Overpopulated and over-proselytized, The Earth’s land which houses the generation’s of oscillating cities and suburbs began to erode as quickly as quickly as the illusion has. The green lawns and pavement echo with love’s demise. The discarded remains of “youthquake” were now street-smart hustlers. Those left behind after the COVID pandemic can only anesthetize themselves from the World’s mourning and especially, the confusion at hand. The whitewashing euphoria of a pre-tyrannical America turned into an interment camp left behind faces that were convoluted, masked, and void of expression. All that remained was paranoia, phobia and frustration. Hate became the first turned-on revelation. The masses continued to recruit mask police to make sure everyone had on a mask, even if it was dirty and had been worn several times. Men, women, and children were starving in the street. Minds and bodies have become maimed as we watched a much larger scaled model of 9/11. Now someone had to have an answer. The remnants of those evaporated souls awaited remedy by a savior. In the coming years, saviors appeared to supply the demand: pimps, pushers, scientologists, yang, yin, payday loans. Well dressed, Jesuses in silk suits, draped in gold jewelry and driving brand new BMWs and Cadillac Escalades. The Process Church of the Final Judgment. The witches from “Charmed,” who claimed “In love there is no wrong.” Anyone who posed an answer to a perennial question was God-for-a-day. The preachers pontificated, “To all who would know, I am the truth and I speak the truth. In all humility I tell you that I am the greatest an in the World and it does not trouble me in the least. I am going to attack everything you believe in, everything you cling to and put this New Man in you. I am going to shed light on your dark truths.” #RandolphHarris 1 of 22

The preachers when on to announce, “Love does not exist, but only in rare feeling moments. Therefore, wives, cleave unto your husbands and honor his wishes. For love is something you become after there is no more you. This takes complete sacrifice of the personality, mind, body, heart and soul to Jesus Christ. You must give up everything you want for yourself. All these weaklings who are not clinging to God for support are just putting off their own crucifixions. And you must be reborn in Jesus Christ. Amen.” The COVID pandemic presciently brought on this apocalyptic conundrum, regeneration for the price of self-sacrifice. Manson would have called it, “losing the ego” or “cease to exist.” Baptists translate it as being reborn. Either way, breaking oneself down to be built up again was not hard for the lost souls of Hate and Socialism. They were already broken. However, for many, the vaccine and masks took on the role of God, and to a degree, many were convinced they were. The vaccine and these masks secured themselves as a legend, a cure all. They took getting a vaccine and using a mask as a request from God Himself. These tools began to seduce the nation’s press. There was something strange about people walking around with their faces covered, and making galactic claims about the vaccine. These tools, however, answered the prayers emanating from the deathbeat of Americana. They became quit the perfect garden variety God in a materialist World turned upside-down. The vaccines and masks became the World’s universal savior as they eased most everyone’s inner torment, but the COVID measures also fostered their isolation. Many people were too full of dope and alcohol to know what was good anyone, as the Churches had shutdown, but the liquor stores and neighborhood pushers were still open for business. #RandolphHarris 2 of 22

The cities started to drain the people of their souls and financial resources with these empty slogans of “flattening the curve” and convincing them that the President would support them with “$2,000 a month stimulus checks until the pandemic was over,” and “cancel student load dept.” Yet, many Americans are left homeless, farms have gone bankrupt, cattle are starving, people had to decide to buy fuel for their cars so they could get to work or food to put on the table, as their heads got more wrinkled and their hair turned grey waiting for theses unfulfilled promises. The original intention of the reformed academies and universities was to provide a publicly respectable place—and a means of support—for theoretical men, of whom at best there are only  few in any nation, to meet, exchange their thoughts and train young persons in the ways of science. The academies and universities were to be engines in the progress of science. The right that reformers attempted to establish was for scientists to be unhindered in the use of their reason, in the areas in which they are competent, to solve the problems posed by nature. Reason and competence are to be underlined here. “Intellectual honesty,” “commitment” and that kind of thing have nothing to do with the university, belong in the arenas of religious and political struggle, only get in the way of the university’s activity, and open it to suspicion and criticism of which it has no need. Freedom of thought and freedom of speech were proposed in theory, and in the practice of serious political reformers, in order to encourage the still voice of reason in a World that had always been comminated by fanaticisms and interests. #RandolphHarris 3 of 22

