Feuds and warfare are relatively rare in band societies, but they do consistently threaten and there must be some way of stopping them or preventing their spread. Often they begin as mere quarrels between individuals, and for this reason it is important to stop them early. Most gangs require an initiation process that includes participation in violent activities. The ritual fulfills a number of important functions. First, it determines whether a prospective member is tough enough to endure the level of violence he or she will face as a gang member. Equally important, the gang must learn how tough a potential member is because they may have to count on this individual for support in fights or shootings. The initiation serves other purposes as well. Most important, it increase solidarity among gang members of their earlier status, and gives the new member something in common with other gang members. In addition, a violent initiation provides a rehearsal for a prospective member for life in the gang. In short, it demonstrated the centrality of violence to gang life. Three-quarters of our subjects were initiated into their gangs through the process known as “beating in.” This ritual took many forms; it its most common version a prospective gang member walked between lines of gang members or stood inside a circle of gang members who beat the initiate with their fists. #RandolphHarris 1 of 21

020: I had to stand in a circle and there was about ten of them. Out of these ten there was just me standing in the circle. I had to take six to the chest by all ten of them. Or I can try to go to the weakest one and get out. If you don’t get out, they are going to keep beating you. I said “I will take the circle.” One leader, who reported that he had been in charge of several initiations, described the typical form: 001: They has to get jumped on. INT: How many guys jumped on em? 001: Ten. INT: And how long did they go? 001: Until I tell em to stop. INT: When do you tell em to stop? 001: I just let em beat em for bout two or three minutes to see if they can take punishment. Other gang members reported that they had the choice of either being beaten in or “going on a mission.” On a mission, a prospective member had to engage in an act of violence, usually against a rival gang member face-to-face. 041: You have to fly your color through enemy territory. Some step to you; you have to take care of them by yourself; you don’t get no help. 084: To be a Crip, you have to put your blue rag on your head and wear all blue and go in a Blood neighborhood—that is the hardest of all of them—and walk through the Blood neighborhood and fight Bloods. If you come out without getting killed, that’s the way you get initiated. The intensity of this aggressive reaction can often be seen in the fact that such a person will never forgive someone who has wounded his or her narcissism and often feels a desire for vengeance. #RandolphHarris 2 of 21

Every gang member we interviewed reported that his or her initiation involved participating in some form of violence. This violence was rarely directed against members of other gangs; most often it took place within the gang. Then in each successive initiation, recently initiated members participated in “beating in” new members. Such violence always had a group context and a normative purpose: to reinforce the ties between members while reminding them that violence lies at the core of life in the gang. To understand gang violence more clearly, it is critical to know when such violence is used. In the following situations, gang members did not regard themselves as initiating violence; rather, because its purpose was to respond to the violent activities of a rival gang. Retaliatory violence corresponds to the concept of contagion as well as to the principle of crime as social control. According to this view, gang violence is an attempt to enact private justice for wrongs committed against the gang, one of its members, or a symbol of the gang. These wrongs may be actual or perceived; often the perceived threat of impending violence is as powerful a motivator as violence itself. This view of gang violence helps to explain the rapid escalation of intergang hostilities that lead to assaults, drive-by shootings, or murders between gangs. Such actions reflect the collective behavior process at work, in which acts of violence against the gang serve s the catalyst that brings together subgroups within the gang and unites them against a common enemy. #RandolphHarris 3 of 21

Such violent events are rare, but are important in gang culture. Collective violence is one of the few activities involving the majority of gang members, including fringe members. The precipitation of such activities pulls fringe members into the gang and increases cohesion. When violence comes to the gang—we asked gang members when they used violence. Typically they claimed that violence was seldom initiated by the gang itself, but was response to “trouble” that was “brought” to them. In thee instances, the object of violence was loosely defined and was rarely identified; it represented a symbolic enemy against whom violence would be used. These statements, however, indicate an attempt to provide justifications for gang violence. INT: How often do gang members use violence? 005: When trouble comes to them. INT: When do you guys use violence? 018: When people start brining violence to us. They bring it to us and set it up. We take it from there. INT: When do members of the gang use violence? 037: When somebody approaches us. We don’t go out looking for trouble. We let trouble come to us. INT: When do you guys use violence? 042: Only when it’s called for. We don’t start trouble. That’s the secret of our success. The view of gang members passively sitting back and waiting for violence to come to them is inconsistent with much of what we know about gang life. After all, many gang members reported that they joined the gang expressly for the opportunity to engage in violence; many lived in neighborhoods where acts of violence occurred several times each day; and most had engaged in violence before joining the gang. #RandolphHarris 4 of 21

