When people first began writing things down, they would scratch their marks on anything that happened to be lying around—smooth-faced rocks, scraps of wood, strips of bark, bits of cloth, pieces of bone, chunks of broken pottery. Such ephemera were the original media for the written word. It is hard to imagine today, but as language advanced, scribes would write books with the words running together without any break across every line on every page, in what is now referred to as scriptura continua. The lack of word separation reflected language’s origins in speech. Today we place such a big deal on being literate and perhaps more school time should be devoted to get students in the practice of reading books. However, most literate Greeks and Romans were more than happy to have their books read to them by slaves. As the Middle Age progressed, people began to want, and to need, to read quickly and privately. Reading was becoming less an act of performance and more a means of personal instruction and improvement. That shift led to the most important transformation of writing since the invention of the phonetic alphabet. By the thirteenth century, scriptura continua was largely obsolete, for Latin texts as well as those written in the vernacular. Punctuation marks, which further eased the work of the reader, began to become common too. Writing, for the first time, was aimed as much at the eye as the ear. Readers did not just become more efficient, but they also became more attentive. To read a long book silently required an ability to concentrate intently over a long period of time, to “lose oneself” in the pages of a book, as we now say. Developing such mental discipline was not easy. The natural state of the human brain, like that of the brains of most of our relatives in the animal kingdom, is one of distractedness. Our predisposition is to shift our gaze, and hence our attention, from one object to another, to be aware of what is going. #RandolphHarris 1 of 23

Neuroscientists have discovered primitive “bottom-up mechanisms” in our brains that operate on raw sensory input, rapidly and involuntarily shifting attention to salient visual features of potential importance. What draws our attention most of all is any hint of a change in our surroundings. Our senses are finely attuned to change. Stationary or unchanging objects become part of the scenery and are mostly unseen. However, as soon as something in the environment changes, we need to take notice because it might mean danger—or opportunity. Our fast-paced, reflexive shifts in focus were once crucial to our survival. They reduced the odds that a predator would take up by surprise or that we would overlook a nearby source of food. For most of history, the normal path of human thought was anything but linear. To read a book was to practice an unnatural process of thought, one that demanded sustained, unbroke attention to a single, static object. It required readers to place themselves at the still point of the turning World. They have to train their brains to ignore everything else going on around them, to resist the urge to let their focus skip from one sensory cue to counter their instinctive distractedness, applying greater “top-down control” over their attention. The ability to focus on a single task, relatively uninterrupted, represents a strange anomaly in the history of our psychological development. Many people had, of course, cultivated a capacity for sustained attention long before the book or even the alphabet came along. The hunter, the craftsman, the ascetic—all had to train their brains to control and concentrate their attention. What was so remarkable about book reading was that the deep concentration was combined with the highly active and efficient deciphering of test and interpretation of meaning. The reading of a sequence of printed pages was valuable not jut for knowledge readers acquired from the author’s words but for the ways those words set off intellectual vibrations within their minds. #RandolphHarris 2 of 23

In the quiet spaces opened up by the prolonged, undistracted reading of a book, people made their own associations, drew their own inferences and analogies, fostered their own ideas. They thought deeply as they read deeply. Even the earliest silent readers recognized the striking change in their consciousness that took place as they immersed themselves in the pages of a book. The medieval bishop Isaac of Syria described how, whenever he read to himself, “as in a dream, I enter a state when my sense and thoughts are concentrated. Then, when with prolonging of this silence the turmoil of memories is stilled in my heart, ceaseless waves of joy are sent me by inner thoughts, beyond expectation suddenly arising to delight my heart.” Reading a book was a meditative act, but it did not involve a clearing of the mind. It involved a filling, or replenishing, of the mind. Readers disengaged their attention from the outward flow of passing stimuli in order to engage it more deeply with an inward flow of words, ideas, and emotions. That was—and is—the essence of the unique mental process of deep reading. It was the technology of the book that made this “strange anomaly” in our psychological history possible. The brain of the book reader was more than a literate brain. It was a literary brain. As the nature of education and scholarship changed, universities began to stress private reading as an essential complement to classroom lectures. Libraries began to play much more central roles in university life and, more generally, in the life of the city. Library architecture evolved too. For instance, the Kadokawa Culture Museum by Kengo Kum and Associates is a futuristic a 5-story monolithic granite building that forms the cornerstone of development called “Tokorozawa Town.” The first floor the library, which actually appears to be composed of three stories, and it is truly labyrinth. It looks like something that belongs in the. There are scrolls hanging from the ceiling, and three floors of book, which cascade from the walls. #RandolphHarris 3 of 23

