We need a new language, and new poets to create it, and new ears to listen to it. Meanwhile, if we shut our ears to the old prophets who still speak more or less in the old tongues, using ancient words, occasionally in new ways, we shall have very little music. We are not so rich that we can do without tradition. Let one that has new ears listen to it in a new way. After the Bible, The Kreutzner Sonata is possible the World’s best-known literary endorsement of chastity. Written in 1890, eleven years after Leo Tolstory’s religious conversion, its central theme is the chastity that Mr. Tolstory fervently believed was essential to humankind’s moral health. It was in many ways a fictionalized and wildly fantasized account of his own marital struggles and resonated so deeply that Mahatma Gandhi acknowledged the profound influence The Kreutzer Sonata had on his own thinking and way of life. Mr. Tolstory had, after his religious metamorphosis as reborn Christian in 1879, attempted to reconcile his new beliefs with his daily life. Far from the monkish asceticism he dreamed of, his fame and fortune supported and indulgent family lifestyle he came to abhor. Mr. Tolstory gave up drinking and smoking and embraced vegetarianism. He often wore simple peasant clothes, cleaned his own room, worked in the fields, and made his own boots. He tried hard but unsuccessfully to convince his wife to give away their possessions and join him in an ascetic, contemplative religious life. Perhaps even more importantly, from Mr. Tolstory’s perspective, was his attempt to transform his marital relations from active pleasures of the flesh to purely platonic. His ideal in marriage was chastity, and for the briefest of periods, he succeeded. The Kreutzer Sonata is a tormented diatribe against marriage, lust, romantic love, and pleasures of the flesh. The narrator is Mr. Pozdnischeff, an elderly man who pours out his vitriolic story of a lawyer, a fellow train-traveler. #RandolphHarris 1 of 19

The Kreutzer Sonata is the name of a Beethoven sonata, and we learn that Mr. Pozdnischeff’s wife has been playing it with a musician friend. Mr. Pozdnischeff, consumed by jealousy, suspects her of infidelity. His poor wife has no chance. He procures a dagger, bursts in on her and her friend, and though the lawyer (and readers) understand she is completely innocent of any wrongdoing, her crazed husband stabs her to death. Mr. Pozdnischeff’s views on marriage reflect his chillingly murderous past: “Marriages…have existed and still exist for some people who see in marriage something sacred, a sacrament which is entered into before God. For such people it exists. Among us, people get married, seeing nothing in marriage but” pleasures of the flesh, “and the result is either deception or violence.” The narrator has, furthermore, concluded that pleasures of the flesh is unnatural, shameful, and painful. The Shakers are right, he says, are right. “Passion…is an evil, a terrible evil, to be combated, not fostered, as it is in our society. The words of the Gospel that ‘whosoever looketh on a woman to lust after her, hath committed adultery with her already in his heart,’ apply not only to other men’s wives, but also and mainly to one’s own. In our World as at present constituted, the prevalent views are exactly contrary to this, and consequently to what they ought to be.” Relating this to Darwinism and evolution, he adds: “The highest race of animas is the human race…To hold its own in the struggle with other races it must…unite like a swarm of bees, and not go on endlessly multiplying and increasing; and like the bees it should bring up the sexless, that is to say, it ought to aim at restraint, and not by any means contribute to inflamed the passions.” He realizes, however, that most people will strenuously object to his theory, for “try to persuade people to refrain from procreation in the name of morality—ye gods, what an outcry!” #RandolphHarris 2 of 19

