
The heart that leaps at the thought that life has some higher meaning, some better worth has learned the art of living. There is only one way under high Heaven to get anybody to do anything. Did you ever stop to think of that? Yes, just one way. And that is by making the other person want to do it. Remember, there is no other way. Of course, you can make someone want to give his or her Rolex watch by sticking a revolver in his or her ribs. You can make your employees give you cooperation—until your back is turned—by threatening to fire them. You can make a child do what you want it to do by a whip or a threat. However, these crude methods have sharply undesirable repercussions. The only way I can get you to do anything is by giving you what you want. What do you want? Dr. Sigmund Freud said that everything you and I do springs from two motives: pleasures of the flesh and the desire to be great. John Dewey, one of America’s most profound philosophers, phrased it a bit differently. Dr. Dewey said that the deepest urge in human nature is “the desire to be important.” Remember that phrase: “the desire to be important.” It is significant. You are going to hear a lot about it in these reports. What do you want? Not many things, but the few things that you do wish, you crave with an insistence that will be denied. Some of the things most people want include: Health and the preservation of life, food, sleep, money and the things money will buy, life in the hereafter, gratification involving pleasures of the flesh, the well-being of our children, a feeling of importance. #RandolphHarris 1 of 21

Almost all these wants are usually gratified—all except one. However, there is one longing—almost as deep, almost as imperious, as the desire for food or sleep—which is seldom gratified. It is what Dr. Freud calls “the desire to be great.” It is what Dr. Dewey calls the “desire to be important.” President Lincoln once began a letter saying: “Everybody likes a compliment.” William James said: “The deepest principle in human nature is the craving to be appreciated.” He did not speak, mind you, of the “wish” or the “desire” or the “longing” to be appreciated. He said the “caring” to be appreciated. Here is a gnawing and unflattering human hunger, and the rare individual who honestly satisfies this heart hunger will hold people in the palm of his or her hand and “even the undertaker will be sorry when he dies.” The desire for a feeling of importance is one of the chief distinguishing differences between mankind and the animals. To illustrate: When I was a farm boy out in San Jose, my father bred fine Duroc-Jersey hogs and pedigreed white-face cattle. We used to exhibit our hogs and white-face cattle at the country fairs and livestock shows throughout the Middle West. We won first prizes by the score. My father pinned his blue ribbons on a sheet of white muslin, and when friends or visitors came to the house, he would get out the long sheet of muslin. He would hold one end and I would hold the other while he exhibited the blue ribbons. The hogs did not care about the ribbons they had won. However, Father did. These prices gave him a feeling of importance. #RandolphHarris 2 of 21

If our ancestors had not had this flaming urge for a feeling of importance, civilization would have been impossible. Without it, we should have been just about like animals. It was this desire for a feeling of importance that led some law books he found in the bottom of a barrel of household plunder that he had bought for fifty cents. You have probably heard of this grocery clerk. His name was Lincoln. It was this desire for a feeling of importance that inspired Dickens to write his immortal novels. This desire inspired Sir Christopher Wren to design his symphonies in stone. This desire made Rockefeller amass millions that he never spent! And this same desire made the richest family in your town build a house for too large for its requirements. This desire makes you want to wear the latest styles, drive the latest cars, and talk about your brilliant children. It is this desire that lures many boys and girls into joining gangs and engaging in criminal activities. The average young criminal, according to E. P. Mulrooney, onetime police commissioner of New York, is filled with ego, and his first request after arrest is for those lurid newspapers that make him out a hero. The disagreeable prospect of serving time seems remote so long as he can gloat over his likeness sharing space with pictures of sports figures, movie and TV stars and politicians. If you tell me how you get your feeling of importance, I will tell you what you are. That determines your character. That is the most significant thing about you. For example, John. D. Rockefeller got his feeling of importance by giving money to erect a modern hospital in Peking, China, to care for millions of poor people whom he had never seen and never would see. #RandolphHarris 3 of 21

