The overwhelming majority of rape/sexual assault offenses involve a single acquaintance forcing him or herself sexually onto a single unwilling victim. Victims’ reports indicate that almost all (98 percent) rape/sexual assault incidents involve a lone victim. Similarly, 92 percent of the cases involve a single perpetrator. We use the term gang rape to describe rape events with three or more perpetrators present. While multiple offenders are present, the crime tends to take place within some organizational context and often times involves perverse and prolonged forms of sexual deviance. Multiple offenders are often the hallmark of prison rapes, athlete-perpetrated offenses, and fraternity rapes. Gang rape cases account for only about 1 percent of all violent sex crimes reported by victims each year. In addition to being crimes of violence, most rapes/sexual assaults incorporate an element of betrayal. Roughly 70 percent of all single-offender rape/sexual assaults occur in 2022 were committed by an individual who was known to the victim. A full 32 percent of victims described their attackers to be close friends. An additional 28 percent of the attackers were said to be casual acquaintances. Almost one in twenty said that their attacker was a spouse or blood relative. No other form of violent crime involves such high proportions of offenders who were related to or acquainted with the victim. The presence of drugs and/or alcohol seem to play an important part in the violent sexual transaction. Victim reports indicate that nearly one half (45 percent) of all rape/sexual assault victims believed that their attacker was under the influence of drugs or alcohol at the time of the offense. This figure corresponds closely with the percentage that are derived from self-report studies involving convicted rapist. #RandolphHarris 1 of 21

A full 47 percent of the state prison inmates surveyed admit that they were using drugs or alcohol in the hours preceding their violent sex offense. A new trend has emerged whereby rapists enlist the help of potent prescriptions medicines (exempli gratia Rohypnol, GHB), termed “date rape drugs,” to unknowingly intoxicate and incapacitate their victims. Most violent sexual attacks occur at night in private settings. The majority take place after 6 p.m. Furthermore, victim reports indicate that nearly two thirds of the transgressions occur in or near a private residence. No other form of crime posts such high numbers in this regard. The remainder of violent sex crimes occur in commercial establishments or open-air, public environments. Rapes and sexual assault are principally committed by young, men while the victims are disproportionately young, minority women. Gender is the most telling variable in the rape/sexual assault equation. Almost all violent sex crimes are intergendered (id est, male on female) offenses. Nearly 99 percent of the individuals arrested on rape charges in 2022 were men. That same year, victim reports indicated that 90 percent of the rape and sexual assault victims were women and more than 93 percent of the offenders were men. This translate into a female rape/sexual assault victimization rate that is ten times the rare that is observed among males. Age is another noteworthy variable in the rape and sexual assault equation. Better than for in tend (46 percent) individuals arrested for forcible rape in 2022 were under the age of 25. Victim accounts support this claim, as 60 percent of rape victims that year estimated that their attacker(s) were under the age of 30. #RandolphHarris 2 of 21

Young people are clearly at the highest risk of experiencing a violent sexual attack. This makes rape an intra-aged from. The victimization rate for individuals under the age of 25 was five times greater than that experienced among individuals above this age threshold. It is well established that the majority of rape/sexual assault offenders are men. A full 63 percent of the individuals who were arrested on forcible rape charges in 2022 where white (other races may fail to report). Almost identical percentages of whites were observed in that year’s victimization reports. Things are not so cute and dried for the African American population. While African Americans comprised more than one third of all rape arrests in 2022, victim attributed only slightly more than one fifth of the rapes that year to black perpetrator. In 2022, the victimization rate of African Americas was 1.1 per 1,000 persons or households. This was similar to the rates experienced by Hispanics and whites (1.1 and 1.0, respectively). Collectively, the data suggest an intraracial patterning of violence sex crimes. Certain demographic segments of the U.S.A. population can face vastly increased chances of being the target of a violent sex crime. Take, for example, that the average U.S.A. adult faced a rape/sexual assault victimization rate of 1.7 per 1,000 persons of households. However, the victimization rate for black women (4.6) was nearly twice that of white or Hispanic women (2.7 and 2.5, respectively). These figures are significantly higher than the Hispanic male (1.3), white male (0.4) and black male (0.2) victimization rates. Note that these pronounced racial/gender disparities have subsided in recent years. #RandolphHarris 3 of 21

