The thing that impresses me most about America is the way parents obey their children. Sociocultural theories have helped spur the growth of several treatment approaches. In culture-sensitive therapy, therapists seek to fully understand the cultural background of their clients and address cultural issues that may be linked to the individuals’ problems. In group therapy, therapists meet with a group of clients who all share similar problems. In family and couple therapy, the therapist and clients are joined by other family members. And in community treatment, the meetings take place in or near the client’s everyday environment. Therapists of any orientation may work with clients in these various formats, applying the techniques and principles of their preferred models. In cultural sensitive therapy, for example, a psychodynamic therapist may continue to view a client’s problems as manifestations of underlying conflict yet also pay attention to the individual’s cultural background and its impact on current functioning. Similarly, group therapists may follow the principles of psychodynamic, behavioural, cognitive, or humanistic therapy in their work with group members. In such instances the therapy approach is not purely sociocultural. However, more and more of the clinicians who use these formats believe that psychological problems emerge in a social setting and are best treated in such a setting and they include special sociocultural strategies in their work. A number of recent studies have found that people from ethnic and marginalized racial groups improve less in clinical treatment than members of the majority group. #RandolphHarris 1 of 21

Studies have been conducted throughout the World and have found that marginalized clients use mental health services less often than members of majority groups. Several factors may contribute to this underuse of services, as we have already discussed. However, in some cases, cultural beliefs, a language barrier, or lack of information about available services presents marginalized individuals from seeking help. In other cases, members of marginalized groups to not have the establishment, relying instead on traditional remedies that are available in their immediate social environment. Research also indicates that members of marginalized groups stop therapy sooner than persons from majority groups. This is perhaps because marginalized racial and ethnic groups may experience oppression and racism that they are not able to resolve because the government, nor those in leadership possession care and refuse to enforce the law, which causes mental distress for individual, which therapy and medication cannot sure since it is an external problem not a mental manifestation. And one can talk about it and medicate an individual until the end of days, but unless the true catalyst causing this distress is dealt with, nothing will change. In the United States of American, African Americans, Native Americans, Asian Americans, and Hispanic Americas all have higher therapy dropout rates than European Americans. Members of such groups may stop treatment because they do not feel they are benefiting from it or because ethnic and racial differences prevent the development of a strong rapport with their therapist. #RandolphHarris 2 of 21

When the Lord revealed to Moses the great purpose of life, He expressed Himself in these words: “For behold, this is my work and my glory—to bring to pass the immortality and eternal life of man,” reports Moses 1.39. Therefore, the Lord’s work is to bring about the resurrection (immortality of all of His Father’s children and make it possible for them to receive exaltation or godhood (eternal life). When one comes to understand these purposes, one’s heart rejoices in the knowledge that the greatest blessing available to man—godhood—may be received by those who desire it with all their hearts. In a glorious sermon preached by the Prophet Joseph Smith, this same fundamental purpose of Earth life was expressed—except that this time the other side of the matter, humankind’s responsibility, was emphasized: “You have got to learn how to be Gods yourselves, and to be kinds and priests to God.” Fundamental to our understanding of the reason for existence in mortality is our knowledge that men and women were born as spirit children of the Eternal Father and that Jesus Christ is our elder brother in the spirit. Because their status is transcendently greater than ours, we stand in awe at the thought of one day becoming as they. Nevertheless, we are begotten spirit children of the Eternal Father—born in the lineage of the gods—and we have within us the power, through the atonement of Jesus Christ, to rise to the heights of godhood. Earth life, a necessary part of eternal progression, is the proving ground for the exalted-to-be, a state in which we are undergoing a period of testing and proving to see if we will do the Lord’s will. “Then shall they be gods, because they have no end; therefore shall they be from everlasting to everlasting, because they continue; then shall they be above all, because all the things are subject unto them. Then shall they be gods, because they have all power, and the angels are subject unto them,” reports Doctrine and Covenants 132.20. #RandolphHarris 3 of 21