How freedom of thought and speech came to mean the special encouragement and protection of fanaticism and interests is another of those miracles connected with the decay of the ideal of the rational political order. The authors of The Federalist hoped their scheme of government would result in the preponderance of reason and rational men in the United States of America. They were not particularly concerned with protecting eccentric or mad opinions or life-styles. Such protection, which we now often regard as the Founders’ central intention, is only an incidental result of the protection of reason, and it loses plausibility if reason is rejected. These authors did not respect the many religious sects or desire diversity for its own sake. The existence of many sects was permitted only to prevent the emergence of a single dominant one. The moment of the Enlightenment’s success seems also to have been the beginning of its decay. The obscuring of its intention as a result of its democratization is symptomatic of the inner difficulties of its project. That project entailed freedom for the rare theoretical men to engage in rational inquiry in rational inquiry in the small number of disciplines that treat the first principles of all things. This requires an atmosphere where the voice of reason is not drowned by the loud voices of the various “commitments” prevailing in political life. Knowledge is the goal; competence and reason are required of those who pursue it. The disciplines are philosophy, mathematics, physics, chemistry, biology and the science of man, meaning a political science that discerns the nature of man and the end of government. This is the academy. Dependent on it are a number of applied sciences—particularly engineering, medicine and law—that are lower in dignity and derivative in knowledge, but produce the fruits of science that benefit the unscientific and make them respectful of science. #RandolphHarris 4 of 22

Thus the advantage of the knowers, who want to pursue knowledge, and that of those who do not know, those who want to pursue their well-being, are served simultaneously, establishing a harmony between them. And thus the age-old gulf separating the wise from those who hold power is bridged, and the problem of the wise in civil society is solved. The project was unity reflecting the unity of the intelligible order of nature, its parts organized according to the order of the parts of the whole, joined together finally in a survey of the articulated whole made by the culminating science-philosophy. This project has lost its unity and is in crisis. Reason is unable to establish its unity, to decide what should be in it, to divide up the intellectual labor. It floats without compass or rudder. If the university is indeed the product of the Enlightenment and is its visible presence in modern democracy, and if Enlightenment was a political project that undertook to alter the age-old character of the relation between wisdom and power, knowledge and society, it might be suspected that the crisis of knowledge that has become politically useful—id est, the crisis of university—and the crisis of liberal democracy, the political order dependent on knowledge, have something to do with the new relationship between the two promoted by Enlightenment. I have included among the Enlightenment philosophers men like Machiavelli, Bacon, Montaigne, Hobbes, Descartes, Spinoza, and Locke, along with the eighteenth-century thinkers like Montesquieu, Diderot and Voltaire, whose teachings are usually held to constitute the Enlightenment, because these latter were quite explicit about their debt to the originators of what the Enlightenment was in large measure only popularizing. #RandolphHarris 5 of 22

The men of the Enlightenment proper were the first whose teachings were addressed not only, or primarily, to other philosophers or potential philosophers of the same rank, and who were concerned not only with those who understand but also with changing the opinions of mankind at large. Enlightenment was the first philosophically inspired “movement,” a theoretical school that is a political force at the same time. The very word Enlightenment conveys this mixture of elements, as does Marxism, whereas Platonism and Epicureanism refer strictly to theories—which may have had this or that effect but whose essence is only theoretical. Although Plato and Aristotle had political philosophies, there is no regime to which one can point as a Platonic or an Aristotelian regime, in the sense that either thinker had founded the movement or party that actually established the regime. However, Enlightenment is certainly responsible for liberal democracy, as is Marxism for communism. Intellectual historians have frequently been too impressed by these recent events in philosophy and politics to recognize how recent they are, that they constitute a new phenomenon in both domains, and that what is most profound and interesting about Enlightenment is its radical and self-conscious break with the philosophical tradition in the mode and degree of its political activity. The scale of the electronic war rises when whole industries mobilize to do battle. Rather than individual firms, industry-wide groups are taking collective action. Such industry-wide networks are especially notable in Japan, where their formation is strongly encouraged by the ubiquitous Ministry of International Trade and Industry. Thus MITI is prodding the petroleum industry to complete a net that will link refiners, oil tank facilities, and retailers. #RandolphHarris 6 of 22

