The subject matter of social science is the behavior of human beings. When people are the subjects of any particular study, their permission if not their active co-operation is indispensable. Whether people will permit themselves to be observed, whether they will answer questions truthfully or at all, whether they will carry out experimental tasks, whether indeed they will give of their means to maintain the professional investigator, are all field problems which have to be solved before any new knowledge of their behavior can be gained. After their infancy, it is only in their public behavior that human beings remain indifferent or unaware of observers. One alternative is for the observer to secretly intrude on people’s privacy. To be admitted with their consent as an observer to their private behavior requires the establishment of trust in the investigator and eventually of some kind of reciprocity, some quid pro quo. The significance of these commonplaces of social research may be overlooked or unrecognized when social research is thought to be too closely analogous to natural science. It would be unrealistic to insist that social science cannot be conducted as if it were a natural science. Much of what goes on under this name follows the model of natural science. Its phenomena—its subject matter and subjects—are assumed to be passive objects, indifferently receptive to contemplation or manipulation, and findings of a sort do accrue. Moreover, the goodwill of persons used in this way seems almost inexhaustible, with a manageable modicum of recalcitrant exceptions. However, meanwhile the potentialities of the alternative assumption remain relatively unexplored. #RandolphHarris 1 of 19

Social science is the only branch of science which needs the co-operation of its subjects and where the results are of interest to the subjects. This is acknowledged every time the subjects of a survey are promised a later look at the findings. To recognize the subjects’ stake in the social sciences does not infringe the principles of scientific methods; it only demands an acceptance of empirical fact. Yet acceptance of such a pregnant axiom fundamentally affects everything that the social scientists does. The potentialities to be derived from this axiom are so extensive as to raise the question of why they have attracted so little attention up till now. The predominant prestige of the contemplative-manipulative model of natural science may be the reason, or perhaps the blame lies in the social scientist’s failure to appraise one’s professional role. Due to its origins, social science has been pursued mainly as an avocation or as a derivative branch of liberal education; only recently has social research become a full-time paid occupation. In defining one’s profession, the social scientist may conceive oneself as serving several employers or audience. One may conceive oneself as applying one’s techniques to predicting or manipulating the behavior or one group on behalf of another, such as buyers and sellers, voters and office-seekers, workers and managers. Research adds dimension and devices for self-regulation to the persons and groups which before they did not possess, or experienced only through flashes of genius. In this sense social science represents the democratization of critical insight about behavior; it is both the product and means of generalized access to social knowledge and self-control. #RandolphHarris 2 of 19

There tends to be a decidedly unskilled dimension to property theft transactions, as thieves seem to prefer to keep things simple. Take, for example automobile theft. As many as 20 percent of all auto thefts require little or no skill on the part of the offender as the offender gains entry through an unlocked door or takes advantage of the keys being left in the vehicle. If a would-be offender is not lucky enough to happen upon a defenseless automobile, then he or she needs only a minimal amount of expertise to close the deal. Very little skill is required to smash a window or gain access using a coat hanger or “slim jim” (a tool designed to assist tow truck drivers or police officers in opening unlocked doors). One inside, the steering column can be easily broken with a hammer or crowbar and the car can be started in seconds with the turn of a screwdriver. Research also shows that automobile thieves, especially seasoned violators, are well versed at defeating antitheft devices such as alarms and steering column locks. An observational study of shoplifters reveals further evidence of the unskilled nature of common property crime. Of the 105 persons observed stealing products in a retail drug store, less than 15 percent relied on anything more than their unmodified clothing to conceal the stolen merchandise. A sizable number of thieves (15 percent) made no effort whatsoever to conceal the merchandise and simply walked out of the store with the product(s) in hand. #RandolphHarris 3 of 19

