We have learned something from the vast collections of data on primitive man: that if he was not in bondage to the authority of living persons, he was at the utter mercy of the power of the spirits. One might say, as a general rule, that acquainted person in a social situation require a reason not to enter into a face engagement with each other, while unacquainted persons require a reason to do so. There is here, apparently, a noticeable difference between the Anglo-American tradition and the Latin tradition, the latter being one where entrance into an encounter with strangers is apparently more broadly licensed. In these two riles, the same fundamental principle seems to be operative, namely, that the welfare of the individual ought not to be put in jeopardy through one’s capacity to open oneself up for encounters. In the case of acquainted persons, a willingness to give social recognition saves the other from the affront of being overlooked; in the case of unacquainted persons, a willingness to refrain from soliciting encounters saves the other from being exploited by inopportune overtures and requests. If the assumption is correct that a kind of tacit contract underlies communication conduct, then we must conclude that there are imaginable circumstances when any two unacquainted persons can properly join each other in some kind of face engagement—circumstances in which one person can approach another—since it will always be possible to imagine circumstances that would nullify the implied danger of contract. I should like now to consider some of these circumstances under which some kind of engagement among the unacquainted is permissible, and sometimes even obligatory, in our American middle-class society. #RandolphHarris 1 of 17

Every social position can be seen as an arrangement which opens up the incumbent to engagement with certain categories of others. In some cases these others will be chiefly limited to persons with whom the individual is already acquainted or to whom he has just been introduced in the current engagement. In other positions, such as that of salesperson or receptionist, the individual will be obliged to hold oneself ready to be approached by unacquainted others, providing this is in line of daily business. (This face makes some persons enjoy performing the entailed role and other consider it as socially inferior.) We have here an important example of engagement among the unacquainted, and one that does not disturb social distances because there is a patent reason why properly mannered customers would desire to initiate such encounters. There are social positions, however, that open up the incumbent to more than mere occupational-others. Thus, in cities, policemen, priests, and often corner newsstand vendors are approached by a wide variety of others seeking a vast array of information and assistance, in part because it is believed to be clear that no one would seek to take advantage of these public figures. Policemen and priests are especially interesting, since they may be engaged by strangers merely initiating a greeting as opposed to a request for information. Furthermore, there are broad statuses in our society, such as that of old persons or the very young, that sometimes seem to be considered so meager in sacred value that it may be thought their members have nothing to lose through face engagement, and hence can be engaged at will. #RandolphHarris 2 of 17

None of these persons, it may be noted, has the kind of uniform that can be taken off; none can be off duty during part of the day. Here, then, persons are exposed, not merely incumbents; they are “open persons.” There is still another general circumstance opens up an individual for face engagements; namely, that one can be out of role. Given the assumption that the interests of the individual ought not to be prejudiced by forcing one into contact, and given the fact that these interests of one’s will be expressed through one’s playing one’s serious roles, we can expect that when one is not engaged in one’s own roles there will then be less reason to be careful with one as regards communication; and this, in fact, is the case. Thus, when an individual is visibly intoxicated, or dressed in a costume, or engaged in an unserious sport, one may be accosted almost at will and joked with, presumably on the assumption that the self projected through these activities is one from which the individual can easily dissociate oneself, and hence need not be jealous of or careful with. Similarly, when an individual find oneself in a momentarily peculiar physical position, as when one trips, slips, or in other ways acts in an awkward, unbecoming fashion, one lays oneself open for light comment, for one will need a demonstration from others that they see this activity as one that does not prejudice one’s adult self, and it is in one’s own interest to allow them to initiate a joking contract with one for this purpose. Thus, as might have been predicted, the first persons in American to drive Volkswagens laid themselves open to face engagements from all and sundry, since they did not seem to be seriously presenting themselves in the role of driver, at least s a driver of a serious car. #RandolphHarris 3 of 17

