Men lean on increase and creation ritual especially when times are bad; it is then that their spiritual technology has to work. Witness the streets of Sodom, and that night in Gibeah, when the hospital door exposed a matron to avoid worse rape. These were the prime in order and in might; the rest were long to tell, though far renowned, the Ionian gods, of Javan’s issue held Gods, yet confessed later than Heaven and Earth their boasted parents; Titan Heaven’s first-born with his enormous brood, and brithright seized by younger Saturn, he from mightier Jove his own and Rhea’s son like measure found; so Jove usurping reigned: these first in Crete and Ida known, thence on the snowy top of cold Olympus ruled the middle air their highest Heaven; or on the Delphian cliff, or in Dodona, and through all the bounds of Doric land; or who with Saturn old feld over Adria to the Hesperian fields, and over the Celtic roamed the utmost isles. All these and more came flocking; but with looks of downcast and damp, yet such wherein appeared obscure some glimpse of joy, to have found themselves not lost in loss itself; which on his countenance cast like doubtful hue: but he his wonted pride soon recollecting, with high words, that bore semblance of worth, not substance, gently raised their fainting courage, and dispelled their fears. Then straight commands that at the warlike sound of trumpets loud and clarions be upreared his mighty standards; that proud honour claimed Azazel as his right,  Cherub tall: who forthwith from the glittering staff unfurled the imperial ensign, which will full high advanced shone like a meteor streaming to the wind with gems and golden luster rich emblazed, seraphic arms and trophies: al the while sonorous metal blowing sounds: at which the universal host upsent a shout that tore hell’s concave, and beyond frighted the reign of Chaos and old Night. #RandolphHarris 1 of 23

All in a moment through the gloom were seen ten thousand banners rise into the air with orient colours waving: with them rose a forest huge of spears: and thronging helms appeared, and serried shields in thick array of depth immeasurable: anon they move in perfect phalanx to the Dorian mood of flutes and soft recorders; such as raised to highth of noblest temper heroes old arming to battle, and instead of rage deliberate valour breathed, firm and unmoved with dread of death to flight or foul retreat, nor wanting power to mitigate and swage with solemn touches, troubled thoughts, and chase anguish and doubt and fear and sorrow and pain from mortal or immortal minds. Thus they breathing united force with fixed thought moved on in silence to soft pipes that charmed their painful steps over the burnt soil; and now advanced in view they stand, a horrid front of dreadful length and dazzling arms, in guise awaiting what command their mighty chief had to impose: he through the armed files darts his experienced eye, and son traverse the whole battalion views, their order due, their visages and statures as of gods, their number last he sums. And now his heart distends with pride, and hardening in his strength glories: for never since created man, met such embodied force, as named with these could merit more than that small infantry warred on by cranes: though all the giant brood of Phlegra with the heroic race were joined that fought at Thebes and Ilium, on each side mixed with auxiliar gods; and what resounds in fable or romance of Uther’s son Begirt with British and Armoric knights; and all who since, baptized or infidel jousted in Aspramont or Montalban, Damasco, or Marocco, Trebisoned, or whom Biserta sent from Afric shore when Charlemain with all his peerage fell by Fontarabbia. Men fashion unfreedom as a bribe for self-perpetuation. #RandolphHarris 2 of 23

In every situation, those present will be obliged to retain some readiness for potential face engagements. (This readiness has already been suggested as one way in which situational presence is expressed.) There are many important reasons why the individual is usually obliged to respond to requests for face engagements. In the first place, one owes this to oneself because often it will be through such communication that one’s own interests can be served, as when a stranger accosts one to tell one that one has dropped something, or that the bridge is out. For similar reasons one owes this accessibility to others present, and to persons not present for whom those present may serve as a relay. (The need for this collective solidarity is heightened in urban living, which brings individuals of great social distance withing range of one another.) Further, as previously suggested, participation in a face engagement can be a sign of social closeness and relatedness; when this opportunity to participate is proffered by another, it ought not to be refused, for to decline such a request is to reject someone who has committed oneself to a sign of desiring contact. More than this, refusal of an offer implies that the refuser rejects the other’s claim to membership in the gathering and the social occasion in which the gathering occurs. It is therefore uncommon for persons to deny these obligations to respond. Although there are good reasons why an individual should keep oneself available for face engagements, there are also good reasons for one to be cautions of this. In allowing another to approach one for talk, the individual may find that one has been inveigled into a position to be attacked and assaulted physically. #RandolphHarris 3 of 23