Dillinger, on the other hand, got his feeling of importance by being a bandit, a bank robber and killer. When the FBI agents were hunting him, he dashed into a farmhouse up in Minnesota and said, “I’m Dillinger!” He was proud of the fact that he was Public Enemy Number One. “I’m not going to hurt you, but I’m Dillinger!” he said. Yes, the one significant difference between Dillinger and Rockefeller is how they got their feelings of importance. History sparkles with amusing examples of famous people struggling for a feeling of importance. Even George Washington wanted to be called “His Mightiness, the President of the United States of America”; and Columbus pleaded for the title “Admiral of the Ocean and Viceroy of India.” Catherine the Great refused to open letters that were not addressed to “Her Imperial Majesty”; and Mrs. Lincoln, in the White House, turned upon Mrs. Grant like a tigress and shouted, “How dare you be seated in my presence until I invite you!” Our millionaires helped finance Admiral Byrd’s expedition to the Antarctic in 1928 with the understanding that ranges of icy mountains would be named after them, and Victor Hugo aspired to have nothing less than the city of Paris renamed in his honor. Even Shakespeare, mightiest of the mighty, tried to add luster to his name by procuring a coat of arms for his family. People sometimes became invalids in order to win sympathy and attention, and get a feeling of importance. For example, take Mrs. McKinley. She got a feeling of importance by forcing her husband, the President of the United States of America, to neglect important affairs of state while he reclined on the bed beside her for hours, at a time, his arm about her, soothing her to sleep. #RandolphHarris 4 of 21

She fed her gnawing desire for attention by insisting that he remain with her while she was having her teeth fixed, and once created a stormy scene when he had to leave her alone with the dentists while he kept an appointment with John Hay, his secretary of states. The writer Mary Roberts Rinehart once told me of a bright, vigorous young woman who became an invalid in order to get a feeling of importance. “One day,” said Mrs. Rinehart, “this woman had been obliged to face something, her age perhaps. The lonely years were stretching ahead and there was little left for her to anticipate. She took to her bed; and for ten years her old mother traveled to the third floor and back, carrying trays, nursing her. Then one day the old mother, weary with service, lay down and died. For some weeks, the invalid languished; then she got up, put on her clothing, and resumed living again. Some authorities declare that people may actually go insane in order to find, in the dreamland of importance that has been denied them in the harsh World of reality. There are more patients suffering from mental diseases in the United States of American than from all other diseases combined. What is the cause of insanity? Nobody can answer such a sweeping question, but we know that certain diseases, such as syphilis, break down and destroy the brain cells and result in insanity. In fact, about one-half of all mental diseases can be attributed to such physical causes as brain lesions, alcohol, toxins and injuries. However, the other half—and this is the appalling part of the story—the other half of the people who go insane apparently have nothing organically wrong with their brain cells. #RandolphHarris 5 of 21

In post-mortem examinations, when their brain tissues are studied under the highest-powered microscopes, these tissues are found to be apparently just as healthy as yours and mine. Why do these people go insane? The head physician of one of our most important psychiatric hospitals, who received the highest honors and the most coveted awards for his knowledge of the subject, told me frankly that the did not know why people went insane. Nobody knew for sure. However, he did say that many people who go insane find insanity a feeling of importance that they were unable to achieve in the World of reality. As already suggested, when individuals come into one another’s immediate presence in circumstances where no spoken communication is called for, they none the less inevitably engage one another in communication of a sort, for in all situations, significance is ascribed to certain matters that are not necessarily connected with particular verbal communications. These comprise bodily appearance and personal acts: dress, bearing, movement and position, sound level, physical gestures such as waving or saluting, facial decorations, and broad emotional expression. In every society these communication possibilities are institutionalized. While many such usable events may be neglected, at least some are likely to be regularized and accorded a common meaning. Half-aware that a certain aspect of one’s activity is available for all present to perceive, the individual tends to modify this activity, employing it with its public character in mind. Sometimes, in fact, he may employ these signs solely because they can be witnessed. #RandolphHarris 6 of 21

And even if those in his presence are not quite conscious of the communication they are receiving, they will none the less sense something sharply amiss should the uncustomary be conveyed. There is, then, a body symbolism, an idiom of individual appearances and gestures that tends to call forth in the actor what it calls forth in the others, the others drawn from those, and only those, who are immediately present. Now these embodied expressive signs can function to qualify others and thus play a role in focused interaction of, say, a conversational gathering. However, it is the special character of many of these events, when seen as communications, that they cannot be easily focused or shielded, tending, in the extreme, to be accessible to everyone in the situation at large. Further, while these signs seem ill suited for extended discursive messages, in contrast to speech, they do seem well designed to convey information about the actor’s social attributes and about one’s conceptions of oneself, of the other present, and of the setting. These signs, then, form the basis of unfocused interaction, even though they can also play a role in the focused kind. In this realm of unfocused interaction, no one participant can be officially “given the floor”; there is no official center of attention. #RandolphHarris 7 of 21