I have considered in terms of the language of status ad role some of the grounds on which the individual’s usual right to be unmolested by overtures is set aside. There are still other times of license, but ones when the terminology of social role is not very suitable. Thus, if an individual is in patent need of help, and if this help is of little moment to the putative giver, then satisfying this “free need” provides a nonsuspect basis for initiating communication contact. For example, when an individual unknowingly drops something in the street, one momentarily becomes open for overtures, since anyone has a right to tell one what has happened. As current etiquette suggests: Women must thank all those, including strangers, who do them little services. For example, if a stranger, man or women, opens a door for a woman, or picks up something she has dropped, a woman should not allow timidity or shyness to stop her from saying thank you in a pleasant impersonal way. If the stranger seems to be trying to start an unwelcome conversation, one can, still with politeness but with increasing firmness, refuse to converse. However, it is more attractive to take for granted that the gesture was motivated by politeness only than it is immediately to suspect another motive. It should be added that in the past some writers have felt that the very threat of a lady being accosted in a public place, or even being seen to be alone, is sometimes cause enough for a pure-minded stranger to beat others to the draw: If a lady is going to her carriage, or is alone in any public place where it is usual or would be convenient for ladies to be attended, you should offer her your arm and service, even if you do not know her. To do so in a private room, as in the case mentioned, might be thought a liberty. #RandolphHarris 4 of 17

A more contemporary version of this courtesy is found in the tack occasionally taken by a man passing a strange woman at night on a narrow isolated walk: instead of conspicuously according the female civil inattention, the man ma proffer a fleeting word to show that, unlike a would-be assailant, he is willing to be identified. A final basis of exposure may be mentioned. An individual’s actions can create a need in others that exposes them to engagement. For example, if the others have been bumped into or tripped over (or in other ways deprived of their right to unmolested passage) by him, he can claim the right to engage them in order to convey assistance, explanation, apology, and the like, the others’ need for such redress presumably outweighing their reluctance to being engaged by a stranger. The same holds true for potential, as well as actual, offenses. In a train compartment, for example, individuals may be asked by a fellow-passenger if it is all right if he smokes, or if he opens (or closes) a window. As these opening engagements are patently in the interests of those whose comfort might be affected, the offense or injury the individual might create by his inclinations thus exposes fellow-passengers to solicitous inquiries in advance. As one has seen in life, truth, even though it is often stranger than fiction, it is not enough. No one believes the truth because it is too vivid, interesting, dramatic. The only time drama seems to work is when someone is trying to sale something. #RandolphHarris 5 of 17

Experts in window display know the power of dramatization. For example, the manufacturers of a new rat poison gave dealers a window display that included two live rats. The week the rats were shown, sales zoomed to five times their normal rate. If a worker says he cannot accept any wage increase less than 5 percent, why should the employer believe that he will not subsequently back down and accept 4 percent? Money on the table induces people to ty negotiating one more time. The worker’s situation can be improved if he has someone else to negotiate for him. When the union leader is the negotiator, his position may be less flexible. He may be forced to keep his promise or lose support from his electorate. The union leader may secure a restrictive mandate from one’s members, or put one’s prestige on the line by declaring one’s inflexible position in public. In effect, the labour leader becomes a mandated negotiating agent. His authority to act as negotiating one more time. The worker’s situation can be improved if he has someone else negotiate for him. When the union leader is the negotiator, positions may be less flexible. He may be forced to keep his promise or lose support from his electorate. The union leader may secure a restrictive mandate from his members, or put one’s prestige on the line by declaring one’s inflexible position in public. In effect, the labour leader becomes a mandated negotiating agent. His authority to act as a negotiator is based on his position. In some cases he simply does not have the authority to compromise; the workers, not the leader, must ratify the contract. In other cases, compromise by the leader would result in his removal. #RandolphHarris 6 of 17

In practice we are concerned with the means as well as the ends of achieving commitment. If the labour leader voluntarily commits his prestige to a certain position, should you ( do you) treat one’s loss of face as you would if it were externally imposed? Someone who tried to stop a train by tying oneself to the railroad tracks may get less sympathy than someone else who has been tired there against one’s will. A second type of mandated negotiating agent is a machine. Very few people haggle with vending machines over the price; even fewer do so successfully. According to the U.S. Defense Department, over a five-year period seven servicemen or dependents were killed and 39 injured by soft-drink machines that toppled over while being rocked in an attempt to dislodge beverages or change. “Is it possible to have emotional feeling in the idea of recurrence?” Yes, it is possible, particularly if one has even some small recollection. I do not mean everything, but even a slight memory can give interesting emotional understanding. “When one has a strong feeling of an event having happened before, can one use that to develop memory?” Oh, it can happen in many different ways; only after a very long and very serious investigation can one come to the conclusion that there may be facts. “I was wondering whether, if we could do something about this work before we die, it might not help in our next recurrence.” #RandolphHarris 7 of 17