How can clinicians be more helpful to people from marginalized groups? A number of studies suggest that two features of treatment can increase a therapist’s effectiveness with marginalized clients: greater therapist sensitivity to cultural issues, and inclusion of cultural morals and models in treatment, especially in therapies for children and adolescents. Given such findings, clinicians have developed culture-sensitive therapies, approaches that seek to address the unique issues faces by members of marginalized groups. These approaches often include such feature as raising the consciousness of marginalized-group clients about the impact of the dominant culture and of their own culture on their self-views and behaviours, helping clients to express suppressed anger and pain, and helping clients to make choices that work for them and to achieve a bicultural balance that feels right for them. Therapies geared to the special pressures of being a woman in the New World society, called for gender-sensitive or feminists’ therapies, following similar principles. Victims of hate—the ongoing memorial services for Mr. Matthew Shepard, brutally beaten to death in 1998 because of his homosexual orientation, is a powerful reminder of the prejudice, discrimination, and even danger that members of marginalized groups can confront in our society. Culture-sensitives therapies seek to address the special impact of such stressors upon individuals, as well as other psychological issues. When a family member is addicted to alcohol or drugs, the whole family must deal with the situation. Family members may feel embarrassed or ashamed that their loved one is struggling with an addiction, and they may think they should handle the problem privately. However, outside help may be needed. A family should use any appropriate resources that are available to them, such as professional resources where necessary. #RnadolphHarris 4 of 21

Family members will find that love is more effective than shame or control in motivating addicts to change. If addicts feel shame—in other words, if they feel that they are inherently bad or unworthy because of their addiction—they may turn to alcohol or drugs to help dull the pain associated with tht shame. Christlike love, on the other hand, can give an addict hope and can help change the most desperate situation. However, love does not mean acceptance of sinful behaviour. Substance use disorders are divided into two groups: Substance dependence and substance abuse. Substance dependence involves a maladaptive pattern of substance use, associated with symptoms such as tolerance (the need for increased amounts to achieve the desired effect); withdrawal (physical and psychological distress associated with cessation); taking more of the substance, or taking the substance for longer periods of time, than intended; a persistent desire to ingest the substance; spending a great deal of time securing the substance for use; disruption of social, occupational, or recreational activities as a result of the substance use; and continuation despite awareness of problems associated with the substance use. As evident from these diagnostic criteria, interpersonal impairment (in the form of reduced or abandoned social, occupational, and recreational activities) is a fundamental symptom of substance dependence, although it is not necessary for a diagnosis. The primary feature of substance abuse is a maladaptive pattern of substance use that is associated with adverse effects. These adverse effects include, for example, failure to fulfill important occupational, social, or domestic roles; using the substance in such a way as to create physical hazards (such as driving an Ultimate Driving Machines (vehicle) while intoxicated. #RandolphHarris 5 of 21

Legal problems associated with the use of the substance are also adverse effects; along with continued use of the substance despite interpersonal problems that are caused or exacerbated by its use. Here again, interpersonal problems figure in the symptoms of substance abuse. Alcoholism is a specific class of the more general diagnosis of substance use disorders. The term alcoholism is generally used to refer to alcohol dependence and/or alcohol abuse. The defining features of alcohol dependence are the same as those of substance dependence more generally. What distinguishes alcohol dependence from alcohol abuse is the presence of tolerance, withdrawal, and alcohol-related compulsive behaviour in the person who is dependent on alcohol. In both cases, however, the substance is used in ways that culminate in physical, occupational, and interpersonal impairment. In many cases, these impairments may be evident before the onset of symptoms, leading to the observation that some people may use alcohol and/or drugs to cope with the very problems that their heavy use exacerbates. Results from the Epidemiologic Catchment Area study indicate that among people over 18 years of age in any given year, 7.4 percent will experience some form of alcohol use disorder, and 9.5 percent will experience some form of substance use disorder, alcoholism included. Lifetime prevalence estimates from National Comorbidity Survey are 14.1 percent for alcohol dependence and 9.4 percent for alcohol abuse. The lifetime prevalence for any substance abuse or dependence is nearly 27 percent. Among 17-year-olds, the point prevalence of substance abuse or dependence is just over 10 percent, and surveys of American high school students show that drug use has been on the rise since the early 1990s. Substance use disorders are about twice as common in men as in women. For men, the lifetime prevalence for any substance abuse or dependence is a staggering 35.4 percent. #RandolphHarris 6 of 21