This library is truly amazing. It is much different from the traditional large public rooms where students, professors, and other patrons sit together at long tables reading silently to themselves. It is more of a place where people are encouraged to browse and look around and quietly discuss the architecture. As one tours the library and enjoys, the rich heritage of books, they also appear to be in motion. For example, one can see an illustration of the evolution of such. This structure denotes how as book prices fell, following Gutenberg’s printing press the number, the number of books produced in the fifty years equaled the number produced by European scribes during the preceding thousand years. The sudden proliferation of once-rare books struck people of the time as sufficiently remarkable to suggest supernatural invention, and this library is very reminiscent of something paranormal. Because books are affordable these days, it is possible to not only read broadly but to draw comparisons between different works. All the World is fully of knowing humans, of most learned Schoolmasters, and vast Libraries and it appears to be a truth, that neither in Plato’s time, nor Cicero’s, not Papinian’s, there was ever such conveniency for studying, as we see at this day there is. A virtuous cycle has been set in motion. The growing availability of books fired the public’s desire for literacy, and the expansion of literacy further has stimulated the demand for books. However, along with the high-minded comes the low-minded. Tawdry novels, quack theories, gutter journalism, propaganda, and, of course, reams of social media and Internet research pouring into the market place to dumb down readers at every station in society. Priest and politicians have begun to wonder whether the Internet is more mischief than advantage. However, as books have historically become more common, humans could look more directly at each other’s observations, with a great increase in the accuracy and content of the information conveyed. #RandolphHarris 4 of 23

Books allow readers to compare their thoughts and experiences not just with religious precept, whether embedded in symbols or voiced by the clergy, but with the thoughts and experience of others. The social and cultural consequences were as widespread as they were profound, ranging from religious and political upheaval to the ascendancy of the scientific method as the central means for defining truth and making sense of existence. Thank God for literacy. Literate people read all day long, mostly unconsciously. We glance at road signs, menus, headlines, shopping lists, labels of products in stores. These forms of reading tend to be shallow and brief duration. They are the types of reading we share with our distant ancestors who deciphered the marks scratched on pebbles and potsherds. However, there are also times when we read with greater intensity and duration, when we become absorbed in what we are reading for longer stretches of time. Some of us, indeed, do not just read in this way but think of ourselves as readers. After Gutenberg’s invention, the bounds of language expanded rapidly as writers, competing for the eyes of ever more sophisticated and demanding readers, strived to express ideas and emotions with superior clarity, elegance, and originality. The vocabulary of the English language, once limited to just a few thousand words, expanded to upwards of a million words as books proliferated. Many of the new words encapsulated abstract concepts that simply had not existed before. Writers experimented with syntax and diction, opening new pathways of thought and imagination. Reader eagerly traveled down those pathways, becoming adept at following fluid, elaborate, and idiosyncratic prose and verse. The ideas that writers could express and readers could interpret became more complex and subtle, as arguments wound their way linearly across many pages of text. As language expanded, consciousness deepened. The deepening extended beyond the page. It is no exaggeration to say that the writing and reading of books enhanced and refined people’s experience of life and nature. #RandolphHarris 5 of 23

The remarkable virtuosity displayed by new literary artists who managed to counterfeit taste, touch, smell, or sound in mere words required a heightened awareness and closer observation of sensory experience that was passed on in turn to the reader. Like painters and composers, writers were able to alter perception in a way that enriched rather than stunted sensuous response to external stimuli, expanded rather than contracted sympathetic responses to the varieties of human experience. The words in books did not just strengthen people’s ability to think abstractly; they enriched people’s experience of the physical World, the World outside the book. One of the most important lessons we have learned from the study of neuroplasticity is that the mental capacities, the very neural circuits, we develop for one purpose can be put to other uses as well. As our ancestors imbued their minds with the discipline to follow a line of argument or narrative through a succession of printed pages, they become more contemplative, reflective and imaginative. New thought came more readily to a brain that had already learned how to rearrange itself to read. The increasingly sophisticated intellectual skills promoted by reading and writing added to our intellectual repertoire. The quiet of deep reading is part of the mind. Books were not the only reason that human consciousness was transformed during the years following the invention of letterpress—many other technologies and social and demographic trends played important roles—but books were at the very center of the change. As the book came to be the primary means of exchanging knowledge and insight, its intellectual ethic became the foundation of our culture. Now the mainstream is being diverted, quickly and decisively, into a new channel. The electronic revolution is approaching its culmination as the computer—desktop, laptop, handheld—becomes our constant companion of the Internet becomes our medium of choice for storing, processing, and sharing information in all forms, including text. #RandolphHarris 6 of 23

