Not to care, not to question, not to bother—all this had been part of the old way for me, one of shame and melancholy, an existence in which I assumed completely that we were cursed and were guilty victims of Original Sin. I have not seen us as worthy of ceremonies. Great social problems can be disregarded or responded to ineffectively if they have been carefully hidden, as in the case of people’s diaries, of if they are loudly and continuously talked about in distorted and misleading ways. This last has been the development in the field of alcoholism. As a result, new attempts to meet the problems of alcoholism are confronted with a task of uprooting old and fallacious conceptions in addition to the task of presenting new and more efficient responses to this age-old problem. To list some of the most common distortions: Alcohol is the cause of alcoholism; drunkenness and alcoholism are the same thing; alcoholism is often inherited and (completely incompatible with this and equally fallacious) alcoholism is due to lack of will power; alcohol causes 60 or 80 or 100 percent of crime; most alcoholics come from various social strata; “It Never Could Happen to Me’”; and so on and so on. All these ideas are fallacious, and this can be proved by logic, by facts, and by experimentation. However, to have people accept the proofs and act accordingly is far from easy. #RandolphHarris 1 of 19

To appreciate the nature and extent of alcoholism, it is necessary to realize that there is a large body of organized misinformation and that this and the accompanying misconceptions are a part of the casual, undefined thinking of many, many, Americans. Unless this is realized, all that follows will be useless or misused. If one believes, for example, that alcoholism is a deviation from morality and that deviations from mortality should be punished, then, no matter what other knowledge or conceptions are present, one is going to punish the alcoholic by attitude, words, imprisonment, or otherwise. Punishment, however, will not alleviate, cure, or prevent any sickness, whether mumps, mental disease, or alcoholism. To this, the answer of the being with unconsciously distorted training is almost sure. One knows Paris, Britney, and Harry, punished after being drunk, never got drunk again or never took a drink again. One does not realize that this observation is irrelevant because drunkenness and alcoholism are quite different things. Misconceptions pile upon misconceptions. If this problem had been hidden rather than have been so loudly, so continuously, and so mistakenly talked about, it might have been better for any ultimate solution. What is an alcoholic? Alcoholics may be distinguished from other drinkers primarily by the purpose for which they drink. #RandolphHarris 2 of 19

Some people drink to fulfill  religious ritual, others in order to be polite, still others for a good time, or to make friends, to experiment, show off, get warm or cool, quench thirst, or because they like a particular alcoholic beverage as a condiment, or because they want to go on a spree. None of these is the purpose of the alcoholic, although one might claim any or al to satisfy some questioner. The alcoholic drinks because one has to if one is to go on living. One drinks compulsively; that is, a power greater than rational planning brings one to drinking and to excessive drinking. Most alcoholics hate liquor, hate drinking, hate the taste, hate the results, hate themselves for succumbing, but they cannot stop. Their drinking is as compulsive as the stealing by a kleptomaniac or the continual hand-washing of a person with a neurosis about cleanliness. It is useful to think of their drinking behavior as a symptom of some inner maladjustment which they do not understand and cannot control. The drinking may be the outward, obvious accompaniment of this more basic and hidden factor. From this statement alone it can be seen that alcoholism and drunkenness are different phenomena. #RandolphHarris 3 of 19

All alcoholics exhibit drunkenness, but many who get drunk are not alcoholics. For example, the college boy on a spree, or a member of a group which drinks regularly (and usually to excess) on specific occasions, such as holidays, reunions, Saturday nights, may or may not get drunk, but they are not alcoholics unless their drinking is compulsive, brought about by some inner need or unresolved conflict. Compulsive drinking is a progressive condition. Its course may be rapid or extremely slow. Some few persons exhibit wild drinking behavior and uncontrollable need for alcohol immediately following their introduction to drinking. These individuals are probably in the category of psychotics; their alcoholism may be very obvious, but in actuality it is only a minor symptom of a major disease. A great many alcoholics have a history of 10 or 15 years of relatively controlled drinking. Sometimes in their career they may have experienced a few “blackouts” during drunkenness; they may have started sneaking a few drinks more than their companions. After a while it began to happen that on occasions when they “only intended to have a couple” they wound up drunk. They may have developed a need to rationalize their heavy drinking. Solitary drinking, morning drinking, and benders may appear as a regular practice anywhere from 4 to 7 years after the first blackouts. By this time the stage of alcoholism has been achieved, but it may not be recognized by the individual or by more than a few intimates. #RandolphHarris 4 of 19

