A knowledge worth understanding is not less important than a teacher worth seeking. Subordinate involvements—side and main—express, by definition, at least a surface respect for what is agreed should be the controlling business at hand, however demanding they may be in fact. It is implied that such subordinate involvements ought to catch only the individual’s lesser and unimportant self. It is understandable, then, that when an individual wishes to give weight to these subordinate activities one will conceal and cover them with a show of their being merely distractions. It is also understandable that these involvements will be a constant threat to obligatory behavior, ever ready to absorb more of the individual’s concern that is felt proper. This is especially the case with involvements, defined and described as “minor” in everyday terms, will never be entirely prohibited in the situation, and hence a few will always be available as beginning points for defection. The idiom of subordinate involvements differs widely from one cultural group to another. Even between the English and American patterns we find a difference, as Dickens reminds us in his British response to an American custom: “As Washington may be called the headquarters of tobacco-tincture salvia, the time is come when I must confess, without any disguise, that the prevalence of those two odious practices of chewing and expectorating began about this time to be anything but agreeable, and soon became most offensive and sickening. In all the public places of America this filthy custom is recognized. #RandolphHarris 1 of 21

 In the courts of law the judge has his spittoon, the crier has his, the witness has his, and the prisoner has his; while the jurymen and spectators are provided for, are so many people who in the course of nature must desire to spit incessantly. In the hospitals the students of medicine are requested, by notices upon the wall, to eject their tobacco juice into the boxes provided for that purpose, and not to discolor the stairs. In public buildings visitors are implored, through the same agency, to squirt the essence of their quids, or “plugs,” as I have heard them called by gentlemen learned in this kind of sweetmeat, into the national spittoons, and not about the bases of the marble columns. But in some part this custom is inseparably mixed up with every meal and morning called, and with all the transactions of social life.” Dickens said in 1842, of course, what many Americans would say now, so it should be apparent that involvement idiom can change through time within the same nation. Thus, some signs, such as whittling, taking snuff, or toying with one’s key chain, are largely passing out of currency as part of the available vocabulary; others, such as spinning, have disappeared altogether in our American society; others, such as keeping an ear cocked to the radio or phonograph, have come into being within living memory; still others, such as smoking, have changed their meaning and have ceased to connote the degree of situational license they once did. #RandolphHarris 2 of 21

Different social groupings, too, will have different subordinate involvements available to them. At Central Hospital, for example, during breaks in the rehearsal for the patient stage production, a few of the middle-class female patients would “doodle” with the entire body by means of practice ballet movements; this idiom was not available to the lower-class females present. In our society, knitting is a subordinate involvement ordinarily prohibited to men, just as pipe smoking is to women. And, as in all matters of involvement allocation, age-grade differences in permissible subordinate involvements are very marked. In many America movie houses, for example, there is a daily and weekly cycle of civic order, the day, and especially Saturday and Sunday afternoons, being defined as a time when a wide range of subordinate involvement is tolerated, while the other times are defined as occasions when few subordinate involvements are allowed. In Chicago, there are, in fact, movies houses that specialize in the kind of social order maintained by children: The theater is characterized as showing old films. Only little kids can be enthralled by dated pictures. Therefore the theater is classified as for little kids. Since it is not a place to be taken seriously, it can serve as a kind of indoor recreation hall for the older children, a place where they can devote more attention to each other than to the screen. #RandolphHarris 3 of 21

Similarly, it may be permissible for a child on the street to such his thumb, or lick a sucker, or inflate chewing-gum bubbles until they burst, or draw a stick long a fence, or fully interrupt his main line of activity to take a stone from his show. However, the adult mental patients in Central Hospital who were observed conducting themselves in some of these ways were felt by staff to be acting “symptomatically.” For any specific class of social gatherings, we may expect to find regulations concerning the kinds of subordinate involvement that will be tolerated. As has been suggested, this selection seems to be based on an assessment of the amount of one’s attention and self that would be absorbed through these activities and the amount, therefore, that would be left over for the dominating involvement. For example, it is reported that, during a group therapy session conducted by and for the staff of a child residential treatment center, it was considered acceptable for a participating member of the staff to hold a cat on her lap; to give the animal more than occasional parts, however, was felt to be a sign of withdrawal from the session. As with other aspects of involvement structure, there is an ecology regarding subordinate involvement. It has been said, for example, that between the wars in London there were districts such as Bond Street where a lady did not walk while holding anything more than gloves, a leash, or a walking umbrella, and where similar restrictions applied to gentlemen. A small parcel carried under the arm was not comme il faut, for such an involvement in visible muscular activity apparently implied a threat to the kind of finished poised appearance deemed proper. #RandolphHarris 4 of 21