Ecological factors play an important role in our understanding of property theft transactions. For starters, the setting play an important role in the property theft equation. Victimization data reveal that 40 percent to 50 percent of all automobile thefts occur from areas immediately surrounding one’s homes (id est, streets, parking lots, garages). Automobile theft victimizations are also likely to be concentrated in certain places such as parking lots for railway stations, shopping centers, and select public parking lots. The hallmark of these auto theft “hot spots” is that they represent impersonal public venues with large numbers of unoccupied vehicles and low levels of guardianship. Research suggests that retail thieves also try to blend into their environment. Shoplifters seem to prefer a moderately crowded store wherein they can rely on employees to be busy with other customers while at the same time being able to access and conceal merchandise in a secluded location. Similarly, pickpockets seem to thrive in crowded streets or transit stations where they can operate with little fear of detection. The offenders and victims of common property crime are disproportionately young men. The motor vehicle theft victimization rate for a household headed by a person under the age of 20 (27.5 per 1,000) was more than 8 times the rate experienced by households headed by a person 65 years of older. A nearly identical pattern is observed in the offender pool. Persons under the age of 25 accounted for 66 percent of all motor vehicle theft arrets and 56 percent of all larceny-theft arrests occurring. #RandolphHarris 4 of 19

Conversely, only a small fraction of the arrests for these two offenses (4 percent of all larceny-theft arrests and 1 percent of all motor vehicle theft arrests that year) involved persons over the age of 50. Self-report data provide further evidence of juveniles’ willingness to engage in common forms of property crime. It was found that nearly one in three high school students admitted to shoplifting to engaging in thefts in excess of $50 (12.5 percent) and motor vehicle theft (5.2 percent). Race also appears to play an important role in the dynamics of common property crimes. For example, data suggests that European American households experience below average victimization rates for motor vehicle theft (8.2 per 1,000), whereas African American (16.1) and Hispanic American (19.8) households experience victimization rates that far exceed the national average. Less pronounced race-based trends are observed in the theft victimization data. Less pronounced race-based trends are observed in the theft victimization data. Shifting to offender-based data, African Americans comprised 31 percent of the larceny-theft arrests and 40 percent of the motor vehicle theft arrests. This means that African Americans are overrepresented by a factor of 2 to 1 in larceny-theft arrest figures and a factor of 3 to 1 with regard to motor vehicle theft arrests. #RandolphHarris 5 of 19

Next, we consider the way that gender manifests itself in the common property theft equation. Males accounted for 64 percent of the larceny-theft arrests and 84 percent of the motor vehicle theft arrests occurring. It is worth nothing that no other form of crime posts female arrest percentages that even approach the 37 percent that is observed for the crime of larceny-theft. This anomaly is likely a function of women’s high level involvements in shoplifting. If fact, 51 percent of person who were secretly observed stealing from a chain drug store were women. Most property crime transactions occur quickly, before the unsuspecting victim even knows what happened. Most offenders are able to perpetrate their crimes in a matter of minutes or even seconds without drawing much attention to themselves. Offender-based research reveals that thieves are willing to conceal merchandise on their person within plain view of shoppers or even employees. Property criminals tend to have relatively flat but drawn-out criminal careers. In other words, they tend to perpetrate numerous thefts over the course of their lives but the intensity of the violations remains predictably low. A full 60 percent of the persons charged with a theft-related felony (grand theft, grand larceny, or motor vehicle theft) had a prior felony arrest record. In fact, almost one in eight had a rap sheet containing ten or more prior felony arrets. Only burglary and drug defendants had more involved criminal histories. Over 40 percent of the felony theft defendants had prior felony convictions on their record (10 percent had five or more) and 38 percent were in active criminal justice status (id est, on parole, probation, or pretrial release) at the time of their felony theft arrest. #RandolphHarris 6 of 19