There is an interesting relationship among gender, depression, and alcohol abuse/dependence. When men become depressed, they often seek solace in alcohol. Consequently, when their distress brings them to the attention of government authorities or health care professionals, they are prone to be diagnosed as having alcoholism rather than depression. This may, in part, account for the 2.1 ratio of female to male diagnoses for major depression. In a unique study of mood disorders among the Amish, an American subculture in which alcohol use in prohibited, the rates of such disorders were found to be one-half of what they were in the general population, and virtually identical in males and females. An obvious conclusion is that in the general population, alcoholism may mask depression in males. Living a successful life now is not always easy; sometimes it is downright difficult. For instance, you may be experiencing some sort of adversity in your daily life; you may not be exactly where you want t be physically, emotionally, intellectually, or spiritually. Someone close to you may be hard to get along with. Or maybe you have other obstacles in your path. Regardless of what is going on in our life, do not use that as an excuse to live in discouragement and despair. Understand, the tough times of life cause us to grow; that is when our faith is stretched. That is when God is doing a work in us. It may be uncomfortable. We may not like it, but if we can keep the right attitude, God has promised to use that difficulty for our good. He will use it for our advantage. If God were to remove that adversity, you would not be prepared for what He ahs in store for you. I know that can be hard to understand. We think, “God, why am I still in this situation?” “God, why do I have to work around these people I do not like?” Or, “Why am I still having these difficulties?” #RandolphHarris 7 of 21

That is the wrong approach. Our attitude should be, “God, I understand You are in complete control of my life, and You have got me exactly where You want me to be, so I am going to stay filled with faith. I am going to stay full of joy and keep pressing on, knowing that You care for me and will use these difficulties to my advantage.” Your faith is similar to a muscle. It grows stronger through resistance. It is exercised when it is being stretched, when it is being pushed to the limits. That is why God does not usually deliver us from adversity overnight. He does not remove us from every uncomfortable situation in a split second. God uses those times to build our spiritual bank accounts. Some people live in despair and disappointment, all because their circumstances are not exactly what they desire them to be. People like that are not going to be happy unless everything is going their way, everybody is treating them right, and they are immune from experiencing discomfort. In other words, they probably never will be happy! Besides, that is a very shallow way to life. If you lose your joy every time something negative happens to you, then the enemy will continue to attack. He will make sure you always have somebody in your life who irritates you, or some situation that is going to keep you sour. However, do not make that mistake. Our Scripture says that, “the steps of a good human are ordered by the LORD,” reports Psalm 37.23. If God is directing our steps, we can be confident that He is aware of our circumstances. If one does not learn to be happy where one is, one will never get to where one wants to be. One may be dealing with difficult circumstances and may have a thousand reasons why one could be unhappy, but do not slip into that trap. #RandolphHarris 8 of 21

Choose to enjoy each day in spite of one’s circumstances. Every day that one lives with a negative attitude, dominated by one’s discouragements, is a day one has wasted. And what a shame to waste what God has given us! Understand, adversities are simply a test of one’s faith. Perhaps God wants to see how one will treat other people when one is not being treated well. God may want to see how one is going to respond if one does not get the promotion one was hoping for. If one’s prayers are not answered as quickly as one would like, what kind of attitude is one going to have? In tough times, our characters develop. Something happens on the inside; God is causing us to grow up. If He delivered us instantaneously from every problem, we would never need any faith. Moreover, we would never develop into the persons God really wants us to be. The Scripture says, “God causes all things to work together for good to those who love God, to those who are called according to His purpose,” reports Romans 8.28. One may be in a difficult situation today. One may be in a hard place in one’s finances. Friend, God will not allow a difficulty to come into one’s life unless He has a purpose for it. Granted, there are times when we cannot understand what we are going through or why, but we must learn to trust God and believe that He is going to being some kind of good out of it. Dear Lord in Heaven, I may not understand this situation, this World, these same people, but wide unclasp the tables of my thoughts. This situation may not be good, but I know You will work it for my good. It is stretching me. I know I am growing, and I am building up my spiritual bank account, and am going to come out of this stronger, happier, healthier, and better off than I was previously. #RandolphHarris 9 of 21

