I cannot but have reverence for all that is called life. In the hope of reaching the Moon, men fail to see the flowers that blossom at their feet. Now we must return to the study of centers and to the study of attention and self-remembering, because these are the only ways to understanding. Besides the division into two parts, positive and negative, which, as we saw, is not the same in different centers, each of these four centers is divided into three parts. These three parts correspond to the definition of centers themselves. The first part is “mechanical,” including moving and instinctive principles, or one of them predominating; the second is “emotional,” and the third is “intellectual.” The division of a center into three parts is very simple. A mechanical part works almost automatically; it does not require any attention. However, because of this it cannot adapt itself to a change of circumstances, it cannot “think,” and it continues to work in the way it started when circumstances have completely changed. In the intellectual center, the mechanical part includes in itself all the work of registration of impressions, memories, and associations. This is all that it should do normally, that is, when other parts do their work. It should never reply to questions addressed to the whole center, it should never try to solve its problems, and it should never decide anything. Unfortunately, in actual fact, it is always ready to decide and it always replies to questions of all sorts in a very narrow and limited way, in ready-made phrases, in slang expressions, in party slogans. All these, and many other elements of our usual reactions, are the work of the mechanical part of the intellectual center. #RandolphHarris 1 of 22

This part has its own name. It is called a “formatory apparatus” or sometimes “formatory center.” Many people, particularly people no. 1—that is, the great majority of mankind—live all their lives with the formatory apparatus only, never touching other parts of their intellectual center. For all the immediate needs of life, for receiving A influences and responding to them, and for distorting or rejecting influences C, the formatory apparatus is quite sufficient. It is always possible to recognize “formatory thinking.” For instance, the formatory center can count only up to two. It always divides everything in two: “bolshevism and fascism,” “workers and bourgeois,” “proletarians and capitalists,” and so on. We owe most modern catchwords to formatory thinking, and not only catchwords but all modern popular theories. Perhaps it is possible to say that at all times all popular theories are formatory. The emotional part of the intellectual center consists chiefly of what is called an intellectual emotion, that is, desire to know, desire to understand, satisfaction of knowing, dissatisfaction of not knowing, pleasure of discovery, and so on, although again all these can manifest themselves on very different levels. The work of the emotional part requires full attention, but in this part of the center attention does not require any effort. It is attracted and held by the subject itself, very often through identification, which usually is called “interest,” or “enthusiasm,” or “passion,” or “devotion.” The intellectual part of the intellectual center includes in itself a capacity for creation, construction, invention, and discovery. It cannot work without attention, but the attention in this part of the center must be controlled and kept there by will and effort. #RandolphHarris 2 of 22

This is the chief criterion in studying parts of centers. If we take them from the point of view of attention we shall know at once in which part of centers we are. Without attention or with attention wandering, we are in the mechanical part; with the attention attracted by the subject of observation or reflection and kept there, we are in the emotional part; with the attention controlled and held on the subject by will, we are in the intellectual part. At the same time, the same method shows how to make the intellectual parts of center work. By observing attention and trying to control it, we compel ourselves to work in the intellectual parts of centers, because the same principle refers to all centers equally, although it may not be so easy for us to distinguish intellectual parts in other centers, as for instance the intellectual part of instinctive center, which works without any attention that we can perceive or control. Let us take the emotional center. We will only take the division of center into three parts: mechanical, emotional, and intellectual. The mechanical part consists of the most trite kind of ready-made humor and a rough sense of the comical, love of excitement, love of spectacular shows, love of pageantry, sentimentality, love of being in a crowd and part of a crow; attraction to crowd emotions of all kinds and complete disappearances in lower half-animal emotions: cruelty, selfishness, cowardice, envy, jealousy, and so on. The emotional part may be very different in different people. It may include in itself a sense of humor or a sense of the comical as well as religious emotion, aesthetic emotion, moral emotion, and, in this case, it may lead to the awakening of conscience. However, with identification it may be something quite different, it may be very ironical, sarcastic, derisive, cruel, obstinate, wicked, and jealous—only in a less primitive way than the mechanical part. #RandolphHarris 3 of 22