In societies where public safety is not firmly established, especially in places such as the desert, where the traveler is for long periods of time remote from any source of help, the danger that a face engagement may be a prelude to assault becomes appreciable, and extensive avoidance practices or greetings at a distance tend to be employed. Here, of course, the “physical safety” component of civic order and the communication component overlap. However, apart from this extreme, we should see that when an individual opens oneself up to talk with another, one opens oneself up to the pleadings, commands, threats, insult, and false information. The mutual considerateness characteristic of face engagements reinforces these dangers, subjecting the individual to the possibility of having one’s sympathy and tactfulness exploited, and causing one to act against one’s own interests. Further, words can act s a “relationship wedge”; that is, once an individual has extended to another enough consideration to hear one out for a moment, some kind of bone of mutual obligation is established, which the initiator can use in turn as a basis for still further claims; once this new extended bond is granted, grudgingly or willingly, still further claims for social or material indulgence can be made. Hence, in one important example, a man and a woman can start out as strangers and, if conditions are right, progress from an incidental encounter to matrimony. We need only trace back the history of many close relationships between adults to find that something was made of face engagements when it need not have been. #RandolphHarris 4 of 23

Of course, persons usually form “suitable” relationships, not allowing casual encounters to be a wedge to something else. However, there is sufficient slippage in systems of conviviality segregation to give mothers concern about their daughters and to provide one of the basic romantic themes of light fiction. There are two opposing tendencies that occur when individuals keep themselves available for face engagements, and there are some dangers when persons open themselves up in so doing. There opposing tendencies are reconciled in society, apparently, by a kind of implicit contraction or gentleman’s agreement that persons sustain given the fact that the other will be under some obligation, often unpleasant, to respond to overtures, potential initiators are under obligation to stay their own desires. A person can thus make oneself available to others in the expectation that they will restrain their calls on one’s available and not make one pay too great a price for one’s being accessible. Their right to initiate contact is checked by their duty to take one’s point of view and initiate contact with one only under circumstances that one will easily see to be justified; in short, they must not “abuse” their privileges. This implicit communication contract (and the consequence of breaking it) receive wide mythological representation, as in our own “cry wolf” tale. Understandably, infractions of the rule against undesired overture do cause some anxiety, for the recipient must either accede to the request or demonstrate to oneself and the others present that one’s availability for face engagements was not part of one’s character but a false pose, to be maintained only when no price was involved in maintaining it. #RandolphHarris 5 of 23

In noting the implicit contract that makes persons present delicately accessible and inaccessible to each other, we can go on to note a basic margin of appetite and distaste to be found in social situations. The reasons why individuals are obliged to restrain themselves from making encounter overtures provide many of the reasons why they might want to do so. And the obligation to be properly accessible often covers a desire to be selectively quite unavailable. Hence, many public and semipublic places, such as cocktail lounges and club cars, acquire a special tone and temper, a special piquancy, that blurs the communication lines, giving each participant some desire to encroach where perhaps one does not have a right to go, and to keep from being engaged with others who perhaps have a right to engage one. Each individual, then, is not only involved in maintaining the basic communication contract, but is also likely to be involved in hopes, fears, and actions that bend the rules if they do not actually break them. It has been suggested, then, that as a general rule the individual is obliged to make oneself available for encounters even though one may have something to lose by entering them, and that one may well be ambivalent about this arrangement. Here mental patients provide a lesson in reverse, for they can show us the price that is paid for declining to make oneself available and force us to see that there are reasons why someone able to be accessible should be willing to pay the price of remaining inaccessible. A patient who declines to respond to overtures is said to be “out of contact,” and this state is often felt to be full evidence that one is very sick indeed, that one is, in fact, cut off from all contact with the World around one. #RandolphHarris 6 of 23