All one has to do now is offer sacrifice to God at the appropriate times and places and see that one’s behaviour is above reproach. However, when all the dignities of the Priesthood newly heaped upon one, one might expect that one could slough one’s other burdens, lighten one’s lead, that sort of thing. Yes, one could think that, but just the opposite is true. Now one is bound with a tighter chain of discipline, and one is held to a higher level of holiness. The Priest’s conduct should show off all the virtues to their best advantage; that is what the Letter of Titus urged (2.7). That is to say, in one’s daily round the Priest should show that the good and virtuous life can indeed be lived on this Earth. As for one’s conversation, one should shy away from the things people like to gossip about. Rather, one should save one’s own talk for the Angels in Heaven—an echo of Philippians (3.20)—and the other humans on this Earth who are seeking perfection. The Priest clothed in sacred vestments carries on what Jesus Christ began. In Christ’s stead, yet as a humble suppliant, representing not only oneself, but all the rest of the populace, one speaks in our behalf to God the Father; sounds like Hebrews (5.3). On the front and back of one’s vestment, to make one mindful of the Passion of Christ, one wears the sign of the cross. The one on the front of the chasuble reminds one to look for the footprints of Christ and to follow them fervently; Jesus is making a passing reference here to First Peter (2.21). The one on the back of the chasuble, to bear up under whatever the mob will toss at one. The cross in front reminds one to mourn for clemency for one’s own sins. The one in the back, to lament through compassion the sins of others and know that one oneself is an intermediary between God and sinner. May the priest not lose one’s interest in prayer and offering the Holy Sacrifice. Rather, one should hammer these home until one deserves, somehow, to receive Grace and Mercy. #RandolphHarris 10 of 21

When the Priest celebrates Mass, one honours God, cheers up the Angels, strengthens the fabric of the Church, helps the living, and gives rest to the dead. And one makes oneself partaker of all good things between God and Humankind. “I will give unto thee the keys of the kingdom of Heaven: and whatsoever thou shalt bind on Earth shall be bound in Heaven: and whatsoever thou shalt loose on Earther, shall be loosed in Heaven,” reports Matthew 16.19. The authority of binding and loosing is on Earth. One has that authority. One translation says, “You have authority to bind what is bound in Heaven and to loose what is loosed in Heaven.” Ask yourself, “What is bound in Heaven?” The curse is bound in Heaven. There is no poverty there, no sickness, no sorrow, no pain. Jesus said we have authority to bind those things here on Earth. Prayer is one of the ways to bind and loose. “Pray ye…Thy will be done in Earth, as it is in Heaven,” reports Matthew 6.10. How is it in Heaven? What is loosed there? Abundance, life, happiness, health, joy, peace, and Jesus Christ gave you authority to loose those things here on Earth. Words bind and loose. Your words are your bond. Your words are you authority in the Earth. Whoever shall say and shall not doubt in one’s heart, but shall believe that those things which one saith shall come to pass; one shall have whatsoever one saith. The things you say are the things you will eventually believe. The things you believe are the things you will eventually receiver. What will you say—poverty or wealth? What will you bind—sickness or health? What will you loose—fear or faith? One can release the ability of God through the words of one’s mouth—or one can talk one’s problem, pray one’s problem, hold fast to one’s problem, and one’s problem will become greater. If one talks one’s problem until one’s neighbour’s start believing it, they will tell someone else about it. Soon one will have a whole group of people believing that one has a problem. Then one does have a problem! For Jesus said, “if two of you shall agree on Earth,” reports Matthew 18.19. #RandolphHarris 11 of 21

Does one seek what speaking one’s problem will do? Do not ever talk one’s problem before people that believe in problems. Find someone that believes in answers from the Word, someone that will agree that the problem is removed. “Let go of the problem and cast the whole of your care over on the Lord,” reports 1 Peter 5.7. Take hold of the answer. Hold fast to the answer until that is all one can see. The story is told of a lady that looked out her back door and saw her three children playing with three little skunks. She shouted, “Run, kids, run!” And they did. Each one grabbed up their little skunk and took off running! That reminds me so much of Christians who bring their problems to the alter and say, “Here is the problem, Lord,” but when they get up, they take their stinky problem with them! They go home and worry about it all night. If they are worrying over it, they still have it. They have not left it with God. For example, let us suppose one has an antique Civil War watch from the Battle of Monocacy that does not run. One takes it to a jeweler and asks one to fix it for one. As one is holding it in one’s hand, one keeps asking one when One is going to fix it. One replies, “When you give it to Me.” If one has the watch (problem), God cannot fix it. However, when God has the problem, one does not have it any more. It is foolish to worry over something one does not have. When one is holding onto the problem, God’s hands are bound. When one turns it loose, then God can do something about it. “Casting all your care upom Him; for He careth for you,” reports 1 Peter 5.7. One did not say to pray that God will take your cares. God will not take them from one. One instructs one to get rid of them by casting all one’s cares upon God. He will not take them, but He will receive them. We are to hold fast to the confession and not to the problem. Hold fast to the confession, I believe that I receive when I pray. #RandolphHarris 12 of 21