The New World will remain, of course, a literate World, packed with the familiar symbols of the alphabet. We cannot go back to the lost oral World, any more than we can turn the clock back to a time before the clock existed. Writing and print and the computer are all ways of technologizing the word; and once technologized, the word cannot be de-technologized. However, the World of the screen, as we are already coming to understand, is a very different place from the World of the page. A new intellectual ethic is taking hold. The pathways in our brains are once again being rerouted. The great German physicist Werner Heisenberg remarked that nature does not reveal itself as it is but only through the questions we put to it. If this is true of our encounters with nature, surely it is even more true of our encounters with a nation. As hard as I tried, my education could not conceal that Germany had produced the World’s most beautiful music, its most rigorous science, some of its deepest philosophy, and its tenderest and most penetrating literature. We had the good fortune to participate in a conference of educators and businessmen who were concerned with the impact of technology on German culture. They also spoke about man’s inhumanity to man. They argued that a culture, like a person, must endure a period of grief when there is a tragic loss. Failure to do so may lead to disorientation, self-hate, or even violence. Everyone must do their grief work. Americans believe in Jesus Christ (who many of them tend to believe spoke English fluently and was American). Germans also have their own version of Krist, who has blonde hair and blue eyes and pale skin. Every culture has its own, unique truth. Nonetheless, Aldous Huxley thought that in the future people might be well controlled by inflicting pleasures on them rather than pain. And if you think about it, this idea may work. The Law of Diminishing returns is an economic law stating that if one input in the production of a commodity is increased while all other inputs are held fixed, a point will eventually be reached at which additions of the input yield progressively smaller, or waning, increase in output. If you overload on the things you love, and do not have to suffer at all, life becomes meaningless, but that is also what drives people to crime. They need instant gratification and excitement. #RandolphHarris 7 of 23

Some people did not believe that America was capable of producing an Auschwitz, but many feel like they are trapped in one. A lot of people never recovered financially from 911, then the great recession hit making things worst, then another recession came around the years 2011, and now COVID has further hit communities hard. That is a lot of tragedy that has cost some people their life savings and lives, and it was all in such a short time. If we have to expect a significant financial tragedy every ten years, perhaps one should be prepared for one to hit every five years, that way one will pay closer attention to the markets and know when to pull out and stop investing. Many Americans are starting to sense that they have imported culture with little intellectual coherences, uninterested in its own traditions, and preoccupied with the creation of spectacle. Even those who adore Joe Biden, and with few exceptions TMOS (the man on the street) told me they do know that he is incapable of conceiving and putting together five consecutive sentences of political substance and logical force. Also, it is amazing that so many people understand a script on the Statue of Liberty, which symbolizes freedom and is not a law but was also a gift from France, yet they cannot seem to have that same dedication to the United States of America’s Constitution. I have begun to wonder whether the experience of the greatest texts from early childhood is not a prerequisite for a concern throughout life for them and for lesser but important literature. The soul’s longing, its intolerable irritation under the constraint of the conditional and limited, may very well require encouragement at the outset. At all event, whatever the cause, our students have lost the practice of and the taste for reading. They have not learned how to read, nor do they have the expectation of delight or improvement for reading. They are “authentic,” as against the immediately preceding university generations, in having few cultural pretensions and in refusing hypocritical ritual bows to high culture. #RandolphHarris 8 of 23

When I first noticed the decline in reading after the invention of the Internet and social media, I began asking my large introductory classes, and any other group of younger students to which I spoke, what books really count for them. Most are silent, puzzled by the question. The notions of books as companions is foreign to them. Just Black with his tattered copy of the Constitution in his pocket at all times is not an example that would mean much to them. There is no printed word to which they look for counsel, inspiration or joy. Sometimes one student will say “the Bible.” (He learned it at home, and his Biblical studies are not usually continued at the university.) There is always a girl who mentions Paris Hilton’s Confessions of an Heiress, a book, although hardly literature, which with its sub-Nietzschean assertiveness, excites somewhat eccentric youngster to a new way of life. A few students mention recent books that struck them and supported their own self-interpretation, like The Catcher in the Rye. (Theirs is usually the most genuine response and also shows a felt need for help in self-interpretation. However, it is an uneducated response. Teachers should take advantage of the need expressed in it to show such students that better writers can help more.) After such session, I am pursued by a student or two who wants to make it clear that one is really influenced by books, not just by one or two but by many. The one recites a list of classics one may have grazed in high school. Imagine such a young person walking through the Louvre or the Uffizi, and you can immediately grasp the condition of one’s soul. In his innocence of the stories of the Bible and Greek or Roman antiquity, Raphael, Leonardo, Michelangelo, Rembrandt and all the others can say nothing to him. All he sees are colours and forms—modern art. In short, like almost everything else in his spiritual life, the paintings and statues are abstract. No matter what much of modern wisdom asserts, these artists counted on immediate recognition for their subjects and, what is more, on their having a powerful meaning for their views. #RandolphHarris 9 of 23