From this extreme, a continuum could be traced in the same city to places where people properly went about struggling under shoulder harness or heavy objects such as boxes or large tools. In those peasant societies where persons are used to working all through the waking hours, instead of during a special time of day as in our society, a very great amount of side involvement seems to be tolerated and even enjoined, at least from the point of view of our own involvement idiom. For example, we are told of South American Indians: It is held to be typical of Indian women to be occupied with spinning while walking along the road, while selling in the market, and while gossiping with each other, and men are similarly seen engaging in some braiding or cording work, or even spinning, as they walk. Prohibitionary rules about subordinate involvements, unlike many other kinds of involvement regulation, are frequently made quite explicit. The settings of many gatherings present posted rules, for example, about not smoking or not chewing gum. In disciplinary settings such as jails, these rules can extend to the prohibition of talk during meals. In some convents these rules may even govern the “conduct of the eyes” during meditation and prayers, so that the act of merely looking around the room may constitute an unacceptable subordinate involvement. Nuns are apparently trained to maintain greater withdrawal from the situation at large than laity, this being an important part of their socialization into their calling and a brake upon quick adaptation to the secular World should they leave the sisterhood. #RandolphHarris 5 of 21

There are interesting historical changes in regard to permissible and impermissible subordinate involvements in particular situations. In many university classrooms in the last two decades, for example, knitting and smoking have become permissible, signifying, perhaps, a downgrading of the dignity of the occasion and an upgrading of the status of the students relative to the faculty. A somewhat similar change in idiom and involvement rulings can be found among American adolescents. This group seems to have greater license in regard to informal conduct in public places than it has a generation ago. At the same time, the vogue of the portable transistor radio has guaranteed a source of absorbing subordinate involvement that can be carried into a multitude of different situations. Given the fact that a subordinate involvement provides a diversion of self from a dominant involvement, even if this diversion is felt to be a minor kind, we may expect that when a dominant involvement seems to threaten the security of an individual and one’s self-control within the situation, one may initiate or affect a subordinate involvement in order to show that one is in command of one’s circumstances. Tactful persons who are sources of threat may initiate this defense for one: their offering one a cup of coffee, is an example. The easiness expressed by drinking coffee can be balanced by the tremor an individual may display in obtaining a cup adding cream and drinking the coffee. Thinking ahead, one may not know whether drinking coffee or not drinking coffee is the safer course. #RandolphHarris 6 of 21

At a dinner party in New York, one of the guests, a woman who had inherited money, was eager to make a pleasing impression on everyone. She had squandered a modest fortune on sables, diamonds and pearls. However, she had not done anything whatever about her face. It radiated sourness and selfishness. She did not realize what everyone knows: namely, that the expression one wears on one’s face is far more important than the clothes one wears on one’s back. Paris Hilton’s smile is worth a million dollars. For Hilton’s personality, her charm, her ability to make people like her, are almost wholly responsible for her extraordinary success; and one of the most delightful factors in her personality is her captivating smile. Actions speak louder than words, and a smile says, “I like you. You make me happy. I am glad to see you.” That is why babies are so popular. They are so glad to see us that they cannot hold back their joy. So, naturally, we are gad to see them. Have you ever been in a doctor’s waiting room and looked around at all the glum faces waiting impatiently to be seen? Well, on a typical winter day, the waiting room was full of patients waiting to have their checkups. No one was talking to anyone else, and all were probably thinking of a dozen other things they would rather be doing than “wasting time” sitting in that office. He told me of our classes: “There were six or seven patients waiting when a young woman walked in with a nine-month-old baby. #RandolphHarris 7 of 21

