The soul is threatened by modern life. And if an emotional problem presents itself, the real issue may not be some single trauma or troubled relationship. Maybe the issue is a life set up in such a way that soul is neglected habitually. Culture is a factor in rape, but the precise nature of the relationship between culture and sexual violence remains a topic of discussion. Ethnographic data from pre-industrial societies show the existence of rape-free cultures, though explanations for the phenomena differ. We can relate sexual violence to contempt for the female qualities and suggest that rape is a part of a culture of violence and an expression of male dominance. However, it has also be argued that in pre-industrial societies women are more likely to lack important life options and to be physically and politically oppressed where they lack economic power relative to men. Furthermore, in pre-industrial societies relative economic power enables women to win some immunity from men’s use of force against them. Among modern societies, the frequency of rape varies dramatically, and the United States of America is among the most rape-prone of all. The rate of reported rape and attempted rape for the United States of America is eighteen times higher than the corresponding rate for England and Wales. Spurred by the Woman’s Movement, feminists have generated an impressive body of theory regarding the cultural etiology of rape in the United States of America. Representative of the feminist view called rape “The All American Crime.” #RandolphHarris 1 of 15

The feminist perspective views rape as an act of violence and social control which functions to “keep women in their place.” Feminists see rape as an extension of normative male behavior, the result of conformity or overconformitty to the values and prerogatives which define the traditional male gender role. That is, traditional socialization encourages males to associate power, dominance, strength, virility, and superiority with masculinity, and submissiveness, passivity, weakness, and inferiority with masculinity, and submissiveness, passivity, weakness, and inferiority with femininity. Furthermore, males are taught to have expectations about their level of sexual needs and expectations for corresponding female accessibility which function to justify forcing sexual access. The justification for forced sexual access is buttressed by legal, social, and religious definitions of women as male property and sex as an exchange of goods. Socialization prepares women to be “legitimate” victims and men to be potential offenders. The United States of America has some form of a rape culture because both genders are socialized to regard male aggression as a natural and normal part of sexual intercourse. However, society is also set up where women suffer greatly if the husband is arrested. Married women will lose more than half, if not all the financial support they have, and unmarried women will no longer receive their alimony checks because a man in jail or prison cannot work. The way to overcome that is to teach women the importance of education and make sure they have careers where they can afford to fully support themselves. A husband should just be a supplement, not your main source of income. #RandolphHarris 2 of 15

Feminists view pornography as an important element in a larger system of sexual violence; they see pornography as an expression of a rape-probe culture where women are seen as objects available for use by men. However, I argue that with the frequency of disease and viruses, pornography may help some people abstain from pleasures of the flesh, as they do not want to catch an illness, nor be exposed to germs or bacteria, nor deal with fracture emotions. And by using pornography as a form of gratification, it could make them hold off on pleasures of the flesh. After awhile pleasures of the flesh will become so boring that one will want true love so they have something special to hold on to and not just a fleeting, meaningless encounter. However, experts disagree with me. They argue that rape is presented as part of normal male/female sexual relations, but the women, despite her terror, is always depicted as sexually aroused to the point of cooperation. In the end, she is ashamed but physically gratified. The message—women desire and enjoy rape—has more potential for damage than the image of the violence per se. Still, I believe that you have to keep in mind that most pornography does not depict rape, and more and more of adult focused films are now produced by the individuals in them and they tend to be solo videos or collaborations where people act out soft core pornographic acts, such as dancing, with friends, suggestively in their underclothes or with skin showing. So, there is a move away from the hardcore stuff that many are used to. Also, the actors are often times on social media, so the viewer can get to know them and interact with them and so there is more of a connection to the actors. #RandolphHarris 3 of 15

I communicate with some of the actors on social media because I like to see them as humans, but I do not really like their adult content. They just seem more willing to talk than others who are marketing something. And I think they like to know that someone actually cares about their brains. It can make a person want to be your friend when you are genuinely interested in their minds and character and not just their body. Nonetheless, the fusion of these themes—sex as an impersonal act, the victim’s uncontrollable orgasm, and the violent infliction of pain—is commonplace in the actual accounts of rapist. Many convicted rapists deny their crime and attempt to justify their rapes by arguing that their victim had enjoyed herself despite the use of a weapon and the inflicting of serious injuries, or even death. In fact, many argued, they had been instrumental in making her fantasy come true. The images projected in pornography contribute to a vocabulary of motive which trivializes and neutralizes rape and which might lessen the internal controls that otherwise would prevent sexually aggressive behavior. Men who rape use this culturally acquired vocabulary to justify their sexual violence. One must examine the goals that some men have learned to achieve through sexually violent means. Thus, one approach to understanding why some men rape is to shift attention from individual psychopathology to the important question of what rapists gain from sexual aggression and violence in a culture seemingly prone to rape. #RandolphHarris 4 of 15