When someone says, “Things sure do not look too good,” just reply, “I am not moved by how things look, or how I feel. I am moved by what I believe and I believe that it was settled when I prayed.” Jesus said, “When ye pray, believe that ye receive them and ye shall have them,” reports Mark 11.24. “One that believeth…hath,” reports John 6.47. “One shall have whatsoever one saith,” reports Mark 11.23. “Out of the abundance of the heart the mouth speaketh,” reports Matthew 12.34. “A good human out of the good treasure of the heart bringeth forth good things,” reports Matthew 12.35. Anger in a relationship is like salt in a meal. Too little leaves things drab and tasteless. Too much poisons. However, a pinch now and then makes for a savory friendship All people feel angry from time to time. It is a natural and important feeling. However, many Christians have been conditioned to see anger as an undesirable response. And it is true that anger can be expressed in manipulative ways. The Critical Christian uses anger to manipulate self and others. One is stuck on the anger polarity. What the Critical Christian and all of us need to learn is how to deal with our anger in actualizing ways. One can choose to eexpress oneself angrily most of the time or one may choose never to express one’s anger, but it usually comes out in some manner. Anger that is not sufficiently acknowledged or expressed creates an unfinished situation within. The repressed anger then comes out in indirect and unconscious ways. For instance, then man who gets mad at his boss, but keeps smiling in order not to make waves, may go home and yell at his spouse over some trivial event. The spouse then displaces her anger onto the children, who may in their turn kick the Nacho (the dog). All this displacement causes confusion, hurt feelings, and no constructive gain of awareness for anyone. #RandolphHarris 13 of 21

Besides this, the original unresolved situation with the boss will not change magically. Rather it will fester like a painful sore. In feeling angry toward another person, one should first seek within oneself for the source of the irritation and communicate honestly with oneself about the cause. Then, if it would be constructive, one can find some way to honestly let the other person know so that the person can take the feeling into account. Otherwise, the other person is left in the dark, and the relationship may turn sour It is or this reason that Paul writes: “If you are angry, do not sin by burnings your grudge. Do not let the sun go down with you still angry—get it over quickly,” reports Ephesians 4.26. Paul encourages the Christians to learn how to speak the truth in love (Ephesians 4.15). For the actualizing Christian, anger is expressed as responsible assertion. It reflects sensitivity to oneself and others. It involves learning to stand on one’s own feet and take up for oneself or others when it is appropriate to do so. The point most people miss regarding anger is that our anger is a part of us. It does not belong to the other person in the sense that the other person created our anger. Our anger is our response to that person’s behaviour. If people remembered this and did not blame others, the expression of anger would be much more constructive. Second Wave civilization gave us the comfortable assurance that we knew (or at least could know) what caused things to happen. It told us that every phenomenon occupied a unique, determinable location in space and time. It told us that the same condition always produced the same results. It told us that the entire Universe consisted, so to speak, of cue sticks, and billiard balls—causes and effect. #RandolphHarris 14 of 21

This mechanistic view of causality was—and still is—extremely useful. It helps us cure disease, build giant skyscrapers, design ingenious machines, and assemble huge organizations. Yet, powerful as it is in explaining phenomena that work like simple machines, it has proved far less satisfactory in explaining phenomena like growth, decay, sudden breakthroughs to new levels of complexity, big changes that suddenly fizzle out or, conversely, those tiny—often chance—events that occasionally mushroom into giant, explosive forces. Today the Newtonian pool table is being shoved into a corner of the cosmic playroom. Mechanistic causality is seen as a special case applying to some but not al phenomena, and scholars and scientists all over the World are piecing together a new view of change and causation more in keeping with our rapidly changing view of nature, evolution, and progress, of time, space, and matter. The Japanese-born epistemologist Magoroh Maruyama, the French sociologist Edgar Morin, information theorists like Stafford Beer and Henri Laborit, and many others are providing clues to how causation works in nonmechanical systems that live, die, grow, and undergo both evolution and revolution. The Belgian Nobel Prize-winner, Ilya Prigogine, offers us a staggering synthesis of the ideas of order and chaos, chance and necessity, and how these relate to causation. In part, the emerging Third Wave causality arises from a key concept of systems theory: the idea of feedback. A classic example used to illustrate this notion is the home thermostat that maintains room temperature at an even level. The thermostat turns on the furnace, the monitors the resulting temperature rise. When the room is warm enough, it turns the furnace off. When the temperature falls, it senses this change in its environment and flicks the furnace on again. #RandolphHarris 15 of 21