Although the individual may exert special care over this kind of conduct in order to make a good impression on a particular person in the setting—as when a girl wears a perfume she knows her boyfriend likes—such a performance tends to be presented as if it were primarily for the benefit of everyone in the vicinity. Body idiom, then, is a conventionalized discourse. Those who really like you and do not resent your success or happiness will understand if your technique is explained to them. If things are not going the way you would like and you change your speech pattern and your few so-called “friends” say they “liked you better the way you were,” you may assume that means they liked to see you held down and getting nowhere fast! This applies to all changes self-development may bring about in your appearance and personality that will gain your new powers of enchantment. Aggressive men tend to want to be fought, not express love. So if you are not into intimate partner violence, it is best to avoid those types. That old-time fundamentalist coined the term, “demon rum” because liquor does not bring out the spirits in us, but more often than not, the demon. The demonic, however, is not always bad. Music is considered to be a gift from Satan. The demonic element of any musician will be exercised in one’s musical instrument. Small wonder professional musicians are already “in love” and present an attractive challenge. When one has no other love, one will employ a representation of one’s Demonic layer in the form of they musical instrument one will love. #RandolphHarris 8 of 21

Many women, and especially those who are inclined to be predators, are decidedly masculine in their drives. The biggest threat to any man is that which attacks his ego in a feminine form. The most aggressive male will be a willing “slave,” so long as his ultimate male ego is allowed to remain intact. Once a man has been charmed by a woman, he should be unable to resist whatever he wishes might be. The more a man is secure in his manhood, the less aggressive he is when it comes to pleasures of the flesh. This is a rule all women must learn. The person who torments others at the drop of a hat is the masochist, because he secretly wishes to be beaten for his rude and offensive behavior and does what he can to engender such retribution. Such is the overly-aggressive male, who paws every woman he comes near. This type of man seldom gets his come-uppance at the hands of a real woman, because women instinctively think of him as a dominant and aggressive type, when actually, he is crying out to be mastered. All that needs to be done is to act as brash and insulting as possible and he will fall helplessly in love with you. However, because he may react violently, I would recommend just leaving him alone. If a man’s Demonic is careered to in another form, leaving him with a care like himself, he may not need you at all, but at least you know you will not be competing with a BMW! There tends to be agreement not only about the meaning of behaviors that are seen but also about the behaviors that ought to be show. #RandolphHarris 9 of 21

Although an individual can stop talking, he cannot stop communicating through body idiom; he must say either the right thing or the wrong thing. He cannot say nothing. Paradoxically, the way in which he can give the least amount of information about oneself—although this is still appreciable—is to fit in and act as persons of his kind are expected to act. (The fact that information about self can be held back in this way is one motive for maintaining the proprieties.) Finally, it should be noted that while no one in a society is likely to be in a position to employ the whole expressive idiom, or even a major part of it, nevertheless everyone will possess some knowledge of the same vocabulary of body symbols. Indeed, the understanding of a common body idiom is one reason for calling an aggregate of individuals a society. This brings us to a final set of observations about the creation and destruction of variety. Typically, real populations have finite numbers of discrete agents. This means that the destruction of agents or strategies can result in the complete loss of all instances of some type. In many conventional theories for analyzing populations this is not so. Those theories are often based on assumptions of continuous variables. Some complexity researchers have taken to calling this the nano-fox property, after conventional predator-prey models that have continuous numbers of animals in them, growing and shrinking by proportionality constants. In such conventional models a tiny fraction of each animal type is always around, so that no matter how severe the starvation, the predator population will rebound as soon as prey return. There is no complete extinction in such models. A nano-fox is always lurking in the shadows. #RandolphHarris 10 of 21

However, in real populations the difference between having a few animals and zero animals is usually not just a little extra waiting time. Recreating a lost type is very unlikely, and occupation of the vacant ecological niche by another species is far more to be expected. Because Complex Adaptive Systems researchers are especially interested in variety, they often use modeling tools that allow genuine extinction. This is much more than a minor difference about the technical tools of systems modeling. The tools embody widespread habits of thinking about variation. A habit of ignoring the sharp effect of an extinction is inconsistent with many important social and policy settings. The legal system distinguishes death from the most severe and permanent incapacitation. Bankruptcy has quite different effects on a firm’s history than mere extreme debt. These “zero points” in social situations correspond to shape changes in the later dynamics. Compare what can happen before of after the last speaker of a language dies or the last copy of an ancient manuscript is lost. Our way of thinking about variety has to capture these compelling aspects of social life. A related notion in continuous modeling traditions is that all possible types already exist in tiny quantities. This is akin to Plato’s notion of discovery as a form of remembering truths already dimly known. Again, the Complex Adaptive Systems view is based on a discrete view of events and entities. It therefore suggests that a new idea may not simply be waiting in the wings for the circumstances that will bring it rapidly to prominence. It matters enormously whether the number of people who have thought of it is one or zero. #RandolphHarris 11 of 21