A prison stay does not appear to deter common property criminals from future offending. In fact, 79 percent of the automobile thieves and 75 percent of the larceny inmates in a recidivism study were rearrested within 3 years of release. Perhaps more significant is the fact that one-third of the larceny-theft offenders and slightly more than one-tenth of the motor vehicle theft offender found themselves under indictment for the exact same offense within 3 years. Interviews with known juvenile car thieves speaks further to the issue of offense specialization. It appears that a sizable portion of juvenile car thieves (approaching 50 percent) concentrate their illegal activities in the area of car crime. Those who stray outside the ream of auto theft tend to concentrate their offending in the areas of property and/or public order crime. Regardless of their level of specialization, a career portrait emerges in which individuals start out engaging in minor property and public order crime at an early age and then graduate to more serious types of crimes as they move into their late teens and early twenties. The career dimensions of youth automobile crime suggests that most persistent property thieves begin their criminal careers while still in their early teen years. They tend to dabble in a variety of offenses, guided mostly by opportunity and pressure. The frequency and intensity reaches a peak during their twenties while their sill and comfort level with the crimes is at a high and the rigidity of their domestic and employment lives are at a low. Only hardened few see their criminal careers persisting into the middle-age years. #RandolphHarris 7 of 19

The development of identity in a person or a group, is established by the pattern of recurrence of related events. The paradox of personality is that it changes; identity is the thread which unites episode to episode, as much as they are untied, but it is a wandering thread, and often not one thread but several. Moreover, there are many transitions and turning points, and each is a dramatic event, which may be appraised as news or as development—as either a subtle or discordant variation on the previous theme. When people help each other in self-examination they greatly alter their notions about themselves. Self-examination alters relations within the group, confirms some tendencies, and discourages others. In a group of affectionate friends, the adjectives used as are potent to cultivate growth as the views of the hostile to curb it. A person flourishes in one group, fails in another, and remains unchanged in a third because no appraisal has been given, it being either repressed or ignored. The secret of self-examination and the secret of families, friends, and foes is that only those can hurt or help us whose view—whether hostile, helpful, or a mixture of both—is close enough to us to be known and respected. From the static view of personality, nothing could result from such a game. According to this there is only one truth, which does not change and it is only enlarged by additional knowledge. However, the developmental view recognizes the reflexive effect of another person’s evaluation. Each description is all the more constitutive as its speaker supposed it fact, and acts accordingly toward the person one so described. #RandolphHarris 8 of 19

If all behavior were determined by the ascriptions of others, then the self would be left with no room for movement, or for self-determination; when consensus prevails there is no choice. However, there are always discrepancies in the estimations of others. Even the smallest child soon learns to distinguish between his father’s and mother’s differing evaluation of one’s behavior. And given the chance, one gravitates toward that audience which helps one develop one’s self. At least this hypothesis of the thematic selection from the stream of events appears the only one which can offer the person potential control over the course of one’s own development and prevent the diffusion of one’s identity in episodic flux. Some ascriptions by others are taken as true, some not, and some are problematic and are either rejected or assimilated. Some we wish were true, some not, and there are some perplexing maybe’s. Yes we must tarry to act righteous or else one may be rudely awakened. Take time to think your thoughts through. Do not live on the wrong side of the law. There is a lot of good out in the World, but one has to make sure to surround themselves by people who have morals, ethics, values, and follow the law so they do not go astray. There is a time of development where we learn what is right and wrong, and when we selected actions that are good and noble, opportunities will open up for us. Just as there are numerous academic disciplines which bear upon family behavior from one theoretical aspect or another, so there is a wide range of public and private agencies which attack one kind of practical family problem or another—medical, economic, protective, psychological, educational, or recreational. #RandolphHarris 9 of 19

