Love keeps the soul on the track of its fate and keeps consciousness at the edge of the abyss of the infinity that is the rage of the soul. However, as a result of the human condition, sometimes the soul becomes disjointed with its reality. This is why we need to understand how and why people commit different varieties of criminal behaviour, and use this tact to provide insights into what can be done to remedy the situation. That is why scholars adopt a crime typology or criminal behaviour system approach to crime. Typology scholars rely on logic-based conceptual frameworks to categorize and theorize about crime. In effect, he or she constructs ad defines a set of underlying dimensions that allows one to justify and substantiate a given typology of crime. Keep in mind that the differences or similarities on any or all of the theoretical dimensions need not be complete. Instead, it is tacitly implied that partial or conditional similarities or differences can exist across or with the framework of the typology. It is argued that this more focused approach to the study of criminal behaviour affords us a fuller understanding of the patterns and dynamics of criminal behaviour. It allows us to speak to the unique factors associated with a given category of crime. At the same time, we can identify similarities that exist between homicide and aggravated assault, rape, or even burglary. When speaking of criminal behaviour systems, it is useful to adopt the criminal events as the unit of analysis. #RandolphHarris 1 of 19

The criminal event is the social context in which the crime occurs, with every criminal event being comprised of an offender, a victim (or target), and a setting. By way of example, the average date rape involves a male offender and a female victim, and takes place in a leisure setting such as the offender’s house. Too often, typology scholars focus exclusively on the offender (criminal) or offense (crime) and lose sight of the meaningful roles that the victim and/or contextual norms of a given setting play in the criminal outcome. Criminal events are best understood when viewed in light of four organizing principles or sensitizing concepts: behavioural aspects, cognitive aspects, cultural aspects and societal reactions. These sensitizing concepts specifically direct one’s attention toward common themes or criteria by which one can compare and contrast the offender, victim, and setting roles across different types of crime and thus serve as the underlying dimensions of the present seven-part classification scheme. In other words, these organizing principles stress the multifaceted aspects of the criminal event (id est, the offender, victim, situation, and legal distinctions) and allow for a more complete appreciation for the category or type of crime in question. Human beings have a knack for patterning and regimenting their behaviour over time. Crime is no different Much like the common behavioural components to swimming, there are common behavioural aspects to homicide. Swimming involves the act of propelling one’s self through water, whereas a homicide manifest itself as the unlawful killing of a human being. #RandolphHarris 2 of 19

Likewise, there are different techniques, patterns, and skills that delineate the various swimming strokes (exempli gratia, breaststroke, backstroke). There are also different techniques, patterns, and skills associated with different subtypes of homicide (exempli, stranger homicide, intimate homicide, serial homicide). The concepts of crime and criminal behaviour have their humble beginnings in the legal definitions, or necessary conditions that are set forth by the criminal code. Most fundamentally, a crime is defined as an act committed or omitted in violation of a law or statue that expressly forbids or commands it and is accompanied by some form of state-sanctioned punishment. In order for the state to establish that said crime has occurred, it must be shown that the event in question satisfies the actus reus (guilty act) and the mens reus (guilty mind) aspects of a particular criminal statue. These two critical components detail the behavioural and mental states required for an event to be defined as criminal. For example, most jurisdictions define burglary as the unlawful entry of a structure (actus reus) with the intent to commit a felony or theft (mens reus). The behavioural aspects of a given type of crime also encompass the skills and techniques that are used by offenders. In the case of homicide, this means that one must speak to the manner in which the offender brings about the death of the victim (exempli gratia, strangulation, blunt-force trauma, gunshot wound). #RandolphHarris 3 of 19

Many crime oblige or even require the offender to master the use of various mechanisms or tools that serve to assist in the commission of the offense. The “tools of the trade” for a murderer might include a wide variety of weapons (exempli gratia, guns, knives, toxins, bare hands). Burglar are often obliged to use deception or disguises, enlist the assistance of various power tools, or simply peer through windows en route to gaining entry into a targeted residence. Collectively, the patterned skills, techniques, and tools of the trade make up the “nuts and bolts” of how offenders effectively yet efficiently perpetrate their criminal acts. Recall all criminal events are comprised of an offender, a victim, and a setting. Criminal events do not occur when these three elements spontaneously combust. Instead, they occur in transactional manner whereby the offender, victim, and audience members negotiate the criminal outcome. Homicide event are “situated transactions” in which the pressure, volatility, and eventual lethal violence progresses through a series of interactional stages that are collectively negotiated by the offender, victim, and audience member. Criminal transaction often takes on a given “form.” For example, some transactions involve a lone offender and a lone victim in an isolated environment. Other criminal transactions involve multiple offenders, multiple victims, and interactive audience member. A full understanding of the patterned form of the criminal transaction is necessary if one is to comprehend the behavioural aspects of a given offense type. #RandolphHarris 4 of 19