Even so, unprovoked violence against another gang is difficult to justify; retaliatory actions against parties that wrong them can be justified more easily. Also, such actions are consistent with the view of the gang as a legitimate social organization serving the legitimate purpose of protecting its members—a central value in the gang’s normative structure. American cities have few racially integrated neighborhoods. If the proportion of African American and Hispanic American residents in an area rises above a critical level, it quickly increases further to nearly one hundred percent. If it falls below a critical level, the expected course is for the neighborhood to become all European American. Preservation of racial balance requires some ingenious public policies. Is the de facto segregation of most neighborhoods that product of widespread racism? These days, a large majority of urban Americans would regard mixed neighborhoods as desirable. (Of course the fact that people have any preferences about the racial mix of their neighbors is a form of racism, albeit a less extreme one than total intolerance.) The more likely difficulty is that segregation can result as the equilibrium of a game in which each household chooses where to live, even when they all have a measure of racial tolerance. This idea is due to Thomas Schelling. We shall now outline it, and show how it explains the success of the Chicago suburb, Oak Park, in maintaining an integrated neighborhood. #RandolphHarris 5 of 21

Racial tolerance is not a matter of Black or White; there are shades of gray. Different people, Black or White, have different views about the best racial mix. For example, very few Whites insist on a neighborhood that is 99 or even 95 percent White; yet most will feel out of place in one that is only 1 or 5 percent White. The majority would be happy with a mix somewhere in between. We can illustrate the evolution of neighborhood dynamics using a chart similar to the one from the QWERTY story. On the vertical axis is the probability tht a new person moving into the neighborhood will be White. This is plotted in relationship to the current racial mix. The top right end of the curve shows that once a neighborhood becomes completely segregated, all White, the odds are overwhelming that the next person who moves into the neighborhood will also be White. If the current mix falls to 95 percent or 90 percent White, the odds are still very high tht the next person to move in will also be White. If the mix changes much further, then there is a sharp drop-off in the probability that the next person to join the community will be White; the curve is steep in its middle region. Finally, as the actual percentage of Whites drops to zero, so that the neighborhood is now segregated at the other extreme, the probability is very high that the next person to move in will be Black. #RandolphHarris 6 of 21

In this situation, the equilibrium will be where the racial mix of the population just exactly equals the mix of new entrants to the community. Only in this event are the dynamics stable. There are three such equilibria: two at the extremes where the neighborhood is all White and all Black, and one in the middle where there is a mix. The theory so far does not tell us which of the three equilibria is the most likely. We need to examine the forces that move the system toward or away from an equilibrium, that is, the social dynamics of the situation. The social dynamics will always drive the neighborhood to one of the extreme equilibria. Schelling labeled this phenomenon “tipping.” Let us see why it occurs. Suppose the middle equilibrium has 70 percent Whites and 30 percent Blacks. By chance, let one Black family move out and be replaced by a White family. Then the proportion of Whites in this neighborhood becomes slightly above 70 percent. The probability that the next entrant will also be White is then above 70 percent. The upward pressure is reinforced by the new entrants. Say the racial mix shifts to 75:25 percent. The tipping pressure continue. The chance that a new entrant will be White is above 75 percent, so the expectation is that the neighborhood will become increasingly segregated. This goes on until the mix of new entrants is the same as the mix in the neighborhood. That occurs again only when the neighborhood is all White. If the process had started with one White family moving out and one Black family moving in, there would have been a chain reaction in the opposite direction, and the odds are that the neighborhood would have become all Black. #RandolphHarris 7 of 21