“As luck would have it, she sat down next to a gentleman who was more than a little distraught about the long wait for service. Then next thing he knew, the baby just looked up at him with a great big smile that is so characteristic of babies. What did that gentleman do? Just what you and I would do, of course; he smiled back at the baby. Soon he struck up a conversation with the woman about her baby and his grandchildren, and soon the entire reception room joined in, and the boredom and tension were converted into a pleasant and enjoyable experience.” An insincere grin? No. That does not fool anybody. We know it is mechanical and we resent it. I am talking about a real smile, a heartwarming smile, a smile that comes from within, the kind of smile that will bring a good prince in the marketplace. People who smile tend to manage, teach, and sell more effectively, and to raise happier children. There is far more information in a smile than a frown. That is why encouragement is a much more effective teaching device than punishment. The effect of a smile is powerful—even when it is unseen. Telephone companies throughout the United States of America have a program called “phone power” which is offered to employees who use the telephone for selling their services or products. In this program they suggest that you smile when talking on the phone. Your “smile” comes through your voice. While many companies think that sarcasm and rudeness are great ways to run a business, other have different ideas. #RandolphHarris 8 of 21

When an executive from a computer science firm was looking for a new career, he was asked by the hiring manager why he chose their company over others, seeing how highly qualified he was. He said, “It was because managers in the other companies spoke on the phone in a cold, businesslike manner, which made me feel like just another business transaction. Your voice sounded as if you were glad to hear from me…that you really wanted me to be part of your organization.” People rarely succeed at anything unless they are having fun doing it. There are people who succeed at work because they love what they do. Whereas others, who do not enjoy what they are doing, lose motivation, they grow dull and unimaginative, and they fail. You must have a good time meeting people if you expect them to have a good time meeting you. If your goal is to set out to annoy or try to control someone, likely you will succeed in turning them off and you will make them want to avoid you because being in your presence will likely make them feel unwell. However, even if people are truly seeking help and come to you with complaints or grievances, be sure to treat them in a cheerful manner. Smile as you listen to them and adjustments will be accomplished much easier. Smiles bring in the dollars, many dollars every day. For instance, if a supermarket loses a customer because their employees are odd, consider this. The average single adult male spends between $250 to $500 a month on food. So, if he stops shopping at your store, you lose about the same amount. If he talks to his friends, who have all had unpleasant experiences, your store could lose thousands of dollars every month. #RandolphHarris 9 of 21

Sometimes it is important for us to eliminate criticism from our system. Be sure to give appreciation and praise now instead of condemnation. Stop talking about what you want. Take the time to see the other person’s viewpoint. And these things will literally revolutionize your life. You will be a totally different person, a happier person, a richer person, richer in friendships and happiness—the only things that matter much after all. You do no feel like smiling? Them what? Two things. First, force yourself to smile. Act as if you were already happy, and that will tend to make you happy. Actions seems to follow feeling, but really action and feeling go together; and by regulating the action, which is under the more direct control of the will, we can indirectly regulate the feeling, which is not. Thus the sovereign voluntary path to cheerfulness, if your cheerfulness be lost, is to sit up cheerfully and to act and speak as if cheerfulness were already there. Everybody in the World is seeking happiness—and there is one sure way to find it. That is by controlling your thoughts. Happiness does not depend on outward conditions. It depends on inner conditions. It is not what you have or who you are or where you are or what you are doing that makes you happy or unhappy. It is what you think about it. For example, two people may be in the same place, doing the same thing; both may have about an equal amount of money and prestige—and yet one may be miserable and the other happy. Why? Because of a different mental attitude. #RandolphHarris 10 of 21

