The only way out of today’s misery is for people to become worthy of each other’s trust. In American society, it appears that the individual is expected to exert a kind of discipline or tension in regard to one’s body, showing that one has one’s faculties in readiness for any face-to-face interaction that might come one’s way in the situation. Often this kind of controlled alertness in the situation will mean suppressing or concealing many of the capacities and roles the individual might be expected to display in other settings. Whatever one’s other concerns, then, whatever one’s merely situated interests, the individual is obliged to “come into play” upon entering the situation and to stay “in play” while in the situation, sustaining this diffused orientation at least until one can officially take oneself beyond range of the situation. In short, a kind of “interaction tonus” must be maintained. In considering the conduct through which this aliveness to the situation is demonstrated it is difficult to avoid the conclusion that an attachment to, and respectful regard for, the situation’s participants and the encompassing social occasion is being avowed. And in considering the marked infraction of these rules in mental hospital wards, it is difficult to escape the conclusion that failure to exhibit “presence” is a normal, understandable expression of alienation from, and hostility to, the gathering itself and the officials in it. One of the most evident means by which the individual shows oneself to be situationally present is through the disciplined management of personal appearance or “personal front,” that is the complex of clothing, make-up, hairdo, and other surface decorations one carries about on one’s person. #RandolphHarris 1 of 20

In public places in Western society, the male of certain classes is expected to present himself in the situation neatly attired, shaven, his hair combed, hands and face clean; female adults have similar and further obligations. It should be noted that with these matter of personal appearance the obligation is not merely to possess the equipment but also to exert the kind of sustained control that will keep it properly arranged. (And yet, in spite of these rulings, we may expect to find, in such places as New York subway during the evening rush hour, that some persons, between scenes, as it were, may let expression fall from their faces in a kind of temporary uncaring and righteous exhaustion, even while being clothed and made up to fit a much more disciplined stance.) A failure to present oneself to a gathering in situational harness is likely to be take as a sign of some kind of disregard for the setting and its participants; gross cultural distance from the social World of those present may also be expressed. These expensive implications of well or badly ordered personal appearance are often discussed in etiquette books, sometimes quite aptly: But even in a casual encounter, and upon occasions when your habit can have no connexion with the feelings and sentiments which you have towards those whom you meet, neat and careful dressing will bring great advantage to you. A negligent guise shows a man to be satisfied with his own resources, engrossed with his own notions and schemes, indifferent to the opinion of others, and not looking abroad for entertainment: to such a man no one feels encouraged to make any advances. #RandolphHarris 2 of 20

A finished dress indicates a man of the World, one who looks for and habitually finds, pleasure in society and conversation, and who is at all times ready to mingle to intercourse with those whom he meets with; it is a kind of general offer of acquaintance, and provides a willingness to be spoken to. An interesting expression of the kind of interaction tonus that lies behind the proper management of personal appearance is found in the constant care exerted by men in our society to see that their trousers are buttoned and that their jewels are not apparent. Before entering a social situation, they often run through a quick visual inspection of the relevant parts of their personal front, and once in the situation they may take the extra precaution of employing a protective cover, by either crossing the legs or covering the crotch with a newspaper or a book, especially if self-control is to be relaxed through comfortable sitting. A parallel to this concern is found in the care that women take to see that their legs are not apart, exposing their upper thighs and underclothing. The universality in our society of this kind of limb discipline can be deeply appreciated on a chronic female ward where, for whatever reason, women indulge in zestful expressions that may not be considered “ladylike,” causing the student to become conscious of the vast amount of limb discipline that is ordinarily taken for granted. A similar reminder of one’s expectations concerning limb discipline can be obtained from the limb movements required of mature women in getting out of the front seat of a car. #RandolphHarris 3 of 20

Just as some people would seem ever to be concerned about the direction and height of one’s seat, so the individual in our society, while “in situation,” is constantly oriented to keeping “physical” signs of capacities involving pleasures of the flesh concealed. And it is suggested here that these parts of the body when exposed are not a symbol of pleasures of the flesh merely, but of a laxity of control over the self—evidence of an insufficient harnessing of the self for the gathering. As has been suggested, the importance of a disciplined management of personal front is demonstrated in many ways by the mentally sick. A typical sign of an oncoming psychosis is the individual’s “neglect” of his appearance and personal hygiene. The classic home for these improprieties is “regressed” wards in mental hospitals, where those with a tendency in this direction are collected, at the very same time that conditions remarkably facilitate this sort of disorientation. (Here, dropping of personal front will be tolerated, and sometimes even subtly approved, because it can reduce problems of ward management.) Similarly, when a mental patient starts “taking an interest in his appearance,” and makes an effort at personal grooming, he is often credited with having somehow given up his fight against society and having begun his way back to “reality.” One of the most delicate components of personal appearance seems to be the composition of the face. A very evident means by which the individual shows oneself to be situationally present is by appropriately controlling through facial muscles the shape and expression of the various part of this instrument. #RandolphHarris 4 of 20