The problem is that the 70:30 percent mix is not a stable equilibrium. If this mix is somehow disrupted, as chance is sure to do, there is a tendency to move toward one of the extremes. Sadly, from the extremes there is no similar tendency to move back toward the middle. Although segregation is the predicted equilibrium, that does not mean that people are better off at this outcome. Everyone might prefer to live in a mixed neighborhood. However, they rarely exist, and even when found tend not to last. Once again, the source of the problem is the effect of one household’s action on the others. Starting at a 70:30 percent mix, when one White family replaces a Black family, this may make the neighborhood a little less attractive for future Blacks to move in. However, it is not assessed a fine for this. By analogy with the road tolls, perhaps there should be a departure tax. However, that would be counter to a more basic principle, namely the freedom to live where one chooses. If society wants to preventing tipping, it must look for some other policy measure. If we cannot fine a departing family for the damage it causes, both to those who remain and those who now might choose not to come, we must take measures that will reduce the incentives for others to follow suit. If one White family leaves, the neighborhood should not become less attractive to another Black family. Public policy can help prevent the tipping process from gathering momentum. #RandolphHarris 8 of 21

The racially integrated Chicago suburb of Oak Park provides an ingenious example of policies that work. It uses two tools: first, the town bans the use of “For Sale” signs in front yards, and secondly, the town offers insurance that guarantees homeowners that they will not lose the value of their house and property because of a chance in the racial mix. If by chance two houses on the same street are for sale at the same time, “For Sale” signs would spread this news quickly to all neighbors and prospective purchasers. Eliminating such signs makes it possible to conceal the news that would be interpreted as bad; nobody need know until after a house has been sold that it was even up for sale. The result is that panics are avoided (unless they are justified, in which case they are just delayed). By itself, the first policy is not enough. Homeowners might still worry that they should sell their house while the going is good. If you wait until the neighborhood has tipped, you have waited too long and may find that you have lost most of the value in your home, which is a large part of most people’s wealth. Once the town provides insurance, this is no longer an issue. In other words, the insurance removes the economic fear that accelerates tipping. In fact, if the guarantee succeeds in preventing tipping, property values will not fall and the policy will not cost the taxpayers anything. Tipping to an all-Black equilibrium has been the more common problem in urban America. However, in recent years gentrification, which is just tipping to an all-rich equilibrium, has been on the rise. Left unattended, the free market will often head to these unsatisfactory outcomes. However, public policy, combined with an awareness of how tipping works, can help stop the momentum toward tipping and preserve the delicate balances. #RandolphHarris 9 of 21

When the advent of Christ, the veil which had hidden the active workings of the supernatural powers of evil for centuries since the garden of catastrophe is still further removed, and their deception and power over man is clearly revealed. The arch-deceiver himself appears in the wilderness conflict with the Lord to challenge the “Seed of the woman”—in a way not recorded since he appeared on Earth at the time of the fall. So the wilderness of Judea and the Garden of Eden become parallel arenas for the testing of the first and Second Adam. In both encounters Satan worked as deceiver, but in the second instance he wholly failed to deceive and beguile the One who had come as his Conqueror. Traces of the characteristic work of Satan as deceiver can be discerned also among the disciples of Christ. The devil deceives Peter into speaking words of temptation to the Lord, suggesting His turning from the path of the cross (Matt. 16.22-23). Later on he takes hold of the same disciple in the judgment Hall (Luke 22.31), prompting him to declare “I know not the man,” with the hope of camouflage (Matt. 26.74). Further traces of the work of the deceiver may be seen in epistles of Paul: in his references to “false apostles,” “deceitful workers,” and Satan’s workings as an “angel of light” promoting “his ministers as ministers of righteousness” among the people of God (2 Cor. 11-13-15). Again in the message to the seven Asian churches, given by the ascended Lord to His servant John, false apostles are spoken of, and false teachings of many kinds. A “synagogue of Satan” (Rev. 2.9), consisting of deceived ones at Smyrna, is mentioned, and “deep things of Satan” are described as existing in the church at Thyatira (Rev. 2.24). #RandolphHarris 10 of 21