I have seen many happy faces among the less affluent toiling with their primitive tools in the devastating heat of Sacramento as I have seen in air-conditioned offices in New York, London, Tokyo, Beijing and Shanghai. Most people are as happy as they make up their minds to be. Working all by oneself in a closed-off room in an office not only is lonely, but it denies one the opportunity of making friends with other employees in the company. Some people envy the shared comradeship of other people at their jobs because they hear their chatter and laughter, and they shyly look away when they pass the in-crowd. However, if you want people to come to you, you have to show an interest in them.  Smile and say, “Hello,” and ask them, “How are you doing?” and you will be surprised. Smiles and hellos will be returned, the hallway will seem brighter, the job friendlier. Acquaintanceships develop and some ripen into friendships. (But I also recommend to remember, these are people you work with and they are not your family. You may want to keep your personal business to yourself, they could be trying to pry and make you look unstable so they could get you fired.) People also need to remember boundaries. You will find others do not see you the same way you think they may. Especially with “group-think,” or “pack mentality,” others may not mentally be in the same space as you and your group and so they may find you intrusive behavior and oversharing a bit offsetting. And people strongly dislike it when you cyberstalk them and think you know them. It is a big way to scare a person and turn them off. #RandolphHarris 11 of 21

Keep your mind on the great splendid things you would like to do, and then, as the days go flying away, you will find yourself unconsciously seizing upon the opportunities that are required for the fulfillment of your desire, just as fish swing with the tide. Picture in your mind the able, earnest, useful person you desire to be, and the thought you hold is hourly transforming you into that particular individual…Thought is supreme. Preserve a right mental attitude—the attitude of courage, frankness, and good cheer. To think righteously is to create. All things come through desire and every sincere prayer is answered. We become like that on which our hearts are fixed. Your smile is like the sun breaking through the clouds. The flesh of a smile can be a memory that lasts forever. We can see examples of barriers to interaction that have been erected all through our social World. These include city walls, national borders, prisons, monasteries, private clubs, computers that are deliberately isolated from outside networks, and middle schools that isolate those facing the onset of adolescence from others who are either younger or older. The essential effect of a barrier to movement is to make some agents more proximate—more likely to interact with each other—and other less. Direct changes in physical space are the most obvious ways to accomplish this: walks and moats. #RandolphHarris 12 of 21

However, one can also alter technology moving through physical space. Not maintaining a road between two villages reduces the traffic between them. “Grounding” teenagers by taking away their mobile phones and Internet access increases their interactions within the household and decreases their interactions beyond it. All these devices have opposites, of course. For walls, moats, bad road maintenance, and grounding we can substitute doors, bridges, good maintenance, and car privileges. Time can also be altered by controlling the technology for moving through it. Writing is a way of interacting with the future (as well as across space). Destroying written records is a way of depriving heretics of interactions with future agents. Reading is technology of interacting with the past as well as with distant places. Preventing agents from learning to read can alter activation of agents by blocking interactions over time. Many earlier information technology “advances” can be understood as reducing barriers to interactions across space and/or time. The technology of writing had this effect. In turn, it was greatly advanced by printing with moveable type. This dramatically reduced the costs of the pattern of interaction in which the idea of one source are communicated to many recipients across time periods and distances that were previously prohibitive. Other “broadcast” media, such as radio and television, have this one-to-many property as well. These technologies made major contributions to the formation of the large nation-states that dominated nineteenth- and twentieth-century World politics. Especially when controlled by central authorities, they had enormous power to make diverse and dispersed populations more homogeneous in their knowledge, loyalties, and even language. #RandolphHarris 13 of 21

A major limitation of imposing and removing barriers and of other simple manipulations or proximity and activation is their imprecise selectivity. Crude physical boundaries rarely cluster together all the agents who would benefit and only those agents. Technological interventions that remove barriers often increase both wanted and unwanted interactions—as the World Wide Web brings us close both to groups we admire and to groups we despise. Two further classes of mechanism for modifying interactions patterns are extensions of the basic barrier approach that achieve greater selectivity. They involve barriers that are conceptual rather than physical and barriers that are “semi-permeable.” Watching a new civilization encroach on an old one inescapably calls for comparisons between the two. Those who have benefited from the past, or who have come to terms with it, form a nostalgia brigade, praising or romanticizing yesterday and contrasting it with the as-yet-ill-formed, incomplete tomorrow. Suffer from the death of the familiar, future-shocked by the pace of change, millions in the West are watching the remnants of their industrial economies decay. Worried about jobs and watching Asia rise, they—especially the young—are bombarded by dystopian images of the future in films, TV series, games and online messages. Media-manufactured stars are presented as role models in the form of models, musicians, and athletes. They hear religious assurances that the end is nigh. And they are showered by apocalyptic messages from a vast, once-progressive environmental movement whose dominant slogan has become “Live your best life.” #RandolphHarris 14 of 21