The intellectual part of the emotional center (with the help of the intellectual parts of the moving and instinctive centers) includes in itself the power of artistic creation. In those cases where the intellectual parts of the moving and instinctive centers which are necessary for the manifestation of the creative faculty are not sufficiently educated or do not correspond to it in their development, it may manifest itself in dreams. This explains the beautiful and artistic dreams of otherwise quite unartistic people. The intellectual part of the emotional center is also the chief seat of the magnetic center. I mean that if the magnetic center exists only in the intellectual centers or in the emotion part of the emotional center, it cannot be strong enough to be effective and is always liable to make mistakes or fail. However, the intellectual part of the emotional center, when it is fully developed and works with its full power, is a way to higher centers. In the moving center, the mechanical part is automatic. All automatic movements which in ordinary language are called “instinctive” belong to it, as well as imitation and the capacity for imitation which plays such a big part in life. The emotional part of the moving center is connected chiefly with the pleasure movement. Love of sport and of games should normally belong to this part of the moving center, but when identification and other emotions become mixed with it, it is very rarely there, and in most cases the love of sport is in the moving part of either the intellectual or the emotional centers. #RandolphHarris 4 of 22

The intellectual part of the moving center is a very important an a very interesting instrument. Everyone who has ever done well any kind of physical work, whatever it may have been, knows that every kind of work needs many inventions. One has to invent one’s own small methods for everything one does. These inventions are the work of the intellectual part of the moving center, and may other inventions of man also need the work of the intellectual part of the moving center. The power of imitating at will the voice, intonations, and gestures of other people, such as actors possess, also belongs to the intellectual part of moving center; but in higher or better degrees it is mixed with the work of the intellectual part of the emotion center. The work of the instinctive center is very well hidden from us. We really know, that is, feel and can observe, only the sensory and emotional part. The mechanical part includes in itself habitual sensations which very often we do not notice at all, but which serve as a background to other sensations; also instinctive movements in the correct meaning of the expression—that is, all inner movements such as the circulation of the blood, the movement of food in the organism, and inner and outer reflexes. The intellectual part is very big and very important. In the state of self-consciousness or approaching it, one can come into contact with the intellectual part of the instinctive center and learn a great deal from it concerning the functioning of the machine and its possibilities. The intellectual part of the instinctive center is the mind behind all the work of organism, a mind quite different from the intellectual mind. #RandolphHarris 5 of 22

The study of parts of the centers and their special functions requires a certain degree of self-remembering. Without remembering oneself one cannot observe for a sufficiently long time or sufficiently clearly to feel and understand the difference of functions belonging to different parts of different centers. The study of attention shows the parts of centers better than anything, but the study of attention again requires a certain degree of self-remembering. Very soon you will realize that all your work upon yourself is connected with self-remembering and that it cannot proceed successfully without this. And self-remembering is partial awakening, or the beginning of awakening. Naturally—and this must be very clear—no work can be done in sleep. Think very serious before you decide to work on yourself with the idea of changing yourself, that is, to work with the definite aim to become conscious and to develop the connection with higher centers. This work admits of no compromise and it requires a great amount of self-discipline and readiness to obey all rules and particularly direct instructions. Think very seriously: are you really ready and willing to obey, and do you fully understand the necessity for it? There is no going back. If you agree and then go back, you will lose everything that you have acquired up to that time, and you will lose more really, because all that you acquired will turn into something wrong in you. There is no remedy against this. Understanding of the necessity for obeying rules and direct instructions must be based on the realization of your mechanicalness and your helplessness. If this realization is not strong enough, you had better wait and occupy yourself with ordinary work: study of the system, work in groups, et cetera. #RandolphHarris 6 of 22