There also exists a patterned “process” to criminal transactions whereby stable actions and roles emerge among the offender, victim, and audience member. For example, there are patterned interactions that exist between burglars, illegitimate pawn shop operators (id est, fences), and the pawn shop customers. The behavioural aspects of criminal offending are patterned on yet another, more broadly defined level Namely, offenders tend to progress through what is called a criminal career. Criminal careers are measured in terms of recidivism rates (rates of re-offending) as well as career trajectories (offending routines that emerge as individuals enter into, persist through, and exit their criminal lifestyles). Criminals can specialize in a given type of crime or behave as generalists who engage in a wide variety of criminal behaviours. Both of these career variations, for example, show how female burglars tend to focus their offending in a select few offense categories, while their male counterparts tend to be less discriminatory and adopt more of a “jack of all trades” orientation. The severity of an offender’s wrongdoings may remain relatively stable or they may intensify. #RandolphHarris 5 of 19

Similarly, a criminal career can be short and erratic or it can be long and tightly routinized. The individuals may have frequent contact with the criminal justice system or might be able to allude suspicion and apprehension for extended periods of time. Past research suggests that there tends to be a patterned aspect of criminal career trajectory within a given criminal behaviour system. There are other types of behaviour that are important to focus on, that tend to be more conducive to society. Participation in an accessible engagement not only directly exposes the individual to linguistic and expressive communication with the other participants in the encounter but also opens up the possibility that they will expressively communicate something about one to bystanders. Seeking some degree of intimacy with potential fellow participants in the encounter, the individual can find oneself spurned or otherwise mistreated in a way that is visible to bystanders. Given these potential exposures, we find regulations to safeguard the individual. These constraints appear in two-person engagements as expressions of loyalty to the encounter. In both cases we deal with a participant’s obligation to stay within “his” engagement. One form of containment is found in the obligation of participants to withhold attention from matters occurring outside of the engagement. We can appreciate the operation of this norm by nothing the various context in which the norm is not adhered to. #RandolphHarris 6 of 19

Quite momentary and minor disaffection constantly occurs, as when an individual turns away from a moment to see who has entered the situation, or to find a suitable chair, expressing by one’s manner and by the arts of shielding involvement that somehow one’s spirit is still attached to the engagement. Where individuals do not have to worry about each other’s small slights because of a long-standing relation of familiarity and intimacy—as between some husbands and wives—one participant may hold the engagement together while the other scans the room in search of useful information. When a couple eats at what is for them a “good” restaurant, the member with one’s back to the assembled others may be annoyed to find one’s partner giving attention to the other tables instead of to the talk at hand. Such disloyalty can of course become excessive, by middle-class standards, suggesting a demoralization (or at least an altered understanding) regarding what is ordinarily owed one’s fellow participants. Hollywood restaurants provide good illustrations. There was a stir in Dave Chasen’s Restaurant in Beverly Hills when Dore Schary walked in. Chasen’s is run by the former stage comedian whose name it bears, and it is popular with people in the motion-picture industry…All the other patrons focused their attention of Schary. They seemed to be looking around at everybody except the people they were with and with whom they were managing to carry on conversations. #RandolphHarris 7 of 19

Schary was not a bit self-concious…He was almost the only man in Chasen’s who was not at the moment looking around at someone other than the person he was talking to. More extreme forms of disloyalty are very commonly found among the mentally ill; it is often because of such delicts that persons are identified as mentally ill in the first place. For example, I observed a female psychotic, strongly attached to her mother and to her psychiatrist, who would, in the midst of a conversation, allow all of her steps. At the approach of either her mother or her therapist, the patient’s body would remain in the talk but her head and interest would turn elsewhere. After a few weeks, as she “recovered” from an “episode,” this interaction indelicacy gradually disappeared until it was possible for either of these figures to walk by without causing the patient visible perturbation. Although these figures no doubt still brained away some of her attention, she was able or willing to disguise the fact. The same patient, while “in” a psychotic break, would play ping-pong with one person while allowing her attention to rest openly on a nearby foursome of her age-mates playing bridge. Gradually, as weeks went by and she “came out” of the psychotic break, she increasingly paid deference to her ping-pong game by according it her cognitive and visual attention, and increasingly during play she exhibited civil inattention to neighbouring engagements. #RandolphHarris 8 of 19