The old man denounces pleasures of the flesh, carnal love as “the most powerful and vicious and obstinate” of all human passions. Were it annihilated, however, “the aim of mankind [for] happiness, goodness, love,” would be fulfilled. The human ideal, he continues, is for “goodness attained by self-restraint and chastity.” Pleasures of the flesh, he elaborates, breaks the moral law. Honeymoons, therefore, “are nothing but a sanction for lewdness.” The vilest aspect of love, he says bitterly, is that “whereas in theory love is described as an ideal state, a sublime sentiment, in practice it is a thing which cannot be mentioned or called to mind without a feeling of disgust…It was not without cause that nature made it so. But if it be revolting, let it be proclaimed so without any disguise. Instead of that, however, people go about preaching and teaching that it is something splendid and sublime.” The old murderer’s rant even detours toward pregnant or nursing women, for whom he articulates deep sympathies. Because lustful men force them into pleasures of the flesh, he says, angrily, the hospitals are full of women suffering from delirium driven there by psychic anguish after they have broken the laws of nature. The Kreutzer Sonata maintains its enraged tone until the end, a diatribe against marriage and the hatred that too often develops between husband and wife, and against the theories and arguments that encourage procreation. It is also, like a message reflected in a mirror, a monologue in defense of sexual chastity based on the murderer’s , and Mr. Tolstory’s conviction that moral law and moral health demand humans renounce sexuality. Ironically, soon after The Kreutzer Sonata was published, Mr. Tolstoy was unable to abide by his own impassioned pleas. He violated his vow of chastity by forcing himself on his wife, simultaneously impregnating and embittering her. #RandolphHarris 3 of 19

Abuse is the mistreatment or neglect of others (such as a child or spouse, the elderly, or the disabled) in a way that causes physical, emotional, or sexual harm. Abuse cannot be tolerated in any form and that those who abuse will be accountable. The Lord expects us to do everything we can to prevent abuse and to protect and help victims. No one is expected to endure abusive behavior. Reports of abuse should never be dismissed. Everyone should respond with compassion and sensitivity toward victims and their families. Those affected by abuse need to be heard and supported. Abuse may also violate the laws of society. Any person who learns of the abuse of children, the elderly, or the disabled is legally required to tell civil authorities. Leaders, family members, and friends should make every effort to stop abuse, find safety for the victim, and help the victim seek healing. Some victims may need help reporting abuse to law enforcement or to protective services. Victims may also need help through their healing process from professionals, including doctors and counselors. Most victims are abused by someone they know. Such people can be spouses, family members, dating partners, friends, or other acquaintances. Victims should be assured that they are never to blame for the harmful behavior of others—no matter who abuses them. A victim is not guilty. While some types of abuse may cause physical harm, all forms of abuse affect the mind and spirit. Victims of abuse often struggle with feelings of confusion, doubt, guilt, shame, mistrust, and fear. They may feel helpless, powerless, lonely, and isolated. They may even question the love of Heavenly Father and their own divine worth. #RandolphHarris 4 of 19

However, victims and those who support them can be assured that in life there is healing, and power. Victims of abuse may find comfort in seeking spiritual guidance and support from Church leaders as they heal. The first responsibility of leaders is to help those who have been abused and protect those who may be vulnerable to future abuse. Every actual relationship in the World is exclusive; the other breaks into it to avenge its exclusion.  There is a designed way of life, and that is the perfect way, the way things are meant to go where there is no suffering. However, with that comes the alienated World, the life experience and the use. Let your soul toward the World come to life, life that affects the World, actual life—and in actual life paths coming from very different attitudes of the soil. The more a human being, the more humanity is dominated by the id, and the more does the I fall prey to inactuality. In such ages the person in the human being and in humanity comes to lead a subterranean, hidden, as it were invalid existence—until it is summoned. Yesterday, we talked about better a real city tainted by selfish motives than one that cannot exist, expect in speech, and that promotes tyranny. We are not arguing here that the old family arrangements were good or that we should or could go back to them. We are only insisting that we not cloud our vision to such an extent that we believe that there are viable substitutes for them just because we want or need them. The peculiar attachment of mothers for their children existed, and in some degree still exists, whether it was the product of nature or nurture. That fathers should have exactly the same kind of attachment is much less evident. If nature does not cooperate, we can insist on it, but all our efforts will have been in vain. #RandolphHarris 5 of 19