In the case of some “organic” patients, this generalization from inaccessibility appears quite valid, as it does with certain “functionals.” There are patients, for example, who, before admission, had progressively withdrawn from responding to such things as the telephone and doorbell, and, once in the hospital, decline all staff overtures for engagement, this being but one instance of a general withdrawal of concern for the life about them. In the case of other patients, however, refusal to enter proffered engagements cannot be taken as a sign of unconcern for the gathering, but rather as a sign of alienation based on active feelings such as fear, hate, and contempt, each of which can be understandable in the circumstances, and each of which can allow the patient to show a nice regard for other situational proprieties. Thus, there are patients who coldly star through direct efforts to bring them into a state of talk, declining all staff overtures, however seductive, teasing, or intensive, who will nonetheless allow themselves face engagements carefully initiated and terminated by themselves without the usual courtesies. Still other patients who are out of contact to most persons on the ward will engage in self-initiated encounters with a small select number of others, by means of coded messages, foreign language, whispering, or the exchange of written statements. Some patients, unwilling to engage in spoken encounters with anyone, will be ready to engage in other types of encounters, such as dancing or card playing. Similarly, I knew a patient who often blankly declined greetings extended one by fellow patients on the grounds, but who could be completely relied upon not to miss a cue when performing the lead in a patient dramatic production. #RandolphHarris 7 of 23

As might then be expected, a patient declining to conduct oneself properly in regard to face engagements might be well conducted in regard to unfocused interaction. Many people whose “acting” manners are good have poor “talking” manners. They may be gossipy or they may tell stories that are in poor taste; or say things that hurt people’s feelings, or they may even chatter on so continuously that no one else can get a word in “edgewise.” One illustration was provided by a patient I observed, a young woman of thirty-two, who at one point in her “illness” was ready to handle her dress and deportment with all the structured modesty that is required of her gender, while at the same time her language was foul. During another phase of her illness, this patient, in the company of a friendly nurse, enjoyed shopping trips to the neighbouring town, during which she and her keeper got wry pleasure from the fact that the patient was “passing” as a “normal” person. Had anyone made an opening statement to the patient, however, the masquerade would have been destroyed, for this was a time when the patient was mute in all verbal interaction or, at best, spoke with very great pressure. A touching illustration of the same difference in capacity for focused and unfocused interaction was provided at Central Hospital by patients who were fearful and anxious of their whole setting, but who nonetheless made elaborate efforts to show that they were still what they had been before coming to the hospital and that they were in poised, business-like control of the situation. One middle-aged man walked busily on the grounds with the morning newspaper folded under one arm and a rolled umbrella hooked over the other, wearing an expression of being late for an appointment. #RandolphHarris 8 of 23

A young man, having carefully preserved his worn grey flannel suit, bustled similarly from one place he was not going to another. Yet both men stepped out of the path of any approaching staff person, and painfully turned their heads away whenever someone proffered an exchange or greeting of some kind, for both employed the tack of being mute with many of the persons whom they met. The management of a front of middle-class orientation in the situation, in these circumstances, was so precarious and difficult that (for these men) it apparently represented the day’s major undertaking. Just as it is evident that the individual may comply with rules regarding unfocused interaction while failing to comply with regulations regarding focused interaction, so cases can be found of mental patients who dress in a spectacularly improper manner but who are nonetheless ready to be socially tractable as conversationalists. Here are two pieces of evidence in favour of distinguishing conceptually between focused and unfocused interaction. In other cases, of course, it is not fear that seems to account for the inaccessibility of otherwise properly mannered persons, but rather hostility: to acknowledge a staff overture is partly to acknowledge the legitimacy of the staff person making the overture, and if one is a serious worthy person then so much be one’s implied contention that the individual with whom one is initiating contact, namely, oneself, is a mental patent properly confined to a mental ward. #RandolphHarris 9 of 23

To strengthen one’s feeling that one is really sane, it may thus seem reasonable to disdain encounters in which the opposite will be assumed—even though this results in exactly the kind of conduct, namely, inaccessibility, that confirms the hospital’s view tht one is mentally ill. As previously suggested, conversational engagements are often carried out as involvements subordinated to some other business at hand, just as side involvements, such as smoking, are often carried out as activities subordinated to a conversational main involvement. The question arises as to the limits placed upon this coexistence in middle-class society. There are, for example, records of middle-class Navy personnel postponing a visit to the “head” until others have left so as not to have to defecate while being accessible to others for talk. I have also been told by a middle-class informant that she was always uneasy about painting her toenails while in the presence of her husband, since the painting involved too much attention to leave her sufficiently respectful of the talk. Do you have much more faith in ideas that you discover for yourself than in ideas that are handed to you on a silver platter? If so, is it not bad judgment to try to ram your opinions down the throats of other people? Is it not wiser to make suggestions—and let the other person thin out the conclusions? People expect others they interact with to be: loyal, honest, initiative, optimistic, display teamwork, and to be enthusiastic most of the day. As long as a person can meet these standards, the people in their circle will be willing to do the same. When an individual consults others about their wishes and desires, that is, in many cases, just the confidence builder they need. #RandolphHarris 10 of 23