“Is there a place in the static triad where a group of ‘I’s unconnected with magnetic center is active and false personality passive?” Certain group of “I”s or personalities become active, and they are centered round magnetic center. First magnetic center itself, and then those “I”s that range themselves round magnetic center are opposed to false personality. Then, at a certain moment, magnetic center becomes active and false personality passive. Magnetic center is a combination of a certain group of interests. Magnetic center does not lead you, for leading would mean progress and you remain in one place. However, when things come, then with the help of magnetic center you will be able to see which is which or whether you are interested or not interested in a thing. You can make a choice. Before one comes into the work, magnetic center has reached a certain point which transforms it into a certain group of interests When one meets the work it becomes interested in school-work and then it disappears as magnetic center, because magnetic center is a weak thing. For instance, in the first triangle of the triad, it is composed of body, soul and essence (=), false personality (+), and “I”s (-). Now supposing that these “I” are already divided into certain groups, maybe not attached, but still not hostile to the magnetic center, which can exist and eventually develop into something better. The groups of “I”s which are always hostile and always harmful are false personality itself. #RandolphHarris 9 of 19

Somebody asked whether the change from one form of the static triad to another depended on change being. Yes, every small change is a change of being although this expression is generally applied to bigger, more serious changes. When we speak about change of being we speak about change from men nos 1, 2, and 3 to man no. 4 for instance. This is change of being, but of course this big jump consists of many small jumps. The static triad represents you. It shows the state of your being, what you are at a given moment. One of the points, body and essence, is always the same, but the relation of the other two points changes. If body and essence are normal they are impartial and do not take one side or the other, but if there is something wrong in them they are on the side of false personality. When in a state of doubt remember to try and bring up other “I”s which have a certain valuation. This is the only way to conquer doubts. In order to develop you must have some capacity for valuation They only practical approach is to think of the different sides of yourself and to find the sides that can work and the sides that cannot. Some people have real values, some have false values and some have no values at all. It is the same with different “I”s; some value real things, some wrong things and some value nothing. People can spend their lives studying systems and system words and never come to real thing. Three-quarter or nine-tenths of our ordinary knowledge does not really exist; it exists only in imagination. #RandolphHarris 10 of 19

In October 1962, the Cuban missile crisis brought the World to the brink of nuclear war. The Soviet Union, under its mercurial leader Nikita Khrushchev, had begun to install nuclear missiles on Cuba, 90 miles from the American mainland. On tographs of missile sites under construction. After a week of tense discussions within his administration, on October 22 President John F. Kennedy announced a navel quarantine of Cuba. Had the Soviet Union taken up the challenge, the crisis could have escalated to the point of all-out nuclear war between the superpowers. Kennedy himself estimated the probability of this as “between one out of three and even.” However, after a few anxious days of public posturing and secret negotiation, Khrushchev shied away from the confrontation. In return for a face-saving compromise involving eventual withdrawal of U.S.A. missiles in Turkey, he ordered the Soviet missiles in Cuba dismantled and shipped back. Khrushchev looked over the nuclear brink, did not like what he saw, and pulled back. The name “brinkmanship” seems apt for the strategy of taking your opponent to the brink of disaster, and compelling one to pull back. (Many people erroneously say “brinksmanship”—which sounds more like the art of robbing an armored truck.) Kennedy’s action in the Cuban missile crisis is generally accepted as an instance of successful exercise of brinkmanship. The rest of us also practice brinkmanship, but with less than global stakes. #RandolphHarris 11 of 19