The works were the fulfillment of those meanings, giving them a sensuous reality and hence competing them. Without those meanings, and without their being something essential to the viewer as a moral, political and religious being, the works lose their essence. It is not merely the tradition that is lost when the voice of civilization elaborated over millennia has been stilled in this way. It is being itself that vanishes beyond dissolving horizon. One of the most flattering things that every happened to me as a teacher occurred when I received a postcard from a very good student on his first visit to Italy, who write, “You are not a professor of political philosophy but a travel agent.” Nothing could have better expressed my intentions as an educator. He thought I had prepared him to see. Then he could begin thinking for himself with something to think about. The real sensation of the Florence in which Machiavelli is believable is worth all the formulas of metaphysics ten times over. Education in our times must try to find whatever there is in students that might yearn for completion, and reconstruct the learning that would enable them autonomously to seek that completion. It a less grandiose vain, students today have nothing like Martin Buber, Rollo May, Paul Brunton, Allen Wheelis, Albert Schweitzer, Karen Horney, Francis Bacon, Thomas a Kempis, Paul Tillich, Dennis Coon, Ronald J. Comer, John H. Brennecke, or Robert G. Amick, who have sharpened our vision, allowing us some subtlety in our distinction of human types. It is a complex set of experiences that enables one to say so simply, “He’s an Anger.” Without literature, no such observations are possible and the fine art of comparison is lost. The psychological obtuseness of our students is appalling, because they have only pop psychology to tell them what people are like, and the range of their motives. As the awareness that we owed almost exclusively to literary genius falters, people become more alike, for want of knowing they can be otherwise. #RandolphHarris 10 of 23

Lack of education simply results in students’ seeking for enlightenment wherever it is readily an available, without being able to distinguish between the sublime and trash, insight and propaganda. For the most part students turn to the movies, ready pray to interested moralisms such as the depictions of Gandhi or Thomas More—largely designed to further passing political movements and to appeal to simplistic needs for greatness—or to insinuating flatter of their secret aspirations and vices, giving them a sense of significance. As films have emancipated themselves from the literary tyranny under which they stuffed and which gave them a bad conscience, the ones with serious pretensions have become intolerably ignorant and manipulative. The distance from the contemporary and its high seriousness that students most need in order not to indulge their petty desires and to discover what is most serious about themselves cannot be found in the cinema, which now only knows the present. Thus, the failure to read good books both enfeebles the vision and strengths our most fatal tendency—the belief that the here and now is all there is. The only way to counteract this tendency is to intervene most vigorously in the education of those few who come to the university with a strong urge for un je ne sais quoi, who fear that they may fail to discover it, and that the cultivation of their minds is required for the success of their quest. We are long past the age when a whole tradition could be stored up in all students, to be faithfully used later by some. Only those who are willing to take risks and are ready to believe the implausible are now fit for a bookish adventure. The desire must come from within. People do what they want, and now the most needful things appear so implausible to them that it is hopeless to attempt universal reform. #RandolphHarris 11 of 23

Teachers of writing in state universities, among the noblest and most despised laborers in the academy, have told me that they cannot teach writing to students who do not read, and that it is practically impossible to get them to read, let alone like it. This is where high schools have failed most, filled with teachers who are products of popular culture and reflecting the pallor of university-level humanities. The old teachers who loved Shakespeare or Austen or Donne, and whose only reward for teaching was the perpetuation of their taste, have all but disappeared. We need more teach, like Mr. Crosby, who see that all students have potential and encourage them to try harder. Students need to know that studying and reading are very important. If you have to start the introduction of all your classes with a lecture of how the mind works, and why your course is important, that may be better than explaining the syllabus for junior high school and high school student. Maybe it is even necessary to have a period of class time that simply focuses on reading and discussion so students become more involved. Because if students cannot read the textbooks and orally explain why they are important, they may never make it. You may even need to hold more students back until they grasp the concepts of reading books, and more parents become involved. I have seen professionals who claim to be educated and able to diagnose mental problems, but have no idea who Dr. Karen Horney or Dr. Denis Coon is. They think these names have something to do with pleasures of the flesh and racial slurs. How can a professional even considered dealing with someone who is younger and may be more educated? People wonder why society is so messed up and it could be because of Affirmative Action, hiring people just because they fit into the “Ole Boys Club.” Frauds and psychopaths often talk their way into jobs, complain about hating their jobs, and no one seems to notice they are underperforming. Yet hardworking people are not considered for these jobs because of their heritage and race. #RandolphHarris 12 of 23

