What the World needs is more geniuses with humility. There are so few of us left. It is better to wear out than to rust out. One popular view of human nature stems from a religious perspective. This view of human nature uses the terms good and evil as representations of a religious philosophy. The idea that human nature can be inherently good assumes, essentially, that an individual’s action, based on an instinctual, inherent nature from a God, is appropriate and correct. In contrast, the idea that human nature can be inherently evil entails the belief that an individual’s actions, rooted in instinct and one’s human nature, will be self-serving, inappropriate, and outside the will of God. The idea that one’s inherent actions can be evil is a religious perspective and is rooted in the idea that humankind, apart from the direction of a higher power, acts within its evil nature. As stated in the Bible, in Romans 8.7, the “mind that is set on the flesh is hostile to God, and those who are in the flesh cannot please God.” A libertarian theory of justice is based in the understanding that human nature is inherently neutral and equal. Libertarian justice maintains that individuals should be free of constraint over their life, liberty, and property, all of which are equally essential to a system of justice. #RandolphHarris 1 of 19

All people are naturally in a state of perfect freedom to order their actions, and dispose of their possessions and persons, as they think fit, within the bounds of the law of nature. Likewise, a contractarian theory of justice has some notions that human nature is inherently neutral. Contractarian theories hold that the primary principles in society are built upon the common will of the people in constructing a social contract, which promotes humankind’s equality, independence, and freedom. It is a feeling common to all humankind that they cannot bear to see others suffer. Humans are born free; and everywhere one is in chains, and the first law in the nature of humankind is to provide for one’s own preservation, one is the sole judge of the proper means of preserving oneself. Human nature is inherently self-interested. Egalitarianism holds that as human nature acts in its own self-preserving way, regulations are essential in guiding individuals and society. Egalitarianism views justice as common restrictions and investments in order to produce fairness and equity amongst the citizenry. It is the hope that shared responsibility and regulation will yield not only material liberty (as with the libertarians), but will also create psychological and spiritual liberty, because of the shared moral code that the community follows. #RandolphHarris 2 of 19

The soul is produced by God and the self-interested person in nature is that of the brutes and is produced by some power of the body. Some philosophers believe that human nature is solitary, poor, nasty, brutish and short and the condition of humans is a condition of war of everyone against everyone. And that may be true about some individuals, but certainly not everyone. This view that human nature is inherently self-interested sets the foundation for a collective will to order and control the selfish behaviour of humans to protect the good of all. “Four score and seven years ago our fathers brought forth on this continent, a new nation, conceived in liberty, and dedicated to the proposition that all humans are created equal. This nation, under God, shall have a new birth of freedom; and that government of the people, by the people, for the people, shall not perish from the Earth. With malice toward none; with charity for all; with firmness in the right, as God gives us to see the right, let us strive on to finish the work we are in.” reports President Abraham Lincoln. People should be allowed to have liberty and sovereignty and act in accordance with the rightness of their own nature. Humaneness and humanity are traits inherent in all and guiding all rational beings. #RandolphHarris 3 of 19

The abilities of humans which are not acquired by study are part of their endowment of good. However, it seems society is growing selfish and cutthroat. Can it be that as time goes on, the minds of humans are being produced to lack Humanity and Justice? If beings lose their sense of good, then they lose it as the mountain lost its trees. It has been hacked away at—day after day—what of its beauty then? Humankind must be granted their freedoms and liberties in order to act appropriately without certain constraints; however, society must be governed by a social contract, where humans may lose their natural liberty but will instead gain their civil liberty. This new sense of liberty, one that is embedded in a strong civility and citizenship, is influenced by Aristotle. The aspect of human nature that is so selfish must be regulated and controlled so as to not destroy humanity. Many people fear the brutish and warning nature of humans and want laws to protect them from disorder. Yet, they do not want absolutism in government as a means to regulate society for its optimal success because no one really knows what that means or if their lives will be consider worthy of the air they breathe. People do not want to be used by the government as soldiers, placeholders and taxpayers, and then disposed of so someone else can take their place. #RandolphHarris 4 of 19