If you do this work sincerely and remember all the rule, it will bring you to the realization of your state and your needs. However, you must not delay too long. If you want to come to real work you must hurry. You must not come your way again. You may lose all your chances by hesitating and waiting too long. The term situated may be used to refer to any event occurring within the physical boundaries of the situation. Accordingly, the second person upon a scene transforms everything done by himself and by the one already there into situation activity, even though there may be no apparent change in the way the person already present continues with what one had been doing. The newcomer, in effect, transforms a solitary individual and himself into a gathering. When we look at situated activity we often find that one component of it could just as well have occurred outside of situations, with no persons, or only one person, present. Thus, some of the loss an individual sustains when he is robbed at gunpoint in his house he could lose if his house were ransacked while he was away on vacation. Likewise, some of what is conveyed in a conversation could be conveyed through correspondence. Work tasks that an individual performs while others are present, he can sometimes perform equally well when alone. This aspect of activity may occur in situations but is not of situations, characteristically occurring at other times outside situations. This unblushing part of reality I will refer to as the merely-situated aspect of situated activity. This component of activity comes under normative regulation, allowing us to speak of obligations and offenses that are merely-situated. #RandolphHarris 7 of 22

However, my only interest in such matters will be to be able to segregate them analytically from the component of situated activity that will concern us here; namely, the part that could not occur outside situations being intrinsically dependent on the conditions that prevail therein. This part will be referred to as the situational aspects of situated activity. The risk to one’s body when one is being robbed at gunpoint of household effects is situational; the loss of effects, as was previously suggested, is merely-situated. Some of the meaning of words conveyed in conversation is merely-situated; the coloration given these words by bodily expressed emotion, however, is distinctly situational. Similarly, for example, a member of the public in a reference library is expected to draw out and use a book, and not to spend his time in other pursuits, as adolescents learn from the librarian if they noisily employ the library as a place of assignation. Here we have the situational aspect of conduct. Within certain limits, however, the individual’s choice of particular books to read, his skill at reading, and the profit to which he puts what he has learned from reading are his own business, or that of the persons who may have assigned him a reading task. This is the merely-situated aspect of his library activity. Once we distinguish clearly between the merely-situated and the situational, we can return to consider the idea of public order. Copresence renders persons uniquely accessible, available, and subject to one another. Public order, in its face-to-face aspects, has to do with the normative regulation of this accessibility. #RandolphHarris 8 of 22

Perhaps the best explored face-to-face aspect of public order as traditionally defined is what is sometimes called “public safety.” Its basic rules are few and clear, and, in Western society today, heavily reinforced by police authority. Here the focus of regulation is upon the use that an individual can make of his body as a physical object or of instruments he can manipulate with his body. In going about their separate business, individuals—especially strangers—are not allowed to do any physical injury to one another, to block the way of one another, to assault one another with physically forced pleasures of the flesh, or to constitute a source of disease contagion. While this kind of “King’s Peace” currently prevails at most hours in most of our streets in most of our cities and towns, there are still neighbourhoods where this order is not well guaranteed, and certainly not in our past there have been times and places where such a guarantee was the exception rather than the rule. A version of this safety problem can be found today on back wards of mental hospitals, where some patients understandably acquire the reputation of being “food throwers,” brining to ward mealtime special kind of disorder. And, of course, in the lay notion that mental patients cannot be trusted not to strike out at others unexpectedly, there is n active reminder of ingredients of public order that might otherwise be taken for granted. #RandolphHarris 9 of 22

The harm produced by physical interference in any of its forms is partly due to the social humiliation of being seen as helpless by the offender and possibly by others, and so has distinctly social-psychological components. Other important ways in which the regulations ensuring physical safety impinge upon nonphysical matters will be considered later. When persons are present to one another they can function not merely as physical instruments but also as communicative ones. This possibility, no less than the physical one, is fateful for everyone concerned and in every society appears to come under strict normative regulations, giving rise to a kind of communication traffic order. It is this aspect of order that is mainly to be considered in this report. (Incidentally, it is in this aspect of public order that most symptoms of mental disorder seem to make themselves felt initially.) The rules pertaining to this area of conduct I shall call situational proprieties. The code derived therefrom is to be distinguished from other moral codes regulating other aspects of life (even if these sometimes apply at the same time as the situational code): for example, codes of honor, regulating relationships; codes of law, regulating economic and political matters; and codes of ethics, regulating professional life. The communicative behaviour of those immediately present to one another can be considered in two steps. The first deals with unfocused interaction, that is, the kind of communication that occurs when one gleans information about another person present by glancing at him, if only momentarily, as he passes into and then out of one’s view. #RandolphHarris 10 of 22