And just as the disciplines tend to segment the family, so do the professions. For example, a strong case has recently been made that family welfare agencies, in the interests of efficiency and effectiveness, ought to coordinate their efforts in order to deal with problem families rather than with family problems. The ultimate measure of the effectiveness of any such agency is take to be the observable change it produces in the behavior are so interconnected within the family that efforts which deal only with one aspect of a person, and that disregard this network have only partial results. Family research, therefore, is here confined to generalization at the level of the family unit. When reduced analytically to the constituent aspects and processes, it is with the idea of reconstituting them as a more direct means of realizing the family’s functions. They very phrase “family research” raises many problems about what include or exclude. Fortunately the issue of reductionism has been threshed out so fully that it may suffice simply to state that a study of the family on its own level is intended. While the network of relationships based on occupation is thus reorganized, consumption patterns likewise shift qualitatively and substantially with inflation and general rise in real family incomes. Even where most gratifying, these gains often have unsettling effects in the development of persons and families. Mass distribution methods and industrial research confront consumers with a frequently bewildering array of incentive to buy. At the same time, amidst general prosperity, the massive fluctuations in particular segments of the national economy are especially disruptive to certain disadvantaged populations—unemployed workers in heavy manufacturing, farmers, aged people on small fixed incomes, the lowest-salaried, the dependent.  #RandolphHarris 10 of 19

Moreover, the strenuous pace of competition for advancement puts severe strains on even the most successful. The takes us to another leg of the power triad: knowledge. The wildfire spread of the computer in recent decades has been called the single most important change in the knowledge system since the invention of movable type in the 15^th century or even the invention of writing. Paralleling this extraordinary change has come the equally astonishing spread of new networks and media for moving knowledge and its precursors, data and information. Had nothing else changed, these twin developments alone would warrant the term knowledge revolution. But as we know, other related changes are transforming the entire knowledge system or “info-sphere” in the high-tech World. They hyper-speed of change today means that given “facts” become obsolete faster—knowledge built on them becomes less durable. To overcome this “transience factor,” new technological and organizational tools are currently being designed to accelerate scientific research and development. Others are intended to speed up the learning process. The metabolism of knowledge is moving faster. Equally important, the high-tech societies are beginning to reorganize their knowledge. As we have seen, the everyday knowhow needed in business and politics is growing more abstract every day. Conventional disciplines are breaking down. With the help of the computer, the same data or information can now easily be clustered or “cut” in quite different ways, helping the users to view the same problem from quite different angels, and to synthesize meta-knowledge. #RandolphHarris 11 of 19

Meanwhile, advanced in artificial intelligence and expert systems provide new ways to concentrate expertise. Because of all these changes, we see rising interest in cognitive theory, learning theory, “fuzzy logic,” neurobiology, and other intellectual developments that bear on the architecture of knowledge itself. Knowledge is being restructured at least as profoundly as violence and wealth, meaning that all the elements of the power triad are in simultaneous revolution. And each day the other two sources of power themselves become more knowledge-dependent. This, then, is the turbulent background against which the rise and fall of civilizations and of individual nations needs to be seen, and it explains why most current power assessments will prove misleading. Diplomats like to talk about the balance of power. The powershift principle helps us gauge not only the balance of power but the “power of balance.” Nations (or alliances) can be divided into three types: those whose power is based predominately on a single leg of violence-wealth-knowledge stool, those whose power rests on two legs, and those whose global clout is balanced on all three of the main sources of power. #RandolphHarris 12 of 19

To judge how well the United States of America, Japan, or Europe will fare in the global power struggle to come, we need to look at all three of these sources of power, focusing special attention on the third: the knowledge base, since this will increasingly determine the value of the other two. This knowledge base includes far more than conventional items like science and technology or education. It encompasses a nation’s strategic conceptions, its foreign intelligence capabilities, its language, its general knowledge of other cultures, its cultural and ideological impact on the World, the diversity of its communication systems and the range of new ideas, information, and imagery flowing through them. All these feed or drain a nation’s power and determine what quality of power it can deploy in any given conflict or crisis. Going beyond the triad, the powershift principle introduces a further useful insight by asking about the relationship of violence to wealth to knowledge in any given period. If we look at the power balance, as distinct from the balance of power, we discover that throughout the Cold War, the power of the United States of America has been extremely broadly based. America not only had massive military might but supreme economic clout, and the World’s best supply of power-knowledge, ranging from the finest science and technology to a popular culture much of the World wished to emulate. #RandolphHarris 13 of 19