Noticeable fluctuations can be observed when the age/race/gender analysis is further specified. The 2022 rape/sexual assault victimization rate was observed to be 1.1 per 1,000. Noticeable high victimization rates are observed for African Americans between the ages of 12 and 15 (3.4), white ages 16 to 19 (4.0), and African Americans ages 20 to 24 (3.9). Females in the 12 to 15 (3.5) and 20 to 24 (4.2) age groups also face noticeable high victimization rates. Still, no other segment of the American population is more at risk than 16- to 19-year-old-females—this particular group’s victimization rate is 6 times the national average or 6.9 per 1,000 persons or households. The disturbing age/race/gender-based trends have prompted the systematic study of rape victimization among college-aged women. The findings are even more disheartening. Nearly 3 percent of all the 4,000+ college women surveyed had been the victim of an attempted or completed rape during the previous school year. This translates to a victimization rate of 27.7 per 1,000 women attending U.S.A. colleges. Most violent criminal events take on an unmistakably fast and furious quality. Rape and sexual assault offenses are somewhat different. While intense levels of violence are generally a cornerstone of the rape event, the assault and corresponding struggle takes some time to run its course. Interview-based accounts reveal that rape victims are subject to prolonged trauma as the offender uses a forceful and drawn-out sex act as a vehicle for power, degradation, and dominance. #RandolphHarris 4 of 21

The onset of the rape transaction generally leaves little room for misinterpretation on the part of the victim. Faced with the reality that they are about to be forced into a prolonged and nonconsensual sex act, rape victims almost always seek to resist the aggressive advances of the attacker. Recent data shows that seven of ten rape/sexual assault victims take self-protective measures against attackers. Most women try to flee, while some opt to fight back. The majority of victims contend that their countermeasure served to improve the situation. Resistance, especially violent forms of resistance, serves as effective means of (1) preventing rape completion, and (2) reducing the level of injuries sustained by the victim. The criminal career of the rapist is decidedly different than it is for other violent offenders. While other violent predators are known for their propensity to accumulate long, diverse criminal histories, the violent sex offender tends to stay more focused. Compared to other violent offenders, convicted rapists and sexual assaulters tend to amass shorter rape sheets and post lower violent and property recidivism rates. In fact, 42 percent of the rape defendants in the study had a prior felony arrest recorded, 21 percent had been felony arrested five or more times, and 29 percent had a prior felony conviction. Forty two percent of the released rapist that were tracked were rearrested within 3 years. As alarming as that number may be, it is worthy nothing that only murders posted lower overall recidivism rates. The bad news is that, relative to other types of offenders, rapists return to sex crimes at a disproportion rate. #RandolphHarris 5 of 21

A recidivism study estimates that one in ten rapists will be rearrested for a similar charge at some time in the future. Extrapolating further, it has been discovered that a released rapist’s odds of committing a new rape are 3.2 times greater than a non-rapist’s odds of rape. This level of specialized recidivism is unusual among criminals. This observation has prompted many local and state jurisdictions to mandate that convicted serial sex offenders register with local law enforcement agencies upon moving into a neighborhood. In fact, there is in place a national data base that allows for the cross-jurisdictional monitoring of convicted serial sex offenders. Repeat sex offending takes on one of two forms. Some rapists, commonly referred to as serial rapists, target numerous victims over an extended period of time. Other habitual rapists repeatedly assault the same individual. This pattern almost exclusively manifests itself in established intimate relationships. Eight percent of the 8,000 randomly sampled respondents surveyed had been raped by an intimate partner at least once in their lifetime. Repeat victimization was common among these cases. Demonical “doctrines” have been generally calculated as either belonging to the Church of Rome—because of the two specific results of demon teaching mentioned by Paul which characterize that Church—or to later “cults” and skewed “movements” of the twenty-first century, with their omission of the fact of sin and the need of the atoning sacrifice of Christ, the divine Saviour. However, there is a vast realm of doctrinal deception by deceiving spirits penetrating and interpenetrating evangelical Christendom also. #RandolphHarris 6 of 21

