and popular culture. One may, of course, argue that Europe’s culture is aesthetically or morally superior to that of the United States of America, depending upon the criteria applied. However, in terms of national power in today’s fast-changing, video-drenched World, it is U.S.A. culture and popular culture that still make the running. Ideologically and intellectually, Western Europe’s prime postwar exports have been quasi-Marxist leftism and, for a time, existentialism, followed by structuralism and, more recently, semiology. These re now waning in the World intellectual market. In their place, however, Europe is now taking a strong lead in promoting a new political product. Europe’s main ideological export in the years immediately ahead will be a green version of social democracy. If not distorted and dominated by the ecological lunatic fringe, it is extremely important and could find immensely receptive markets in the United States of America, Japan, Eastern Europe, and the Soviet Union. Finally, whereas Japan is steeped in future-consciousness, and America focuses on the “now,” Europe still heavily reviews history and projects into the future. If Western Europe devotes more drive to developing its knowledge base and to reconfiguring its military and integrating its economy, they are likely to retain status as World Superpower. So there will be a battle between America, Europe and China as to who will become the next Worlds Superpower! American cannot afford to be a wounded giant. #RandolphHarris 17 of 17