I think if your want your corporation to succeed, you have to truly pick the best person for the job. Countries with homogenous populations, like China and Korea or Japan may very well supersede America because they do not have a problem with racism, people are more able to compete based on skill, personality, and education. Did you know that latest translation of Biblical text—sponsored by the National Council of the Churches of Christ—suppresses gender references to God, so that future generations will not have to grapple with the fact that God was once a sexist. However, this technique has only limited applicability. Another tactic is to expunge the most offensive authors—for example, Rousseau—from the education of the young or to include feminists responses in college courses, pointing out the distorting prejudices, and using the books only as evidence of the misunderstanding of woman’s nature and the history of injustice to it. However, people would rather get emotional and offended and appl censorship instead of having a rational debate. Every since the launch of the profoundly popular show Gossip Girl, starring the beautiful Blake Lively, people, families, TV news media and even politicians and law enforcement have become intent on taking good people down, even if they are related. Then the immensely popular show Pretty Little Liars gave these same groups of people the inspiration to form hate groups and terrorize people in the same sense that “A” did to these young women. A lot of people are suffering from acute television intoxication, and may not even realize it, but they fact that that you have supposedly heterosexual grown men watching adolescent TV shows aimed at young women for ideas may be indicative of another problem. How is you romance life at home…Moreover, the great female characters in novels can be used as examples of the various ways women have coped with their enslavement to their gender roles. #RandolphHarris 13 of 23

However, never, never, must a student be attracted to those antiquated old ways and take them as models of him or herself. But you know, the problem is also that so many are focused on being popular and famous without caring about the United States Constitution or the content of their character. That is why they are forming hate groups. Having heard over a period of years the same kinds of responses to my question about favorite books, I began to ask students who their heroes are. Again, there is usually silence, and most frequently nothing follows. Why should anyone have heroes? One should be oneself and not form oneself in an alien mold. Here positive ideology supports them: their lack of hero-worship is a sign of maturity. Students otherwise have not the slightest notion of what an achievement it is to free oneself from public guidance and find recourses for guidance within oneself. From what source within themselves would they draw the goals they think they set for themselves? Liberation from the heroic only means that they have no resource whatsoever against conformity to the current “role models.” They are constantly thinking of themselves in terms of fixed standards that they did not make. Instead of being overwhelmed by Cyrus, Theseus, Moses, or Romulus, they unconsciously act out the roles of the doctors, lawyers, businessmen or TV personalities around them. One can only pity young people without admirations they can respect of avow, who are artificially restrained from the enthusiasm for great virtue. In encouraging this deformity, democratic relativism joins a branch of conservatism that is impressed by the dangerous political consequences of idealism. These conservatives want young people to know that this tawdry old society cannot respond to their demands for perfectionism. We need to criticize false understandings of what America is. As it stands now, students have powerful images of what a perfect body is and pursue it incessantly. However, deprived of literary guidance, they no longer have any image of a perfect soul, and hence do not long to have one. They do not even imagine that there is a such thing. #RandolphHarris 14 of 23

Following on what I learned from this second question, I began asking a third: Who do you think is evil? To this one there is an immediate response: Gavin Newsom. After him, who else? Up until a couple of years ago, few students said Jerry Brown, but he has been forgotten and at the same time is being rehabilitated. And there it stops. They have no idea of evil; they doubt its existence. Gavin Newsom is just another abstraction, an item to fill up an empty category. Although they live in a World in which the most terrible deeds are being performed and they see brutal crime in the streets, they turn aside. Perhaps they believe if they got their therapy, that evil deeds are performed by persons, would not do them again—that there are evil deeds, not evil people. There is no Inferno in this comedy. Thus, the most common students views lack an awareness of the depths as well as the heights, and hence lacks gravity. As a child I wondered how human beings learned which plants were edible and which were not. How did our ancestors learn about poisons, or cured for poisons, without any doctors around? I assumed it was trial and error because that was the way it was explained to me. The Amazon and African people have been using medicinal plants as cures for aliments for many thousands of years. The medicines developed and produced through modern technology are usually extracted from medicinal herbs and plants. The major source of information about plants and their medicinal uses are the people who live in harmony and very close to the cycles of Mother Earth. If they were to research them all the plants by themselves in an attempt to discover their medicinal uses, the drug companies would take many years. The drug companies secure an adequate supply of the basic plant material, sometimes buying off Indian land for production, and sell the drugs derived from these plants to the World and to the people who first told them about them. They make great profits from their “discoveries” without any monetary reward to the Indians from whom they acquire their “drug secret.” #RandolphHarris 15 of 23