We see this when we observe, once a theorem is known to be true, how readily theorists obtain the second and subsequent—shorter and more elegant—proofs. The distinction has relevance for policy strategies such as “counting on the market to find a solution,” which can be expected to work far more rapidly and reliably in domains where several approaches have been partially worked out, as opposed to domains in which a feasible approach is yet to be conceived. The underlying source of this sharp effect of zero is that copying mechanisms work quite differently from mechanisms that recombine types in context. Consider human imitation. A copying process can rapidly spread an existing type, such as double-entry bookkeeping or the Grameen banking system for microcredit. However, simple imitation—even with random error—will only very rarely invent new innovations are the result of processes like crossover for constraint relaxation. A type may spread rapidly by copying once an instance of it exists, but the time required for mechanisms to create an instance of a particular type can be very long. While reproduction can be quick, creation may require a long wait. This argument about the special value of rare types has become very visible in recent years through debates about preserving plant species for future medicinal incubation of small businesses and preservation of skills that are vanishing in the Information Revolution. #RandolphHarris 12 of 21

Variety plays a crucial role in Complex Adaptive Systems. Our focus has been on mechanisms that create and destroy variety in populations of agents. These are fundamental to the way populations of agents change their composition over time. They include simple copying, copying with the introduction of errors, and recombining mechanisms that create new types by systematically reusing or modifying old ones. The notion of type makes it easier to discuss the categories of which agents are instances and the way that the mechanisms alter a population’s variety. We have shown that there is a fundamental trade-off between exploitation and exploration, between creating agents or strategies similar to types that have already been successful and creating agents or strategies that are likely to be substantially novel. We examined four factors that may reduce the relative cost of exploration: long time horizons, fast and reliable feedback, low risk of catastrophe from exploration, and danger in the status quo. Finally, extinction of types is especially significant in Complex Adaptive Systems. Shortly after its creation, a good new type of agent or strategy may be a rarity. Chance events when frequencies are low can have large effects, as valuable rare types (new or old) can be lost, or amplified into a more secure and effective role in population. We have examined the way that new types can arise among agents or strategies. We are now ready to consider patterns of agent interaction and how they influence the development of agent populations. Who interacts with whom in a complex system, and what difference does that pattern of interactions make? #RandolphHarris 13 of 21

In the 1980s, at the very height of the merger mania, businesses “discovered” the profit center. With an enthusiastic rush, companies began to break themselves into a larger number of units, each of which was told to operate as though it were an independent small business. By doing so, the largest corporations began shifting from monolithic internal structures to mosaics made of scores, often hundreds of independently accounted units. While few managers realized it, this restructure was propelled by changes in the knowledge system. The idea of setting up separate profit centers inside the same firm was hardly new. However, it was resisted in the pre-computer age because it implied a significant loss of control by top management. Even after the mainframe computer arrived on the scene, it was difficult for companies to monitor the operations of large numbers of separately accounted “centers.” It was not until personal computers began showing up in businesses en masse that the profit-center idea began to win serious attention in executive boardrooms. However, more precondition was needed. The micros had to be networked to mainframes. Once this began to happen in the 1980s, the profit-center concept caught fire. At first, stand-alone microcomputers shifted power downward. Armed with these new tools, junior executives and even rank-and-file employees tasted an unaccounted degree of power and autonomy. However, once the micros were connected to central mainframes, they also allowed top management to keep tabs on key parameters in a multiplicity of small units. It became practical to grant these units considerable freedom while still holding them financially accountable. #RandolphHarris 14 of 21