By contrast, the Soviet power was, and remains, totally unbalanced. Its claim to superpower status derived exclusively from its military. Its economy, a shambling wreck at home, counted for little in the World’s system. While its Research and Development was excellent in a few defense-related sectors, its general technological know-how was backward, cramped by paranoid secrecy. Its telecommunications were abominable. Its education system was mediocre, its centrally controlled media, tightly censored and backward. Over the long run of the Cold War, it was the power-balanced United States of America, rather than the one-legged Soviet Union, that won the enduring race. This insight, only half-understood by the main global players, helps explain much of what China, Europe, the United States of America, and Japan are doing as they race toward their coming collision. In 2022, the total household wealth in China was USD $2.6 trillion, now ranking second in the World. With the rapid development of financial markets and the increase in family wealth, the importance of family finance has become increasingly prominent. In relative terms, the Chinese save much more than Westerners. It is a well-known and frequently mentioned fact. In the 2000s, households’ net savings in China stood at a 20-25 percent of their disposable income. The average American savings account balance is $4,500. Between 1959-2022, the average U.S.A. saving rate has been 8.96 percent. The average household savings rate in the United States of America was only 5.1 percent in the second half of 2022. In total, gross personal savings in the U.S.A. is worth USD $2.3 trillion. #RandolphHarris 14 of 19

The gross financial assets of Chinese households increased 13.6 percent to USD $29,689 billion in 2020. The financial position of the United States of America includes assets of at least USD $117.72 trillion in 2021. At this point China’s strength as a global financial power does not stem from the wealth accumulated by Chinese people. It is rather the opposite: State coffers overfilled with cash on the one hand and mostly not-so-wealthy, if not poor, households on the other This situation may be socially explosive, as there are 560 million people in China is zero in saving. Is China already a new major financial power? Yes, definitely yes. However, it is a financial superpower of a very special kind. Its financial strength does not stem from the wealth of the vast majority of its citizens. First and foremost, it reflects the might of the state, which, due to soaring exports and inward investment, accumulated a -tremendous amount of foreign currency reserves. The Chinese ruling elite feels very comfortable on the international area using this financial might as big leverage to win concessions from its counterparts and push its own interests and priorities. This is one of the major reasons why it is not that eager to reduce the country’s trade surplus and to speed up the appreciation of yuan. The weak yuan is a political choice whose main goal is to strengthen the system of Communist Party rule. #RandolphHarris 15 of 19

France—household saving rate was 17.43 percent in December of 2022, Germany household saving rate is 19.96 in December of 2022, in Italy the gross saving rate in December 2022 was an average of 20.3 percent. Households’ saving ratio as of the second quarter of 2020 was 23.9 percent in the United Kingdom. The household saving rate in the euro area (EA-19) was 14.2 percent in the fourth quarter of 2022. In the fourth quarter of 2022, financial assets held by households in Japan amounted to USD $15.02 trillion. IN 2021, China had 6.2 million millionaires, up by more than a million from 2020, while globally total number of millionaires increased by 5.2 million. That number in China is expected to double to 12.2 million in five years time. Global household wealth reached USD $463.6 trillion by the end of 2021, mainly propelled by a strong rise in financial assets, which worsened inequality in 2021. Global household wealth is expected to increase by USD $169 trillion by 2026 to USD $632.6trillion. China is rapidly emerging as a leading international lender. Its major state-owned banks are feeling more and more confident as major players in the global banking community. In other important respects—effectively all the respects unrelated to the state and state-owned financial entities—today’s China is still becoming a financial superpower in the true meaning, and as it does, life will change around the globe. The role of its companies (not to say its individuals) as international investors remains comparatively small, though it is growing. Most companies are still gaining international experience and expertise. #RandolphHarris 16 of 19