Yet the period ahead is about to explode with surprises of all kinds that will escape the either-or dichotomy of good versus bad. And the biggest surprise of all may be that the revolutionary wealth system and civilization described here will, despite everything, open enormous opportunities for billions of us to live better, healthier, longer and more socially useful lives. We have emphasized that emerging wealth system cannot be understood within the framework of conventional economics, and that, to even glimpse its future, we need to look at the deep fundamentals that lie behind all wealth creation from the ancient past to today—and tomorrow. As we have seen, these include types of work, division of labor, exchange systems, energy supplies, a particular family structure and a characteristic physical environment. However, the deep fundamentals most unexamined, yet among the most relevant to our future, are time, space, and knowledge—each of which could easily justify a library of its own. It is clear that the everyday sound-bite economics that is the subject of so much chatter in Econo-Land focuses on only a tiny fraction of economic reality. Indeed, given the constraints of a single report, even our attempt to expand the common view of what is involved in wealth creation provides a far-from-complete picture. We have shown why millions today feel excruciatingly time-squeezed both at work and at home—how we are irregularizing our daily schedules and how companies steal our time and impose on us an unpaid “third job.” #RandolphHarris 15 of 21

We have seen how we are changing the rates at which items are put up for sale and then withdrawn. And we have show how, by synchronizing some of our activities, we necessarily de-synchronize others at unknown cost. We are revolutionizing the time component of wealth. That revolution is paralleled by dramtic shifts in the spatial location of wealth and of the enterprises and technologies that produce it. And we have seen why, even if all of today’s anti-globalists packed their knapsacks and went home, we could expect economic integration to slow while other dimensions of global integration speed up—another case of de-synchronization as changes in time and space interact. Only when all these changes are viewed against the backdrop of revolution in the knowledge system, however, can we glimpse the full transformatory power of what is happening today. These developments do not affect just the economy, and business cannot just install a “knowledge-management system” and move on. Today’s changes affect how we all make decisions, right down to the very truth and/or lies on which we base them. We are living through a period when our long-standing criteria for separating truth from falsehood are themselves under fire. And the branch of knowledge most necessary for economic advance—science—is under widespread attack. Science, as suggested earlier, is in more trouble than most suspect. It is in a crisis that goes far beyond immediate issues like the decline in financing for basic research. Science survives by the grace of its host culture. And that culture is turning hostile, as seen in the growing attack on evolution by creationists (a battle once though tot have ended with the Scopes trial in 1925) and the so-called intelligent-design movement. #RandolphHarris 16 of 21

Science now faces a blinding dust storm of subjectivism—fed by fading postmodernism and flourishing New Age “spiritualism.” Its influence is also undercut by cases of corruption linking scientists t pharmaceutical firms and other industries, by repeated media portrayals of science as evil, by fear of oncoming biological breakthroughs that threaten traditional definitions of humanity. More important, science method itself is under attach by “truth managers” who prefer decisions based on other criteria, from mystical revelation to political or religious authority. The ongoing battle over truth is part of the transformation in our relationship to the deep fundamental of knowledge. Our bodies are filled with intricate, active molecular structures. When those structures are damaged, health suffers. Modern medicine can affect the workings of the body in many ways, but from a molecular viewpoint it remains crude indeed. Molecular manufacturing can construct a range of medical instruments and devices with far greater abilities. The body is an enormously complex World of molecules. With nanotechnology to help, we can learn to repair it. To understand what nanotechnology can do for medicine, we need a picture of the body from a molecular perspective. The human body can be seen as a workyard, construction site, and battleground for molecular machines. It works remarkably well, using systems so complex that medical science still does not understand many of them. Failures, though, are too common. #RandolphHarris 17 of 21