The human body is of the World, and if led by the World is corruptible; however, the human soul is of God and is based in the actions of love. When the nature of humanity as flesh and body is in opposition to God, thus humankind must be led by their soul, which is not corruptible. Church is in society to protect and empower individuals into Godly actions of their soul. Many men and women who are walking softly through life—and creating a revolution as they do so. Homemakers, teachers, interfaces between races and cultures, all of which have been drastically changed by persons who trust their own power, do not feel a need to have power over, and who are willing to foster and facilitate the latent strength in the other person are finding success. Power rests not in your mind but in your organism. You may think you are a slow leaner, but you are not. It could be that you are just now starting to realize your political impact. It is partly that a new concept has been in the process of construction in our language. It is not just a new label. It brings together a cluster of meanings into a powerful new concept. Politics, in present-day psychological and social usage, has to do with power and control: with the extent to which persons desire, attempt to obtain, possess, share, or surrender power and control over others and/or themselves. #RandolphHarris 5 of 19

Politics has to do with the maneuvers, the strategies and tactics, witting or unwitting, by which such power and control over one’s own life and others’ lives is sought and gained—or shared or relinquished. It has to do with the locus of decision-making power: who makes the decisions which, consciously or unconsciously, regulate or control the thoughts, feelings or behaviour of others or oneself. It has to do with the effects of these decisions and these strategies, whether proceeding from an individual or a group, whether aimed at gaining or relinquishing control upon the person oneself, upon others, and upon the various systems of society and its institutions. In sum it is the process of gaining, using, sharing or relinquishing power, control, decision-making. It is the process of the highly complex interactions and effects of these elements as they exist in relationships between persons, between a person and a group, or between groups. This new construct has had a powerful influence on me. It has caused me to take a fresh look at my professional life work. I have had a role in initiating the person-centered approach. This view developed first in counseling and psychotherapy, where it was known as client-centered, meaning a person seeking help was not treated as a dependent patient but as a responsible client. #RandolphHarris 6 of 19

Extended to education, client-centered therapy was called student-centered teaching. As it has move into a wide variety of fields, far from its point of origin—intensive groups, marriage, family relationships, administration, underrepresented groups, interracial, intercultural, and even international relationships—it seems best to adopt as broad a term as possible; person-centered. It is the psychological dynamics of this approach that has interested me—how it is seen by and how it affects the individual. I have been interested in observing this approach from a scientific and empirical point of view; what conditions make it possible for a person to change and develop, and what are the specific effects or outcomes of these conditions. However, I have never given careful consideration to the interpersonal politics set in motion by such an approach. Now I begin to see the revolutionary nature of those political forces. I have found myself compelled to reassess and reevaluate all my work. I wish to ask what are the political effects (in the new sense of political) of all that I, and my many colleagues throughout the World, have done and are doing. What is the impact of client-centered point of view on the issues of power and control in individual psychotherapy? We shall explore the politics of various approaches to helping people, whether through one-to-one therapy, or through encounter or other intensive groups. #RandolphHarris 7 of 19

We shall confront openly a subject not often discussed: the issue of power and control in the so-called helping professions. This new approach in the politics of therapy differs from the older one in that it has a genuinely different goal. It aims directly toward the greater independence and integration of the individual rather than hoping that such results will accrue if the counselor assists in solving the problem. The individual and not the problem is the focus. The aim is not to solve one particular problem but to assist the individual to grow, so that one can cope with the present problem and with later problems in a better integrated fashion. If one can gain enough integration to handle one problem in more independent, more responsible, less confused, better organized ways, then one will also handle new problems in that manner. If this seems a little vague, it may be made more specific. It relies much more heavily on the individual drive toward growth, health, and adjustment. Therapy is not a matter of doing something to the individual, or of inducing one to do something about oneself. It is instead a matter of freeing one for normal growth and development, of removing obstacles so that one can again move forward. #RandolphHarris 8 of 19