Attempts at control or at changing the pattern of drinking may follow. Feelings of remorse become persistent. The individual become socially isolated. One may develop deep anxieties, tremors, obvious physical symptoms. It may be 7 to 10 years from the time of one’s first “blackout,” 15 years since one’s first drink. By now, however, one is recognized by all, perhaps even by oneself, as an alcoholic. Some may take only three years to reach the undoubted stage of alcoholism. A clinical description of the alcoholic as one appears in the final stages may conclude this statement answering the question “What is an alcoholic?” No two alcoholics are identical. Some are sufficiently different to be labeled as different types. Nevertheless there are enough common characteristics in addition to the compulsive nature of the drinking and the progressive nature of the affliction to allow a general statement. Physically, many alcoholics in the later stages of this condition are characterized by undernourishment, highly irregular routine, inadequate sleep, and an over-all attitude of hopelessness, plus unrelieved tension. As a result they are highly susceptible to accidents and to other diseases. It should be carefully noted that these are not directly effects of alcohol. They follow upon the behavioral consequences of continued excessive drinking. Not all alcoholics present this picture since they may be closely protected by family, friends, or independent means. #RandolphHarris 5 of 19

Psychologically the alcoholic in the later and last stages of his illness is characterized by being in continual and awful pain, by a set of responses which may be summed up as immaturity, and by an over-all attitude of extreme egocentricity. The pain is not merely or even importantly related to the physical aspects of one’s condition or the inconveniences occasioned by one’s type of life. It is centered around one’s inner feelings of self-depreciation, self-hate, self-pity, guilt, and all-encompassing remorse. Since one cannot explain this, one often attempts to hide it. Pain, however, is the constant comrade of the alcoholic. And a dreadful (in the deal meaning of the term) comrade it is. The immaturity of the alcoholic may be illustrated by one’s rapid mood swings, superficially sly rationalizations, adolescent self-consciousness, magnificent ideals which are almost inevitably linked with minuscule accomplishments, and juvenile techniques of hiding bottles, lying about drinking, and wheedling pity and free drinks. The alcoholic generally lacks interests in anything outside oneself and one’s problems. Such outside interests as one may manifest are usually temporary and directly and immediately related to a desire to show off or achieve some quick benefit. One’s continual comparison of all things to oneself, easy cynicism about anything not connected to oneself, self-pity, intense feelings of guilt and increasingly solitary existence, all bear witness to one’s egocentricity. #RandolphHarris 6 of 19

Socially, the alcoholic in the final stages tends to be isolated, undersocialized. An amazing proportion of alcoholic males have never married. Of those who have, the proportioned of separated and divorced is many times that in the general population. The alcoholic frequently moves from place to place, from job to job. One has few if any close friends. Typically, the alcoholic does not do very much; one does not have hobbies, go to the movies, join in any group activities. As a result of this undersocialization or desocialization the alcoholic is susceptible to fewer stimuli than people with friends and groups membership. One receives fewer satisfactions and rewards. Punishment is less and less meaningful since the strength of punishment varies with its source; if a father or wife or friend punishes, the effect is far greater than if the actions comes from an impersonal source. Since the alcoholic has given up these associations, one is less stimulated, and only with difficulty is rewarded or punished effectively. One becomes one’s own source of stimulation, reward and punishment and thus one may vary greatly from the social norms, possess ridiculous ideals, vastly overpunish oneself, and lapse into minimum activity. Many diseases are iatrogenic—outcomes of the doctor-patient relationship or the impact of certain environments on patients. #RandolphHarris 7 of 19

In research, we have recognized the social desirability variable. It has been investigated, and we recognize subjects’ tendencies to misrepresent their experience, to produce some desired image of themselves on the mind of the investigator is often a factor. Subjects in a research project are no fool. One knows that many times one’s future career may be at stake, depending upon how one has appeared through test and experimental findings. So one has a vested interest in such misrepresentation. It is very sane for one to protect oneself. One has no guarantee, at least in one’s experience, that one’s responses will help the psychologist to help one (the subject) fulfill oneself more fully. Our commitments as experimenters and the settings in which we work sometimes make it insane for a person to uncloak oneself. There was an experiment which studied the behavior of normal people under a particular situation, that of playing the roles of prisoners and guards respectively, in a mock prison. The general thesis of the experiment was perhaps the majority of people can be made to do almost anything by the strength of the situation they are put in, regardless of their morals, personal convictions, and values. #RandolphHarris 8 of 19