The information revolution thus began to widen the gulf between finance and operations, making it possible for financial concentration to go hand in hand with a considerable de-concentration of operational power. At present, most profit centers are still only mirror images of the parent firm, baby bureaucracies hived off from the mother bureaucracy. As we advance toward the flex-firm, however, these will begin to diversify organizationally, and form themselves into mosaics of a new kind. At S. Appolinare Nuovo in Ravennea a procession of saints is pictured on a mosaic wall. Imagine, however, a kind of kinetic mosaic, a moving mosaic composed not on a flat solid wall, but on many shifting see-through panels, one behind the other, overlapping, interconnected, the colors and shapes continually blending, contrasting, and changing. Paralleling the new ways that knowledge is organized in data bases, this begins to suggest the future form of the enterprise and of the economy itself. Instead of a power-concentrating hierarchy, dominated by a few central organizations, we move toward a multidimensional mosaic form of power. The basic properties of clarity, niceness, provocability, and forgiveness seem likely to be true of any good rule of behavior for extricating oneself from a prisoners’ dilemma. However, for tit-for-tat is too quick to punish someone who has a history of cooperating. We need to find a strategy that is more discriminating: it should be more forgiving when a defection appears to be an exception, and it should punish when defection appears to be the rule. #RandolphHarris 15 of 21

You can consider the following guidelines as a step in that direction. Begin cooperating. Continue cooperating. Keep count of how many times the other side appears to have defected while you have cooperated. If this percentage becomes unacceptable, revert to tit-for-tat. Note that unlike before, tit-for-tat is the punishment if it appears that the other side is trying to take advantage of you. To determine what is unacceptable percentage of defections, you need to know both a short-, medium, and long-term history of the other side’s actions. The long run is not enough. Just because someone has been cooperating for a long time does not mean that he will not take advantage of you while he runs down his reputation. You also need to know “What have you done for me lately?” Here is an example of one such strategy. It is nicer, more forgiving, not quite as provovable, and a little more complicated than tit-for-tat. Start cooperating and continue to do so until one of the four tests below fails. First impression: A defection on the first move is unacceptable. Revert to tit-for-tat. Short term: Two defections in any three turns is unacceptable. Revert to tit-for-tat. Medium term: Three defections out of the last twenty periods is unacceptable. Revert to tit-for-tat. Long term: Five defection out of the last one hundred periods is unacceptable. Revert to tit-for-tat. The punishment of tit-for-tat need not last forever. Keep track of how often the other side had violated any of these four tests. On the first violation, return to cooperation after twenty periods of the tit-for-tat “echo” of alternating defections. #RandolphHarris 16 of 21

However, put the other side on probation. Reduce the number of defections allowed in the medium- and long-term tests by one. If the other side does not violate the probation for fifty periods, then strike the record clean and return to the original standards. If the other side violates the probation, resort to tit-for-tat forever. The exact rules for this, short-term, medium-term, and long-term impressions will depend on the probabilities of error or misperception, the importance you place on future gains and current losses, and so on. However, this type of strategy is likely to outperform tit-for-tat in the imperfect real World. The important principle to remember is that when misperceptions are possible, you should not punish every defection you see. You have to make a guess as to whether a misperception has occurred, either by you or by your partner. This extra forgiveness allows others to cheat a little on you. However, if they cheat, they use up their goodwill. When the eventual misperceptions arise you will no longer be inclined to let the incident pass. Oppportunism on the part of your opponent will be self-defeating. What might have been—and what could still give hope to the World’s dispirited Muslim youth—is the fact that knowledge increasingly defines the line between wealth and poverty, between capability and powerlessness and between human fulfillment and frustration. A country able to mobilize and diffuse knowledge can rapidly raise its level of development, help all its citizens to grow and flourish and take its proper place on the 21st Century global stage. #RandolphHarris 17 of 21

The Arab World is based on five principles: Freedom of opinion, expression and association. Quality of education…available to all. Embedding science in Arab society…and joining the information revolution decisively. Shifting rapidly toward knowledge-based and higher-value-added production. Developing an enlightened Arab knowledge model that encourages critical thinking, problem solving and creativity, while promoting the Arabic language, cultural diversity and openness to other cultures. A large part of Arab economic activity is concentrated on primary commodities, as in agriculture, which remains largely traditional while at the same time, the share of the capital goods industry and of industries embodying higher technology continues to shrink. Access to digital media is among the lowest in the World, but in terms of computers per population and Internet access. Scientific R&D figures are equally telling. The number of scientists and engineers in R&D in the Arab World per million people is approximately a third that of the World rate, according to the report. And while Arabs constitute 5 percent of the World population, Arab countries publish only 1.1 percent of its books. A key point made by the team is the degree to which Islam, at lest in the Arab World, cuts itself off from the ideas, knowledge and innovative thinking in the rest of the World. Isolation from the rest of mankind, inward-looking in a closed circuit, surrounded by a wall without doors does not mean Muslim identity. #RandolphHarris 18 of 21