 I have described various counseling techniques much in use—such as suggestions, advice, persuasion, and interpretation—and have pointed out that these rest on two basic assumptions: that the counselor knows best, and that one can find techniques by which to move one’s client most efficiently to the counselor-chosen goal. I see not that I have dealt a double-edged political blow. I have said that most counselors saw themselves as competent to control the lives of their clients. And I have advanced the view that it was preferable simply to free the client to become an independent, self-directing person. I am making it clear that is they agree with me, it would mean the complete disruption and reversal of their personal control in their counseling relationship. From the perspective of politics, power, and control, person-centered therapy is based on a premise which at first seemed risky and uncertain: a view of humans at their core a trustworthy organism. This base has over the years been strengthened by experience with troubled individuals, psychotic persons, small intensive groups, students in classes, and staff groups. It has become more and more firmly established as a basic stance, though each person must learn it step by step for oneself, to be convinced of its soundness. #RandolphHarris 9 of 19

I have recently described it as the gradually formed and tested hypothesis that the individual has within oneself vast resources for self-understanding, for altering one’s self-concept, one’s attitudes, and one’s self-directed behaviour—and that these resources can be tapped if only a definable climate of facilitative psychological attitudes can be provided. Is there any basis for this premise other than wishful thinking and the experience of a few people? I believe so. Biologists, neurophysiologists, and other scientists, including psychologists, have evidence that adds up to one conclusion. There is in every organism, at whatever level, an underlying flow of movement toward constructive fulfillment of its inherent possibilities. There is a natural tendency toward complete development in a human. The term that has most often been used for this is the actualizing tendency, and it is present in all living organisms. It is the foundation on which the person-centered approach is built. The actualizing tendency can of course be thwarted, but it cannot be destroyed without destroying the organism. I remember that in my boyhood the potato bin in which we stored our Winter supply of potatoes was in the basement, several feet below a small basement window. #RandolphHarris 10 of 19

The conditions were unfavorable, but the potatoes would begin to sprout—pale white sprouts, so unlike the healthy green shoots they sent up when planted in the soil in the Spring. However, these sad, spindly sprouts, so unlike the healthy green shoots they sent up when planted in the soil in the Spring. However, these sad, spindly sprouts would grow two or three feet in length as they reached toward the distant light of the window. They were, in their bizarre, futile growth, a sort of desperate expression of the directional tendency I have been describing. They would never become a plant, never mature, never fulfill their real potentiality. However, under the most adverse circumstances they were striving to become. Life would not give up, even if it could not flourish. In dealing with clients whose lives have been terribly warped, in working with women and men on the back wards of state hospitals, I often think of these potato sprouts. So unfavorable have been the conditions in which these people have developed that their lives often seem abnormal, twisted, scarcely human. Yet the directional tendency in them is to be trusted. The clue to understanding their behaviour is that they are striving, in the only ways available to them, to move toward growth, toward becoming. #RandolphHarris 11 of 19

To us the results may seem bizarre and futile, but they are life’s desperate attempt to become itself. It is this potent tendency which is the underlying bass of client-centered therapy and all that has grown out of it. I t is obvious that even this premise of client-centered therapy, without going further, has enormous political implications. Our educational system, our industrial and military organizations, and many other aspects of our culture take the view that the nature of the individual is such that one cannot be trusted—that one must be guided, instructed, rewarded, punished, and controlled by those who are wiser or higher in status. To be sure, we give lip service to a democratic philosophy in which all power is vested in the people, but this philosophy is honored more in the breach than in the observance. Hence simply describing the fundamental premise of client-centered therapy is to make a challenging political statement. What psychological climate makes possible is the release of the individual’s capacity for understanding and managing one’s life? There are three conditions for this growth-promoting climate, whether it is in the therapist and client relationship or parent and child, leader and group, teacher and students, administrator and staff—in fact, in any situation in which the development of the person is a goal. #RandolphHarris 12 of 19