 China’s domestic financial market is heavily regulated. Still, the global market is dominated by the West, but Chinese financial institutions have already joined the leaders’ ranks. Demand for the yuan as an international currency is growing, but we are not sure how it will challenge the dollar or euro until it is allowed to appreciate. Western governments have become increasingly dependent on China as a creditor. With $1.1 trillion in Treasure holdings, Japan is the largest foreign holder of U.S.A. debt. Japan surpassed China as the top holder in 2019 as China shed over $250 billion, or 30 percent of its holdings in four years. Chinese state-owned banks will establish a key position among the World’s major lenders to clients not only in the developing, but also in the developed World. A relatively narrow circle of big companies, especially state-owned ones, will rapidly develop as important foreign direct investors. On the other hand, the formation of a wider range of strong Chinese multinationals, include private firms—a range comparable to the one in the major countries of the West—will take a longer period of time, as well as the emergence of a cohort of Chinese largescale investors into securities around the World. In these areas, competition from China is still relatively mild. The wide-scale and rapid growth of leisure—through shorted working hours, vacations, lengthened schooling, and retirement—has created vast new wants which American culture as yet does not fully satisfy. The aspiration for leisure is often associated with a lack of involvement in work, but with everything costing so much, many people are looking to pick up more hours at work, instead of shallow and restless pursuit of a good time. Many see that our students need to become more serious so they can compete with China. #RandolphHarris 17 of 19

Personality has become an object of popular concern, as much as the soul was formerly. The belief in fostering the optimal development of children, in psychosocial respects as well as physically and mentally, is propagated through countless media and organizations, among which the parent-teacher associations are pre-eminent and characteristic of the American scene. Due to the desire for scientific sanction for practices adopted, it is not too early to speak of the professionalization of parenthood, or at least of motherhood. Except for those who remain thoroughly confident of traditional recipes for child-rearing, many parent exhibit some uncertainty and even anxiety over the satisfactory performance of their own roles and their children’s development. This effortfulness may therefore somewhat limit the joy and ease with which they conduct their family living. Popular concern with mental health and hygiene, which are professionally recognized as primarily the responsibility of the home, adds a special edge to the concerns of certain families. Stray psychiatric thought lends a faintly ominous tinge to some of the literature intended for normal parents of normal children, and may thereby accentuate—among those who expose themselves to it—the hazards as against the satisfactions of family life. It is possible that in retrospect his decade will be seen as a transitional to one in which professional emphasis will be upon the joys of competent performance as parents, rather than upon the difficulties and threats of failure. It is unlikely, however, that a later decade will witness any decline of parental self-awareness, as long as better knowledge and recommended practice continue to be evolved. #RandolphHarris 18 of 19

Life has many functions. People are to be logical, aesthetic, ethical, and social. These spheres, theoretical and practical, are concerned with the fulfilment of meaning for the self-actualized. Thus, in the sphere of knowledge, culture attends to conditioned forms of being and their unity. In the sphere of law, the unconditioned person learns the personal grounds of every right; and, in the social sphere, to unconditioned love. Self-actualization is the practice of learning to use one’s power and meaning in unity to designate the human dimension of life to causes that improve humanity, environment and self. Life is the actualization of potential. Life actualizes itself in several dimensions or realms which, while distinct and often in conflict, compenetrate one another. In each of these dimensions life is actualized in three basic functions: self-integration, self-creativity, and self-transcendence. Self-integration appears as morality; self-creativity, as culture; and self-transcendence of life under the dimension of morality. The goal is to adhere to the ultimate concern, and this state cannot be restricted to a special realm. The unconditional character of this concern implies that it refers to every moment of our life, to every space ad every realm. The subjective unconditionality of the ultimate concern means it encompasses the total engagement of the person, is linked with objective unconditionality, the ground and abyss of being and meaning. Once in the grasp of such ultimates, man cannot limit his response to an isolated area. The scope of life and self-transcendence is not another horizontal line of actualization, but a striving in the vertical direction toward the ultimate and infinite being. Self-actualization has no horizons; its only dimensions are the unlimited height and dept of being and meaning. #RandolphHarris 19 of 19