Unfocused interaction has to do largely with the management of sheer and mere copresence. The second step deals with focused interaction, the kind of interaction that occurs when persons gather close together and openly cooperate to sustain a single focus of attention, typically by taking turns at talking. Where no focused interaction occurs, the term unfocused gathering can be used. Where focused interaction occurs, clumsier terms will be needed. The resentment that criticism engenders can demoralize employees, family members and friends, and still not correct the situation that has been condemned. George B. Johnson of Enid, Oklahoma, is the safety coordinator or an engineering company. One of his responsibilities is to see that employees wear their hard hats whenever they are on the job in the field. He reported that whenever he came across workers who were not wearing hard hats, he would tell them with a lot of authority of the regulation and that they must comply. As a result he would get sullen acceptance, and often after he left, the workers would remove the hats. He decided to try a different approach. The next time he found some of the workers not wearing their hard hat, he asked if the hats were uncomfortable or did not fit properly. Then he reminded the men in a pleasant tone of voice that the hat was designed to protect them from injury and suggested that it always be worn on the job. The result was increased compliance with the regulation with no resentment or emotional upset. You will find examples of the futility of criticism bristling on a thousand pages of history. #RandolphHarris 11 of 22

Take, for example, the famous quarrel between Theodore Roosevelt and President Taft—a quarrel that split the Republican party, put Woodrow Wilson in the White House, and wrote bold, luminous lines across the First World War and altered the flow of history. When Theodore Roosevelt stepped out of the White House in 1908, he supported Taft, who was elected President. Then Theodore Roosevelt went off to Africa to shoot lions. When he returned, he exploded. He denounced Taft for his conservatism, tried to secure the nomination for a third term himself, formed the Bull Moose party, and all but demolished the G.O.P. In the election that followed, William Howard Taft and the Republican party carried only two states—Vermont and Utah. The most disastrous defeat the party had ever known. Theodore Roosevelt blamed Taft, but did President Taft blame himself? Of course not. With tears in his eyes, Taft said: “I don’t see how I could have done any differently from what I have.” Who was to blame? Roosevelt or Taft? Frankly, I do not know. However, all of Theodore Roosevelt’s criticism did not persuade Taft that he was wrong. It merely made Taft strive to justify himself and to reiterate with tears in his eyes: “I don’t see how I could have done any differently from what I have.” Or, take the Teapot Dome oil scandal. It kept the newspapers ringing with indignation in the early 1920s. It rocked the nations! Within the memory of living men, nothing like it had ever happened before in American public life. Here are the bare facts of the scandal: Albert B. Fall, secretary of the interior Harding’s cabinet, was entrusted with the leasing of government oil reserves at Elk Hill and Teapot Dome—oil reserves that had been set aside for the future use of the Navy. #RandolphHarris 12 of 22

Did Secretary Fall permit competitive bidding? No sir. He handed the fat, juicy contract outright to his friend Edward L. Doheny. And what did Doheny do? He gave Secretary Fall what he was pleased to call a “loan” of one hundred thousand dollars. Then, in a high-handed manner, Secretary Fall ordered United States of America’s Marines into the district to drive off competitors whose adjacent wells were sapping oil out of the Elk Hill reserves. These competitors, driven off their ground at the ends of guns and bayonets, rushed into court—and blew the lid off the Teapot Dome scandal. A stench arose so vile that it ruined the Harding Administration, nauseated an entire nation, threatened to wreck the Republican party, and put Albert B. Fall behind prison bars. Fall was condemned viciously—condemned as few men in public life have ever been. Did he repent? Never! Years later Herbert Hoover intimated in a public speech that President Harding’s death had been due to mental anxiety and worry because a friend had betrayed him. When Mrs. Fall heard that, she sprang from her chair, she wept, she shook her fists at fate and screamed. “What! Harding betrayed by Fall?! No! My husband never betrayed anyone. This whole house full of gold would not tempt my husband to do wrong. He is the one who has been betrayed and led to the slaughter and crucified.” There you are; human nature in action, wrongdoers, blaming everybody but themselves. We are all like that. So when you and I are tempted to criticize someone tomorrow, let us remember Al Capone, “Two Gun” Crowley and Albert Fall. Let us realize that criticisms are like homing pigeons They always return home. #RandolphHarris 13 of 22