Yes, evil spirits, in more or less degree, influence the lives even of Christian men, and bring them under their power. Even spiritual Christians can be thus affected on the plane described by the apostle, where believers united to the risen Christ meet “spiritual wickedness” in “Heavenly places.” For the satanic forces described in Ephesians 6.12 are shown to be divided into (1) “Principalities”—demonic officers dealing with nations and governments; (2) “Powers”—those having authority and power of action in certain special spheres open to them; (3) “World-rulers”—spirits governing the darkness and blindness of the World at large. All of these are wicked spirits operating from celestial realms, directing their forces against the Church of Jesus Christ, using “wiles,” “fiery darts,” sly onslaughts, and every conceivable deception about “doctrines” which they are capable of planning. This peril assails the Church from the supernatural World. It comes from supernatural spirit-beings who are persons (Mark 1.25) having the power of intelligence to plan (Matt. 12.44-45) and devise strategy (Eph. 6.11), resulting in the deception of those who “give heed” to them. What is truth? “Truth is knowledge of things as they are, and as they were, and as they are to come; and whatsoever is more or less than this is the spirit of that wicked one who was a liar from the beginning,” reports Doctrine and Covenants 93.24-25. We must ask the right questions; we must seek the right places and knock on the right doors. That sometimes is very difficult to do. However, we must prepare our hearts and our minds with a sincere desire to know the truth. #RandolphHarris 7 of 21

We must accept our feelings to build ourselves, and as one does that it may become apparent that one is not in contact with one’s own feelings. Many people can lose themselves early in life and may be living dead while alive. This may lead one to lose one’s own feelings and need making nothing seem worthwhile about one’s self, nor accepting praise from others. Often times, the slightest criticism may send an individual into despair for days. As a result, some individuals may hide true value and strengths from themselves because it is too painful to assume any responsibility for one’s self. The whole dependency-hostility depression then permeates one’s life for year and years. This can cause an individual to become stuck in self-hatred and contemplate and long for suicide for many years to come. Depression may deepen and deepen. And some will make themselves more and more miserable by desperately hoping someone will notice and plead with them to change for their sake. However, no matter what a depressed individual may do or say, others will often refuse to accept this responsibility. This often results in an emotional explosion within a person. Some will feel absolutely abandoned and alone because others are not living up to the expectation of being a hero. The grief one feels will be crushing as it will seem there is no one at all who cares for you. The anguish one feels will be hard to covey for there are so many layers of emotions, misunderstandings, and stories. One may even suffer their being as deadened. This paralysis will affect not just the mind, but the arms and legs can become laden, and the mind will feel like scrambled eggs. #RandolphHarris 8 of 21

This type of anguish will lead many to believe that some problems are caused by demonic possession like people in the Victorian ages believed because one is possession by a whirling torment of loneliness. Finally when an individual is able to break free and express one’s self, there will come from the individual an eerie, animalistic moaning. A noise that is the only way some can break through the suffocating horror one feels. One may hear this voice coming from inside of them, but may not feel like it is them expressing it—it is a searing, anguished, guttural growl that seems bigger than all of life and yet at the same time so expressive of all human sadness and loneliness. Those bottled-up emotions and feelings are what make that sound. It is important to realize that there is no one else, but you. If you do not care for yourself, then no one can. Whether or not someone cares for you will never change you. Reluctantly, oh, so reluctantly, one has to admit that one has a self. It is often when an individual reaches their lowest point that lo and behold, there one finds one’s self. Some may fight against self-discovery for too long, but eventually, begrudgingly, fearfully, whole heartedly one must began to accept it, and amazingly enough, one will begin to feel a soaring freedom. At that point is when the painful trek upward starts. All the anger one then directed towards others becomes clear. It is likely that individuals have been projecting all of their lives and that is what causes them to become lost. As one becomes stronger, and less afraid of being alone, if one acts according to the needs of one’s self, one is able to like that self more and more. #RandolphHarris 9 of 21