Th first has to do with genuineness, realness—congruence. The more the therapist is oneself in the relationship, putting up no professional front or personal façade, the greater is the likelihood that the client will change and grow in a constructive manner. It means that the therapist is openly being the feelings and attitudes that are flowing within at the moment. The term transparent catches the flavor of this element—the therapist makes oneself transparent to the client; the client can see right through what the therapist is in the relationship; the client experiences no holding back on the part of the therapist. As for the therapist, what one is experiencing is available to awareness can be lived in the relationship, and can be communicated if appropriate. Thus there is a close matching, or congruence, between what is being experienced at the gut level, what is present in awareness, and what is expressed to the client. What does this mean in practical terms? It means that when the client is in pain or distress, the therapist is likely to be experiencing warmth or compassion or understanding. However, at other times in the relationship one may be experiencing boredom or anger or even fear of a destructive client. The more the therapist can be aware of—and can become and express these feelings, whether beneficial or negative—the more likely one is to be helpful to the client. #RandolphHarris 13 of 19

It is the feelings and attitudes that are helpful when expressed, not opinions or judgments about the other. Thus the therapist cannot know that the client is a boring conversationalist or a demanding pig head or a beautiful person. All these are debatable point. The therapist can only be congruent and helpful in expressing the feelings one owns. To the extent that the therapist experiences, owns, knows, expresses what is going on within—to that extent one is likely to facilitate growth in the client. When Jesus says we must lose our lives if we are to find them, he is teaching, on the negative side, that we must not make ourselves and our survival the ultimate point of reference in our World—must not, in effect, treat ourselves as God should be treated, or treat ourselves as God. Thus Paul shockingly said, “Covetousness is idolatry,” reports Colossians 3.5. Is not that somewhat exaggerated? No. Covetousness is self-idolatry, for it makes my desires paramount. It means I would take what I want if I could. To defeat covetousness we learn to rejoice that others enjoy the benefits they do. To make my desires paramount is what Paul again described as having a flesh mind or mind of the flesh, which is a state of death (Romans 8.6). #RandolphHarris 14 of 19

Such a mind “sows to one’s own flesh”—invests only in one’s natural self—and “out of that flesh reaps corruption,” reports Galatians 6.8. “Corruption” or “coming apart: is the natural end of the flesh. “Flesh” can only be preserved by being caught up within the higher life of the kingdom of God and thus of “losing” the life peculiar to it. In other worse, when Jesus says tat those who find their life or soul shall lose it, he is pointing out that those who think they are in control of their life—“I am the master of my fate: I am the captain of my soul,” as the poet William Ernest Henley said—will find that they definitely are not in control: they are totally at the mercy of forces beyond them, and even within them. They are on a sure course to disintegration and powerlessness, of lostness both to themselves and to God. They must surrender. By contrast, if they give up the project of being ultimate point of reference in their life—of doing only what they want, of “sowing to the flesh” or to the natural aims and abilities of a human being—there can be hope. If they in that sense lose their life in favour of God’s life, or for the sake of Jesus and what he is doing on Earth—remember the ongoing World revolution he is now conducting—then their soul (life) will be preserved and thus given back to them. #RandolphHarris 15 of 19