In the bustling city of Atlanta, Georgia, the single largest enterprise employs some 37,000 workers. This mainstay of the economy has a payroll of over $1.5 billion a year. Its key facilities occupy 2.2 million square feet of space. This massive service enterprise is not, however, a company or corporation. It is the Atlanta airport. It is a giant mosaic consisting of scores of separate organizations—everything from airlines, caterer, cargo handlers, and car rental firms to government agencies like the Federal Aviation Administration, the Post Office, and the Consumer Service. Employees belong to many different unions, from the Air Line Pilots Association to the Machinists and Teamsters. That the Atlanta airport creates wealth is not doubted by hotelkeepers, restaurants, real estate interests, auto dealers, and others in the city, not to mention the 56,000 other employees in Atlanta whose jobs are indirectly generated by the airport operations. Little of this wealth results from the effort of any individual firm or agency. The wealth flowing from this meta-mosaic is precisely a function of relationships—the interdependence and coordination of all of them. Like advanced computerized data bases, the Atlanta airport is “relational.” Though relationships have always been important in the creation of wealth—being implied in the very concept of the division of labor—they become far more important as the number and diversity of “players” in the mosaic system increase. As this number rises arithmetically, relationships increase combinatorially. #RandolphHarris 18 of 21

Moreover, these relationships can no longer be based on simple command, in which one participant imposes behavior on the others. Because of interdependence, the players increasingly rely on consensus, explicit or otherwise, which takes account of the interests of many. As knowledge itself is organized relationally or in hyper-media form—meaning that it can be constantly reconfigured—organization, too, must become hyper-flexible. This is why an economy of small, interacting firms forming themselves into temporary mosaics is more adaptive and ultimately more productive than one built around a few rigid monoliths. The common feature to all threats and promises is the: the response rule commits you to actions that you would not take in its absence. If the rule merely says you will do what is best at the time, this is as if there is no rule. There is no change in others’ expectations about your future actions and hence no influence of the rule. Still, there is an informational role for stating what will happen without a rule; these statements are called warnings and assurances. When it is in your interest to carry out a “threat,” we call this a warning. For example, if the president warns he will veto a bill not to his liking, this is simply an indication of his intensions. It would be a threat if he were willing to sign the bill, but strategically committed to veto it in order to induce Congress to offer something even better. #RandolphHarris 19 of 21

A warning is used to inform others of the effect of their actions. A parent who warns a child that a stove-top is hot, makes a statement of fact, not strategy. When it is in your interest to carry out a “promise,” we call this an assurance. A child who ignores the warning that the stove-top is hot and gets burned assures the parent that he will not do this again. We emphasize this distinction for a reason. Threats and promises are truly strategic moves, whereas warnings and assurances play more of an informational role. Warnings or assurances do not change your response rule in order to influence another party. Instead, you are simply informing them of how you will want to respond based on their actions. In stark contrast, the sole purpose of a threat is to change your response rule away from what will be best when the time comes. This is done not to inform but to manipulate. Because threats and promises indicate that you will act against your own interest, there is an issue of credibility. After others have moved, you have an incentive to break your threat or promise. A commitment is needed to ensure credibility. An unconditional move is a response rule in which you move first and your action is fixed. Threats and promises arise when you move second. They are conditional moves because the response dictated by the rule depends on what the other wise does. #RandolphHarris 20 of 21

A strategic move is always a preemptive action. The response rule must be in place before the other side moves. That means that whatever strategic move is made, the game should be analyzed as one with sequential moves. When you are intransigent, others respond to your unconditional action. With threats and promises, you first lay down a response rule, then others move and you respond according to your response rule. As a result, commitment to an action or response rule transforms an otherwise simultaneous-move game into a sequential-move game. Although the payoffs remain unchanged, a game played with simultaneous moves in one case and sequential moves in another can have dramatically different outcomes. The different outcomes are due to the different rules of play. All human beings differ in some respects and in mind as well as in body. Each is unique. Each needs to find one’s own individual path. For in each aspirant there exists a certain direction, tendency, capacity, attribute, or gift alone which line the possibility of his spiritual development can open up more quickly, freely, and easily than along any other. It is on this line that one should concentrate more effort and so take advantage of what Nature has given one. However, to detect and recognize what is one’s best potentiality requires exploration and search, not only by one’s ordinary faculties but also and especially by one’s more sensitive and intuitive ones. It will not be found all at once but only after much groping around and feeling one’s way. Time is needed because this hidden possibility does not exist at the surface level. #RandolphHarris 21 of 21

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