Creativity may assume many different forms. It might at times be saturnine, so that a bout with depression, for example, might be understood as a particularly creative time. Brooding generates its own style of awareness and its own brand of insight, and out of depressive moods important elements of culture and personality can emerge. Some people’s interpersonal relationships are profound because they trust more, empathize and associate more with other person than the typical person, they seem to develop greater love. They are able to disclose themselves to others and break down the barriers that we all build up. Their love is warm and comfortable, seldom clinging and possessive. They have many acquaintances and casual contacts, but usually a small, select circle of deep friendships. They tend to select friends who exhibit similar traits. It has been suggested that those in an accessible encounter are obliged to keep their activity in tune with the ethos of the social occasion, being obliged to exhibit within the situation a degree of occasioned mood and involvement. However, it was also implied that each accessible encounter will properly carry its participants some distance from the mood prevailing in the situation. Indeed, should this fail to occur, the social occasion may be blamed for failing to provide a setting in which individuals can be brought into face engagements and caught up spontaneously in them. In the latter case, the encounter may have to draw on the standard supplies of the social occasion for all of its sustenance. #RandolphHarris 1 of 19

Similarly, if an individual fails to let go of one’s concern about the gathering as a whole or the progress of the occasion enough to be caught up in a situated engagement, it may be felt one has failed to give oneself up to the social occasion. A nice balance is thus required between keeping in step and stepping lively. Of special interest in this connection is the phenomenon of drift. Jut as a social occasion as a whole is likely to manifest an “involvement contour,” carrying all of its encompassed encounters in a developing direction, so each particular encounter can manifest dynamic properties of its own, not only generating a World for its participants but carrying them further and further into it. It is this movement of drift of individual encounters away from the gathering at large and its social occasion that we shall now consider. Given the presence in a social situation of different face engagements—different clusters of persons engaged exclusively together in a talk, a game, or a joint task—how far may the participants of any one of these little circles allow their mutual involvement to carry them from the other persons in the situation? The problem of drift can perhaps be seen most clearly in those social occasions where a fairly high pitch of some kind of affect is defined as appropriate. This, at a wedding it is not proper for any cluster of individuals to become too serious or to quarrel in any way; obviously this would be out of keeping. Should a quarrel start, it must be quickly checked lest it carry the encounter past the range of variation permitted. #RandolphHarris 2 of 19

Similarly, in the case of funeral visits, knots of people not containing any of the immediately bereaved may begin a quiet chat, but find themselves getting gayer and gayer until their interaction becomes out of place and must be brought back to the sober tone of the surroundings. Drift, of course, occurs not only at ceremonials. Thus, in a surgery observed, the nurses scrubbing at the four scrub sinks just before the medical staff arrived would carry on the light sociable chatter that seemed fixed to the sink area. Sometimes, however, their talk would become louder and louder, more and more boisterous, until the charge nurse of the ward would have to come into the scrub area and shush them. So, too, there were moments when the anesthetist and his helper began a whispered conversation that carried them further and further away from the occasion, until a point was reached where the surgeon or the surgical nurse glanced up and across the barrier between operating field and anesthetic equipment with a look of amusement, wonderment, or disapproval, which was often followed by a “cutting back” of the drifting conversation. In considering the tendency for accessible encounters to drift, we should not overlook other problems of affective movement. During occasions such as social parties, wakes, and other celebrations, a mood of hilarity or sadness or grimness ma begin to develop, and soon may carry all participation units away from their emotional starting point. (Sometimes this developing contour of involvement may be assisted by means of pharmacological agencies such as spirits.) #RandolphHarris 3 of 19

When all the encounters in a situation begin to drift at the same time in the same direction, they may together move past the point of propriety implicit in the social occasion. It is thus that an etiquette manual can warn that liquor at a christening should not be of the kind to turn into a cocktail party. A second issue may be mentioned. When a social occasion has taken hold of its participants, and the engagements occurring within it have together moved in a particular affective direction, a latecomer to the occasion may find oneself out of step affectively with the prevailing mood and may have difficulty in catching up, in “getting with it.” A sober person coming to an inebriated gathering can have quite the same problem, and create the same offense, as an inebriated person arriving at a still sober occasion. Wakes are of special interest here, because persons longest on the spot will have “worked through” some of their affective concern about the deceased, while at the same time they are likely to have been the “closet” to the individua and to be therefore held most responsible for giving a worthy show of grief. A latecomer may find a certain callousness among those present, which they may in turn be forced to conceal b a kind of recapitulation of the mourning process performed within the confines of the face engagement in which the latecomer is welcomes to the place of mourning. #RandolphHarris 4 of 19