Although this control may not be conscious to any extent, it is none the less exerted. We have party faces, funeral faces, and various kinds of institutional faces, as the following comments on life in prison suggests: Every new inmate learns to dog-face, that is to assume an apathetic characterless facial expression and posture when viewed by authority. The dog-face is acquired easily when everyone freezes or relaxes into immobility. The face is that typical of streets, of social occasions, of all concealment. Relaxation comes when inmates are alone: there is an exaggeration of the smiling effervescence of the “friendly” party. The face that is protective by day is aggressively hardened and hate-filled by night, against the stationed or pacing guard. Tensity and dislike follow assumption of the face, guards react with scrupulous relaxedness, holding the face “soft” with an effort often accompanied by slight trembling hands. An interesting fact about proper composition of the face is that the ease of maintaining it in our society would seem to decline with age, so that, especially in the social class groupings whose women long retain an accent on beauty and attractiveness, there comes to be an increasingly long period of time after awakening that is required to get the face into shape, during which the individual in one’s own eyes is not “presentable.” A point in age is also reached when, given these youthful standards of what a face in play should look like, there will be viewing angles from which an otherwise properly composed face looks to have insufficient tonus.  Let man begin to think about the mystery of his life and the links which connect him with life that fills the World, and he cannot but bring to bear upon his own life and all other life that comes within hi reach the principle of reverence for life. #RandolphHarris 5 of 20

On the morning of April 15, 1865, Abraham Lincoln lay dying in a hall bedroom of a cheap lodging house directly across the street from Ford’s Theater, where John Wilks Booth had shot him. Lincoln’s long body lay stretched diagonally across a sagging bed that was too short for him. A cheap reproduction of Rosa Bonheur’s famous painting The Horse Fair hung above the bed, and a dismal gas jet flicked yellow light. As Lincoln lay dying, Secretary of War Stanton said, “There lies the most perfect ruler of men that the World has ever seen.” What was the secret of Lincoln’s success in dealing with people? I studied the life of Abraham Lincoln for ten years and devoted all of three years to writing and rewriting a book entitled Lincoln the Unknown. I believe I have made as detailed and exhaustive a study of Lincoln’s personality and home life as it is possible for any being to make. I made a special study of Lincoln’s method of dealing with people. Did he indulge in criticism? Oh, yes. As a young man in the Pigeon Creek Valley of Indiana, he not only criticized but he wrote letters and poems ridiculing people and dropped these letters on the country roads where they were sure to be found. One of these letters aroused resentment that burned for a lifetime. Even after Lincoln had become a practicing lawyer in Springfield, Illinois, he attacked his opponents openly in letters published in the newspapers. However, he did this just too often. In the autumn of 1842 he ridiculed a vain, pugnacious politician by the name of James Shields. Lincoln lampooned him through an anonymous letter published in the Springfield Journal. The town roared with laughter. #RandolphHarris 6 of 20

Shields, sensitive and proud, boiled with indignation. He found out who wrote the letter, leaped on his horse, started after Lincoln, and challenged him to fight a duel. Lincoln did not want to fight. He was opposed to dueling, but he could not get out of it and save his honor. He was given the choice of weapons. Since he had very long arms, he chose cavalry broadswords and took lessons to sword fighting from a West Point graduate; and, on the appointed day, he and Shields met on a sandbar in the Mississippi River, prepared to fight to the death; but at the last minute, their seconds interrupted and stopped the duel. That was the most lurid personal incident in Lincoln’s life. It taught him an invaluable lesson in the art of dealing with people. Never again did he write an insulting letter. Never again did he ridicule anyone. And from that time on, he almost never criticized anybody for anything. If you decide to work and accept all that comes in the work, you must learn to think quickly. If you are offered a task you must answer at once that you accept the opportunity to improve the quality of your life and mental health. If you hesitate or take time to answer, the offer of the task will be withdrawn and it will not be repeated. You may be given time before actually doing what you were told to do, but you must accept the task at once. An attempt to talk things over, an ironical, suspicious, or negative attitude, fear, or lack of confidence, these will make the task impossible at once. If you feel hesitation about the task offered to you, think about your mechanicalness, think about your negativeness, about your self-will—but think quickly. #RandolphHarris 7 of 20