Industry-wide Value Added Networks have already appeared in fields as disparate as frozen foods, eyeglasses, and sporting goods. Similar industry-wide nets are springing up elsewhere. In Australia two competing Value Added Networks, Woolcom and a service offered by Talman Pty., Ltd., for wool brokers and exporters, are vying for business and looking ahead to link-ups with Tradegate, an international trade net, and EXIT, an export clearance system. In the United States of America a major drive is under way to complete a network that will tie together not only textile manufacturers like Burlington, but apparel makers and the giant retailers like Wal-Mart and K Mart. To stoke up support for this effort, business leaders like Roger Millikin, chairman of Millikin & Company, make speeches, hold seminars, fund studies, and preach the network gospel. A key problem in the industry has been slow response time. Clothing fashions change swiftly, so the industry wants to compress the time between order and delivery from weeks to days by installing an electronic network that runs from the textile mill to the retail checkout counter. By speeding response, huge cuts in inventory become possible. The electronic system allows retailers to order smaller batches and replace the fast-sellers more frequently as styles and consumer tastes change, instead of sitting on slow-moving merchandise. Milliken cites the experience of one department store chain that was able to sell 25 percent more slacks while, at the same time, carrying 25 percent fewer slacks in its inventory. Indeed, with the system only partly in place, results have been dramatic. #RandolphHarris 7 of 22

The campaign began in 1986. By 1989, according to Arthur Andersen & Company, more than seventy-five retailers had invested an estimated $3.6 billion in the system, called Quick Response, and had already benefited to the tine of $9.6 billion. In fact, Millikin and many others believe so many more billions can be saved that electronic intelligence can serve as a weapon in international trade wars. If efficiency can be raised enough, and rapidly enough, the reasoning goes, the American textile and apparel industries would be able to compete more effectively against affordable labor imports. As individual companies and entire industries race to position themselves for the future by building their own special-purpose networks, other giants are racing to lay in place global multipurpose networks that will carry message for anyone. What we are seeing, therefore, is the emergence of several types or layers of electronic networks: private nets primarily designed for the employees of a single firm; EDI hookups between individual companies and their customers and/or vendors; and industry-wide networks. To these, however, must now be added generic networks—so-called common carriers—which are needed to connect these lower-level networks to one another and to transport messages for everyone else. The volume of messages and data now surging through this neural system is so huge that an even larger-scale battle has erupted among big companies who wish to dominate this common carrier service. Giants like British Telecom, AT&T, and Japan’s KDD are racing to expand their capacity and speed up data flows. To complicate matters, large companies that have their own global nets sell services to outsiders and compete with the common carriers. #RandolphHarris 8 of 22

Thus Toyota, for example, and IBM fight for business that might otherwise go to one of the old telephone companies. General Electric operates a network in more than 180 countries, and Benetton, based in Italy, relies on GE to connect 90 percent of its employees. What is forming under our eyes, therefore, the entirely new, multilayered system, the economy’s infrastructure of the 21^st century. Meanwhile, a short man with a friendly face and a helmet of long silver hair falling over his ears climbed a few steps onto the stage, clipped a microphone to his gray Nehru jacket, and began speaking in a voice so soft and gentle that one strained to hear it even over the loudspeakers as he called up slide after slide in his presentation. We were in New Delhi in 2003 at a conference entitled “India—Giant or Pygmy?” Although his name is little known outside India, A.P.J. Abdul Kalam, son of an impoverished boatbuilder, is a Muslim in a predominately Hindu nation and the former chief scientist/engineer behind India’s satellite, missile and nuclear programs. He is also president of India. Kalam does not govern the nation—politicians do that. However, he is a widely admired symbol of up-from-poverty success and a commitment to interreligious harmony. He is also coauthor of India 2020—a Vision for the New Millennium. Kalam’s priority project, when we spoke with him later in the residential palace, was connectivity. Now among technologies but among villages—tiny, remote villages distant from one another. Kalam has developed a program to slow urbanization by linking villages physically, electronically, economically—and in terms of access to knowledge. #RandolphHarris 9 of 22