Let us realize that the person we are going to correct and condemn will probably justify himself or herself, and condemn us in return; or, like the gentle Taft, will say: “I don’t see how I could have done anything different from what I have.” The punishment is guaranteed—the neatest trick is enforcing price collusion through a punishment guarantee, all in the name of competition. Here we turn to New York City and its stereo wars. Crazy Eddie has made his trademark “We cannot be undersold. We will not be undersold. Our prices are the lowest—guaranteed. Our prices are insane.” His main competitor, Newmark & Lewis, is no less ambitious. With any purchase, you get the store’s “Lifetime low-price guarantee.” It promises to rebate double the difference if you can find a lower price elsewhere. “If, after you purchase, you find the same model advertised or available for sale for less (confirmed printed proof required) by any other local stocking merchant, in this marketing area, during the lifetime of your purchase, we Newmark & Lewis, will gladly refund (by check) 100 percent of the difference, plus an additional 25 percent of the difference, or if you prefer, Newmark & Lewis will give you a 200 percent gift certificate refund (100 percent of the difference plus an additional 100 percent of the difference, in gift certificates).” Yet, although they sound competitive, these promises to beat the rival’s price can enforce discipline in a price-setting cartel. How can this happen? #RandolphHarris 14 of 22

Suppose each DVD Player costs $150 wholesale, and for the moment both Crazy Eddie and Newmark & Lewis are selling it for $300. Crazy Eddie is contemplating a sneaky cut to $275. Without the beat-the-rival promise, Crazy Eddie would hope that his lower price would attract some of the customers who would otherwise have gone to his rival—say, because they lived nearer to a Newmark & Lewis price guarantee, these people are now tempted just to walk over to Newmark & Lewis and buy the DVD Play for $300 and then claim a $50 rebate. This is just as if Newmark & Lewis had reduced its price to $250, automatically undercutting Crazy Eddie. However, of course, Newmark & Lewis would prefer not to give away the fifty dollars. This is just as if Newmark & Lewis had reduced its price to $250, automatically undercutting Crazy Eddie. However, of course Newmark & Lewis would prefer not to give away the fifty dollars. Its response will be to lower the price to $275. In any event, Crazy Eddie is worse off than where he started. So why bother? The price stays at $300. Although cartels are illegal in the United States of America, Crazy Eddie and Newmark & Lewis have the making of one. You can see how their implicit cartel works in terms of the requirements of enforcement we mentioned before: detection of cheating, and punishment of cheaters. Newmark & Lewis can more easily detect Crazy Eddie’s cheating. The customers who bring them the news of Crazy Eddie’s lower price, and ask them to beat tht, are acting us unwitting enforcement agents for the cartel. The punishment comes in the form of the collapse of the pricing agreement and consequently lower profits. The “beat-the-competition” ads also set the punishment in motion, automatically and quickly. #RandolphHarris 15 of 22

A celebrated antitrust case before the Federal Trade Commission concerned the use of a similar device that appears to make competition more fierce, but can in fact serve as a cartel enforcement mechanism. E. I. Du Pont, Ethyl, and other manufacturers of antiknock gasoline additives were charged with using a “most-favored-customer” clause. This clause says that the seller will offer to these favored customers the best price they offer to anyone. Taken at face value, it seems that the manufacturers are looking out for their favored customers. However, let us look deeper. The clause means that the manufacturer cannot compete by offering selective discounts to attract new customers away from his rival, while charging the old higher price to his established clientele. They must make general price cuts, which are more costly, because they reduce the profit margin on all sales. You can see the advantage of this clause to a cartel: the gain from cheating is less, and the cartel is more likely to hold. In evaluating most-favored-customer clauses, the Federal Trade Commission ruled that there was an anticompetitive effect, and forbade the companies from using such clauses in their contracts with customers. (This ruling was not without some controversy. The Commission’s chairman, James Miller, dissented. He wrote that the clauses “arguably reduce buyers’ search costs and facilitate their ability to find the best price-value among buyers.”) #RandolphHarris 16 of 22