Quite the opposite in fact. By taking over the land and turning the Indians into laborers, while introducing the money system and imposing Western-style medicine, the drug companies put the Indians in the position of having to buy the medicines they formerly had in abundance. The question remains: How did the Indians know about the curative powers of plants in the first place. One explanation for the knowledge of earlier cultures, expounded by such people as the popular German writer Erich Von Daniken, is that humans—white with red hair—had arrived from outer space and taught the ignorant savages everything they knew. This kind of explanation, aside from its implicit racism and its entertainment value, is an indication of how far we all are from understanding knowledge systems that are based on direct experiences. Pretechnological peoples do not have to go through a slowing-down process. Surrounded by nature, with everything alive everywhere around them, they develop an automatic intimacy with the natural World. Beyond intimacy, there is the sense that events of the forest, or desert, are not actually separate from oneself, that humans are just part of a larger living creature: the planet. Things that are put in our bodies so that we grow. The air goes into us and out. The water goes through us. Warm air outside warms us inside and vice versa. We can imagine that we are not connected to things in this way only when our connections are blocked, altered or stunted. For Indian and African people and many others in the Old World, the plants, weather, terrain, soil, water, and their interactions were part of the body of which they themselves were also a part. They experienced these natural forces as the did themselves. These primitive people observed individuals, experiencing each detail. Then they worked out larger patterns (the problem with modern people, is even though there are cameras and witnesses everywhere, they think no one is watching them) as a group, much like individual cells informing the larger body, which also informs the cells. #RandolphHarris 16 of 23

In the evenings, the whole tribe would gather and repeat each detail of the day that just passed. They would describe every sound, the creature that made it and its apparent state of mind. The conditions of growth of all the planets for miles around were discussed. This band of howler monkeys, which was over here three days ago, is not over there. Certain fruit trees which were in the bud stage three weeks ago are now bearing ripe fruit. A jaguar was seen near the river, and not it is on the hillside. It is in a strangely anguished mood, The grasses in the valley are peculiarly dry. There is a group of bird that have not moved for several days. The wind has altered in direction and smells of something unknown. (Actually, such a fact as a wind change might not be reported at all. Everyone would already know it. A change of wind or scent would arrive in everyone’s awareness as a bucket of cold water thrown on the head might arrive in ours.) Many of the primitive people concerned themselves with the personalities of animals and plants, what kind of vibrations they gave off. Dreams acted as additional information systems from beyond the level of conscious notation, drawing up patterns and meanings from deeper levels. Predictions would be based on them. Drugs were used not so much for changing moods, as we use them today, but for the purpose of further spacing out perception. As if in slow motion (time lapse), plants and animals could then be seen more clearly, adding to the powers of observations, yielding up especially subtle information as to how plants worked, and which creatures would be more likely to relate to which plants. An animal interested in concealment, for example, might eat a plant which tended to conceal itself. Reading these accounts made it clear to me that all life in the jungle is constantly aware of all other life in exquisite detail. Though all this, the tribal people of the Old World, and Native Americans, gained information about the way natural systems interact. The observation was itself knowledge. Depending on the interpretation, the knowledge might or might not become reliable and useful. #RandolphHarris 17 of 23

Each detail of each event had special power and meaning, understood as part of a larger pattern of activities and forces. The understanding was so complete that it was only the rare event that could not be explained—a twig cracked in a way that did not fit the previous history of cracked twigs—that was cause for concern and immediate arming. It also seems possible these people did have supernatural powers and did talk to gods or spirits. That would make this explanation more plausible.  The tribal people knew which animals to kill and when to stop. They did not go after the leaders because the animals need someone guide them and this would throw them into a state of confusion. No one in the tribe ever asked why their skills worked so well; they trusted their elders and the knowledge of it was merely passed down, generation to generation, and there was always plenty of pig to eat. Their ways could be amplified and integrated int the observer, directly, physically: emulation. By imitating a creature, “getting inside” it, one learns to better understand it. To achieve their exquisitely detailed knowledge of the World around them, human beings living in nonmediated environments had to use all their abilities to observe themselves, the planet, and the things that grow from it. They might not have even considered the planet to be something that was actually outside them since their senses told them it was also inside them. Their World was organized along flow lines, not in separate and distinct boxes. Knowledge results from the personal experience and direct observation—seeing, hearing, touching, tasting, and smelling. These are assisted by several inward systems. There is instinct, for example, gathered by innumerable previous generations and carried forward in the cells. There is intuition, what Old World religions called “knowing without seeing.” In addition there are feelings, which may have been informed by prior experience. All of these—the five senses plus instinct, intuition, feeling and thought—combine to produce conscious awareness, the ability to perceive and describe they way the World is organized. #RandolphHarris 18 of 23