What we see here is a feedback process that preserves equilibrium, damping down or suppressing change when it threatens to exceed a given level. Called “negative feedback,” its function is to maintain stability. Once negative feedback was defined and explored by information theorists and systems thinkers in the late 1940’s and early 1950’s, scientists began looking for examples or analogues of it. And with rising excitement, they found similar stability-protecting systems in every field from physiology (for example, the process by which the body maintains its temperature) to politics (as in the way an “establishment” damps out dissent when it goes beyond an acceptable level). Negative feedback seemed to be at work all around us, causing things to retain their equilibrium or stability. By the early 1960’s, however, critics like Professor Maruyama began to note that too much attention was being paid to stability and not enough to change. What was needed, he argued, was more research on “positive feedback”—processes that do not suppress change but amplify it, do not maintain stability but challenge it, sometimes even overwhelming it. Positive feedback, Professor Maruyama emphasized, can take a small deviation or “kick” in the system and magnify it into a giant structure-threatening shudder. If the first kind of feedback was change-reducing or “negative,” here was a whole class of processes that were change-amplifying or “positive,” and both needed equal attention. Positive feedback could illuminate causation in many previously puzzling processes. Because positive feedback breaks stability and feeds on itself, it helps explain vicious circles—and virtuous ones. Imagine the thermostat again, but with its sensor or its trigger mechanism reversed. Every time the room got warm, the thermostat, instead of shutting off the furnace, would click in on, forcing the temperature to hotter ad hotter levels. #RandolphHarris 16 of 21

Or imagine the game of Monopoly (or, for that matter, the game of real-life economics) in which the more money a player has, the more property one can buy, which means more rental income and therefore more money with which to buy property. Both are examples of positive feedback at work. Positive feedback helps explain any process that is self-excitatory—like arms race, for example, in which ever time China builds a new weapon the United States of American builds a bigger one, which then motivates China to not only build yet another one, but recruit more troops to the point of global insanity. And when we put negative and positive feedback together and see how richly these two different processes interplay in complex organisms, from the human brain to an economy, startling insights emerge. Indeed, once we as a culture recognize that any truly complex system—whether a biological organism, a city, or the international political order—is likely to have within it both change amplifiers and change reducers, positive as well as negative feedback loops interacting with one another, we begin to glimpse a whole new level of complexity in the World with which we are dealing. Our understandings of causation is advanced. Yet another leap in understanding occurs when we further recognize that these change reducers and amplifiers are not necessarily built into biological or social systems from the beginning; they may be absent at first, then grow into place, as it were, sometimes as a result of what amounts to chance. A stray event can thus trigger a fantastic chain of unexpected consequences. This tells us why change is so often so hard to track and extrapolate, so filled with surprise. #RandolphHarris 17 of 21

It is why a slow, steady process can suddenly convert into an explosive change, or vice versa. And this in turn explains why similar starting conditions may lead to sharply dissimilar outcomes—an idea alien to the Second Wave mentality. The Third Wave causality that is gradually taking shape pictures a complex World of mutually interacting forces, a World filled with astonishment, with change amplifiers as well as reducers and many other elements as well—not just billiard balls clacking predictably and endlessly against one another on the cosmic pool table. It is a World far stranger than simple Second Wave mechanism suggested. Is everything predictable in principle, as Second Wave mechanical causality implied? Or are things inherently, unavoidably unpredictable, as critics of mechanism have insisted? Are we governed by chance or necessity? Third Wave causality has exciting new things to say about this ancient contradiction as well. In fact, it helps us escape at last from the either/or trap that for so long has pitted determinists against antideterminists—necessity against chance. And this may be its most important philosophical breakthrough. Since liberty is not a fruit of every climate, it is not within the reach of all peoples. The more one meditates on this principle established by Montesquieu, the more one is aware of its truth. The more one contests it, the more occasions there are for establishing it by means of new proofs. In all the governments in the World, the public person consumes, but produces nothing. Whence therefore does it get the substance it consumes? It is from the labour of its members. It is the surplus of private individuals that produces what is needed by the public. Whence it follows that the civil state can subsist only so long as men’s labours produces more than they need. #RandolphHarris 18 of 21