Sometimes the entire process of facing the terror and potential consequence of a life or death decision can initiate a search into one’s own self, an engagement of disturbing inner contact in which one must try to be fully aware and discover the right way to proceed. The probing may increase one’s sense of isolation and may take one on many lonely paths, each of which can end in a question mark. Lonely self-reflection comes at unexpected moments, in the midst of a crowd of people, in response to a word or phrase in conversation. Many different kinds of situation evoke an inner process of doubt and uncertainty, and a strong feeling of being alone. Sometimes one may awake in the night, overwhelmed by images and feelings and thoughts. One may try to draw from oneself a single answer that will utilize the significant data that comes from conversations with loved ones. Thus, the initial journey into loneliness is an attempt to discover the one true way to proceed: in involves a process of self-inquiry, which are not usually planed, simply happen. They may not be carefully sampled but occurring spontaneously at unexpected times and places. Although many times no answer comes to the problem being contemplated, one becomes aware that at the center of one’s World is a deep and pervasive feeling of loneliness. With this feeling comes the realization that loneliness is a capacity or source in humans for near searching, awareness, and inspiration—that when the outside World ceases to have a meaning, when support and confirmation are lacking or are not adequate to assuage human suffering, when doubt and uncertainty overwhelm a person, then the individual may contemplate life from the depths of one’s own self and in nature. #RandolphHarris 11 of 21

For many, this discovery means that in a crucial and compelling crisis, in spite of comfort and sympathy from others, one can feel utterly and completely alone, that, at bottom, the experience of loneliness exists in its own right as a source of power and creativity, as a source of insight and direction. One may see loneliness as a requirement of living no matter how much love and affirmation one receives in work and in relationships with others. Thus, the beginning steps of research into loneliness involves not a question of the nature of loneliness, or its restorative, creative, or destructive impact on the person, but a struggle and search into another problem. Much later one will realize that loneliness is often experienced by individuals who make crucial decisions that will have major consequences in the lives of others. Through inner exploration and study, one can seek to find a solution that will integrate the facts into one clear pattern. The significance of inner searching for deeper awareness based on some intuitive conception of the general nature of things. However, in spite of much beautiful work, we still have no clear conception of how discovery comes about. The main difficulty has been pointed out by Plato in the Meno. He says that to search for the solution of a problem is an absurdity. For either you know what you are looking for, and then you are not looking for anything and cannot expect to find anything. A potential discovery may be thought to attract the mind which will reveal it—inflaming the scientists with creative desire and imparting one intimations that guide one from clue to clue and from surmise to surmise. #RandolphHarris 12 of 21

The testing hand, the straining eye, the ransacked brain, may all be thought to be laboring under the common spell of a potential discovery striving to emerge into actuality. The term “negative emotions” means all emotions of violence or depression: self-pity, anger, suspicion, fear, annoyance, boredom, mistrust, jealousy and so on. Ordinarily, one accepts this expression of negative emotions as quite natural and even necessary. Very often people call it “sincerity.” Of course it has nothing to do with sincerity; it is simply a sign of weakness in man, a sign of bad temper and of incapacity to keep one’s grievances to oneself. Man realizes this when he tries to oppose it, and from this he learns another lesson. He realized that in relation to mechanical manifestations it is not enough to observe them, it is necessary to resist them, because without resisting them one cannot observe them. They happen so quickly, so habitually and so imperceptibly that one cannot notice them if one does not make sufficient efforts to create obstacles for them. These negative emotions are a terrible phenomenon. They occupy an enormous place in our life. Of many people it is possible to say that all their lives are regulated and controlled, and in the end ruined by negative emotions. At the same time, negative emotions do not play any useful part at all in our lives. They do not help our orientation, they do not give us any knowledge, they do not guide us in any sensible manner. #RandolphHarris 13 of 21

On the contrary, negative emotions spoil all our pleasures, they make life a burden to us and they very effectively prevent our possible development because there is nothing more mechanical in our life than negative emotions. Negative emotions can never come under our control. People who think they can control their negative emotions and manifest them when they want to, simply deceive themselves. Negative emotions depend on identification. Identification is a curious state in which man passes about half of one’s life, the other half being passed in complete sleep. One identifies with everything: with what one says, what one feels, and what one believes, what one does not believe, what one wishes, what one does not wish, what attracts one, what repels one. Everything becomes one, or is better to say one becomes it. One becomes all that one likes and all that one dislikes. This means that in the state of identification man is incapable of separating oneself from the object of one’s identification. It is difficult to find the smallest thing which man is unable to identify. At the same time, in a state of identification man has even less control over his mechanical reactions than at any other time. If identification is destroyed in some particular case, they disappear. The strangest and most fantastic fact about negative emotions is that people actually worship them. The most difficult thing for an ordinary mechanical man to realize is that one’s own and other people’s negative emotions have no value whatever and do not contain anything noble, anything beautiful or anything strong. #RandolphHarris 14 of 21