Western people like to think of these human qualities as separate from one another and some as more “real” than others. Yet all of these abilities interact both between person and planet and among each other. One sense interacts with another sense, the sense interacts with feelings. Intuition functions together with instinct, thought flows constantly in and out of all experience. The fully functional human being can be understood as a kind of microcosmic ecosystem inside a wider ecosystem inside a wider one and so on, all systems flowing in and out of each other. As with other systems, when one thing is altered, the overall balance is altered. Changes in one aspect of human perception or experience affects all others. When a person has all senses fully operative, we call the person “sensitive.” People who live in environments that stimulate the full sensory range from the most subtle to the most obvious are more sensitive than those who do not. The sense developed in interaction with the multiple patterns and influences of the natural environment; no sensual capacity was developed by accident. If it is not used, no sense maintains itself. If a sense remains unused, it atrophies. Eunuchs guarded the Ottoman imperial harems and were bulwarks against fitnah—chaos. Later, eunuchs were brought into households as servants and into the Ottoman sultan’s palace, despite Islamic law’s proscription of castration. At first, the Ottoman eunuchs were white, brought from European dealers. Vienne, in France, was the center of the actual surgery. Later, most eunuchs were either Ethiopians or black Africans, enslaved and mutilated outside the boundaries of the empire to avoid legal problems. By the reign of Suleiman (1520-66), black eunuchs were more powerful than white. The African eunuch’s behavior could be peculiar, petulant, and socially inept, and they were known as eccentrics. Young boy were the usual victims. They were also the most valued eunuchs because they had not already had, and could never have, any offspring to dilute their loyalty to their owners. In the early nineteenth century, these children were taken to Egyptian villages for castration, often performed by Coptic priests. #RandolphHarris 19 of 23

Frequently, the surgeries were fatal, thank to incompetent castrators and unhygienic conditions. Pus often clogged the urethra, killing the wounded boy. Scores of contemporary accounts testify that throughout their lives, surviving eunuchs suffered hormonal and psychological disorders, and many were intensely bitter about their deformity, about which, unlike their Chinese counterparts, the had had no consultation and over which they had no control. The eunuchs who emerged alive from the ordeal, however, were precious commodities, expensive, rare, and difficult to obtain. What better gift to impress and ingratiate oneself with the sultan, the man with everything else? So the palace seldom needed to purchase eunuchs as the vast majority were given as gifts. Once “manufactured,” the young eunuchs were sent to a highly regimented school where strict, elderly, castrated instructors taught them Turkish high-court culture, the etiquette of the palace, and how to perform their duties there. Playtime was allowed, and the youngest eunuchs mingled with harem slave girls, who were also learning their future trade. When the eunuchs graduated, they entered into service with the rank of en asagi—the lowest. Older eunuchs were sometimes brought to the palace after long service in high-ranking private households in Istanbul or the provinces. In 1876-1908, two head eunuchs were officially recognized for their high governmental standing. However, their real importance stemmed from their manipulation of courtiers and their intimate knowledge of palace intrigue and gossip. Who was better positioned to garner information about the personal habits and innermost secrets of the sultan’s family and inner circle? Black eunuch had enormous power because they became politicians and guarded the sultan and harem women—modern historians have variously described it as a sinister alliance and a cancer at the heart of the empire. Compared to China’s imperial palace, the sultanate required relatively few eunuchs—in 1903, for example, 194 African eunuchs guarded the harem. #RandolphHarris 20 of 23