“Does our capacity for work increase just so much as we are able to weaken false personality?” Everything one can get, one can get only at the expense of false personality. Later, when it is not present, one can get many things at the expense of other things, but for a long time one has to live, so to speak, off false personality. “Is false personality the main barrier to being aware?” First of all, yes. However, many mechanical habits besides. Sometimes even mechanical habits in other centers. “If you could eliminate false personality…” someone began. You cannot eliminate anything; it is just the same as trying to cut your head off. However, you can make false personality less insistent and less permanent. If at a certain moment you feel the danger of the manifestation of false personality and you can find a way to stop it, this is what you have to begin with. The question of elimination does not enter at all; that is connected with quite different things. You must learn to control manifestations. However, if people think that they can do something and at the same time refuse to work on acquiring this control, then things become bad for them. People can be enthusiastic about what they have to do until they know what they have to do. When they know, they often times become very negative and try to avoid it or explain it in some other way. #RandolphHarris 5 of 19

This is what you must understand—that false personality defends itself. You must understand, too, that you cannot even begin to work such as you are, on your present level. First you have to change one thing or another thing. However, you can only find out what to change as the result of your own observations, and it is different for different people. Sometimes it becomes quite clear what has to be changed and then the fight begins, because false personality defends itself. In order to struggle with false personality always do something which false personality does not like and you will very soon find out what it does not like. If you continue, it will get more and more irritated and will show itself more and more clearly, so that soon there will be no question about it. However, if you can do nothing to check false personality, it grows. It cannot diminish by itself. Tastes may change and so on, but it grows. This is the only development that happens in mechanical life—nothing else. “Repression of the life force” is a diagnosis and it would fit most emotional problems. Throughout human history, the expression of individuality has been felt as a threat to the status quo. For all its expressed championing of the individual, our culture in many ways favours conformity. At each stage of live, there seems to be a necessity for choice. In the choice between staying at the level of safety and going onto the level of loving, the easiest choice is of safety, because it has already been experienced and is “known.” Loving and belonging involves a lot of risk. They involve putting oneself on the line, out on the limb of initiative. And that is scary! #RandolphHarris 6 of 19

Notion of copying are central both to biology and to computer science, two disciplines that have contributed enormously to complex systems research. These two traditions do not have identical notions of copying, and the differences between them are reflected in our framework. The biological approach to making copies is much closer to our discussions of selecting at the level of agents. For most agent copying, material resources have to be assembled, and copies are made using the same materials that constitute the copied agents. By contrast, copies as conceived in computer science concentrate on preservation of abstract form. This view corresponds more closely to our discussions of selection at the level of strategies. This alternative view of copies reaches an impressive level of abstraction in binary-encoded information that preserves its essential character across arbitrary embodiments. A digital recording of a Bach fugue is a series of “ones and zeros” that can be represented as spots of magnetism, pits in an optical disk, or a series of voltage pulses or light waves. Both notions of copy have a place in our framework because the way copies spread through a Complex Adaptive System does not always conform to the patterns seen in natural selection. There can be adaptation, but through patterns that are not necessarily like those seen in biology. It was once thought that a computer virus could spread much faster than a successful physical virus. However, we have learned that both a physical virus and a computer virus, within hours, can infect thousands of humans and computers all over the World with copies of itself. #RandolphHarris 7 of 19

Therefore, physical viruses and computer viruses are very similar with respect to both time and space. Being immaterial, it can spread incredibly rapidly, and it can spread though a space in which “nearby” machines are physically far away. A Complex Adaptive System framework needs to encompass much more than the biological cases, even if those have provided much of its inspiration. Just as the difference between copying strategies and agents matters, so too do the detailed differences among various copying processes. Imitating someone’s method for making telephone charity requests is not an identical process to passing along a photocopy of a fund-raising letter. Both involve copying, but the former involves far more integration of a pattern into one’s own behaviour. Setting an example that trigger imitation is very different when the population comprises nation-states than it is when the population is made up of schoolyard playmates. By calling many different processes “copying,” it has not been out intention to deny the important differences of detail. Indeed, details have to be studied very closely. Errors and recombining processes depend on those details. And the character of the variation in the system is shaped by them in turn. Making fund-raising calls using your friend’s method is much more of a recombination of strategies than is photocopying and forwarding of a funding request. #RandolphHarris 8 of 19