You can do nothing against your weak sides by yourself. The tasks offered to you have the aim to help you. If you hesitate or refuse them, you refuse help. This must be quite clear in your mind. The realization of your helplessness and your deep sleep must be permanent in you. You can strengthen it by constantly reminding yourself of your nothingness, of your meanness, of your weakness of all possible sorts. You have absolutely nothing to be proud of. You have nothing to base your judgement on. You can see, if you are sincere with yourself, all the blunders and all the mistakes which you made when you tried to act by yourself. You cannot think rightly. You cannot feel rightly. You need constant help. And you can have it. However, you must pay for it—at least, by not arguing. You have to do gigantic work if you want to become different. How can you ever hope to get anything if you hesitate and argue on the first steps, or do not even realize the necessity for help, or become suspicious and negative? If you want to work seriously you have to conquer many things in yourself. You cannot carry with yourself prejudices, your fixed opinions, your personal identifications or animosities. However, at the same time try to understand that personal is not always wrong. “Personal” can even help in the work, but personal can be very dangerous too, if it is not cleared by the struggle with identification and by the realization of your mechanicalness and your weakness. #RandolphHarris 8 of 20

Try to understand the necessity for “deliberate suffering” and “conscious effort.” These are the only two things that can change you and bring you to your aim. “Deliberate suffering” does not mean necessary suffering inflicted on you by yourself. It means attitude towards suffering. Suffering may come as a result of your feelings, thoughts, and actions connected with your tasks; it may come by itself as a result of your own faults or as a result of other people’s actions, attitudes, or feelings. However, what is important is your attitude towards it. It becomes deliberate if you do not rebel against it, if you do not try to avoid it, if you do not accuse anybody, if you accept it as a necessary part of your work at the moment and as a means for attaining your aim. “Conscious effort” is the effort based on understanding; understanding of its necessity first of all, and understanding of the causes which make it necessary. The chief cause for conscious effort is your need for breaking the walls of mechanicalness, of self-will and lack of self-remembering, which constitute your being at present. In order to understand better the necessity for accepting tasks given to you without hesitation, the necessity for “deliberate suffering” and “conscious effort,” think about ideas which brought you to the work, think about the first realization of your mechanicalness and the first realization that you know nothing. In the beginning you realized this and you came for help, but now you doubt whether you must really do as you are told. And you try to find ways to evade it, to stand on your own judgement and on your own understanding. #RandolphHarris 9 of 20

You understood clearly once, that your judgment and your understanding are false and weak, but now try to keep them again. You do not want to give them up. Well, you can keep them, but you must understand that with them you will keep all that is false and weak in yourself. There are no half measures. You must decide: do you want to work or not? In some situations, you may be able to judge that the risk of an extremely bad result from exploration is low. That should increase the amount you are willing to do. In training sessions, gymnastic competitors can exploit current capabilities by practicing elements they already know. These can always be done a little better, and repetition is needed to avoid mistakes during competition. However, gymnasts also need to attempt new, and more difficult, moves—ones they have never done before, occasionally even ones tht no one has done before. This is exploratory activity. The new elements may never be mastered, and in the meantime old ones have not been practiced. There is also increased risk of injuries that could end a season or a career. Practice spaces are equipped with facilities to reduce injuries, such as extra padding for apparatus and ceiling-suspended safety harnesses. These limit the risks of serious injury, though they do not eliminate them. The practice safety devices are installed exactly so that the costs of exploration will be lower. Inventing such devices greatly accelerates the evolution of otherwise dangerous activities, be they sports or flight maneuvers, by transforming the situation into one with lower risks of catastrophe. #RandolphHarris 10 of 20