How would you rule if such a case were brought against Crazy Eddie and Newmark & Lewis? One yardstick by which to judge the fierceness of competition is the level of markups. Many “discount” stereo stores charge almost a hundred-percent markup over the wholesale cost of their components. It is hard to say what part of the markup is due to the costs of carrying inventory and advertising, but there is at least a prima facie case that there is a method to Crazy Eddie’s madness. As with nearly all aspect of Complex Adaptive Systems, we know of no general rules for when one would reliably do better with more variety. You have to analyze actual situations, and then you have to place your bets. However, in the course of studying many Complex Adaptive Systems, we have observed some broad factors that seem to reduce the costs or increase the benefits of exploring relative exploiting. If you are in an ideal situation where you are sure your current approach to a problem is the best that is possible, and you do not think the problem is going to change, then any exploratory deviation from it should be avoided. However, for more realistic situations, we can identify some conditions in which exploration is especially valuable. Problems that are long-term or widespread. The more use you can make of an improvement, the more it pays to bear the costs of searching for one. For example, if someone buys a house in your neighbourhood, it may well be a good investment to take some exploratory actions that risk not being reciprocated but could establish cooperation that would be valuable in the long run. #RandolphHarris 17 of 22

Likewise, a problem that occurs in many branch offices of a company may provide a good opportunity to try local experiments if progress in one branch could be made widely available for adoption at the other branches. When problems are long-term or widespread, there may well be a good investment for your dollar. Problems that provide fast, reliable, feedback. This is a closely related condition. If you can learn quickly whether an alternative solution might be better, and if there is not a big chance of being misled, then you have more chances to find an improvement. Moreover, you have no longer to gain from what you might discover—and you are more sure that what seemed to be an improvement actually is one. Where such fast and accurate feedback channels do not exit, it is often worth trying to create them so that the benefits of exploration can be gained. In the sciences, which are heavily oriented toward exploratory activities, the areas that attract the most effort tend to be the ones in which new experiments or observations can be done rapidly and in which repetitions of prior studies give similar results. Experimental psychology grows faster than anthropology. Similarly, companies that can learn quickly about consumer reactions can afford to explore more of the space of possible products. When in comes to the work place, the new work regiment will not wipe out all trace of the older ones. It will be a long time before the last sweatshop disappears. However, two imperatives make its spread largely unstoppable. The first is the “innovation imperative.” No existing market share is safe today, no product life indefinite. Not only in computers and clothing, but in everything from insurance policies to medical care to travel packages, competition tears away niches and whole chunks of established business with the weapon of innovation. Companies shrivel and die unless they can create an endless stream of new products. #RandolphHarris 18 of 22

However, free workers tend to be more creative than those who work under tightly supervised, totalitarian conditions. When you are watching someone else watching your performance, you do not care much. Thus the need for innovation encourages worker autonomy. It also implies a totally different power relationship between employer and employee. It means, for one, that intelligence error needs to be tolerated. Multitudes of bad ideas need to be floated, and freely discussed, in order to harvest a single good one. And this implies a new, liberating freedom from fear. Fear is the primary idea-assassin. Fear of ridicule, punishment, or loss of a job destroys innovation. Smokestack management saw as its main task the ruthless elimination of error. Innovation, in contrast, requires experimental failure to achieve success. A possibly apocryphal story about Tom Watson of IMB has an executive asking him if he is going to fire another executive whose $5 million project failed. “Fire him,” Watson is supposed to have said. “I’ve just paid his tuition!” Whether true or not, it represents an attitude toward work diametrically opposed to the industrial system, and it underscores, yet again, the importance of learning. The push toward a new work regimen is also furthered by a second imperative: speed. Advanced economies are accelerative. In the new environment, therefore, innovation is not enough. The business has to get its new products to market fast—before a competitor beats it to the punch or copies the products. This accelerative pressure also shifts power by undermining the fixed, bureaucratic chain of command. #RandolphHarris 19 of 22