Contrast that with the Islamist vision of yesterday imposed on tomorrow. In terms of the deep fundamentals of time, space and, above all, knowledge, therefore, Islamic terrorist promise murder to the outside World—and nothing but misery with their own. We have devoted more space to Islam and the Middle East and their lost opportunities because of current urgencies, but Africa and Latin America, too, must face the future. They seethe with wave conflicts over land ownership, urban poverty, agribusiness, indigenous tribes, ethnicity and the environment, intensified and complicated by racism and narco-terrorism. The United States of America has been so preoccupied with the Middle East that it has paid too little attention to these other volcanic rumbles—especially those in an angry South America about to erupt. Shortages often spur environmental damage. Faced with a food shortage, herdsmen can graze grassland down to bare dirt. Faced with an energy shortage, industrial countries can approve destructive projects. The growth of population and the consumption of resources by twentieth-century industry have placed growing pressures on Earth’s ability to support us in the manner to which we have become accustomed. The resource problem will look quite different in the twenty-first century, with a new technology base. Today, we cut trees and mine iron for structures. #RandolphHarris 19 of 21

We pump oil and mine goal for our energy. Even cement is born in the flames of burning fossil fuels. Almost everything we build, almost everything we make, consumes something ripped from the Earth. This need not continue. Our civilization uses materials for many things, but mainly to make things with a certain size, shape, and strength. These structural uses include everything from fibers in clothing to paving in roads, and most of the mass of furniture, walls, cars, spacecraft, computers—indeed, most of the mass of almost every product we build and use. The best structural materials use carbon, in forms like diamond and graphite. With elements from air and water, carbon makes up the polymers of wool and polyester, and of wood and nylon. A twenty-first century civilization could mine the atmosphere for carbon, extracting over 300 billion tons before lowering the CO2 concentration back to its natural, pre-industrial level. For a population of 10 billion, this would be enough to give ever family a large house with lightweight but steel-strong walls, with 95 percent left over. Atmospheric garbage is an ample source of structural materials, with no need to cut trees or dig iron ore. Plants show that carbon can be used to build solar collectors. Laboratory work shows that carbon compounds can be better conductors than copper. A whole power system could be built without even touching the rich resources of metal buried in garbage dumps. Carbon can make windows, of plastic or diamond. Carbon can make things colorful with organic dyes. Carbon can be used to build nanocomputers, and will be the chief component of high-performance nanomachines of all kinds. The other components in all these materials are hydrogen, nitrogen, and oxygen, all found in air and water. Other elements are useful, but seldom necessary. Traces would often be ample. #RandolphHarris 20 of 21

With a new technology base making recycling easy, there need be no steady depletion of Earth’s resources, just to keep a civilization running. The sketch just made shows that recycling just one form of garbage—excess atmospheric CO2—can provide most needs. Even 10 billon wealthy people would not need to strip the Earth of resources. They could make do with what we have already dug up and thrown away, and they would not even need all of that. In short, a twenty-first-century industry, supplemented with modest amounts of air, water, and sunlight. This will not necessarily happen, yet the very fact that it is possible gives a better sense of what the new technology base can mean for the relationship between humanity, resources, and the Earth. Green products are ones that: are not dangerous to the health of people or animals. Do not cause damage to the environment during manufacture, use, or disposal. Does not consume a disproportionate amount of energy and other resources during manufacture, use, or disposal. Does not cause unnecessary waste, due either to excessive packaging or to a short useful life. Does not involve the unnecessary use of or cruelty to animals. Does not use materials derived from threatened species or environments. Ideally, does not trade price, quality, nutrition, or convenience for environmental quality. With its ability to make almost anything at low cost—including products designed for extreme safety, durability, efficiency—without mining, logging, harming animals or environments, or producing toxic wastes, molecular manufacturing will make possible greener products than any yet seen in a store. Nanotechnology can replace old wealth with green wealth. And instead of focusing on reduce emission from cows, how about we eliminate leaf blowers, they cause so much sound pollution and air pollution and waste tones of water because people have to wash their cars more due to the dirt they blow around. #RandolphHarris 21 of 21

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