Yes, what happens before many determine what happens afterwards in many different ways. This is not recurrence. The question is how can one prepare oneself for recurrence. Suppose in a certain life you want to do something and you find you cannot do it. This needs help. If you cannot physically get this help, you begin to think about it and you realize that you have to prepare for this help during the life before. This life is too late; the next life is too late; the life before is the only chance. Think about it. Perhaps you missed some opportunity. If a man finds that he cannot do something he thinks of a precious time when perhaps he could have done it, or perhaps he could not. Think what this implies. “Would he not have had to have some memory to realize mistakes in his past life or his lack of preparation?” There may have been no mistake, simply lack of preparation. Quite right. One need preparation. One says one is not prepared. Perhaps one could have been prepared before. Can you do anything about it? It is difficult, I know. However, one may realize one is not prepared for a certain thing. We spoke of six triads. In one triad you can do one thing, in another another thing. However, this changes all ideas of recurrence. What could be right for one man would not be right for another. For instance, I said that even theoretical knowledge of recurrence changes one’s whole relation to recurrence. It depends, too, how deeply a man knows; there are many degrees. #RandolphHarris 8 of 17

“Can the Law of Seven be observed in the way things happen or appear?” The Law of Seven you can speak about when you find two intervals in an octave. “Can one only see it in operation over a period of many years, or at once?” You can use memory. That does not mean that you observe actual facts. And you must see two intervals in an octave. “What can one do to understand the illusion of time?” One can understand that there is no such thing as time. And why? Because there are facts which show the non-existence of time. Eternal recurrence is not compatible without our present time-sense. The whole thing is in that, so you have to get rid of time-sense. Recurrence refers to eternity, not time. “Can we keep the pattern from repeating?” If you have good memory, you can. “You say that if one really accepted the theory of recurrence it would make a difference?” If one studies, if one works, there is material for understanding. We use understanding and lack of understanding. If we think enough, we may understand something and we may actually change recurrence. “Would it be right to say that the only claim for recurrence is that in this life some people remember that they lived before?” No, that is very weak. Very few people remember and you can always say that they are lying. “Would not belief in recurrence result in a great urgency to make effort?” Belief will not help; belief is deadening; it has not sufficient power. However, realization may. We can understand some things by thinking. For example, the questions as to whether all people are affected in the same way by recurrence. #RandolphHarris 9 of 17

It is impossible to say simply yes or no because what can be applied to one man cannot be applied to another. For one man it will be the same way, the same house, the same cats. However, for other people it may be different. Great poets, great writers, they may not need to walk by the same streets. They may walk by different streets and yet do the same things. This difference may not be due to efforts but capacities, to achievement and to scope of thinking and feeling. A great poet may not need to write the same verses again. Perhaps he got not all, but sufficient, out of his environment, so that he may try something else that he did not try the last time. “After hearing the lectures, people always ask if great poets have the being of man 1, 2, and 3. Now you say that a poet need not do the same thing over and over again.” No. He may be a great poet and yet not belong to objective art. Others less great may produce objective art. Think about some of these ideas, but do not think you know. There are many variations, many possibilities. Think, because there is nothing more important for you. How should natural selection be employed to promote adaptation? Natural selection in evolutionary biology provides a familiar and well-studied example of how selection can work. Although selection in a Complex Adaptive System need not operate in the same way as natural selection, evolutionary biology is a good place to start our analysis. #RandolphHarris 10 of 17

Evolution by natural selection requires three things. First, it requires a means to retain the essential character of the agent. In biological systems, genetic material preserves the key patterns. Evolution by natural selection also requires a source of variation. In the simplest biological systems, this can be achieved by mutation. In sexual reproduction, novelty is generated through recombination. Finally, evolution requires amplification, changes in the frequencies of types. In biological systems this is the result of some individuals having many offspring while others have few or none. If you want to design a system that is able to explore new possibilities while being able to exploit what has already been achieved, biological evolution provides an important benchmark. It demonstrates that adaption can be achieved even without the agents (or anyone else) having any understanding of how the system works. While natural selection provides an important paradigm for how an adaptive system can work, it also has some serious disadvantages compared with more directed methods of achieving adaptation. Whenever it is feasible to attribute success to something more specific than the entire agent, there is the possibility of selecting strategies rather than whole agents. If you find that quinine-related compounds reduce malaria, you can spread them through the World instead of waiting many generations for natural selection to breed malaria-resistant humans. This is especially valuable since the main antimalarial solution nature has so far evolved makes the carrier susceptible to sickle-cell diseases, itself a debilitating condition. #RandolphHarris 11 of 17