No one like to feel that one is being sold something or told to do a thing. We much prefer to feel that we re buying of our own accord or acting on our own ideas. We like to be consulted about our wishes, our wants, our thoughts. If instance, if you make paintings that you like and try to sell them to a person, they may not buy them. However, if you find out what kind of paintings a person likes and show the individual those, they may want to buy them. Letting the other person feel that the idea is his or hers not only works in business and politics, it works in life as well. Our mind is a very limited machine. We must think in the easiest way and make allowance for it. It is easier to think of repetition than of the eternal existence of the moment. You must understand that our mind cannot formulate rightly things as they are. We can only make approximate formulations which are nearer to trith than our ordinary thinking. That is all that is possibe. Our mind and our language are very rough instruments and we have to deal with very fine matters and fine problems. All acquired tendencies repeat themselves. One person acquires a tendency to run away from cetain things. One wil run away again. These tendencies may grow stronger or they may grow in a different direction. There is no guarantee until one reaches some kind of conscious action when one has a certain possibility of trusting oneself. There are many things that look impossible but that is because our thinking apparatus is not good enough to think about such things. It simplifies things too much. These problems need mathematical thinking. #RandolphHarris 11 of 23

For instance, we cannot think about time as a curve but only as a straight line. If we could think of time as a curve, and understand all that that implied, questions about co-existent lives would not exist. The aim of all our work is to reach the third and fourth states of consciousness, which means to think through high centers. If we could do this, then problems of the future life, absurdities like questions about time, and so on, would not arise. As things are, we can only make theories. We know more or less how to approach these problems, but we can know nothing definite. Often times, we have no experience about the past, but you will notice how literature, history and philosophy people return again and again to the idea of recurrence. They never fully forget it, but it is very difficult to fit into a three-dimensional World. It needs a five-dimensional World, and the question of remembering really refers already to six dimensions. In the fifth-dimension man returns and returns without knowing. Remembering means a certain growth in the six-dimension. Dimensions can be understood simply in this way. The fourth-dimension is the realization of one possibility of each moment; what we call time. The fifth-dimension is repetition of this. The six-dimension is the realization of different possibilities. However, it is difficult to think about this so long as we think about time as a straight line. The problem is not a real thing; it is just our weakness, nothing more. Life is the fourth-dimension, a circle, the realization of one possibility. When this comes to an end it meets its own beginning. #RandolphHarris 12 of 23

The moment of death corresponds to the moment of birth, and then life begins again, maybe with slight deviations, but they do not mean anything. It always returns to the same line. Breaking a chief tendency, starting this life in a quite different way will be the sixth-dimension. We cannot think of simultaneous moments, we have to think of one moment following another, though actually they are simultaneous on another scale. For instance, our own experience in relation to small particles such as electrons is that their eternity is our time. So why can our repetition not be in Earth’s time? Once we understand this, we can see further why the moiety organization is such a stroke of primitive genius: it sets up society as a continuing contest for the forcing of self-feeling, provides ready-made props for self-aggrandizement, a daily script that includes straight men for “joking relationships” and talented rivals with whom to content for social honour in games, feats of strength, hunting and warfare. To understand a system that relies on highly interactive elements, whether agents or artifacts, one needs to take into account the possibility of major stresses that could lead to large-scale failures. The possibility of large-scale failures is in especially important problem for the information domain for three reasons. First, information systems have typically undergone very rapid evolution. They often involve both new and technology and new institutional arrangements. Therefore, they have not existed long enough for the development of a good empirical foundation for risk assessment and management. #RandolphHarris 13 of 23