Also, I think it is important to remember that just because a person may accept money for pleasures of the flesh does not mean that you own their body for the time you paid for. It does not mean that you can do whatever you want. And if an individual is intoxicated, even if they seem interested, it is best to stay away from them because they may not remember consenting to pleasures of the flesh and accuse you of rape in the morning. With that being said, I do not know what the law says about two adults who are both drunk and have pleasures of the flesh, but wake up in the morning feeling violated. However, I supposed it is best to learn not to drink to the point of being inebriated so you can know what it going on. Perhaps a class on “knowing your limits” is a course a lot of people would benefit from. And if a person says, “No,” or “Stop,” it is best not to go any further until they are ready or agree to the act. Often times the culturally derived excuses and justifications allow people to view their behavior as either idiosyncratic or situationally appropriate and thus it reduced their sense of moral responsibility for the actions. Having disavowed deviance, these men revealed how they had used rape to achieve a number of objectives. We find that one men used rape for revenge or punishment while, for others, it was an “added bonus”—a last minute decision made while committing another crimes. In still other cases, rape was used to gain sexual access to women who were unwilling or unavailable, and for some it was a source of power and sex without any personal feelings. Rape was also a form of recreation, a diversion or an adventure and, finally, it was something that made these men “feel good.” #RandolphHarris 5 of 15

A rapist might see his act as a legitimized form of revenge or punishment. Additionally, he asserts that the idea of “collective liability” accounts for much seemingly random violence. “Collective liability” suggests that all people in a particular category are held accountable for the conduct of each of their counterparts. Thus, the victim of a violent act may merely represent the category of individual being punished. These factors—revenge, punishment, and the collective liability of women—can be used to explain a number of rapes in our research. Several cases will illustrate the ways in which these factors combined in various types of rape. Revenge-rapes were among the most brutal and often included beatings, serious injuries and, even murder. Typically, revenge-rapes included the element of collective liability. This is, from the rapist’s perspective, the victim was a substitute for the woman they wanted to avenge. As explained elsewhere, an upsetting event, involving a woman, preceded a significant number of rapes. When they raped, these men were angry because of a perceived indiscretion, typically related to a rigid, moralistic standard of sexual conduct, which they required from “their woman” but, in most cases, did not abide by themselves. Over and over these rapists talked about using rape “to get even” with their wives or other significant women. Typically is a young man who, prior to the rape, had a violent argument with his wife over what eventually proved to be her misdiagnosed case of venereal disease (VD). She assumed the disease had been contracted through him, an accusation that infuriated him. #RandolphHarris 6 of 15

After fighting with his wife, he explained that he drove around “thinking about hurting someone.” He encountered his victim, a stranger, on the road where her car had broken down. It appears she accepted his offered ride because her car was out of commission. When she realized that her rape was pending, she called him “a son of a b”tch,” and attempted to resist. He reported flying into a rage and beating her, and he confided. “I have never felt that much anger before. If she had resisted, I would have killed her…The rape was for revenge. I didn’t have an orgasm. She was there to get my hostile feelings off on.” Although not the most common form of revenge, sexual assault continues to be used in retaliation against the victim’s male partner. In one such case, the offender, angry because the victim’s husband owned him money, went to the victim’s home to collect. He confided, “I was going to get it one way or another.” Finding the victim alone, he explained, they stated to argue about the money and, “I grabbed her and started beating the hell out of her. Then I committed the act. I knew what I was doing. I was mad. I could have stopped but I didn’t. I did it to get even with her and her husband.” When women are viewed as commodities, “In raping another man’s woman, a man may aggrandize his own manhood and concurrently reduce that of another man.” #RandolphHarris 7 of 15

Revenge-rapes often contained an element of punishment. In some cases, while the victim was not the initial object of the revenge, the intent was to punish her because of something that transpired after the decision to rape had been made or during the course of the rape itself. This was the case with a young man whose wife had recently left him. Although they were in the process of reconciliation, he remained angry and upset over the separation. The night of the rape, he met the victim and her friend in a bar where he had gone to watch a fight on TV. The two women apparently accepted a ride from him but, after taking her friends home, he drove the victim to his apartment. At his apartment, he found a note from his wife indicating she had stopped by to watch the fight with him. This increased his anger because he preferred his wife’s company. Inside his apartment, the victim allegedly remarked that she was sexually interested in his dog, which he reported, put him in a rage. In the ensuing attack, he raped and pistol-whipped the victim. Then he forced a vacuum cleaner hose, switched on suction, into her female private part, and bit her breast, severing the nipple. He stated: “I hated at the time, but I don’t know if it was her (the victim). (Who could it have been?) My wife? Even though we were getting back together, I still didn’t trust her.” During his interview, it became clear tht this offender, like many of the men, believed men have the right to discipline and punish women. In fact, he argued that most of the men he knew would also have beaten the victim because “that kind of thing (referring to the dog) is not acceptable among my friends.” #RandolphHarris 8 of 15