While the detailed character of copying processes is of great significance, it is also important to discuss coping processes in the aggregate. That makes clear the deep similarities among Complex Adaptive Systems. Our aim in discussing “copying” in general is to guide designers and policy makers to ask questions about how copies are made, and how destruction happens, for the agents and strategies in the systems they work with. We want to simulate the recognition of many different kinds of processes as “copying,” from duplicating computer files to replicating fast-food franchises. Once copying mechanisms are identified, the questioner will have knowledge of the important details that we cannot have. In this way, the framework aims to suggest fruitful questions. Why would someone want to copy the visible behavior of a leader? In the ambiguous and hard-to-predict World of a Complex Adaptive System, agents often do not know what criteria of success they should use or how to evaluate the strategies they could select. This is especially important in an age of uncertainty and rapid change. When adaptive agents live in a rapidly changing environment, they tend to look to other agents to see which performance measures tend to work and which ones tend to fail. When agents are not able to predict the effects of various possible behaviour of agents who seem to be successful, or who at least have more experience with the new environment. Imitating others who are successful or experienced is a form of implicit attribution of credit that certainly has its disadvantages. #RandolphHarris 9 of 19

When features that are copied are only superficially relevant, the results can be wasteful or even comical. Nevertheless, following the practices of those with more experience or success is often a good strategy in an uncertain World. There are three basic reasons a leader in a formal organization or other social system is especially likely to be copied. First, a leader can sometimes set standards that provide incentive for others to copy. Second, a leader’s actions or performance measures are typically seen to be successful and hence worth emulating. Third, a leader may set an example that helps establish beneficial norms in a community. Leadership in setting a standard can cause other to go along for their own reasons. Consider the case of Norway as a country that writes much of the World’s maritime insurance. When the standards body in Norway set certain regulations for insuring oil platforms, the makers of oil platforms had an incentive to build in ways that met those standards. Thereafter other marine insurers tended to gravitate toward similar regulations. Norway’s regulations helped shape the industry in ways that led other maritime insurers to copy their visible behaviour. The emulation of a leader need not be based on a full understanding of how the emulation will help. Other agents may wish to emulate the actions or performance measures of a visibly successful leader in the hopes that what worked for the leader will work for them. #RandolphHarris 10 of 19

A business leader who wishes to promote environmentally friendly production can, of course, make decisions that give high weight to environmental concerns. However, if the firm is highly visible and is able to show that it becomes more successful because of its environmental practices and reputation, then a much more powerful dynamic comes into play. Imitation of the firm’s performance measures by other firms creates a cascade that can transform an industry. Many forms of inspirational leadership work in this same fashion. For example, Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr.’s criterion of nonviolence was advanced throughout the World by the success its practitioners achieved in winning Civil Rights in America. Dr. King’s leadership was successful in large part because he visibly embodied the very values he was advocating. This led others to emulate not only his tactics but also his values. Visible leadership can also be exercised by setting an example that helps establish beneficial norms in a community. In Complex Adaptive Systems, norms are often important regulatory mechanisms. Central monitoring and control can be difficult when many agent interactions are widely distributed across physical or social alternative. Especially when they become internalized, norms regulate not through fear of consequences but through the belief that some actions are right and others wrong. This is extremely important when monitoring by central authorities is costly or intrusive. Moreover, once established, a norm can be reinforced and spread by dispersed agents who accept the norm and are willing to punish others who deviate from in. #RandolphHarris 11 of 19

The Internet is a vast example of opportunities for one agent to exploit another from afar. The eventual character of its culture will be established in large measure by decisions made in the next few years, as significant and highly visible leaders promote the norms they will exemplify and expect others to enforce. The major providers of e-mail and chat facilities provoke widespread debates when they announce or modify positions on how they will handle unwanted advertisements or offensive language. The dialogs that occur build communities of users who may well enforce standards among each other more effectively than central authorities could hope to do. It is very important, in business, and life to build networks of reciprocal interaction that foster trust and cooperation. Also, people take on big ideas, like ending corruption. However, it is best to look for shorter-term, finer-grained measures of success that can usually stand in for longer-run, broader goals. For instance, building a wall at the Southern Boarder, would not only fortify national security, but it would also be a form of immigration reform, save lives of patrol agents, reduce costs of court cases, and housing, weed out crime, and decrease voter fraud. Then one can move on to another segment of ending corruption. There has to be a coherent approach to designing interventions in a complex World. We all must intervene in Complex Adaptive Systems daily. We all face situations where the classical approach of formulating alternative actions and their likely consequences assume more understanding and predictive power than we actually have. #RandolphHarris 12 of 19