Another class of devices for lowering the risk of catastrophe turns on having multiple replications, with the fate of the whole system not resting on any one. Thus a federal system can prosper when many states act as partially independent “policy laboratories.” A drug company can use cell cultures to test a vast array of chemicals, most of which will be ineffective, in searching for a few that might be useful. If continuing to exploit the best solution found to date is apparently going to lead to disaster, then of course one is wise to explore. Everyone is familiar with the notion of a desperate gamble on a novel approach, such as a daring attempt to escape from death row. Our argument for exploring when catastrophe seems imminent may seem almost a contradiction of our previous arguments for exploring when there are long time horizons or low risk. However, in this situation the relative attractiveness of exploring comes from the negative yield of exploiting. The results of exploring and exploiting are measured on scales that have real zero points. The United States of America, termed “infidel” by Muslim extremists and “overreligious” by Europeans, faces a World that, instead of moving toward secularism as it did during the industrial age, seems to be reversing direction. David B. Barrett and Todd Johnson, co-editors of the World Christian Encyclopedia, forecast that today’s 2 billion Christians will become 3 billion by 2025—an overall increase of roughly 33 percent. However, Islam is growing much faster. From 553 million in 1970, it shot up to 1.2 billion in 201 and is headed to a grand total of 2 billion by 2025—a rise of 50 percent in a quarter century. #RandolphHarris 11 of 20

While religious statistics are no better then economic data, their general direction is clear. The numbers, moreover, are far more dramatic when we look at where all these additional Christians and Muslims are—and where they are soon likely to be. In both we are seeing an important geographical—that is, spatial—shift. Since the mid-1950s, the critical centers of the Christian World have moved decisively to Africa and to Latin America and Asia, of which has many more Christian today than North America. We have already commented on the rapid growth of Christianity in China. The growth and spatial relocation of religion on the planet is a giant historical event—and it will, at least in part, shape and be shaped by the coming transfers of wealth around the World. In Europe the number of Muslims has tripled in the past forty years, largely because of immigration, and the growth of Islam there is expected to outpace the growth of Christianity. In fact, though little recognized, today fully a third of all the World’s Muslims live as ethno-cultural marginalized groups in non-Muslim countries, increasingly distanced from Islam’s geographical center. They include a floating, on-the-move population of middle-class Muslim intellectuals, businesspeople, engineers, and professors who may work and live in a sequence of different countries as they pursue the job market. The World of Islam will be increasingly influenced in terms of ideas, politics, lifestyle, culture, identity—and, one might add, attitudes towards capitalism, markets and business—by what are called “de-territorialized” millions, largely based in Europe. While this is happening in the West, the Muslim population is growing most quickly in the East—in an awakening Asia, where, especially in Malaysia and Indonesia, a more moderate form of Islam has prevailed than that found in Iran and the Arab countries. #RandolphHarris 12 of 20

Together, these eastward and westward shifts could pull the balance of religious and cultural influence within Islam away from the Middle East. That dominance, while rooted in Mecca and the annual hajj that brings millions of Muslims from everywhere to Muhammad’s birthplace, has in fact long been bolted into place by money. For centuries, the power of Muslims in the World economy resulted from the Middle East’s strategic, high-value-added location as the main transit point for trade between Asia and Europe. It lost that financial advantage when, using advanced navigation and maritime knowledge, European and other traders began avoiding the Middle East and sailing around the southern Africa. Today the Middle East once more faces the loss of its most crucial source of wealth—and the financial, cultural and religious influences that comes with it. That source is, of course, oil. That is why it is important for Americans to preserve their farmland for much of our oil in the future can be grown on land. It is contained in the corn and soybean plants in the fields. As the 2020 pandemic hit and gas prices spiked a few years later, many felt with life without oil was like because they could not pay $7.00 a gallon to pay for fuel. The obvious substitutes for petroleum are plant oils and fats because they have the same base chemical structure as petroleum. Fossil fuels were plants once, millions of years ago, and so it makes sense that both the fossil fuels we use today and oils produced by plants are chemically similar. Both are made up of chains of chemicals known as hydrocarbons. A hydrocarbon is a carbon atom surrounded by hydrogen atoms. Methane, the simplest hydrocarbon, is a single carbon atom surrounded by four hydrogen atoms. #RandolphHarris 13 of 20