In some rapes, both revenge and punishment were directed at victims because they represented women who these offenders perceived as collectively responsible and liable for their problems. Rape was used “to put women in their place” and as a method of proving their “manhood” by displaying dominance over a female. For example, one multiple rapist believed his actions were related to the feelings that women though they were better off than he was. “Rape was a feeling of total dominance. Before the raped, I would always get a feeling of power and anger. I would degrade women so I could feel there was a person of less worth than me.” There is a difference between “false” teachers and deceived ones. There are many deceived ones among the most able teachers today because they do not recognize that an army of teaching spirits have come forth to deceive the people of God and that the special peril of the earnest sections of the professing Church lies in the supernatural realm, from whence the deceiving spirits with “teachings” are whispering their lies to all who are “spiritual,” id est, open to spiritual things. These “teaching spirits” with “doctrines” will make a special effort to deceive those who have to transmit doctrine and seek to mingle their teachings with truth so as to get them accepted. Every believer must test all teachers today for him or herself, by the Word of God and by their attitude to the atoning cross of Christ and other fundamental truths of the gospel, and not be misled into testing “teaching” by the character of the teacher. Good men can be deceived, and Satan needs good men to float his lies under the guise of truth. #RandolphHarris 9 of 15

I was the son of an army officer, and I went to West Point and spent seven years in a very numb and lonely existence as an army officer. It was during a time of intense loneliness that I split with my wife after ten years of marriage and I was very deeply into experiencing that tragic loss for the first time. Loneliness had been an emotion which I had always managed to outrun. I had discovered that if I did something important or impressive that people would make a fuss over me and I would not have to experience my own loneliness. Additionally, at age five, I became “man of the house” when my father left for World War II, leaving me in charge of my mother and telling me to take care of her and to “be good,” yet he did not come home for four years. I did not burden my mother and kept my loneliness literally caught up with me after having outrun it for so long, I cried deeply; I went beneath the veneer of my tough shell and found a whole new part of the essence of me—a creativity. I wrote poems and a book and painted. And more important, I discovered a little boy part of me that had grown up early—a tenderness which West Point did not exactly nourish. I find that this tender part of me, rather than the tough part, was a part my friends and I both cherish. I then discovered that rather than my toughness being my strength, as I had misconstrued it in the military, it was really my tenderness that was my strength. #RandolphHarris 10 of 15

The question of using a right attitude as a weapon against negative emotions requires understanding; it refers to our attitude to the emotions themselves, because we may have a right or a wrong attitude to our negativeness. It is different in different cases and there can be no generalization. Now we must consider the attitudes in themselves and realize that a positive attitude is right in some cases, and that a negative attitude is right in other cases. A positive attitude belongs to the part of our intellect which says “Yes” and a negative attitude to the part which says “No.” There can also be different attitudes but these are the two most important. Lack of understanding about some subject or problem may be caused simply by having a wrong attitude towards it. There are people who have a negative attitude towards everything and anything, and there are others who try to cultivate a positive attitude about things towards which they should have a negative attitude. Using the words “positive” and “negative” in the ordinary sense of approval or disapproval, we can say that in order to understand certain things we must have negative attitudes whereas other things can be understood positively. Too much of an indiscriminately positive attitude can spoil things in the same ways as a persistently negative attitude is useful because there are many things in life which can only be understood through having a sufficiently good negative attitude towards them. Certainly, identification with a negative attitude would cause negative emotion, but his can be avoided, and very often identifying is the result of a wrong attitude. #RandolphHarris 11 of 15

Paradoxical as it may seem, we have many negative emotions because we do not have a sufficiently negative attitude towards negative emotions. On the other hand, the moment you have a negative attitude towards any of the things connected with this work of development, you will cease to understand it. We must understand that we have no control, that we are machines, that everything happens to us. Simply to speak about it does not change these facts. To cease to be mechanical something else is needed. A change of attitude is necessary. Attitude can be independent of emotion, and to a certain extent it can be under our control. For instance, we have some control over our attitudes towards knowledge, towards friends, towards this work and towards self-study. Attitude is really a point of view, and if a point of view is right, there is one effect; if it is wrong, another effect. It is necessary to understand that we cannot do things, but we can change our attitudes. A right attitude may be developed gradually through the study of oneself and the study of life, in accordance with the special ways in which we study it. This study does not depend only on knowledge but upon a different way of thinking. Different thinking can only come from different attitudes and from an understanding of the relative values of things. Change of attitude does not bring about change of a man’s being by itself. Valuation is necessary. #RandolphHarris 12 of 15