There is still another valuable lesson to be learned from the parable of the generous landowner. God is not only generous, He is also sovereign. That is, God has the right to dispense His blessings as He chooses. Jesus asserts this prerogative of God very clearly with the landowner’s question: Do I not have the right to do what I want with my own money?” reports Matthew 2015. We constantly see believers around us who seem more blessed of God than we are. Some are more gifted in spiritual abilities, others always succeed with little effort, still others seem to have few problems or concerns, and on and on. Probably none of us is exempt from the temptation to envy someone else’s blessings and to secretly grumble at God, or even to charge Him with rank injustice, for giving that person more in some way then He has given us. Yet God in His sovereignty has the right to bless each of us as He chooses. Consider these words from the apostle Paul: But who are you, O man, to talk back to God? “Shall what is formed say to him who formed it, ‘Why did you make me like this?’” Does not the potter have the right to make out of the same lump of clay some pottery for noble purposes and some for common use? reports Romans 9.20-21. #RandolphHarris 16 of 19

Regardless of how we understand the particular application of Paul’s teaching, we cannot escape the basic principle in the passage: God is sovereign. And He is sovereign in every area of life. God as our Creator has the right to endow each of us at birth with different physical and mental abilities, with different temperament characteristics, and with different natural talents. He also has the right to give each of us different spiritual gifts. Not only does God have the right, it is obvious He exercises it. We are not created equal, nor are we given equal opportunities throughout life. Each of us has his or her own unique set of circumstances; those of some people being much more favourable than others. Since God is under no obligation to any of us, He is free to bless some more than others as He chooses. He has the right to do what he wants with His blessings. “For awful is the wickedness to suppose that God saveth one child because of baptism, and the other must parish because one hath no baptism. Wo be unto them that shall pervert the ways of the Lord after this manner, for they shall perish except they repent. Behold, I speak with boldness, having authority from God; and I fear not what humans can do; for perfect love casteth out all fear,” reports Moroni 8.15-16. #RandolphHarris 17 of 19

O God, by Whose will all things were made, and by Whose truth they continue in being; we beseech Thee to keep us under Thy shelter, lest we be cast down from our chief happiness by the swellings of pride; grant us ever to ascend into Heaven by the steps of humility; and because Thou art the Fountain of life, from Thee may we drink what by faith we thirst for; in Thy light may we shine with the light of knowledge, and reap the fruit of righteousness in an everlasting exaltation. O God, Who art rich in forgiveness, and for this cause willedst to assume our lowly flesh, that Thou mightiest leave to us an example of humility, and make us steadfast in all manner of sufferings; grant that we may always hold fast the good things which we receive from Thee, and as often as we fall into sins, may be raised up by repentance; through Thy mercy. O God, I bless thee for the happy moment when I first saw thy law fulfilled in Christ, wrath appeased, death destroyed, sin forgiven, my soul saved. Ever since, thou hast been faithful to me; daily have I proved the power of Jesus’ blood, daily have I known the strength of the Spirit, my teacher, director, sanctifier. I want no other rock to build upon than that I have, desire no other hope than that of gospel truth, need no other look than that which gazes on the cross. #RandolphHarris 18 of 19

Forgive me if I have tried to add anything to the one foundation, if I have unconsciously relied upon my knowledge, experience, deeds, and not seen them as filthy rags, if I have attempted to complete what is perfect in Christ; may my cry be always, Only Jesus! Only Jesus! In him is freedom from condemnation, fullness in his righteousness, eternal vitality in his given life, indissoluble union in fellowship with him; in him I have all that I can hold; enlarge me to take in more. If I backslide, let me like Peter weep bitterly and return to him; give me strength enough to trust in him; if I am weak, may I faint upon his heart of eternal love; if in extremity, let me feel that he can deliver me; if driven to the verge of hope and to the pit of despair, grant me grace to fall into his arms. O God, hear me, do for me more than I ask, think, or dream. “And I am filled with charity, which is everlasting love; wherefore, all children are alike unto me; wherefore, I love little children with a perfect love; and they are all alike and partakers of salvation. For I know that God is not a partial God, neither a changeable being; but he is unchangeable from all eternity to all eternity,” reports Moroni 8.17-18. The World is too much with us; late and soon, getting and spending, we lay waste our powers. #RandolphHarris 19 of 19

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