Our framework shows how the accumulating scientific insights into variation, interaction, and selection fit together and can be used to harness complexity. However, why are there so few instances of businesses using randomized behaviour out in the real World? First, it may be difficult to build in the idea of leaving the outcome to chance in a corporate culture tht wants to maintain control over the outcome. This is especially true when things go wrong, as they must socially when moves are chosen randomly. While some people understand that a football coach has to fake a punt once in a while in order to keep the defense honest, a similarly risky strategy in business can get you fired if it fails. However, the point is not that the risky will always work, but rather tht it avoids the danger of set pattens and predictability. One application in which mixed strategies improve business performance is price couponing. Companies use price discount coupons to build market share. The idea is to attract new customers, and not just to give a discount to your present market. If competitors simultaneously offer coupons, then customers do not have any special incentive to switch brands. Instead, they stay with their current brand and take the discount. Only when one company offer coupons while the others do not are new customers attract to try the product. The price coupon strategic game for competitors such as Coke and Pepsi is then quite analogous to the coordination problems of Sarah and William. Both companies want to be the one to give coupons. However, if they try to do this simultaneously, the effects cancel out and both are worse off. #RandolphHarris 13 of 19

One solution would be to follow a predictable pattern of offering coupons every six months, and the competitors could learn to alternate. The problem with this approach is that when Coke predicts Pepsi is just about to offer coupons, Coke should step in first to preempt. The only way to avoid preemption is to keep the element of surprise that comes from using a randomized strategy. There is some strong statistical evidence that Coke and Pepsi reached a cooperative solution for their couponing. There was a span of 52 weeks in which Coke and Pepsi each offered 26 price promotions and there was no overlap. The chance that this would occur by luck if the two companies were acting independently and each offered 26 weeks of couponing is 1/495918532948104—or less than 1 in 1,000 trillion. There are other case in which businesses must avoid set patterns and predictability. Some airlines offer discount tickets to travelers who are wiling to buy tickets at the last minute. However, they will not tell you how many seats are left in order to help you estimate the chances of success. If last-minute ticket availability were more predictable, then there would be a much greater possibility of exploiting the system, and the airlines would lose more of their otherwise regular paying customers. The most widespread use of randomized strategies in business is to motivate compliance at a lower monitoring cost. This applies to everything from tax audits to drug testing to parking meters. It also explains why the punishment should not necessarily fit the crime. #RandolphHarris 14 of 19

The typical fine for illegal parking at a mete is many times the meter fee. If the meter rate is a dollar per hour, would a fine of $1.01 not suffice to keep people honest? It would, provided the traffic police were sure to catch you each time you parked without putting money in the meter. Such enforcement would be very costly. The salaries of the traffic wardens would be the largest item, but the cost of administering the collection mechanism needed to keep the policy credible would be quite substantial, too. The authorities have an equally effective and less costly strategy, namely to have larger fines and relax the enforcement efforts. When the fine is $25, a 1 in 25 risk of being caught is enough to keep you honest. A much smaller police force will do the job, and the fines collected will come closer to covering the administrative costs. This is another instance of the usefulness of mixed strategies. In many ways, it is similar to the tennis example we used in the past, but it is also different in some respect. Once again, the authorities choose a random strategy because it is better than any systematic action: no enforcement at all would mean misuse of scarce parking places, and a 100 percent enforcement would be too costly. However, the other side, the parking public, does not necessarily have a random strategy. In fact the authorities want to make the detection probability and the fine large enough to induce the public to comply with the parking regulations. #RandolphHarris 15 of 19