In reality negative emotions contain nothing but weakness and very often the beginning of hysteria, insanity or crime. The only good thing about them is that, being quite useless and artificially created by imagination and identification, they can be destroyed without any loss—and this is the only chance of escape that humans have. In reality, we have much more power over negative emotions than we think, particularly when we already know how dangerous they are and how urgent is the need to struggle with them. However, we find too many excuses for them, and swim in the seas of self-pity or selfishness, as the case may be, finding fault with everything except ourselves. We usually think of tight occasions as one in which the participants have many onerous situational obligations, and of loose occasions as ones relatively free of those constraints. However, this is only partly so. One individual’s right to be lax in one’s orientation to the gathering implies a duty on the part of the others present to accept this laxity without taking corrective actions. Thus, on some chronic males wards at Central Hospital, patients had an understanding with attendants that it was permissible to sleep on the floor, drool, hallucinate, and spit into paper cups; an extremely loose, informal definition of setting prevailed, which provided one of the few comforts known to this way of life. However, in one such setting, I observed that when a patient urinated against a hot steam radiator to save himself the trouble of going to the toilet, fellow patients sitting in the cloud of evaporating urine seemed to appreciate that they had tacitly agreed to forgo the right to respond with anything but a slight frown or ironic smile to what was happening around them. #RandolphHarris 15 of 21

Similarly, I have seen patients watching passively, from a few feet away, a young male psychotic rape an old, defenseless mute man, the event occurring in a part of the dayroom that was momentarily outside the view of the attendant. The bystanders seemed to express the fact that, while disapproving glances were safe, any interference would have brought them further into situational social reality than was comfortable. In any case, there appears to be a significant interdependence: toleration of intense auto- and mutual-involvements seems to be functionally correlated with the practice and norm of disattending to many immediate stimuli. Long-term mental patients sometimes provide a fine display of this functional linkage through their wonderfully cultivated capacity to play two and four-person card games right in the middle of what is in fact bedlam. Clearly there is here a suggestion that the inaccessibility of the regressed patient is part of a larger communication system, and that his “undistractability” is something whole tables of bridge can possess. Sometimes it is best to listen to experiences of others in the hospital, without taking notes and making records, but keeping the focus on one’s interest on the essence of the lonely experience through the person’s rendering of it. It is important to know the truth of the lonely process in its most basic, objective form. Objectivity, in this connection, means seeing what an experience is for another person—not its cause, its reason for existence, nor for its definition and classification. It means seeing attitudes, beliefs, and feelings of the person as they exist at the moment, perceiving them whole, as a unity. #RandolphHarris 16 of 21

In the Pollyanna Triumphant Scenario of the World: We are living in a World like that of the Ordinary Expectations scenario where, after years of anticipation, primitive but fairly capable assemblers have recently been developed. For the first time, the media, the public, and policymakers take the prospect of nanotechnology seriously. It looks very good to them. Technical work has shown that nanotechnology, once developed, can be used in a clean, controlled way, and that it can ultimately displace polluting industries while greatly increasing wealth per capita. The anticipated health benefits are enormous, and after years of a growing death toll from deadly viruses—only partially stemmed by advances in molecular medicine—the public has become very sensitive to the regular reports of human infection by exotic primate viruses. Concern about the stability of Earth’s climate and ecosystems has grown as forest have shrunk and weather patterns have changes. The prospect of breaking out of this cycle is appealing. It is clear that nanotechnology is no danger when in the hands of people of goodwill, and a relatively peaceful decade has allowed many people to forget the existence of their motives. #RandolphHarris 17 of 21