Gasoline varies from seven to 10 hydrocarbons long. In fact, the word “octane” means eight carbons in a chain. The shorter the chain of carbons, the more explosive the fuel is, and the more power it offers an engine. The problem is tht plant oils are 14 to 18 carbons in length. Diesel fuel is 15 carbons long, which is close to the same size as plant oils. That is why the first applications are biodiesel fuels. You could not burn vegetable oils in today’s gasoline engines because of their hydrocarbon chains are too long. Not surprisingly, shorter-chain vegetable oils do exist. Coconut oil, tropical oils and similar plant oils might make a reasonable gasoline-like fuel. It might also be possible to transgenetically modify crops to produce plant with those lengths of fatty acids. Scientists could genetically modify corn and soybeans—which are already two of the highest oil-yielding plants—to produce plant oils that could be converted into a type of gasoline. The combination of combining vegetable oil and ethanol could produce a fuel which would seem to fit nicely into today’s engine structures. As we change from a black gold economy to a green gold economy, we will need engineers who know how to make products out of plant materials that is why we work with these students to make these types of products. Molecular manufacturing can also make products that will perform some useful temporary function when tossed out into the environment. Getting rid of ozone-destroying pollutants high in the stratosphere is one example. There may be simpler approaches, without the sophistication of nanotechnology, but here is one that would work to cleanse the stratosphere of chlorine: Make huge numbers of balloons, each the size of a grain of pollen and light enough to float up in the ozone layer. In each, place a small solar-power plant, molecular-processing plant, and a microscope grain of sodium. #RandolphHarris 14 of 20

The processing plant collects chlorine-containing compounds and separates out the chlorine. Combining this with the sodium makes sodium chloride—ordinary salt. When the sodium is gone, the balloon collapses and falls. Eventually, a grain of salt and a biodegradable speck fall to Earth, usually at sea. The stratosphere is soon clean. A larger problem (with a ground-based solution) is climatic change caused by rising carbon dioxide (CO2) levels. Global warming, expected by most climatologist and probably under way today, is caused by changes in the composition of Earth’s atmosphere. The sun shines on the Earth, warming it. The Earth radiates heat back into space, cooling. The rate at which it cools depends on how transparent the atmosphere is to the radiation of het. The tendency of the atmosphere to hold heat, to block thermal radiation from escaping into space, causes what is called the “greenhouse effect.” Several gases contribute to this, but CO2 presents the most massive problem. Fossil fuels and deforestation both contribute. Before the new technology bases arrives, something like 300 billion tons of excess CO2 will likely have been added to the atmosphere. Small greenhouses can help reverse the global greenhouse effect. By permitting more efficient agriculture, molecular manufacturing can be free land for reforestation, helping to repair the devastation wrought by hungry people. Growing forests absorbs CO2. If reforestation is not fast enough, inexpensive solar energy can be applied to remove CO2 directly, producing oxygen and glossy graphite pebbles. Painting the World’s roads with solar cells would yield about four trillion watts of power, enough to remove CO2 at a rate of 10 billion tones per year. #RandolphHarris 15 of 20

Temporarily planting one-tenth of U.S.A. farm acreage with a solar-cell “crop” would provide enough energy to remove 300 billion tons in five years; winds would distribute the benefits Worldwide. The twentieth-century insult to Earth’s atmosphere can be reversed by less than a decade of twenty-first century repair work. Ecosystems damaged in the meantime are another matter. Along with healing our ecosystems, we also have new demands for access in the economy. A new work regimen will, in time, sweep across the main sectors of the economy. And as the work force is continually ceded more autonomy, it will demand increased access to information. During the smokestack era, arguments for the humane treatment of employees were crushed by the realities of brute technology that paid off even when workers were kept unenlightened (and powerless). Today, workers are demanding more and more access to information because they cannot do their jobs effectively without it. We are thus seeing a redistribution of knowledge (and power) made necessary by new market conditions and by the new technologies themselves. As computer programs mimic the skills that have long set managers apart, workers in lower-level jobs can do tasks once reserved for executives. You suddenly have information in the hands of the people who run the machines; it is no longer reserved for people two or three rungs up the hierarchy. The first-level supervisors do not appreciate the power of this information until it gets into workers’ hands. Then their resistance is enormous. #RandolphHarris 16 of 20

Clearly not all workers fit well into jobs that demand initiative, full participation, and a sharing of responsibility. Nor can all managers cope with the new-style work. However, as work units grow smaller and educational levels higher, the pressure from below mounts. The result is a fundamental shift in power relationships. This is not the first time since the dawn of the industrial age that managers have been confronted with changing models of human relationships in the workplace. For many years the old Taylorite notions that turned the worker into an appendage of the machine were challenged by a school of “good-guy” theorists who argued that more humane treatment of employees would prove more efficient in the end. The new regimen, increasingly espoused by management itself, is, however, more radical. This idea goes far beyond the assumptions of the human-relations model, where employees were made to feel important. Now they are acknowledged truly to be important. It is true that the overriding power—greater than that of any individual—is that of the labour market. A shortage or surplus of some skills determines the outer parameters of the new autonomy. Many programmers or space engineers have learned that they, exactly like punch-press operators and assembly-line hands, can be pink-slipped without ceremony, while their bosses vote themselves “golden parachutes.” Those cast out of work suffer a devasting decline in personal and collective power—which is a subject for a totally different report. #RandolphHarris 17 of 20