Second, information systems continually undergo major changes, so that a good empirical foundation for risk assessment and management may never become available. The final reason that the possibility of large-scale failures is important in information systems is that vital economic and military functions are highly on these systems. As we shall see, some types of failure are well understood and relatively easy to design against. Other types of failure are less well understood and more difficult to design against. The simplest type of challenge occurs when failures are strictly independent. For example, if a basement room is lit by four lightbulbs, and one burns out, the others will continue to supply light. The loss of one bulb does not make the others fail any sooner than they otherwise would have. The primary method of risk management for independent failures is to build redundancy into the system. In the case of lightbulbs, enough bulbs are used so that if one (or even two or three) burn out, there will be enough light for activities to continue until the blubs can be replaced. In a more sophisticated manner, redundancy makes possible reliable traffic flows through information networks by channeling traffic around node that fail. In addition to redundancy, a useful design feature to deal with local failures is to avoid having any one element of the system be essential to its overall performance. This is typically achieved by making the system highly decentralized, like the Internet. Indeed, one of the primary advantages of Complex Adaptive Systems over more rigidly centralized organizations is their resilience in the face of local failures. #RandolphHarris 14 of 23

Design problems become much more difficult when local failures are not independent of each other. The first problem to consider is correlated shocks. These are failures that occur when the elements of the system tend to fail at the same time for the same reason. For example, suppose there are ten radio transmitters, each of which works 99 percent of the time. If the failures were not correlated, at any given time at least one of the transmitters would almost certainly be working. However, if sunspots are the reason the radio transmission fail 1 percent of time, then all ten radio links may well fail at the same time. Typically, the design against correlated failures involves identifying the source of shock that are external to the elements and that might therefore cause failures in several elements at the same time. Sunspots are such a source of shock for the radio transmissions. Once these correlated sources or error are identified, redundancy can often be attained by building new elements of the system that are not susceptible to these particular shocks. For example, landlines are not affected by sunspots. Even when the source of external shocks cannot all be identified, a general principle is that the more diverse the elements, the less the chance that they will all be vulnerable to the same kinds of external shock. Diversity in Complex Adaptive Systems not only allows exploration of new options but also provides resiliency against common shocks. The risk monoculture, which we mentioned in discussing variation, provides a good example of the need to avoid common shocks. #RandolphHarris 15 of 23

If vast tracts of agricultural land are planted with the same strain of a crop, then an unusual environmental condition, such as a new pest, can cause devastation. While monoculture may be efficient in the short run because it exploits the very best strain of crop, it tends to be fragile. Likewise, information systems that rely on widespread use of common hardware or software components also risk fragility. They provide vast, fertile targets for viruses and other virtual pests. When it comes to healing body and limb, the ability to herd cells and to perform molecular repairs and cell surgery will open new vistas for medicine. These abilities apply on a small scale, but their effects can be large scale. In many diseases, the body as a whole suffers from misregulation of the signaling molecules that travel through its fluids. Many are rare: Cushing’s disease, Grave’s disease, Paget’s disease, Addison’s disease, Conn’s syndrome, Prader-Labhart-Willi syndrome. Others are common: Millions of older women suffer from osteoporosis, the weakening of bones that can accompany lowered estrogen levels. Diabetes kills frequently enough to rank in the top ten causes of death in the United States of America; the number of individuals known to have it doubles every fifteen years. It is the leading cause of blindness in the United States of America, with other complications including kidney damage, cataracts, and cardiovascular damage. #RandolphHarris 16 of 23

Today’s molecular medicine tries to solve these troubles by supplying missing molecules: diabetics inject additional insulin. While helpful, this does not cure the disease or eliminate all symptoms. In an era of molecular surgery, physicians could choose instead to repair the defective organ, so it can regulate its own chemicals again, and to readjust the metabolic properties of other cells in the body to match. This would be a true healing, far better than today’s partial fix. Only now are researchers making progress on another frequent problem of metabolic regulation: obesity. Once this was thought to have one simple cause (consuming excess calories) and one main result (greater roundness than favoured by today’s aesthetics), but both assumptions proved wrong. Obesity is a serious medical problem, increasing the risk of diabetes mellitus, osteoarthritis, degenerative diseases of the heart, arteries, and kidneys, and shortening life expectancy. And the supposed cause, simple overeating, has been shown to be incorrect—something dieters had always suspected, as they watched their thinner colleagues gorge and yet gain no weight. The ability to lay in store of fat was a great benefit to people once upon a time, when food supplies were irregular, nomadism and marauding bands made food storage difficult and risky, and starvation was a common cause of death. Our bodies are still adapted to that World, and regulate fat reserves accordingly. This is why dieting often has perverse effects. The body, when starved, responds by attempting to build up greater reserves of fat at its next opportunity. The main effect of exercise in weight reduction is not to burn up calories, but to signal the body to adapt itself for efficient mobility. #RandolphHarris 17 of 23