Biology forces women to take maternity leaves. Law can enjoin men to take paternity leaves, but it cannot make them have the desired sentiments. Only the rankest ideologue could fail to see the difference between the two kinds of leave, and the contrived and somewhat ridiculous character of the latter. Law may prescribe that the male nipples may be made equal to the female ones, but they still will not give milk. Female attachment to children is to be at least partly replaced with promissory notes on male attachment. Will they be redeemed? Or will not everyone set up one’s own little separate psychological banking system? Similarly, women, due to the unreliability of men, have had to provide the means for their own independence. This has simply given men the excuse for being even less concerned with woman’s well-being. A dependent, weak woman is indeed vulnerable and puts herself at men’s mercy. However, that appeal did influence a lot of men a lot of the time. The cure now prescribed for male irresponsibility is to make them more irresponsible. And a woman who can be independent of men has much less motive to entice a man into taking care of her and her children. In the same vein, I heard a female lieutenant-colonel on the radio explaining that the only thing standing in the way of woman’s full equality in the military is male protectiveness. So, do away with it! Yet male protectiveness, based on masculine pride, and desire to gain the glory for defending a blushing woman’s honor and life, was a form of relatedness, as well as a way of sublimating selfishness. These days, why should a man risk his life protecting a karate champion who knows just what part of the male anatomy to go after in defending herself? What substitute is there for the forms of relatedness that are dismantled in the name of the new justice? #RandolphHarris 6 of 19

All our reforms have helped strip the teeth of our gears, which can therefore no longer mesh. They spin idly, side by side, unable to set the social machine in motion. It is at this exercise in futility that young people must look when thinking about their future. Women are pleased by their success, their new opportunities, their agenda, their moral superiority. However, underneath everything lies the more or less conscious awareness that they are still dual beings by nature, capable of doing most things men do and also wanting to have children. They may hope otherwise, but they fully expect to pursue careers, to have to pursue careers, while caring for children alone. And what they expect and plan for is likely to happen. The men have none of the current ideological advantages of the women, but they can opt out without too much cost. In their relations with women they have little to say; convinced of the injustice of the old order, for which they were responsible, and practically incapable of changing the direction of the juggernaut, they wait to hear what is wanted, try to adjust but are ready to take off in an instant. They want relationships, but the situation is so unclear. They anticipate a huge investment of emotional energy that is just as likely as not to end in bankruptcy, to a sacrifice of their career goals without any clarity about what reward they will reap, other than a vague togetherness. Meanwhile, one of the strongest, oldest motives for marriage is no longer operative. Men can now easily enjoy the pleasures of the flesh that previously could only be had in marriage. It is strange that the tiredest and stupidest bromide mothers and fathers preached to their daughters—“He won’t respect you or marry you if you give him what he wants too easily”—turns out to be the truest and most probing analysis of the current situation. Women can say they do not care, that they want men to have the right motives or none at all, but everyone, and they best of all, knows that they are being, at most, only half truthful with themselves. #RandolphHarris 7 of 19

Serendipity is the word we use when someone who is looking for one thing discovers another, more valuable thing. It is odd that we have no word for serendipity’s close-by but troublesome cousin, specially because it is a more common variety of experience. We refer to a situation in which someone looks for one thing, discovers a more valuable thing, but does not know it. We propose the word “columbusity,” in honor of Christopher Columbus, who in looking for China discovered the New World but persisted in believing he had not. Columbusity visits us all at one time or another, and comes in several disguises. In the case of Columbus, he was afflicted with too much confidence in himself and his beliefs about the size of the World to notice that in his defeat he had achieved a great victory. His columbusity came in the form of hubris. However, it may also come in the form of fear. We may, for example, be so preoccupied with defending ourselves against attack that we are unable to recognize when our enemy is inadvertently helping our cause. This is why Napoleon warned his generals that they must never interrupt an enemy when he is in the process of committing suicide. Napoleon’s advice is particularly apt for liberal educators who are so unsettled by right-wing assaults that they do not recognize a suicide when they see it. Let us take two examples among several that are available. Perhaps the most serious attack on liberal education in America comes from fundamentalist Christians who wish Creation Science to be taught in the schools. Like evolution, Creation Science purports to explain how the World and all that is in it came to be, but does so by taking the Bible as an infallible account of the World’s history. #RandolphHarris 8 of 19