It need only be noted that improprieties can, of course, occur because the individual is alienated, or wants to appear alienated, from an on-going engagement. Examples can be found during group psychotherapy sessions in mental hospitals, where patients, coerced to participate, may pointedly read magazines or play solitaire. A situational impropriety can convey to its witnesses, justifiably or not, that the actor is alienated not so much from the gathering as from one’s community, or one’s establishment, or one’s intimates, or one’s conversation. However, we must be quite clear that, no matter how distant or broad the target of an offense, the idiom in this case is first of all a means of expressing alienation from or attachment to the gathering that is present. Anything else the individual thus conveys, however much it constitutes the crucial implication of one’s act, must be superimposed upon these original situational meanings. Whatever the social unit to which the individual is concerned to indicate one’s relationship, many of the signs one must rely on will be written entirely in a situational language. Because of this tendency for the situational idiom to be made a convenience of and pressed into service as the language of relationship, it is at once more and less important than we might at first perceive. We can now come to the conclusions and to the point where the sociologist might find cause to nibble at the psychiatric hand that feeds one data. For while psychiatry forcible directs our attention to situational improprieties, there appear to be ways in which psychiatry embodies and rationalizes lay attitudes toward this aspect of conduct, instead of carrying us beyond these conceptions. #RandolphHarris 13 of 15

The problems with majority rule go beyond manipulating the outcome through control of the agenda. Even sophisticated voters who exercise foresight can collectively outsmart themselves. We tell a story that illustrates the point, freely adapting the saga of President Reagan’s nominees for the Supreme Court. Judge Bork was the first nominee. Judges Ginsberg and Kennedy were known to be high on the list, and likely to be nominated should Bork not be confirmed by the Senate. If the Senate turned down all three, the likelihood was that the seat would stay vacant for the next president to fill. Imagine that the decision rests in the hands of three powerful senators. To avoid impugning the reputation of any actual persons, we will call the three A, B, and C. Their rankings of the four possible outcomes are as follows: A’s Ranking: 1^st Kennedy, 2^nd Vacant, 3^rd Bork, 4^th Ginsberg. B’s Ranking: 1^st Ginsberg, 2^nd Kennedy, 3^rd Vacant, 4^th Bork. C’s Ranking: 1^st Vacant, 2^nd Bork, 3^rd Ginsberg, 4^th Kennedy. The first thing to observe is that leaving the seat vacant is unanimously preferred to nominating Judge Bork. Yet if these are the preferences and the senators correctly predict the order of nominations as Bork, Ginsberg, and Kennedy, the result will be that Bork is confirmed. We figure out the voting patterns by working backward up the tree. Vacant, Kennedy, Ginsberg, Bork. If the vote comes down to appointing Kennedy versus leaving the seat vacant, Kennedy will win. By looking ahead and reasoning backward the senators can predict a victory for Kennedy if Ginsberg is defeated. There, if Bork is turned down the contest becomes Ginsberg or Kennedy. In the Ginsberg versus Kennedy contest, Ginsberg wins two to one. #RandolphHarris 14 of 15

Reasoning backward again, right at the start the senators should realize that their choice is Bork or Ginsberg. Here, Bork wins two to one. Everyone is looking ahead and correctly figures out the consequences of their action. Yet they collectively end up with a candidate whose nomination, everyone agrees, is worse than leaving the seat vacant. Now in fact it did not turn out that way, and there are several reasons. No one was quite certain who the next nominee would be. Preferences changes as more information was learned about the nominees. The senators’ preferences may not have been as we represented them. Equally important, we have ignored any possibility for logrolling. This was a perfect opportunity for logrolling to arise. There were three 2.1 votes. Each of the senators was on the winning side twice and on the losing side once. The gain from each win was worth one position in their ranking, but the loss pushed them down three. It does not help to win two small battles and lose the big war. The possibility for mutual gain opens the door for logrolling, and with thee preferences we expect Bork would be defeated. The globalization of the media, necessary for the new economy, is in fact moving rapidly. When Japan’s Sony bought up Columbia Pictures Entertainment for $5 billion, acquiring Hollywood’s largest library of films, including such quality products as On the Waterfront, Lawrence of Arabia, and Kramer vs. Kramer, along with 220 movie houses and 23,000 TV episodes, it shook the entertainment industry. Sometimes shacking things up can generate more publicity and interest in a product and make it more desirable. #RandolphHarris 15 of 15

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