Obesity therefore seems to be a matter of chemical signals within the body, signals to store fat for famine or to become lean for motion. Nanomedicine will be able to regulate these signals in the bloodstream, and to adjust how individual cells respond to them in the body. The latter would even make possible the elusive “spot reduction program” to reshape the distribution of body fat. Here, as with many potential applications of nanotechnology, the problem may be solved by other means first. Some problems, though, will almost surely require nanomedicine. When it comes to reestablishing credibility, burning bridges behind you may be a good strategy. Armies often achieve commitment by denying themselves an opportunity to retreat. This strategy goes back at least to 1066, when William the Conqueror’s invading army burned its own ships, thus making an unconditional commitment to fight rather than retreat. Cortes followed the same strategy in his conquest of Mexico. Upon his arrival in Cempoalla, Mexico, he gave orders that led to all but one of his ships being burnt or disabled. Although his soldiers were vastly outnumbered, they had no other choice but to fight and win. Had Cortes failed, it might well seem an act of madness. Yet it was the fruit of deliberate calculation. There was no alternative in his mind but to succeed or perish. Destroying the ships gave Cortes two advantages. First, his own soldiers were united, each knowing that they would all fight until the end since desertion (or even retreat) was an impossibility. #RandolphHarris 18 of 23

 Second, and more important, is the effect this commitment had on the opposition. They knew that Cortes must either succeed or perish, while they had the option to retreat into the hinterland. They chose to retreat rather than fight such a determined opponent. For this type of commitment to have the proposed effects, it must be understood by the soldiers (yours and the enemy’s), not just by the armchair strategists. Thus it is especially interesting that “the destruction of the fleet [was] accomplished not only with the knowledge, but the approbation of the army, though at the suggestion of Cortes. This ide of burning one’s own ships demonstrates the evolution of strategic thinking over time. The Trojans seemed to get it all backward when the Greeks sailed to Troy to rescue Helen.  (Although the Trojans may have gotten it backward, the Greeks were ahead of the game. Schelling cites the Greek general Xenophon as an early example of this type of strategic thinking. Although Xenophon did not literally burn his bridges behind him, he did write about the advantages of fighting with one’s back against a gully.) The Greeks tried to conquer the city, while the Trojans had succeeded in burning the Greek fleet, they would simply have made the Greeks all the more determined opponents. In fact, the Trojans failed to burn the Greek fleet and saw the Greeks sail home in retreat. Of course the Greek left behind a gift horse, which in retrospect the Trojans were a bit too quick to accept. #RandolphHarris 19 of 23

In modern times, this strategy applies to attacks on land as well as by sea. For many years, Edwin Land’s Polaroid corporation purposefully refused to diversity out of the instant photography business. With all its chips in instant photography, it was committed to fight against any intruder in the market. On April 20, 1976, after twenty-eight years of Polaroid monopoly on the instant photography market, Eastman Kodak entered the fray: it announced a new instant film and camera. Polaroid responded aggressively, suing Kodak for patent infringement. Edwin Land, founder and chairman, was prepared to defend his turf: “This is our very soul we are involved with. This is our whole life. For them it is just another field. We will stay in our lot and protect that lot.” Mark Twain explained this philosophy in Pudd’nhead Wilson: “Behold, the fool saith, ‘Put not all thine eggs in one basket’ but the rise man saith, ‘Put all your eggs in one basket and WATCH THAT BASKET.’” The battle ended October 12, 1990. The courts awarded Polaroid a $909.4 million judgment against Kodak. (Polaroid’s stock actually fell in response to this award, as the market was expecting a judgement closer to $1.5 billion.) Kodak was forced to withdraw its instant film and camera from the market. Although Polaroid restored its dominance over the instant photography market, it lost ground to competition to competition from portable videocassette recorders and minilabs that developed and printed conventional film in one hour. Lacking bridges, Polaroid began to feel trapped on a sinking island. With change in philosophy, the company has begun to branch out into video film and even conventional film. #RandolphHarris 20 of 23