Every day, one learns to trust this new stable self and like that self more and more, and will become aware of joy. Defenses an individual has in place for a life time can be the same mechanisms that make one lonely. However, also keep in mind that not everyone lives in Mayberry with the Cleaver’s as neighbours, so be rational about your self-evaluation and please trust your instincts. But as along as you are true to yourself, true community and companionship with others will eventually flourish, as you accept the love you inspire in others. A right attitude towards a subject is the result of right thinking about that definite subject. For instance, many people live only on objections; they only think themselves clever when they find an objection to something. When they do not find any objection, they do not feel themselves to be working or thinking or anything. Again, nearly all our personal negative emotion are based upon accusations, and upon the assumptions that somebody else is guilty. If, by persistent thinking, we realize that nobody can be guilty in relation to us and that we are the cause of everything that happens to us, our attitude towards those emotions of accusation will begin to change. Eventually this right thinking, this creation of a right attitude or point of view may become a permanent process, and then negative emotions will only appear occasionally. Exactly by being permanent this process of right thinking has power over negative emotions; it checks them right at the beginning. #RandolphHarris 10 of 21

We can learn to refuse some points of view and to accept other points of view. From one point of view we are so mechanical and we can do nothing, while from another point of view there re in us—perhaps not many but several—things which we can begin to do. We have certain possibilities in us which we do not use. It is true that you cannot do anything, in the sense that you cannot change what you feel at any given moment, but you can make yourself think about a subject at a given moment. This is the beginning. You must know what is possible and begin from that, because the possibility to do something instead of letting something happen will increase quickly. You can make yourself think about a subject in a certain way, and—when it is necessary—you can make yourself not think. You do not realize what enormous power lies in thinking. That is not meant as a philosophical explanation of power. The power lies in the fact that, if you always think rightly about certain things, you can make that thought permanent and it will grow into a permanent attitude. If you find yourself an inclination to a wrong emotional manifestation of some kind, you can do nothing about it just at that moment because you have educated in yourself the capacity for this kind of reaction by wrong thinking; but after some time of right thinking, you may educate in yourself the capacity for a different reaction. Only, this method has to be understood and this understanding must be quite deep. You can apply this method to many different things. This is really the one thing you can do. You can do nothing else. #RandolphHarris 11 of 21

There is no direct way to struggle with negative manifestations because you cannot catch them; and there is no way to prevent them except by being prepared beforehand for them. A passing realization that they are wrong will not help; it must be very deep, otherwise you will again have an equally difficult process to prepare the ground for another manifestation. You have to realize how much you lose by these spontaneous manifestations of a negative character. They make so many desirable things impossible, and you lose exactly what you want to get. Situational improprieties may also be employed as a means of expressing resentment that the offender may feel toward something more circumscribed than a class or a community, for example, the social establishment or institution in which one finds oneself. Here, the “milieu” approach to institutional psychiatry has provided us with much data. It would appear from the utilization of the unconventional incontinent response in the aforementioned situations that this response is a symbolic and obscure gesture on the part of the patients who have difficulty in expressing themselves at all or in expressing themselves clearly and directly. They utilize this response as a form of communication to convey the “unsatisfactory” character of their surrounding social milieu and their participation in it and the fact that certain important requirements are not being fulfilled. However, the more careful examination of the nature and meaning of patients’ acts indicated that much of the grossly distributed and disturbing behaviour was more a manner of participating in an excessively restrictive and depriving hospital environment than an inherent part of psychotic illness. Most emotional outbursts appeared to be temporary, impulsive reactions of fear, anger, or overactivity, and were essentially self-limited when not aggravated by intervention of personnel. #RandolphHarris 12 of 21