On the other hand, not all governments are of the same nature. They are more or less voracious; and the differences are founded on this added principle that the greater the distance the public contributions are from their source, the more onerous they are. It is not on the basis of the amount of the taxes that this burden is to be measured, but on the basis of the path they have to travel in order to return to the hands from which they came. When this circulation is prompt and well established, it is unimportant whether one pays little or a great deal. The populace is always rich and the finances are always in good shape. One the contrary, however little populace gives, when this small amount does not return, it is soon wiped out by continual giving. The state is never rich and the populace is always destitute. It follows from this that the greater the distance between the people and the government, the more onerous the taxes become. Thus in a democracy the populace is the least burdened; in an aristocracy it is more so; in a monarchy it bears the heaviest weight. Monarchy, therefore, is suited only to wealthy nations; aristocracy to states of moderate wealth and size; democracy to the states that are small and poor. In fact, the more one reflects on it, the more one finds in it the difference between free and monarchial state. In the former, everything is used for the common utility. In the latter, the public and private forces are reciprocal, the one being augmented by the weakening of the other. Finally, instead of governing subjects in order to make them happy, despotism makes them miserable in order to govern them. Thus in each climate there are natural causes on the basis of which one can assign the form of government that the force of the climate requires, and can even say what kind of inhabitants is should have. #RandolphHarris 19 of 21

Barren and unproductive lands, where the product is not worth the labour, ought to remain uncultivated and deserted, or people only by people who do not care for civilization. Places where men’s labour yields only what is necessary ought to be inhabited by barbarous peoples; in places such as these all polity would be impossible. Places where the surplus of products over labour is moderate are suited to free peoples. Those where an abundant and fertile soil produces a great deal in return for a small amount of labour require a monarchical form of government, in order that the subject’s excess of surplus of products over labour is moderate are suited free peoples. Those where an abundant and fertile soil produces a great deal in return for a small amount of labour require a monarchial form of government than dissipated by private individuals. I realize that there are exceptions; but these exceptions themselves prove the rule, in that sooner or later they produce revolutions that restore things to the order us nature. Nevertheless the presence of an evil tyranny ought not blind. In Russia, Stalin’s dictatorial control was expounded and accepted theoretically as a purely temporary measure on the road to full democratic freedom, and so was Hilter’s dictatorial control expounded and accepted as a temporary, but ultimate ideal in itself. The dangers to which tyrants expose the human race are immeasurably larger than those to which Capitalism exposes it. For no matter how materialistic, selfish, and greedy Capitalists become, they always remain in theory an anguished and desperate attempt to win justice for the underprivileged and to compel the social whole to accept responsibility for their unavoidable sufferings. However, the ultimate trend of tyrants is only the animalization of all human capital. All that gives dignity and worth to human beings, all their ethics and rationality, all their art and idealism will disappear under tyrants within a generation or two. #RandolphHarris 20 of 21

The disfigured form of humans would thenceforth bear a close resemblance to the worst kind of beast, albeit a cunning one, whose God is Hatred. However, Capitalism has its superiority at most, in that it took America out of Communism (slavery), and arose by allowing the inspiration of great hope. Slavery forces the World unwillingly into a struggle to the death, and the leaders of Communism are now forcing the World into that same kind of struggle. The human race is being made to chalk out a boundary line and to take sides in preparation for the inevitable. The responsibility for this degeneration does not lie with those who still believe in the ideals of freedom and truth, but with those who reject these ideals. The guilt does not let with those who seek to defend themselves against the aggressions of an evil doctrine, it lies with those who spread this doctrine by every means, including the most criminal means. Now with my hands but with my heart I bless you: may peace forever dwell within your breast! May Truth’s white light move with you and possess you—and may your thoughts and words wear her bright crest! May Time move down its endless path of beauty conscious of you and better for your being! Spring after Spring array itself in splendour seeking the favour of your sentient seeing! May hills lean toward you hills and windswept mountains, and trees be happy that have seen you pass—your eyes dark kinsmen to the stars above you—your feet remembered by the blades of grass! We thankfully acknowledge Thee, O Lord our God, our fathers’ God to all eternity. Our Rock art Thou, our Shield that saves through every generation. We give Thee thanks and we declare Thy praise for all Thy tender care. Our lives we trust into Thy loving hand. Our souls are ever in Thy charge; Thy wonders and Thy miracles are daily with us, evening, morn and noon. O Thou who art all-good, whose mercies never fail us, Compassionate One, whose lovingkindnessess never cease, we ever hope in Thee. #RandolphHarris 21 of 21

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