What is relevant here, however, is how things are changing for those inside the work force. And within that framework, a change of historical proportion is taking place. In the smokestack era no individual employee had significant power in any contest with the firm. Only a collectivity of workers, massed and threatening to withhold their muscles, could force a recalcitrant management to improve the pay or status of the employee. Only group action could slow or stop production, for any individual was easily interchangeable and, hence, replaceable. This was the basis for the formation of labour unions. If unions, with their traditional emphasis on “solidarity” and “unity,” are losing membership and power in virtually all of advanced technological nations, it is precisely because workers are no longer as interchangeable as they once were. In the World of tomorrow it will not take masses of workers to bring a company’s production to a standstill, or to damage it in other ways. A “computer virus” slipped into a program, a subtle distortion of the information in a data base, the leakage of information to a competitor—these are only the most obvious of a whole range of new methods of sabotage available to the angry, the irresponsible, or the justifiably outraged individual. The “information strike” of the future could turn out to be a one-person protest. And no laws, clever programs, and security arrangements can totally protect against this. The best defense is likely to be social pressure from one’s peers. Or the simple feeling that one is treated with dignity and justice. #RandolphHarris 18 of 20

However, far more important is the shift toward non-interchangeability. As work grows more differentiated, the bargaining position of individuals with crucial skills is enhanced. Individuals, not only organized groups, can exert clout. Marxist revolutionists argued that power flows to those who own the “means of production.” Contrasting the factory worker with the preindustrial craftsman who owned his own tools, Marx contended that workers would be powerless until they seized the “means of production” from the capitalist class that owned them. Today we are living through the next power shifts in the workplace. It is one of the grand ironies of history that a new kind of autonomous employee is emerging who, in fact, does own the means of production. The new means of production, however, are not ready to be found in the artisan’s toolbox, or in the massive machinery of the smokestack age. They are, instead, crackling inside the employee’s cranium—where society will find the single most important source of future wealth and power. When thinking of wealth and power, we have to figure out ways to deter cheating. When several alternative punishments could deter cheating and sustain cooperation, how should one choose them? Several criteria have a role. Perhaps most important are simplicity and clarity, so that a player thinking of cheating can easily and accurately calculate its consequences. A criterion that infers someone has cheated if your discounted mean of profits from the last seventeen months is 10 percent less than the average real rate of return to industrial capital over the same period, for example, is too complicated for most firms to figure out, and therefore not a good deterrent. #RandolphHarris 19 of 20

Next comes certainty. Players should have confidence that defection will be punished and cooperation rewarded. This is a major problem for the European countries looking to enforce the General Agreement of Tariffs and Trade (GATT). When one country complains that another has cheated on the trade agreement, GATT initiates an administrative process that drags on for months or years. The facts of the case have little bearing on the judgment, which usually depends more on dictates of international politic and diplomacy. Such enforcement procedures are unlikely to be effective. Most people’s instinctive feeling is that the punishment should fit the crime. However, that may not be big enough to deter cheating. The surest way to deter cheating is to make the punishment as big as possible. Since the punishment threat succeeds in sustaining cooperation, it should not matter how dire it is. The fear keeps everyone from defecting, hence the breakdown never actually occurs and its cost is irrelevant. The problem with this approach is that it ignores the risk of mistakes. The detection process may go wrong, indicating cheating by a member of the cartel when the real cause of low prices is an innocent one such as low demand. If punishments are as big as possible then mistakes will be very costly. To reduce the costs of mistakes, the punishment should be the smallest size that suffices to deter cheating. Minimal deterrence accomplishes its purpose without imposing any extra costs when the inevitable mistakes occur. #RandolphHarris 20 of 20

MAGNOLIA STATION AT CRESLEIGH RANCH

Rancho Cordova, CA |

Coming Soon!

Sprawling to nearly 4,000 square feet and set atop large homesites, Magnolia Station at Cresleigh Ranch is a perfect balance of both space and splendor.  These large lots come with a mix of Single Story and Two Story Homes, ranging from 2,200 to 3,7000 square feet, with 3-7 bedrooms, 2-5.5 bathrooms, and up to a 4-car garage.

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