For reasons too complex for us to understand, more and more people believe in Creation Science, and not a few of them have taken the inevitable line that their belief is infused with sufficient respectability to be included in the school curriculum. Among the more articulate of those is George E. Hahn, who has written the following: “Why do we want to see creation-science in public schools? First, we feel that students have the right to know. At present, few students are exposed to the weaknesses of evolution, let along to the data supporting the creation-science alternative. Including creation-science in a balance approach would keep positions honest.” With enemies like Mr. Hahn, liberals and other lovers of science do not need friends. The trouble is that they do not seem to know it. Without considering the implications of Mr. Hahn’s challenge, they rush to defend evolution by banishing Creation Science. In doing so, they sound much like those of legislators who in 1925 prohibited by law the teaching of evolution in Tennessee. In that case, anti-evolutionists were fearful that a scientific idea would undermine religious belief. In the present case, pro-evolutionists are fearful that a religious idea will undermine scientific belief. The former had insufficient confidence in religion; the latter have insufficient confidence in science. Good science has nothing to fear from bad science, and by our putting one next to the other, the education of our youth is served exceedingly well. Mr. Hahn is proposing that Creation Science sacrifice itself to further liberal education. It is a generous offer, and only those who are plagued by columbusity will not see it. Thus, we join with Mr. Hahn in proposing that Evolution and Creation Science be presented in schools as alternative theories. #RandolphHarris 9 of 19

The reasons why are fairly interesting. In the first place, Dr. Darwin’s explanation of how evolution happened is a theory. So is the updated various of Darwin. Even the “fact” that evolution occurred is based on high levels of inference and supposition. Fossil remains, for example, are sometimes ambiguous in their meaning and have generated diverse interpretations. And there are peculiar gaps in the fossil record, which is something of an if not an embarrassment to evolutionists. The story told by Creationists is also a theory. That theory has its origins in a religious metaphor or belief is irrelevant. Not only was Mr. Newton a religious mystic but his conception of the universe as a kind of mechanical clock, constructed and set in motion by God, is about as religious an idea as you can find. What is relevant, to both science and liberal education, is the question, To what extent does theory meet scientific criteria of validity? The dispute between evolutionists and Creation Scientists offers textbook writers and teachers a wonderful opportunity to provide students with insights into the philosophy and methods of science. After all, what students really need to know is not whether this or that theory is to be believed, but how scientists judge the merit of a theory. Suppose students were taught the criteria of scientific theory evaluation and then were asked to apply these criteria to those two theories in question. Would not such a task qualify as authentic science education? To take an example: It is fundamental that a theory be stated in such a way that it can (at least in principle) be shown to be false. If there is no possibility of its being refuted, then it falls outside the purview of science. Science has no interest in self-confirming theories. Can Creation Science meet the “refutability” criterion? Does Darwin’s theory meet this criterion? #RandolphHarris 10 of 19

Flaws in the fantasy–since the dream was packaged and sold by advertising people, it ought to be no surprise that the flaws in it were never mentioned. It is inherent in the advertising process to tell only those parts of the story that encourage the desired belief. Two major flaws were covered over. The first was that commodity consumption and economic growth, even if beneficial, could not go on forever. The second was that economic flow in a private enterprise economy, during periods of rapid growth, is inexorably distorted to favor the rich. Unlimited economic growth is a planetary impossibility. It could only have been conceived by minds out of touch with natural limits. It is dependent upon a suicidal overuse of resources and an impossible rate of commodity consumption. It depends upon all elements of the resource-production-consumption cycle operating at an accelerated rate that cannot be maintained in the long run. At the initial signs of raw materials shortages, of which oil and copper were only the first, production began to decline, jobs, were lost, buying power decreased, while, contrary to the textbook laws of supply and demand, prices went up. The handful of corporations that totally dominate supply were able to raise prices, getting more money from the ever-shrining number of people who could afford to pay. In addition, many of our clients governments abroad, which had been paving our way to their resources, began t fall to revolutionary movements. This was particularly true in African, Asian, and Middle Eastern nations, brining into view the bottom of the bottomless pit of goodies. Meanwhile the limits of commodity consumption were appearing. People cannot buy two new BMW i4 M50 Ultimate Driving Machines for life. #RandolphHarris 11 of 19