They enjoy unusual job security and over half were never transferred, a token of their owners’ attachment to them. They also amassed fortunes, strong motivation to continue their spirited service as almost coconspirators with their master or, more particularly, mistress. The eunuchs’ sexuality was, of course, supposedly nonexistent, hence their appointment to the harem. Mainstream society both dreaded and shunned them, so they had no outlet for relations outside the World of their sultan owner’s court. Furthermore, the authorities believed—wrongly—that black men were unattractive to women and so thrust them among women. Naturally, emotionally attachments developed, though unless an operation had been incomplete, no sexual activity was possible. Unlike their Chinese counterparts, the Ottoman eunuchs were reluctant celibates, their psyches as mutilated by involuntary castration as their bodies. The kizlar aghais, for instance, were reputedly cruel, their ruthlessness supposedly the consequence of their castration. Yet they greatly enjoyed the perquisites that constituted the flip side of being a eunuch, their prestigious, lucrative, and secure positions and the high esteem in which their owners held them. From the youth generation of today, we could learn something culturally useful. It we turn now to the big-city juvenile delinquency of the underprivileged, exempli gratia, new immigrants economically marginal, we are dealing with the uneducated children. Their legal arrests and convictions occur at average age fifteen to sixteen, but if not earlier, their delinquencies date from twelve and thirteen; and of course they attend school the least and get the least out of it. The so-called “delinquent subculture” has a few flashing and charming traits, but nothing in it is viable or imitable. On the other hand, the fight these kids put up, the record of their delinquencies, does test and explore our society. The accounts and statistics of delinquency come mostly from social agencies, the police, and reform schools. #RandolphHarris 21 of 23

In a sense we know about juvenile delinquency only from its failures, the lads who are most disturbed and have the least general ability—except the one important ability of getting caught. I do not believe this gives us a valid picture. There is Delinquent Behavior as doing-the-forbidden-and-even-defiant from Delinquent Behavior in order-to-get-caught. If, as we saw, Leonardo da Vinci has outlandish ideas about beaver testicles, what should we make of some of the seemingly kooky beliefs floating through the culture today? One trip to the Internet is enough to deluge anyone with conspiracy theories, alien-abduction stories and evidence that Elvis lives. We are told the Kentucky Fried Chicken is genetically breeding six-legged hens; that is you do not turn your cell phone off at the gas station, it could spark an explosion; that the missing flier Amelia Earhart was a spy; the Lady Godiva is one of President Trump’s daughters who used a time machine; the eelskin wallets erase magnetic credit cards; that waterproof sunscreen can cause blindness in children; that some children born today have received mysterious messages from this generations vital force and ova warning them of environmental disasters to come. Want more? Just go online and search for “weird theories.” Knowledge may be one of those deep fundamentals of revolutionary wealth, but even if we set aside “obsoledge”—obsolete knowledge—how much of what we know about money, business and wealth—or anything else—is total nonsense? Or pure fiction? How much can we trust what we are being told? How do we decide? And even more important, who decides how we decide? Lies and errors abound in job applications, tax returns, contractors’ estimates, performance reviews, press releases, studies and statistics and surely in profit statements. Indeed, hyping profits led to the spectacular spate of business scandals that marked the turn of the millennium. #RandolphHarris 22 of 23

At one level, CEOs, CFOs, accountants, stock analysts and other grew Pinocchio noses on the front pages of the World’s press. Hiding from television cameras, a few were marched off to prison in handcuffs for lying about profits, for dumping their own shares of stock while publicly urging others to buy them and for other high crimes and misdemeanors. Authorities accused them of causing investors to lose confidence in stock markets and of shaking global financial markets. Truth, it appeared, was in short supply. For lo, Thine enemies are in an uproar, and they that hate Thee have lifted up their head; they take counsel against Thy people. They have said: “Come let us destroy them as a nation, that the name of America be remembered no more. They have consulted together with one accord; against Thee do they make a covenant. O Lord, make them like the whirling dust, as chaff before the wind. Fill their faces with shame; O may they seek Thee, O Lord, that they may know it is Thou alone who are the Lord, the Most High over all the Earth. O God of hosts, restore us: cause Thy spirit to be with us and we shall be saved. Reveal Thyself in the majesty of Thy triumphant power over all the inhabitants of Thy World, that every living creature understand that Thou hast created it, and all with life’s breath in them may declare: “The Lord, God of America, is King, and His dominion ruleth over all. As my eyes search the prairie, I feel the summer in the spring. Behold, the days come, saith the Lord, when the house of America will come to know Me. I will put My commandments within you and write them in your hearts, and I will be your God and you shall be My people. And I will betroth you unto Me forever; yea, I will betroth you unto Me in righteousness, in justice, and in love. And I will betroth you unto Me forever; yea, I will betroth you unto Me in righteousness, in justice, and in love. And I will betroth you unto Me in faithfulness, and you shall know the Lord. A new heart also will I gibes you, and a new spirit I put within you. I will take away the heart of stone, and I will give you a heart of flesh. #RandolphHarris 23 of 23

CRESLEIGH HAVENWOOD

Lincoln, CA | from the mid $600s

Now Selling!

Get exctied for your new Cresleigh Home. At nearly 3,000 square feet, Residence 3 is an expansive ranch style home with an open floorplan and separated bedrooms. 

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