In mental hospitals, one of the most dramatic instances of establishment alienation is provided by the patient who is appropriately oriented in the situation in all visible ways whole calmly doing a single thing that sets one quite outside the present reality. If deviant use of the involvement idiom provides a means of symbolizing alienation from the situation, these isolated incongruities seem to provide symbols of symbols—a kind of gesture or proclamation of alienation. Thus, at Central Hospital I have observed an otherwise well-demeaned (albeit mute) youth walking down the ward halls with a reasonably thoughtful look on his face and two pipes in his mouth; another conducted himself with similar nicety while chewing toothpaste; another, with soap on his shaved head; another, while smilingly walking backwards with a neatly folded towel on her head; another, with a ball of paper screwed into his right eye as a monocle; another, with a foot-long strip of woven newspaper dangling from his pocket. One patient would graciously accept tobacco for his pipe and then pop the offering into his mouth with a continued artful gesture of gratefulness for the smoke; another would quietly enter the cafeteria and eat his meals peacefully, departing when told to, and manage all this compliant behaviour with a dinner-roll balanced on his head. Still another patient would act as if he were approaching a member of the staff for purposes of intelligent conversation, and would then mutter something in an affected English accent while showing that he had a cigarette butt stick into his ear. #RandolphHarris 13 of 21

And frequently patients would lie on benches in an ordinary relaxed manner while keeping a few fingers or an arm extended and stiff, showing that they were not giving in to actual relaxation. Sometimes these proclamations were made with a sly look on the patient’s face, so that it appeared that he was more than ordinarily aware of the implications of his act and was performing them with these implications in mind. This self-sabotage often seems to represent one statement in an equation of defense. It seems that the patient sometimes feels that life on the ward is so degrading, so unjust, and so inhuman that the only self-respecting response is to treat ward life as if it were contemptibly beyond reality and beyond seriousness. This is done (it appears) by projecting a self that is correspondingly crazy and, as far as the actor is concerned, patently not his real self. Thereby the patient demonstrates, at least to himself, that his true self is not to be judged by its current setting and has not been subjugated or contaminated by it. On the same grounds, he implies that the conduct that was responsible for getting him into the hospital is equally not a valid representation of his real self. In short, the patient may pointedly act crazy in the hospital to make it clear to all decent people that he is obviously sane. This would account for the very knowing looks that such patients sometimes give sympathetic outsiders, which often seem to imply, “It is a ridiculous hideous World here, is it not?” #RandolphHarris 14 of 21

The aim, then, of some of these bizarre acts is, no doubt, to demonstrate some kind of distance and insulation from the setting, and behind this, alienation from the establishment. And the means consist of communications about the allocation of one’s involvement. There is another type of attack on the establishment that might be mentioned; it is more clear cut, involving less self-destructiveness and more of nose-thumbing. Again Central Hospital provides examples, as seen when a patient pushes back his chair and, one nostril at a time, methodically blows out mucus in a wide arc, or spits in the same parabolic manner, or flicks a lighted butt halfway across the dayroom while keeping a disdainful look on his face. In effect, if not by intent, these “malicious” offenses are all gestures of contempt for the gathering and for the social organizations in which it is housed. While proclamations of alienation and gestures of situational contempt are certainly means by which the individual places some unapproved distance between himself and he establishment in which he finds himself, there is still the paradoxical fact that these acts may be symptomatic of deep concern about the establishment. For these are strategies by which the individual resolves the conflict between his presence in the gathering, and the reasons he has for showing alienation from it. If such solutions to the conflict were not found, the individual might well be forced to do something even more drastically improper. #RandolphHarris 15 of 21