Counter to the belief that advanced technologies do nothing for the poor, it is the knowledge economy and the technologies associated with it that have awakened India from a half century of postcolonial slumber, helping to life more than 100 millions Indians out of poverty and placing it, according to some estimates, only ten or fifteen years behind China. That lag, according to some, may be offset by three advantages that India brings to the race. First, the wide prevalence of English makes contact and communication with the Anglophone World easier. Second, India is less export-dependent than China, thus less vulnerable to currency and other risks. And third, its less authoritarian, relatively open society is more likely to promote innovation. The growth of the developing World is causing new struggles for the control of knowledge and communication, struggles that are shifting power among people, companies, industries, sectors, and countries. Yet the “neuralization” of the economy has scarcely begun and new players enter the power game every day. They include credit card companies, the great Japanese trading houses, equipment manufacturers, and many others. Crucial to this emerging system is the plastic card in the consumer’s wallet. Whether it is an automatic teller machine card, a conventional credit card, or a “smart” debit card, the card is a network’s link to the individual. That link can, in principle, be expanded vastly. As everyone from banks and oil companies to local merchants moves more deeply into the electronic age…as the cards themselves become smarter, carrying and conveying vast amounts of information…and as money itself becomes “super-symbolic,” no longer pegged to either metal or paper…the card provides the missing link in the emerging neural system. #RandolphHarris 10 of 22

Whoever controls the card—bankers or their rivals—has a priceless channel into the home and daily life. Thus we see a push to link individual customers to the specialized networks. In Japan, JCB. Co., a credit card firm, together with NTT Data Communications, is launching a card women can use at their hairdressers’. It hopes to connect 35,000 hairdressers with 10 million card-carrying customers in a two-year period. The long-rage dream of the World’s network builders is a single integrated loop, running from the customer (who will electronically tell business what goods or services to make)…to the producer…through what remains of distribution intermediary firms…to the retailer or the electronic home shopping service…to the ATM or the credit card payment system…and ultimately back into the home of the consumer. Any company or industrial group that can seize control of the main steps in this cycle will wield decisive economic power—and hence considerable political power as well. However, seizing it will depend less on capital than on brains—intelligence embedded in computers, software, and electronic networks. In order for cooperation to get started in the first place, one more condition is required. The problem is that in a World of unconditional defection, a single individual who offers cooperation cannot prosper unless others are around who will reciprocate. On the other hand, cooperation can emerge from small clusters of discriminating individuals as long as these individuals have even a small proportion of their interactions with each other. So there must be some clustering of individuals who use strategies with two properties: the strategies will be the first to cooperate, and they will discriminate between those who respond to the cooperation and those who do not. #RandolphHarris 11 of 22

Television is not a great way to get people to cooperate. Verbal information is easier to convey than sensory information since television can deliver words with little information loss. If the former is confined to two operative sense of television, sensory information is easier to convey than intuitive information. Intuitive information, which has no form at all, can barely be sent or received. Feelings of conflict, and their embodiment in actions, work better on television than feelings of agreement and their embodiment in calm and unity. Conflict is outward, agreement is inward, and so the former is more visible than the latter. This is often why President visit states they are seeking votes from. Not only to show they care, but also so the crowd can not only hear, but feel the message they are sending out, and ask questions or make comments. It is a great way to get people to cooperate. The conditions for the evolution of cooperation tell what is necessary, but do not, by themselves, tell what strategies will be most successful. For this question, there is evidence in favor of the robust success for the simplest of all discriminating strategies: TIT FOR TAT. By cooperating on the first move, and then doing whatever the other individual did on the previous move, TIT FOR TAT managed to do well with a wide variety of more or less sophisticated decision rules. It also usually a win when it comes to the Prisoner’s Dilemma. TIT FOR TAT again is the most successful rule, indicating that it can do well with good and bad rules alike. “Do unto others as you would have then do unto you,” reports Luke 6.31. TIT FOR TAT is close to the “Golden Rule,” which simply means to treat others the way we want them to treat us, but it also goes a step further that we must learn to watch and gauge their behavior so we are not taken advantage of. #RandolphHarris 12 of 22