When attribution is sufficiently precise—and this can be far from perfectly accurate—it can pay handsomely to make numerous copies of a good strategy on a fast time scale that would be impossible if complete agents had to be reproduced. These two approaches, selecting at the level of entire agents and selecting at the level of strategies, share the need to make copies that retain effective adaptations, to incorporate variation for further adaptation, and to amplify the success (and cull the failure) that does occur. However, they differ in the level at which they operate—and selection at the two levels can work very differently. Selection of one advertising agency from a population of competing firms can have quite different dynamics from selecting among a population of advertising themes proposed by a single agency. Nonetheless, whether it is whole agents or strategies that are evaluated and undergo reproduction, a design for an adaptive system of selection must deal with four issues: Defining criteria of success. Determining whether selection is at the level of agents or strategies. Attributing credit for success and failure. Creating new agents or strategies. While these elements do not separate neatly in the everyday World, distinguishing them will help simplify our discussion without introducing too much distortion. #RandolphHarris 12 of 17

The revolutionary new economy will transform not only business but government. It will do this by altering the basic relationships between politicians and bureaucrats, and by dramatically restricting the bureaucracy itself. It is already causing power to shift among the various bureaucracies. A prime example is the rise of the Japanese Ministry of Posts and Telecommunications (MPT). From 1949 on this ministry had three basic functions. It handled the mail and, like many European postal services, offered customers insurance and savings accounts. (These were originally set up to serve people living in remote rural regions largely ignored by the banks and insurance companies.) In power-conscious Tokyo, the Teishin-sho, as it was called, was regarded as a minor ministry. Today the renamed MPT is one of the giants, often hailed as the “Ministry of the 21^st Century.” It achieved this new status after 1985, when—in what must have been a knockdown nawabari-arasoi, or turf battle—it won responsibility for the development of the entire Japanese telecommunications industry, from radio and television broadcasting to data communication. It thus combines in a single agency financial functions (which are increasingly dependent on advanced telecommunications) and the telecommunications functions themselves. No organizational intersection is likely to be more strategic. Explaining MPT’s rise to power, the Journal of Japanese Trade and Industry writes: “A sophisticated information-oriented society in which information circulates smoothly thanks to telecommunication is not complete in itself. #RandolphHarris 13 of 17

“When information flows, people, goods and money also flows. When information about a product is disseminated, as in advertising, people go and buy it. The flow of information is accompanied by “physical flow” and “cash flow.” The MPT alone among the ministries has a direct interest in all three of these phenomena.” Other governments, of course, divide the functions of their ministries and departments differently, but it hardly needs a wizard to anticipate that power will flow toward those agencies that regulate information in the super-symbolic economy and win jurisdiction over expanding functions. As education and training become central to economic effectiveness, as scientific research and development become more significant, as environmental issues gain importance, agencies with jurisdiction in those fields will gain clout relative to those that deal with declining functions. However, these inter-bureaucratic power shifts are only a minor part of the unfolding story. After half a century in which governments continually took on more tasks, the decades since the start of the super-symbolic economy have seen a truly remarkable development. In the advanced economies, leaders as different as Republicans Ronald Reagan and Socialist Francois Mitterand began to systematically strip away governmental operations or functions. They have been emulated by Carlos Salians de Gortari in Mexico, Saddam Hussein in Iraq, by dozens of other leaders around the World, and most important by reformers throughout Easter Europe, all of whom sudden began calling for key government enterprises to be denationalized or their tasks contacted out to be performed by others. Privatization became a global buzzword. #RandolphHarris 14 of 17