Not only do the new electronic networks frequently make it possible to communicate up, down, and sideways in the organization, so that an employee can skip across hierarchical levels, a similar effect is seen in personal or face-to-face communication. In the past, a worker with a problem or a new idea got into trouble by going over the head of a superior. However, acceleration forces employees to end-run the hierarchy. So employees are actually encouraged to ignore rank when necessary. If the middle manager felt insulted in seeing any of his or her subordinates go over his or her head without permission, that man or woman would immediately lose respect from both downstairs and upstairs. Acceleration and innovation both play havoc with the power hierarchies of the smokestack past and promote the spread of the advanced. Third Wave work regiment. While the rates of increase in global population is slowing, the rates of growth claimed for the World’s two biggest religions—Christianity and Islam—are escalating. Both will be influenced by technology and the radical resdistribution of the World’s wealth in decades to come. The connection between religion and money currently receiving the most attention has had to do with the cost of terrorism. Americans will never forget the coordinated terrorist attacks on September 11, 2001, against the country. The attacks cost the U.S.A. economy more than $2 trillion. However, this total does not include all the aftershocks that were felt in foreign equity markets, in tourism and travel, in consumer attitudes and in a temporary capital flight. In the case of disaster, many costs are recouped when reconstruction begins. Money is simply rechanneled from one part of the economy to another. #RandolphHarris 20 of 22

The goal of 9/11 and the later bombings in Bali and Madrid were grandiosely aimed at partly taking down the global economic system. And if you look at how much debt the United States of America and other countries are in, it is possible that we may see this prophecy come true. This is why people who do not love America, especially terror groups, will do anything to acquire weapons of mass destruction and why they need to be stopped at all costs. However, even if theo-terrorism were to magically vanish, religion will have substantial impacts on the global economy for decades to come. When it comes to cleaning up the twentieth-century mess, we have a lot of work to do. Even after the twentieth-century industry is history, its toxic residues will remain. Cleaning up waste dumps with today’s technology has proved so expensive and ineffective that many in the field have all but given up hope of really solving the problem. What can be done with post-breakthrough technologies? Nanotechnology can help with the cleanup of these pollutants. Living organisms clean the environment, when they can, by using molecular machinery to break down toxic materials. Systems built with nanotechnology will be able to do likewise, and to del with compounds that are not biodegradable. The more we learn about the ecosystem, the more we find that functions are managed by particular organisms or groups of organisms. A nanotech manager might be used for remediation in a situation where toxicants have destroyed some key members of a particular ecosystem—some managerial microbes, for example. #RandolphHarris 21 of 22

Once the needed activities are reinitiated, the living survivors of the stressed ecosystem can jump in and continue the ecosystem recovery effort. To see how nanomachines could be used to clean up pollution, imagine a device made of smart materials and roughly resembling a tree, once it has been delivered and unfolded. Above ground are solar-collecting panels; below ground, a branching system of rootlike tubes reaches a certain distance into the soil. By extending into a toxic-waste dump, these rootlike structure could soak up toxic chemicals, using energy from the solar collectors to convert them into harmless compounds. Rootlike structures extending down into the water table could do the same cleanup job in polluted aquifers. Most atmospheric pollutants are quickly washed out by rain (turning them into soil- and water-pollution problems), but some air pollutants are longer lasting. Among these are the chlorine compounds attacking the ozone layer that protects the Earth from excessive ultraviolet radiation. Since 1975, observers have recorded growing holes in the ozone layer: at the South Pole, the hole can reach as far as the tips of South America, Africa, and Australia. Loss of this protection subjects people to an increased risk of skin caner and has unknown effects on ecosystems. The new technology base will be able to stop the increase in ozone-destroying compounds, but the effects would linger for years. By changing the way materials and products are made, molecular manufacturing will free up land formerly used for industrial plants. Toxic materials could be removed from contaminated soil using solar power as the energy source, and the cleanup device and any collected residues could later be carted away. #RandolphHarris 22 of 22

CRESLEIGH MEADOWS AT PLUMAS RANCH

Plumas Lake, CA |

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