And so, with miraculously undivided popular support drawn from a grand coalition of environmentalist seeking to replace existing industry, industrialists seeking a more productive technology, health advocates seeking better health care, low-income groups seeking greater wealth, and so on and so forth, companies and governments plunge into nanotechnology with both feet and without reservation. Development proceeds at a breakneck pace, and everyone who wants to participate in this great venture is welcome. Primitive assemblers are used to build better assemblers, which are used to build yet better assemblers, in laboratories and hobby shops around the World. Products being to pour forth. The economy is thrown into turmoil. Military equipment also begins to pour forth, and tensions begin to build. A military research group with more cleverness than sense builds a monster replicator, it eats everything, and we all die. This scenario is absurd, at least in part because published warnings already exist. Since the 1960s, uncritical applause for new technologies has been limited to the now-defunct controlled presses of Eastern Europe (and similar places), and even there the resulting environmental disaster has become a matter for public debate, criticism and correction. In the expanding free World of today, the benefits, costs, and dangers of any great new technology will be thoroughly examined, expounded upon, and lied about from many different directions. We may or may not manage to make wise choices as a result. However, one thing seems sure: Pollyanna will not triumph, because Pollyanna does not have the facts on her side. #RandolphHarris 18 of 21

The clients who use intelligence—government officials and policy-makers-no longer suffer from any shortage of information. They are glutted with it. The deluge of mass-produced data now available and the overload it causes means that, for many purposes, collection is no longer the spies’ main problem. The problem is to make sense of what is collected and to get the results to the decision-maker who need it. This is driving the spy business to rely more heavily on expert systems and artificial intelligence as computerized assistants to analysis. However, technology alone cannot solve analysis paralysis. That requires a completely new approach to knowledge. Since leaks of secret information can have dire consequences, including death of informants, the CIAs and mini-CIAs of the World apply the principle of “compartmentation.” Analysts working on a problem seldom get to see the whole picture, but are fed limited bits of information on a strict need-to-know basis, often with no way of elevating the credibility of the fragments they get. In theory, the information is pieced back together and raised to a higher level as it moves up the hierarchy. However, as we have seen this theory before—in bureaucratic corporations. And we have also seen that as change accelerate and the environment becomes more stormy, this system is too slow and ignores too many factors. This is not an idle issue. Senator Sam Nunn, the leading expert on the military in the U.S.A. Senate, has publicly blasted the intelligence agencies for falling behind fast-moving events in Europe, making it impossible for Congress to make rational decisions about the U.S.A. military budget. The costs of falling behind could be calamitous. #RandolphHarris 19 of 21

It is precisely to overcome such problems that the smartest corporations now give employees access to more information, let them communicate freely outside channels and skip around the hierarchy at will. Such innovations, however, clash directly with the need for extreme secrecy in the espionage industry. The spies are in a double bind. This “being” is knotted to another. For much intelligence is not merely late, but irrelevant to the needs of the decision-makers who are the “customers.” We need sounder supervision by policy-level officials, so that they are not just consumers, but shapers of the process. Throughout industry, as we have seen, customers are being drawn into the design process, and users’ groups are organized into networks of support for the producers. The line between production and consumption is blurring. Asking senior policy-makers to help “shape” the intelligence process is logical. However, the more politicians and officials help “reshape the process,” the greater the danger that the estimates handed to the Presidents and Prime Ministers will tell them only what they want to hear—or else reflect the narrow views of one faction or party. This would still further distort information that has already been pretzel-bent by the info-tacticians and metatacticians who work it over in the beginning. If intelligence is twisted by a nation’s adversary, as sometimes happens when spies are “doubled,” the results can be disastrous. However, the same is potentially true when it is twisted for political convenience by someone on one’s own side. #RandolphHarris 20 of 21

The historic revolution now facing the intelligence industry, carrying it beyond mass production, places it squarely in the path of the advancing new wealth-creation system. Like other industries, the intelligence industry faces competition from unlikely quarters. Like other industries, it must form new, continually changing alliances. Like other industries, it must recast its organization. Like other industries, it must customize its products. Like other industries, it must question its deepest missions. A man’s most open actions have a secret side to them. Democracies, too, no matter how open, have a secret side. If intelligence operations already difficult for parliaments and even Presidents to control, become so intertwined with the everyday activities of the society, so decentralized, so fused with business and other private interests as to make effective control impossible, democracy will by in mortal peril. Conversely, so long as some nations are led by aggressive terrorists, torturers, and totalitarians, or by fanatics armed with ever more lethal weaponry, democracies cannot survive without secrets—and secret services. How we manage those secrets—and, indeed, knowledge in general—becomes the central political issues in the Powershift Era. #RandolphHarris 21 of 21

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