The individual, in other words, is bothering to do something about his situational obligations, even though he is intentionally doing what is felt to be wrong. When an individual displays his alienation from a gathering by leafing through a magazine or pouring a drink when he should be listening to the talkers, the offensive act is at least keeping him from leaving the room entirely. There is a sense, then, in which those who actively dispute the proprieties governing a gathering show the gathering (and hence the encompassing establishment) more respect than do those who give no attention to it at all. It might be added that one underestimated difference between those who actively resist the demands in situations and those who fit in, is that resisters are likely to become consciously aware of social gatherings as an area of life in their own right, whereas conventional persons often maintain the rules consistently enough to remain unaware of the situational obligations their conduct sustains. A further basis for alienation from the gathering is illustrated by those who seem so fearful of what is likely to happen to them, and so anxious about what the situation may bring, that they cannot properly immerse themselves within the situation—they cannot give themselves up to the gathering appropriately. This occurs, of course, in any circle of persons at moments of social embarrassment. Extreme examples have already been cited in regard to mental patients who have difficult in containing themselves in a legitimate main involvement; other instances of this kind can be given. #RandolphHarris 16 of 21

Thus, a paranoid patient may be so distrustful of the setting as to carry on a hallucinatory conversation by whispering behind his hand, not trusting himself to speak openly even to someone not there. One patient observed had apparently felt at ease during the last eight years only when crouched in the deep-walled doorways leading from the sleeping rooms into the dayroom. When the ward was getting its daily mopping, the patient would scuttle from one doorway to the next, staying ahead of the cleaners but not trusting himself to the dayroom situation as such. Another patient would constantly attempt to withdraw from the situation by anxiously hiding her nose and ears behind her hand. These patients gave the impression that something dangerous, like a plague or a small Balkan war, was going on in the dayroom. While the fears of these patients seem unrealistic, their responses nevertheless tell us something about what would happen if their concern were well founded. And this, in turn, tells us something about the kind of trustful relation one must have to those present if one is to sustain ordinary situational proprieties. When it comes to looking at naïve voting, the most commonly used election procedure is simple majority voting. And yet the results of the majority-rule system have paradoxical properties, as was first recognized over two hundred years ago by French Revolution hero the Marquis de Condorcet. In his honour, we will illustrate his fundamental paradox of majority rule using revolutionary France as the setting. #RandolphHarris 17 of 21

After the fall of the Bastille, who would be the new populist leader France? Suppose three candidates, Mr. Robespierre, Mr. Danton, and Madame Lafarge, are competing for the position. The population is divided into three equally sized groups, left, middle, and right, with the following preferences: Left’s Ranking: 1^st Danton, 2^nd Lafarge, 3^rd Robespierre. Middle’s Ranking: 1^st Lafarge, 2^nd Robespierre, 3^rd Danton. Right’s Ranking: 1^st Robespierre, 2^nd Danton, 3^rd Lafarge. In a vote of Robespierre against Danton, Robespierre wins two to one. Then in a vote of Robespierre against Lafarge, Lafarge beats Robespierre two to one. However, then in a vote of Lafarge against Danton, Danton wins two to one. This there is no overall winner. Who ends up on top depends on which vote was the last taken. More generally, this possibility of endless cycles makes it impossible to specify any of the alternatives as representing the will of the people. Things become even more insidious when voting cycles are embedded in a larger problem. The will of the majority can leave everyone worse off. To show this problem, we update and expand the preferences above. Suppose the Seven Dwarfs are candidates in an election. (Any similarity between this story and the early stages of the 1988 Democratic presidential primaries is purely coincidental.) The voters are split into three equal factions—call them Left, Middle, and Right. The rankings of the groups are as follows. Left’s Ranking: 1^st Happy, 2^nd Sneezy, 3^rd Grumpy, 4^th Dopey, 5^th Doc, 6^th Bashful, 7^th Sleepy. Middle’s Ranking: 1^st Grumpy, 2^nd, Dopey, 3^rd Happy, 4^th Bashful, 5^th Sleepy, 6^th Sneezy, 7^th Doc. Right’s Ranking: 1^st Dopey, 2^nd Happy, 3^rd Sleepy, 4^th Sneezy, 5^th Grumpy, 6^th Doc, 7^th Bashful. #RandolphHarris 18 of 21