At the initial signs of raw materials shortages, of which oil and copper were only the first, production began to decline, jobs were lost, buying power decreased, while, contrary to the textbooks laws of supply and demand, prices went up. The handful of corporations that totally dominate supply were able to raise prices, getting more money from the ever-shrinking number of people who could afford to pay. In addition, many of our client governments abroad, which had been paving our way to their resources, began to fall to revolutionary movements. This was particularly true in African, Asian, and Middle Eastern nations, brining into view the bottom of the bottomless pit of goodies. Meanwhile the limits of commodity consumption were appearing. People cannot buy two new cars every year forever. Nor can road builders keep building roads once the landscape is mostly covered. People cannot replace their living-room furnishings, microwave ovens or television sets annually, no matter how much advertising they see. Eventually, purchase rates slow down. There is an end to the consumption process. Markets can be overexploited. While many Americans do not realize that this is what has happened, the largest corporations have known it for some time. Many of them seeing a burned-out market, have been dismantling their American operations and reestablishing themselves as transnational entities. The United States of America, with its ravaged cities and exploited landscapes, faces the prospect of becoming a sort of gigantic boomtown, exploited and abandoned. With operations geared to nations that are just emerging as markets, the multinational corporations are taking television into places in Asia, Africa, and South American where there are often no telephones or paved roads. If you think about it, companies should be paying you to use cable. #RandolphHarris 12 of 19

Satellite television systems have been installed in many countries ahead of modern transportation or sanitation systems. TV provides pretraining for the commodity life that is coming up fast. People in villages where electricity has just arrived are watching ads filled with ecstatically happy people using artificial milk, Coca-Cola and electric shavers. Even if economic growth could go on forever, it does not benefit all people. It benefits only the owners of businesses, not the working people, and it surely has nothing to offer the jobless. It does not take a Marxist economist to explain why. Such distinguished corporate experts as Louis Kelso have been predicting our present malaise for decades. In his brilliant How to Turn Eight Million Workers into Capitalists on Borrowed Money, Kelso argues that as capitalist enterprise grows, the rich must get richer and the poor poorer because owners of businesses have more kinds of incomes. They have wage income, which is many times higher than that of the average wage earner, and they also have dividend income. Then, they have another advantage: In periods of economic growth, they enjoy large profits that may be used for further capital investment, which will provide additional profits at a later time. Workers, whether blue- or white-collar, have only one income source: wages. There may be occasional wage hikes, but the rate of wages increases can never match threefold opportunities of the business owners. The workers, therefore, fall further behind as time passes. During the postwar period, while most of us were singing the praises of our expanding economy and buying toasters, washing machines, cars and gas-powered lawn mowers, all of which were designed to breakdown after a certain period, some people were able to use their double or triple incomes to build new plants and buy up small companies, labor-saving technology and raw materials such as Chilean mines, oil rights or Brazilian forests. #RandolphHarris 13 of 19

This ignored by trickle-down theorists, who keep saying that the owners of the business use their extra wealth in reinvestments which expand job markets, suggesting that it is actually desirable that some people have more money than others. However, investment is labor-saving technology reduces jobs. Expansion of overseas facilities reduces American jobs. The purchase of small companies means the merging or elimination of some production facilities, further reducing jobs. Aside from this, much of the surplus wealth is not spent on capital investment. It is plowed into inflation hedges such as gems, art and land, driving the prices of those items further out of reach of the wage earners. As often as not, the disparity incomes increases while the total number of jobs is reduced. In an economic climate where a few large businesses control supply and prices, as the number of jobs declines any employee who becomes too uppity or too demanding can easily be ousted. Where unions are strong, whole businesses can be packed up and moved, for example, to South Korea or Hong Kong, where workers tolerate fourteen-hour days at forty cents an hour. American wage earners are left with their single incomes, their shrinking power, and a widening gap between them and the people who control their lives. In contrast to the seven doorways into the money economy, the hidden or off-the-books economy has a thousand doorways. These are open to everyone, monied and moneyless alike. There are no requirements for entry. We are all born prequalified. This invisible economy should not be confused with the underground or “black” economies of the World where money is laundered, taxes evaded and terrorists, dictators and drug lords flourish. The very fact that the black economy is used to transmit and conceal money were are describing here. #RandolphHarris 14 of 19