Random drug testing has many of the same features as parking meter enforcement. It is too time-consuming and costly to test every employee every day for evidence of drug use. It is also unnecessary. Random testing will uncover those who are unable to work drug free and discourage others from recreational use. Again, the probability of detection is small, but the fine when caught is higher. That is one of the problems with the IRS audit strategy. The penalties are small given the chances of getting caught. When enforcement is random, it must be that the punishment is worse than the crime. The rule should be that the expected punishment should fit the crimes, where the expectation takes into account the chance of being caught. Those hoping to defeat enforcement can also use random strategies to their benefit. They can hide the true crime in the midst of many false alarms or decoys, and the enforcer’s resources become spread too thin to be effective. For example, an air defense must be able to destroy nearly 100 percent of all incoming missiles. A cost-effective way of defeating the air defense is for the attacker to surround the real missile with a bodyguard of decoys. It is much cheaper to build a decoy missile than the real thing. Unless the defender can perfectly distinguish among them, one will be required to stop all incoming missiles, real and fake. The practice of shooting dud shells began in World War II, not by the intentional design of building decoy missiles, but as a response to the problem of quality control. #RandolphHarris 16 of 19

The elimination of defective shells in production is expensive. Someone got the idea then of manufacturing duds and shooting them on a random basis. A military commander cannot afford to have a delayed time bomb buried under one’s position, and one never knew which was which. The bluff made one work at every unexploded shell that came over. When the cost of defense is proportional to the number of missiles that can be shot down, attackers can make this enforcement cost unbearably high. This problem is one of the major challenges facing those involved in the “Star Wars” defense; it may have no solution. In Seoul, South Korea, in December 1987, after sixteen years of military rule, a general election took place. The results of this bitterly fought three-way contest were ultimately accepted and the country got on with its business. However, in the immediate aftermath, political observers noted certain peculiarities in the balloting. The winner’s percentage of margin, established in the earliest returns, remained strangely unchanged throughout the night and across regions. A highly popular opposition candidate cast doubt on the size of his own victory in Kwangju Province, saying he could not believe that he had actually garnered 94 percent of the votes. At best, he claimed, he should have won a maximum of 80 percent. The suspicion grew that someone was tampering not with the ballot boxes, but with the computers that complied the results. This suspicion was never confirmed, but it would have been extremely easy to draw up a computer model of an acceptable decision result. This could be adjusted for people’s perceptions of voter choice, regional, class, and age background, and events during the campaign. Such a model could design the size of the majority. #RandolphHarris 17 of 19

Such a model could also, presumably, be used to tailor the results so subtly in key districts as to provide a victory without leaving an overt trail. This is possible if a sophisticated programmer, gaining access to the right password, instructs the computer to credit some percentage of the votes of one candidate to another and then to spring a “trapdoor”—which, in effect, erases any record of what has been done. The Election Watch project of the Urban Policy Research Institute, basing itself in part on work done by two Princeton University computer scientists, Jon R. Edwards and Howard Jay Strauss, concludes that “the advent of computerized vote counting over the past two decades has created the potential for election fraud and error on a scale previously unimagined.” Therefore, it looks like President Donald Trump was right about voter fraud and being cheated out of the election. Many current election officials disagree, but Election Watch gains support from Willis H. Ware, a senior researcher at the Rand Corporation. Ware puts it even more dramatically: The vulnerability of electronic voting systems is such that “there is probably a Chernobyl or a TMI [Three Mile Island] waiting to happen in some election, just as a Richter-8 Earthquake is waiting to happen is waiting to happen in California.” Given these admittedly speculative scenarios a further twist. Imagine what might be done if the computer were “fixed” by technicians, programmers, or systems integrators working for a multinational corporation that wants a particular senator, say, driven from office. #RandolphHarris 18 of 19

Or imagine that the election ballot box is under the indirect, secret control not of a party or corporation but of a foreign power, which may suspect is that case with the Democratic Party and President Biden, California Governor Newsom, and Sacramento Mayor Steinberg. An election, may have been swung by adding or subtracting a tiny—unnoticed—number of votes from each precinct. And no one ever knows because they refuse to investigate, make claims seem outlandish by calling a person crazy or saying it is a conspiracy theorist. Caveat Candidate! With all the corruption, crimes, health crisis, energy crisis, inflation, food costs, housing costs, and changes in employment, along with the wide open boarders, and riots on the streets in America, the average person is feeling what it means to suffer from future shock. People have not even had a chance to catch their breath because there is so much going on in the nation and around the World. However, when more nanotechnology arrives, will it bring more future shock? Some segments of society today are already getting practice in dealing with rapid technology advance. Those getting the most vigorous workout are in the computer field, where a machine two years old and regarded as obsolete, and software must be updated every few months to keep abreast of the new development. The rapid increase of computer speed had helped make computers easier to use. Some people will learn to adapt to technology, but in the future technology will learn to adapt to us. The most effective government and private agencies will endure. More options will continue to be invented. #RandolphHarris 19 of 19