This is widely taken to be a sign of the triumph of capitalism over socialism. However, the push toward privatization cannot be simply written off as a “capitalist” or “reactionary” policy, as it so often is. Opposition to privatization and similar measures is not “progressive.” Whether recognized or not, it is a defense of the unelected Invisible Party, which holds massive power over people’s lives, irrespective of whether their governments are “liberal” or “conservative,” “right-wing” or “left-wing,” “communist” or “capitalist.” Moreover, few observers have noticed the hidden parallels between the privatization push in the public sector and today’s restructuring of business in the private sector. We have already seen big firms splitting themselves into small profit centers, flattening their pyramids, and installing free-form information systems that break up bureaucratic cubbyholes and channels. Few seem to have considered that if we change the structure of business and leave government unchanged, we create a gaping organizational mismatch that could damage both. An advanced economy requires constant interaction between the two. Thus, like a long-married couple, government and business eventually must take on some of each other’s characteristics. If one is restructured, we should expect corresponding changes in the other. When it comes to our inadequate abilities—bacterial diseases are mostly controllable today. Sanitation limits the ways in which plague can spread. These measures are just good enough to lull us into imagining the problem is solved. #RandolphHarris 15 of 17

The only really effective treatments for viral diseases are preventative, not curative. They work either by preventing exposure, or by exposing the body beforehand to dead or harmless or fragmentary forms of the virus, to prepare the immune system for future exposure. Scientists are even predicting that no vaccine will be made in the next for decades for deadly sexually transmitted viruses and believe that can mutate and become as infectious as the flu. The deaths from the next great plague could have begun in a village last week, or could begin next year, or a year before we learn to deal with new viral illness promptly and effectively. With luck, the plague will wait until a year after. Immune machines could be set to kill a new virus as soon as it is identified. The instruments nanotechnology brings will make viral identification easy. Someday, the means will be in place to defend human life against viral catastrophe. From eliminating viruses to repairing individual cells, improving our control of the molecular World will improve health care. Immune machines working in the bloodstream seem about as complex as some engineering projects human beings have already completed—projects like large satellites. Other medical nanotechnologies seem to be of a higher order of complexity. Somewhere in the progression from relatively simple immune devices to molecular surgery, we have crossed the fuzzy line between systems that teams of clever biomedical engineers could design in a reasonable length of time and one that might take decades or prove impossibly complex. #RandolphHarris 16 of 17

Designing a nanomachine capable of entering a cell, reading its DNA, finding and removing a deadly viral DNA sequence, and then restoring the cell to normal would be a monumental job. Such tasks are advanced applications of nanotechnology, far beyond mere computers, manufacturing equipment, and half-witted “smart materials.” To succeed within a reasonable number of years, we may need to automate much of the engineering process, including software engineering. Today’s best expert systems are nowhere near sophisticated enough. The software must be able to apply physical principles, engineering rules, and fast computation to generate and test new designs. Calling automated engineering. Automated engineering will prove useful in advanced nanomedicine because of the sheer number of small problems to be solved. The human body contains hundreds of kinds of cells forming a huge number of tissues and organs. Taken as a whole (and ignoring the immune system), the body contains hundreds of thousands of different kinds of molecules. Performing complex molecular repairs on a damaged cell might require solving millions of separate, repetitive problems. The molecular machinery in cell-surgery devices will need to be controlled by complex software, and it would be best to be able to delegate the task of writing that software to an automated system. Until then, or until a lot more conventional design work gets done, nanomedicine will have to focus on simpler problems. #RandolphHarris 17 of 17

CRESLEIGH HAVENWOOD

Lincoln, CA | from the high $600s

Now Selling!

No appointment needed! Cresleigh Havenwood features four distinct floor plans ranging from 2,293 – 3,377 square feet and offering up to five bedrooms.  Each plan has been thoughtfully designed and includes great features such as single story homes, guest suites, optional offices, garage workshops, and more!

Get the most out of your new home with Cresleigh’s All Ready smart home featuring all the connectivity needed to keep your house running. Best of all, each Cresleigh home comes with owned solar included! 

Located off of Virginiatown Road and McCourtney Road, residents of the 83 homesites of Cresleigh Havenwood will benefit from a brand new neighborhood in the charming City of Lincoln. Palo Verde Park, is  just down the street and there’s plenty of recreation to take part in all around town. https://cresleigh.com/havenwood/