One need not literally burn bridges, nor ships that bridge oceans. One can burn bridges figuratively by taking political position that will antagonize certain voters. When Walter Mondale said in accepting the 1984 Democratic presidential nomination that he would rise taxes if elected, he was making such a commitment. Voters who believed in supply-side economics were irretrievably lost, and this made Mondale’s position more credible to those who favoured a tax increase in order to reduce the deficit. Unfortunately (for Mondale) the group of voters antagonized by this move turned out to be far too large. Finally, building rather than burning bridges can also serve as a credible source of commitment. In December 1989 reforms in Eastern Europe, building bridges meant knowing down walls. Responding to massive protests and emigration, East Germany’s Prime Minister Egon Krenz wanted to promise reform would be genuine and far-reaching? Even if Krenz was truly in favour of reform, he might fall out of power. Dismantling parts of the Berlin Wall helped the East German government make a credible commitment to reform without having detail all the specifics. By (re)opening a bridge to the West, the government forced itself to reform or risk an exodus. Since it would be possible to leave in the future, the promise of reform was both credible and worthy waiting for. Reunification was to be less than a year away. #RandolphHarris 21 of 23

As the super-symbolic economy develops, it is accompanied by population shifts and migrations. Immigration politics—fiercely controversial at any time—will be fought against background marked by atavistic nationalism and ethnicism, not merely in remote places like Armenia and Azerbaijan, or in Albania and Serbia, but in New York and Nagoya, Liverpool and Lyon. In industrial mass societies, racism typically took the form of a majority persecuting a minority. This form of social pathology is still a threat to democracy. White street toughs, skinheads, admirers of the Nazis and even Black, Asian, and Hispanic gangs are on their way to becoming domestic terrorists. However, the new system for creating wealth brings with it economic de-massification and much higher levels of social diversity. Thus, in addition, to traditional conflict between majority and minorities, democratic governments must now cope with open warfare between rival minority groups, as happened in Miami, for example, between Cuban and Haitian immigrants, and elsewhere in the United States of America between African-Americans and Hispanics. In Los Angeles, Mexican-Americans fight for jobs held by Cuban-Americans. In affluent Great Neck, on Long Island, near New York City, tensions rise between American-born Jewish people and Iranian Jewish immigrants who refuse to surrender their old life-ways. African-American rap groups sell anti-Semitic records. Koran shopkeepers and African-Americans collide in their inner cities. #RandolphHarris 22 of 23

Under the impact of the new production system, resistance to the “melting pot” is rising everywhere. Instead, racial, ethnic, and religious groups demand the right to be—and to remain—proudly different. Assimilation was the ideal of industrial society, corresponding to its need for a homogenous workforce. Diversity is the new ideal, corresponding to the heterogeneity of the new system of wealth creation. Governments may, in an atmosphere of hostility, have to accommodate certain groups who insist on preserving their cultural identity—everyone from Turks in Germany, or Koreans, Filipinos, and South Sea Islanders in Japan, to North Africans in France. At the same time, governments will also have to mediate among them. This will become progressively harder to do, because the ideal of homogeneity (in Japan, for example), or of the “melting pot” (in the United States of America) is being replaced by that of the “salad bowl”—a dish in which diverse ingredients keep their identity. Los Angeles with its Koreatown, its Vietnamese suburbs, its heavy Chicano population, its roughly seventy-five ethically oriented publications, not to mention its Jewish population, African-Americans, Japanese, Chinese, and its large Iranian population, provides an example of the new diversity. However, the salad-bowl ideal means that governments will need new legal and social tools they now lack, if they are to referee increasingly complex, potentially violent disputes. The potential for antidemocratic extremism and violence rises even as regions, nations, and supra-national forces battle for power. #RandolphHarris 23 of 23

Cresleigh Homes

We’re holding close-out sales in this community, so time is running out! 👍 Don’t miss your opportunity to join us at #CresleighRanch – #MillsStation is an incredible neighborhood to enjoy. 😍

This pic from Residence 3 beautifully showcases the open floor plans and spacious layouts – these homes are an entertainer’s dream!

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