A management team and trade union facing a devastating strike, stubborn spouses whose failure to compromise is leading toward divorce, and a divided Congress risking a government shutdown if it fails to ratify a budget are all engaged in brinkmanship. They are deliberately creating and manipulating the risk of a mutually bad outcome in order to induce the other party to compromise. Brinkmanship is a subtle strategy fraught with dangers, and if you want to practice it successfully, you must first understand it thoroughly. We aim to help your grasp the subtleties, using the Cuban missile crisis as a case study. Upon discovering that the Soviets had secretly places missiles in Cuba, the Kennedy administration contemplated a range of options: do nothing, take a complaint to the United Nations (in practice, almost the same thing as doing nothing); impose a quarantine or blockade (the course actually adopted); launch an air strike on the missile sites in Cuba; or—at the extreme end—make an immediate preemptive total nuclear strike on the Soviet Union. After the United States of America imposed a navel quarantine, the Soviets had many possible responses. They could back down and remove the missiles; stop their ships carrying missiles in mid-Atlantic (the course actually adopted); try to run the blockade either without or with navel support; or take the extreme step of launching a preemptive strike on the United States of America. #RandolphHarris 12 of 19

In this spectrum of moves and countermoves, some of the possible actions were clearly safe (such as the United States of America doing nothing or the Soviet removing the missiles) while others were clearly dangerous (such as launching an air strike on Cuba). However, in the large middle range, where does safety end and danger begin? In other words, just where was the brink in the Cuban missile crisis? Was there a borderline such that the World was safe to the one side of it, and doomed as soon as the line was crossed? The answer, of course, is that there was no such precise point, only a gradually increasing risk of uncontrollable future escalation. Had the Soviets tried to defy the blockage, for example, the United States of America was unlikely to launch its strategic missiles at once. However, events and tempers would have heated up another notch, and the risk of Armageddon would have increased perceptibly. The key to understanding brinkmanship I to realize that the brink is not a sharp precipice, but a slippery slope, getting gradually steeper. Kennedy took the World some way down this slope; Khrushchev did not risk going father, and then the two arranged a pullback to the safe ground above. This this was the effect of Kennedy’s actions, it is at least plausible that it was also his intention. Let us examine the strategy of brinkmanship in this light. The essence of brinkmanship is the deliberate creation of risk. This risk should be sufficiently intolerable to your opponent to induce him to eliminate the risk by following your wishes. This makes brinkmanship a strategic move. #RandolphHarris 13 of 19

Like any strategic move, it aims to influence the other’s actions by altering his expectations. In fact brinkmanship is a threat, but of a special kind. To use it successfully, you must understand it special features. Governments rely increasingly on computer-stored data bases. While Sununu’s withholding of access to data is an example of ordinary info-tactics at work, subtle tampering with the data base is an example of meta-tactics. Meta-tacticians attack the data base not by controlling access to it, but by determining what may or may not be included in it in the first place. The ten-year census questionnaire used in the United States of America must be approved by Congress. Says a senior Census official: “Congress puts various pressures on us. We do a sample survey on farm finance. We’ve been directed by Congress not to collect that data because it might have been used to cut federal support for farmers.” Companies in every industry also pressure the Census Bureau to ask, or to avoid asking, certain questions. For example, it has been asked to include a question about mobile homes in its housing survey to supply data needed by a company in that business. Since the number of questions that can be included in the questionnaire is always limited, lobbyists fight one another and apply fierce pressure on the Bureau. No matter how computerized and seemingly “objective,” data baes thus reflect the values and power relationships of society. #RandolphHarris 14 of 19

Controlling what goes on into today’s endlessly multiplying data base is, however, only the simplest of meta-tactics. Far more subtle are attempts to control the way data are broken into categories or classes. Well before the computer era, at a time when the U.S.A. government was concerned about overconcentration in the auto industry, General Motors employed a lobbyist who sat in a little-known body, the Federal Statistics Users Council. His job was to assure that figures for the industry were lumped together so they could never be publicly disaggregated—thus, the degree of economic concentration might be given in terms of how large a share of the industry was controlled by the “top three” companies, but never by the top company alone—General Motors. Today, advanced systems are used to index, classify, and categorize the data flowing into computer data bases. With the help of computers the same data can be “cut” or recategorized many different ways. Thus, intense political battles are waged over more and more obscure, abstract, seemingly technical questions. Many power struggles take place over the indicators used in data bases and the relative importance assigned to them. If you want to know how many angels can dance on the tip of a warhead, do you count their haloes or their harps? #RandolphHarris 15 of 19