TIT FOR TAT’s robust success is due to being nice, provocable, forgiving, and clear. Its niceness means that it is never the first to defect, and this property precents it from getting into unnecessary trouble. Its retaliation discourages the other side from persisting whenever defection is tired. Its forgiveness helps restore mutual cooperation. And its clarity makes its behavioral pattern easy to recognize; and once recognized, it is easy to perceive that the best way of dealing with TIT FOR TAT is to cooperate with it. However, this contradicts what was said earlier. Despite its robust success, TIT FOR TAT cannot be called the ideal strategy to play in the iterated Prisoner’s Dilemma. For one thing, TIT FOR TAT and other nice rules require for their effectiveness that the shadow of the future be sufficiently great. However, even then there is no ideal strategy independent of the strategies used by the others. In some extreme environments, even TIT FOR TAT would do poorly—as would be the case if there were not enough others who would ever reciprocate its initial cooperative choice. And TIT FOR TAT does have its strategic weakness as well. For example, if the other individual defect once, TIT FOR TAT will always respond with a defection, and then if the other party does the same in response, the result would be an unending echo of alternating defections. In this sense, TIT FOR TAT is not forgiving enough. However, another problem is that TIT FOR TAT is too forgiving to those rules which are totally unresponsive, such as a completely random rule. What can be said for TIT FOR TAT is that it does indeed perform well in a wide variety of settings where the other players are all using more or less sophisticated strategies which themselves are designed to do well. #RandolphHarris 13 of 22

If a nice strategy, such as TIT FOR TAT, does eventually come to be adopted by virtually everyone, then individuals using this nice strategy can afford to be generous in dealing with any others. In fact, a population of nice rules can also protect itself from clusters of individuals using any other strategy just as well as they can protect themselves against single individuals. These results give a chronological picture for the evolution of cooperation. Cooperation can begin with small clusters. It can thrive with rules that are, nice, provocable, and somewhat forgiving. And once established in a population, individuals using such discriminating strategies can protect themselves from invasion. The overall level of cooperation tends to go up and not down. In other words, the machinery for the evolution of cooperation contains a rachet. The operation of this ratchet was seen in the development of the norm of reciprocity in the United States of America’s Congress. In the early days of the republic, members of Congress were known for their deceit and treachery. They were quite unscrupulous and frequently lied to each other. Yet, over the years, cooperative patterns of behavior emerged and proved stable. These patterns were based upon the norm of reciprocity. Many other institutions have developed stable patters of cooperation based upon similar norms. Diamond markets, for example, are famous for the way their members exchanged millions of dollars worth of good with only a verbal pledge and a handshake. The key factors is that the participants know they will be dealing with each other again and again. Therefore any attempts to exploit the situation will simply not pay. #RandolphHarris 14 of 22

A wonderful illustration of this principle is provided in the memoirs of Ron Luciano, a baseball umpire who sometimes had his “bad days.” “Over a period of time I learned to trust certain catchers so much that I actually let them umpire for me on the bad days. The bad days usually followed the good nights. On those days there wasn’t much I could do but take two aspirins and call as little as possible. If someone I trusted was catching…I’d tell them, ‘Look, it’s a bad day. You’d better take it for me. If it’s a strike, hold you glove in place for an extra second. It it’s a ball, throw it right back. And please, don’t yell.” This reliance on the catcher could work because if Luciano ever suspected that he was being taken advantage of, he would have many opportunities to retaliate. “No one I worked with ever took advantage of the situation, and hitter ever figure out what I was doing. And only once, when Ed Herrman was calling the pitches, did a pitcher ever complain about a call. I smiled; I laughed; but I didn’t say a word. I was tempted, though, I was really tempted.” Ordinary business transactions are also based upon the idea that a continuing relation allows cooperation to develop without the assistance of a central authority. Even though the courts do provide a central authority for the resolution of business disputes, this authority is usually not invoked. A common business attitude is expressed by a purchasing agent who said that “if something comes up, you get the other man on the telephone and deal with the problem. You don’t real legalistic contract clauses at each other if you ever want to do business again.” This attitude is so ell established that when a large manufacturer of packaging materials inspected its records, it found that it had failed to create legally binding contracts in two-thirds of the orders from its customers. #RandolphHarris 15 of 22