Note that the cyclic ordering over Happy, Dopey, and Grumpy is equivalent to the cyclic ordering of Robespierre, Danton, and Madame Lafarge above. If we start with Happy versus Dopey, Dopey winds. Then Grumpy beats Dopey. And sneezy beats Grumpy. Next Sleepy beats Sneezy. Then Bashful beats Sleepy, and Doc beats Bashful. This is remarkable. A sequence of majority votes has taken us from Happy, Dopey, and Grumpy all the way to Doc, when every voter agrees that any one of Happy, Dopey, and Grumpy is better than Doc. How did this happen? The elections were all decided by two-thirds majorities. Those on the winning side gained by two-thirds majorities. Those on the winning side gained a position, while those on the losing end went down four slots on average. All voters had four wins and two losses, which on net puts them four places worse than where they started. At this point you would be justified in objecting that these voters were responsible for their own misfortunes; they voted in a shortsighted way. Each pairwise contest was decided as if it were the only one, instead of being a part of a chain of votes. If the voter had only looked ahead and reasoned backward they never would have allowed themselves to end up with Doc. That is true. However, the presence of a voting cycle makes the outcome highly sensitive to the voting procedure. #RandolphHarris 19 of 21

While the de-massification of the media began earliest in the United States of America, Europe is now catching up. In the United States of America broadcasting has been a private industry, while in most European countries radio and, especially, television were for many years either government-run or financed by special taxes paid by listeners and viewers. As a result, Europeans had even less choice of programming than Americans had when the big networks dominated. Today’s changes are remarkable. There are now more than fifty satellite TV services in Europe. Sky Television, which is a British media and telecommunications conglomerate, has three satellites, 23 million subscribers and more than 31,000 employees. And Satellite TV is supported by $1.3 billion in advertising revenues. British viewers, who at one time were limited to two BBC channels and who got their fourth network only in 1982. However, in the United Kingdom, there are available from digital terrestrial, satellite, cable, and IPTV providers, more than 480 channels. France, in a politically explosive move, ended its monopoly control of television in 1986, when La Cinq (Channel 5) went into service with a glitzy grand opening that featured singer-actor Charles Aznavour cutting the ribbon. In a short time France went from a country with three government-run networks to one with six networks, of which four are private. Pay-TV channels like Canal Plus in France are growing in Switzerland and the Low Countries as well. #RandolphHarris 20 of 21

In Italy, RAI, the state radio and television corporation, now faces competition from at least four networks. Rome boasts perhaps of twenty-five channels of television. West Germany has added two new commercial channels and has been busy cabling up since 1985, when its first private cable channel went on the air to the strains of Dvorak’s New World Symphony. Today 6 million West German homes are already cabled. And Spain, not to be outraced, is opening three new private networks to compete with its state networks. The situation is changing so swiftly that these estimates be out of date by the time they see print. And no one knows for sure how many more new channels Europe will add in the years to come, doubling or perhaps tripling its total. And this is without  the explosion of television and radio likely to occur in the Eastern European countries freed of their communist governments. There, multiple networks will spring up like dandelions. Japan, meanwhile, which had pioneered high-definition television, has been much slower, so far, to spread cable or to multiply channels. If, however, it remains true to historical precedent, when it finally makes the decision to do so, it will move with blinding speed. Two seemingly contradictory things are happening, therefore. At the financial level: consolidation. At the actual level of what audiences get to see: increasing diversity fed by a dizzying variety of new channels and media. #RandolphHarris 21 of 21

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