Hospital beds, which are easily counted, are sometimes presumed to be an indicator of the level of health services in a community. However, would the number of doctors per thousand residents be a better measure? Ans what do either of these reveal about the actual healthy of local residents? The number of beds may reflect government subsidy programs that reward or penalize hospitals based on bed-count, rather than on the provision of real services to the community. To get a true picture of the population’s health needs, should one count patients? Cures? Life expectancy? Infant mortality? The choice of an indictor or group of indicators will heavily affect the output. Meta-tacticians know the WYMIWYG Principle—What You Measure Is What You Get. Panels of experts, teams of government specialists, lobbyists, and others wrestle frequently with such questions. Whole some participants are not clever enough to ask deep-probing questions or to understand the hidden significance, others can and do. In so doing, they typically fight for their own commercial or departmental interest. While couched in highly technical jargon, the conflicts are often, in fact, strongly political. Most of this skirmishing takes place out of sight of the public, and well below the level of senior officials and Cabinet members, who rarely have the time or inclination to understand the hidden issues in any case. Lacking these and the training needed to cut through the barrage of facts and pseudo-facts themselves, decision-makers are forced to rely more on technical specialists. #RandolphHarris 16 of 19

The monitoring of more variables, plus the enormous jump in data processing capacity made possible by computers changes the problem facing political decision-makers from information underload to information overload. This overload also means that interpretation becomes more important than simple collection. Data (of varying quality) are plentiful. Understanding is rare. However, shifting the emphasis to interpretation means more processing at higher levels in the mind-work hierarchy. This alters power relationships among the experts themselves. It also shifts the info-tacticians’ playing field to a much higher, meta-level. A perfect example has to do with the latest satellite observation systems used to monitor U.S.A.-Soviet arms control agreements. Recently launched satellites deliver such a deluge of data—from their locations in space they can detect objects as small as a few inches—that interpreter drown in the flood. In the past the problems have been mostly connected with sensing the data. Now, they are more in filtering and interpreting it. The sheer volume threatens to overwhelm even armies of analysts, leading to pressures to automate the interpretation function. This, in turn, encourages a reliance on artificial intelligence and other “knowledge engineering” tools. However, their use raises the level of abstraction still further, and buries the critical assumptions of the system under still heavier layers of inference. #RandolphHarris 17 of 19

In business, corporations are looking to embed the inferencing capabilities of expert systems into their existing computer systems. Some 2,200 such expert systems are already opening in North America, doing everything from diagnosing factory tools that malfunction to analyzing chemical spills and evaluating applications for life insurance. Expert systems are spreading in government, too, where they have even been used by the FBI to help investigate serial murders. What this implies is a dependence on complex rules elicited from experts of various kinds, weighted, systematized, and installed in computers to support the making of decisions. We can expect the spread of similar technologies throughout government—including the political life itself, where decisions often have to be take on the basis of a mass complex, imprecise, cross-related, ambiguous facts, ideas, images, and proposals, and just plain deceits intended to produce power shifts. What these tools mean, however, is that the logic driving decisions is further “embedded” and, so to speak, invisibilized. Paradoxically, the very system that delivers clarifying information itself becomes more opaque to most of its end-users. This is no reason to avoid artificial intelligence and expert systems. However, it points to a deep process with important ramifications for democracy. #RandolphHarris 18 of 19

Politics were no purer in some earlier Golden Age. From China’s Lord Shang to the Borgias of Italy, those in power have always manipulated the truth to serve their needs. What is changing dramatically today is the level at which these mind-games are played. The World will face staggering new problems in the decades ahead—dangers of global ecological catastrophe, the breakup of longstanding military balances, economic upheavals, technological revolutions. Every one of these requires intelligent political action based on a clear apprehension of the threats and potentials. However, how accurate are the images of reality on which governments base their survival decisions? How accurate can they be when all the date and information on which they are based are vulnerable to repeated and invisible “meta-massage”? As countries have grown richer, their people have lived longer despite pollution and automobile accidents. Greater wealth means safer roads, safer cars, safer homes, and safer workplaces. Throughout history, new technologies have brought new risks, including risks of death, injury, and harm to the environment, but prudent people have only accepted new technologies when they are offered an improved mix of risks and benefits. Despite occasional dramatic mistakes, the historical record says that people have succeeded in choosing technologies that reduce their personal risks. This must be so, or we would not be living longer. Molecular manufacturing and its products should continue this trend, not as an automatic consequence, but as a result of continued, vigilance, of people exercising care in picking and choosing which technologies they allow into their daily lives. Nanotechnology will give better control of production and products, and better control usually means greater safety. Nanotechnology will increase wealth, and safety is a form of wealth that people value. Public debate, product testing, and safety regulations are standard parts of this process. #RandolphHarris 19 of 19