The fairness of the transactions is guaranteed not by the threat of a legal suit, but rather by the anticipation of mutually rewarding transactions in the future. It is precisely when this anticipation of future interaction breaks down that an external authority is invoked. Perhaps the most common type of business contracts case fought all the way to the appellate courts is an action for a wrongful termination of a dealer’s franchise by a parent company. This pattern of conflict makes sense because once a franchise is ended, there is no prospect for further mutually rewarding transactions between the franchiser and the parent company. Cooperation ends, and costly court battles are often the result. In other contexts, mutually rewarding relations become so commonplace that the separate identities of the participants can become blurred. For example, Lloyd’s of London began as a small group of independent insurance brokers. Since the insurance of ship and its cargo would be a large undertaking for one dealer, several brokers frequently made trades with each other to pool their risks. The frequency of the interactions was so great that the underwriters gradually developed into a federated organization with a formal structure of its own. The importance of future interactions can provide a guide to the design of institutions. To help promote cooperation among members of an organization, relationships should be structured so that there are frequent and durable interactions among specific individuals. Corporations and bureaucracies are often structured in just this way. As nowhere else in the early literature of the human race preserved to us, good and evil as principia are here brought together and put asunder. They came forth from a primary initial community, as “twins.” #RandolphHarris 16 of 22

From what seed and womb they steam is not told us, but another time we hear that the highest god, Ahura Mazdah, the “Wise Lord,” is the father of the benignant spirit. So the two primal opposites proceeded from him. Of a mother by whose participation the contradiction could be explained we learn nothing. The god indeed surrounds himself with good powers, makes them battle with the evil ones and will make them conquer the latter, but the opposite he is warring against was manifestly encompassed by himself and he put it out from himself into the begin of the principia. It is as thought he had first to discard evil in order to be able to subdue it. If, with the confrontation of the twins, creation which is effected through them is commence, then the god before creation is the not-yet-good one; but in the creation the god become good strives with that which he has cast out from himself. Thus understood, God’s primal act is a decision within himself, a primal choice, therefore, between still companionate good and evil, which prepares and makes possible their elected actions: The self-choice of good, which first renders it effectual and factual good, and the self-choice of evil, which renders it effectual and factual evil. However, the primal choice is not directed towards creation, the latter being done for the sake of the “turning point” at the end of the struggles. Created man is ordained into the struggle for salvation as one who is himself called upon to choose between good and evil. Since the Wise Lord, creating by His spirit made man’s life incarnate, the power of decision was entrusted to man. With a choice his daena, his self, embarked upon the Earthly path; but ever anew must he, confronted by fresh interminglings of deception and truth, divide, and decide. #RandolphHarris 17 of 22

One must be assisted from above: “because the better path does not stand open to the choice,” says Zarathustra, “I come to you all that we may live according to the truth”; his task is “to place men before the choice” and show them the right path, so that, as the verse concerning the twins concludes, they may of their own decision accede to the Wise Lord with works of truth. Those who do so assist him “to bring this existence to transfiguration.” “And the chief judge stood before them, and smote them again, and said unto them: If ye have the power of God deliver yourselves from these bands, and then we will believe that the Lord will destroy this people according to your words,” reports Alma 14.24. When Catholic priests use spirits, wafers, and incantations to embody spiritual ideas, they acknowledge the mystery and the metaphor being used. However, experts of Technopoly acknowledge no such overtones or nuisances when they use forms, standardized tests, polls, and other machinery to give technical reality to ideas about intelligence, creativity, sensitivity, emotional imbalance, social deviance, or political opinion. They would have us believe that technology can plainly reveal the true nature of some human condition or belief because the score, statistic, or taxonomy has given it technical form. There is no denying that the technicalization of terms and problems is a serious form of information control. Institutions can make decisions on the basis of scores and statistics, and there certainly may be occasions where there is no reasonable alternative. However, unless such decisions are made with profound skepticism—that is, acknowledged as being made for administrative convenience—they are delusionary. #RandolphHarris 18 of 22