The economic map most of us use today—and on which business leaders and politicians heavily reply—is actually a fragment, a detail of a much larger map. It charts only the money economy. However, there is also a massive “hidden” economy in which large amounts of mostly untracked, unmeasured and unpaid economic activity occurs. It is the non-money Prosumer Economy. When people turn out good, services or experiences for sale in the money economy, we call the “producers” and the process “production.” However, there were no counterpart words, at least in English, for what happens in the off-the-books, non-money economy. In the Third Wave (1980), we therefore invented the word prosumer for those of us who create goods, services or experiences for our own use or satisfaction, rather than for sale or exchange. When, as individuals or groups, we both produce and consume our own output, we are “prosuming.” If we bake a pie and also eat it, we are prosumers. However, prosuming is not just an individual act. Part of the purpose of baking that pie might be to share it with family, friends, or community without expecting money or its equivalent in return. Today, given the shrinkage of the World because of advances in transportation, communications and I.T., the notion of prosuming can include unpaid work to create value to share with strangers half a World away. We are all prosumers at one time or another, and all economies have a prosumer sector because many of our highly personal needs and wants are not or cannot be supplied in the marketplace, or are too expensive, or because we actually enjoy prosuming or desperately need to. Once we take our eyes off the money economy and mute all the econobabble, we discover surprising things. First, that this prosumer economy is huge; second, that it encompasses some of the most important things we do; and third, that even though it is given little attention by most economists, the $100 trillion money economy they monitor could not survive for ten minutes without it. #RandolphHarris 15 of 19

No axiom is uttered with more heartfelt conviction by conventional businesspeople and economist than “There is no such thing as a free lunch.” Most of us happily mumble the phrase even as we munch the meal. Yet no mantra is more misleading. Prosumer output is the subsidy on which the entire money system depends. Producing and prosuming are inseparable. Most people, including most economist, would unhesitatingly agree that what we do as prosumers—whether it is caring for a sick father or volunteering at a community organization or firehouse—has social value. However, most would also, to the degree that they think about it, accept the common assumption that an impenetrable Iron Curtain or Berlin Wall separates what we do for money and what we do as prosumers. By contrast, we hope to show—logically but, given the paucity of quantitative data, anecdotally—that this curtain or wall does not exist in reality, that many prosumers regularly move back and forth from one side of it to the other, and that what we do as prosumers profoundly affects the money economy in often overlooked ways. Moreover, we will show that this is not just an abstract matter for economists to ponder. It is important for parents paying tuition or taxes to educate their children for the future. It is important for marketing executives and managers, advertising agencies and investors, CEOs, and venture capitalists bankers, lobbyists and strategic planners. It is especially important for policymakers and political leaders who wished to lead us safely into tomorrow. Finally, some reforms directly connected with children and adolescents should be reviewed. No child labor. Children have been rescued from the exploitation and training of factories and sweat shops. However, relying on the public schools and the apprentice-training in an expanding and open economy, the reformers did not develop a philosophy of capacity and vocation. #RandolphHarris 16 of 19

Nor, since there were many small jobs, did they face the problems of a growing boy needing to earn some money. In our days, the result is that growing youths are idle and vocationally useless, and often economically desperate; and the schools, on the contrary, become apprentice-training paid for by public money. Compulsory education. This gave to all children a certain equality of opportunity in an open expanding industrial society. Formal elementary discipline was sufficient when the environment was educative and provided opportunities for advancement. In our circumstances, formal literacy is less relevant, and overcrowding and official interference make individual attention and real teaching impossible; so that it could be said that the schools are as stupefying as they are educative, and compulsory education is like jail. However, school is a blessing and keeps so many people out of jail. Students and their parents simply have to understand that school is the job of their children and they need to be encouraged to read, write, and study so they can go to college and get a great job. Even when children are at home, everyday parents should make sure they remind their children to do their homework and ask to look at it on occasions to make sure they are doing a sufficient job. The sexual revolution—this has accomplished a freeing or passionate functioning in general, has pierced repression, importantly relaxed inhibition, weakened legal and social sanctions, and diminished the strict animal-training of small children. As that it is still in process, strongly resisted by inherited prejudices, fears, and jealousies. By and large it has not won practical freedom for older children and adolescents. The actual present result is that they are trapped by inconsistent rules, suffer because of excessive stimulation and inadequate discharge, and become preoccupied with thoughts of intimate passions as if these were the whole of life. #RandolphHarris 17 of 19