In Technopoly, the delusion is sanctified by our granting inordinate prestige to experts who are armed with sophisticated technical machinery. All professionals are conspiracies against the laity. We can go further: in Technopoly, all experts are invested with the charisma of priestliness. Some of our priest-experts are called psychiatrists, some psychologist, some sociologist, some statisticians. The god they serve does not speak of righteousness or goodness or mercy or grace. Their god speaks of efficiency, precision, objectivity. And that is why such concepts as sin and evil disappear in Technopoly. They come from a moral universe that is irrelevant to the theology of expertise. And so the priests of Technopoly call sin “social deviance,” which is a statistical concept, and they call evil “psychopathology,” which is a medical concept, which alludes to the idea that sin (social deviance) and psychopathology (evil) can be corrected with medication. Sin and evil disappear because they cannot be measured and objectified, and therefore cannot be dealt with by experts. As the power of traditional social institutions to organize perceptions and judgment declines, bureaucracies, expertise, and technical machinery become the principal means by which Technopoly hopes to control information and thereby provide itself with intelligibility and order. We will talk about why this cannot work, and the pain and balderdash that are the consequence in future reports. Now, some may be wonder, how far can proximal probes take us? Proximal probes have advantages as a tool for developing nanotechnology, but also weakness. Today, their working tips are rough and irregular. To make stable bonds form, John Foster’s group used a pulse of electricity, but the results proved hard to control. #RandolphHarris 19 of 22

The “IMB” spelled out by Donald Eigler’s group when he made the World’s smallest logo with xenon atoms, it was very precise, but stable only at temperatures near absolute zero—such patterns vanish at room temperature because they are not based on stable chemical bonds. Building structures that are both table and precise is still a challenge. To form stable bonds in precise patterns is the next big challenge. John Foster says, “We’re exploring a concept which we call ‘molecular herding,’ using the STM to ‘herd’ molecules the way my Shetland sheep dog would hard sheep…Our ultimate goal with molecular herding is to make one particular molecule move to another particular one, and then essentially force them together. If you could put two molecules that might be small parts of a nanomachine on the surface, then this kind of herding would allow you to hual one of them up to the other. Instead of requiring random motion of a liquid and specific chemical lock-and-key interactions to give you exactly what you want in brining two molecules together [as in chemical and biochemical approaches], you could drive that rection on a local level with the STM. You could use the STM to put things where you want them to be.” Proximal-probe instruments may be a big help in building the first generation of nanomachines, but they have a basic limit: Each instrument is huge on a molecular scale, and each could bond only one molecular piece at a time. To make anything large—say, large enough to see with the unassisted eye—would take an absurdly long time. A device of this sort could add one piece per second, but even a pinhead contains more atoms than the number of seconds since the formation of Earth. Building a Pocket Library this would be a long-term project. How can such slow systems ever build anything big? Rabbits and dandelions contain structures put together one molecular piece at a time, yet they grow to reproduce quickly. How? They build in parallel, with many billions of molecular machines working at once. #RandolphHarris 21 of 22

To gain the benefits of such enormous parallelism, researchers can either use proximal probes to build a better, next-generation technology, or use a different approach from the start. The techniques of chemistry and biomolecular engineering already have enormous parallelism and already build precise molecular structures. Their methods, however, are less direct than the still hypothetical proximal probe—based molecule-positioners. They use molecular building blocks shaped to fit together spontaneously, in a process of self-assembly. David Biegelsen, a physicist who works with STMs at the Xerox Palo Alto Research Center, put it this way at the nanotechnology conference: “Clearly, assembly using STMs and other variants will have to be tried. But biological systems are an existence proof that assembly and self-assembly can be done. I don’t see why one should try to deviate from something that already exists.” A huge technology bas for molecular construction already exists. Tools originally developed by biochemists and biotechnologist to deal with molecular machines found in nature can be redirected to make new molecular machines. The expertise built up by chemists in more than a century of steady progress will be crucial in molecular design and construction. Both disciplines routinely handle molecules by the billions and get them to form patterns by self-assembly. Biochemists, in particular, can begin by copying designs from nature. Molecular building-block strategies could work together with proximal-probe strategies, or could replace them, jumping directly to the construction of large numbers of molecular machines. Either way, protein molecules are likely to play a central role, as they do in nature. #RandolphHarris 22 of 22

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