When it comes to permissiveness, children have more freedom of spontaneous behavior, and their dignity and spirit are not crushed by humiliating punishments in school and in very many homes. However, this permissiveness has not extended to provide also means and conditions: Young folk might be free with their pleasures of the flesh but have no privacy; they are free to be angry, but have no asylum to escape from home, and no way to get their own money. Besides, where upbringing is permissive, it is necessary to have strong values and esteemed behavior at home and in the community, so that the child can have worthwhile goals to structure his experience; and of course it is just these that are lacking. So permissiveness often leads to anxiety and weakness instead of confidence and strength. Progressive education is a radical proposal, aimed at solving the dilemmas of education in the modern circumstances of industrialism and democracy, was never given a chance. It succeeded in destroying the faculty psychology in the interests of educating the whole person, and in emphasizing group experience, but failed to introduce learning-by-doing with real problems. The actual result of the gains has been to weaken the academic curriculum and foster adjustment to society as it is. As we study IQ scores, it has been noted that over the past 40 years, they have been rising steadily—and pretty much everywhere—throughout the century. Controversial when originally reported, but the phenomenon has been confirmed by many subsequent studies. It is real. Every since this discovery, anyone who suggest that intellectual powers have been on the wane is wrong. Perhaps in certain areas there are a lot of broken people. However, this leads a lot of people to believe that the Internet, TV, video games, and personal computers are not dumbing people down. #RandolphHarris 18 of 19

Raw IQ scores have been going up three points a decade since World War II. The gains have been sharpest among segments of the population whose scores have lagged in the past. However, there are still good reasons to be skeptical of any claim that people are smarter today than they used to be or that the Internet is boosting the general intelligence of the human race. For one thing, IQ scores had been going up for a very long time—since well before World War II, in fact—and the pace of increase has remained remarkably stable, varying only slightly from decade to decade. That pattern suggest that the rise probably reflects a deep and persistent change in some aspect of society rather than any particular recent event or technology. The fact that the Internet began to become widespread use only about 22 years ago makes it all the more unlikely that it has been a significant force propelling IQ scores upward. Other measures of intelligence do not show anything like the gains we have seen in overall IQ scores. In fact, even IQ tests have been sending mixed signals. The tests have different sections, which measure different aspects of intelligence, and performance on them has varied widely. Most of the increase in overall scores can be attributed to strengthening performance in tests involving mental rotation of geometric forms, the identification of similarities between disparate objects, and the arrangement of shapes into logical sequences. Tests of memorization, vocabulary, general knowledge, and even basic arithmetic have sown little or no improvement. Therefore, keep in mind, whoever merely has a living “experience” of one’s attitude and retains it in one’s sou may be as thoughtful as one can be, one is wordless—and all the games, arts, intoxications enthusiasms, and mysteries that happen within one do not touch the World’s skin. Nothing can doom the human but the belief in doom, for this prevents the movement of return. #RandolphHarris 19 of 19

Cresleigh Homes

Gardening brings so many benefits for mental and emotional health – and when you’re planting herbs, it’s great for the appetite, too! 

Today we’re talking about the best herbs to plant in early spring.

You’ll be snipping fresh greens 🌱 to add to your recipes in no time; it’s incredibly rewarding!

Just click the link in bio to read the full article! And while browsing, be sure to check out model homes, and choose from numerous architectural style, open concept spaces, flex spaces, and other options.

Once inside, the foyer will lead you into the open-concept kitchen that overlooks the casual dining and family room.  Some homes even come for formal dinings rooms and butler’s pantries. https://cresleigh.com/

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