More specifically, that in this experiment the prison situation transformed most of the subjects who played the role of guards into brutal sadists and most of those who played the role of prisoner into abject, frightened, and submissive me, some having such severe mental symptoms that they had to be released after a few days. In fact, the reactions of both groups were so intense that the experiment which was to have lasted for two weeks was broken off after six day. Students who were selected for the experiment answered an ad in the newspaper which asked for male volunteers to participate in a psychological study on prison life in return for payment $130.11 a day. The students who responded completed an extensive questionnaire concerning their family background, physical and mental health history, prior experience and attitudinal propensities with respect to sources of psychopathology (including their involvement in crime). Each respondent who completed the background questionnaire was interviewed by one of the two experimenters. Finally, the subjects who were judged to be most stable (physically and mentally), most mature, and least involved in anti-social behaviors were selected to participate in the study. On a random basis, half the Ss were assigned the role of guard, half were assigned to the role of prisoner. #RandolphHarris 9 of 19

The final sample of subjects chose were administered a battery of psychological tests on the day prior to the start of the simulation, but to avoid any selective bias on the part of the experimenter-observers, scores were not tabulated until the study was completed. They had selected a sample of individuals who did not deviate from the normal range of the population, and who showed no sadistic or masochistic predisposition. The mock prison was constructed in a 35-foot section of a basement corridor in the psychological building at Stanford University. All subjects were told that they would be assigned either the guard or the prisoner ole on a completely random basis and all had voluntarily agreed to play either role for $130.11 per day for up to two weeks. They signed a contract guaranteeing a minimally adequate diet, clothing, housing and medical care as well as the financial remuneration in return for their stated “intention” of serving in the assigned role for the duration of the study. It was made explicit in the contract that those assigned to be prisoners should expect to be under surveillance (have little or no privacy), and to have some of their basic civil rights suspended during their imprisonment, excluding physical abuse. They were given no other information about what to expect nor instructions about behavior appropriate for a prisoner role. #RandolphHarris 10 of 19

Those actually assigned to this treatment were informed by phone to be available at their place of residence on a given Sunday when we would start the experiment. The subjects assigned to be guards attended a meeting with the “Warden” (an undergraduate research assistant) and the “Superintendent” of the prison (the principal investigator). They were told that their task was to maintain the reasonable degree of order in the prison necessary for its effective functioning. Our intention not was to create a literal simulation of an American prison, but rather a functional representation of one. For ethical, moral, and pragmatic reasons we could not detain our subjects for extended or indefinite periods of time, we could not exercise the threat and promise of severe physical punishment, we could not allow homosexual or racist practices to flourish, nor could we duplicate certain other specific aspects of prison life. Nevertheless, we believed that we could create a situation with sufficient mundane realism to allow the role-playing participation to go beyond the superficial demands of their assignment into the deep structure of the characters they represented. To do so, we established functional equivalents for the activities and experiences of actual prison life which were expected to produce qualitatively similar psychological reactions in our subjects—feelings of power and powerlessness, of control and oppression, of satisfaction and frustration, or arbitrary rule and resistance to authority, of status and anonymity, of machismo and emasculation. #RandolphHarris 11 of 19

How were the “prisoners” treated? They had been told to keep themselves ready for the beginning of the experiment. With the cooperation of the Palo Alto City Police Department all of the subjects assigned to the prisoner treatment were unexpectedly “arrested” at their residence. A police officer charged them with suspicion of burglary or armed robbery, advised them of their legal rights, handcuffed them, thoroughly searched them (often as curious neighbors look on) and carried them off to the police station in the rear of the police car. At the station they went through the standard routines of being fingerprinted, having an identification file prepared and then being placed in a detention cell. Each prisoner was blindfolded and subsequently driven by one of the experimenters and a subject-guard to our mock prison. Throughout the entire arrest procedure, the police officers involved maintained a formal, serious attitude, avoiding answering any questions of clarification as to the relation of this “arrest” to the mock study. Upon arrival at our experimental prison, each prisoner was stripped, sprayed with a delousing preparation (a deodorant spray) and made to stand alone naked for a while in the cell yard. After being given the uniform described previously and having an I.D. picture taken (“mug shot”), the prisoner was put in his cell and ordered to remain silent. #RandolphHarris 12 of 19

Since “arrests” were carried out by the real police (one wonders about the legality of their participation in this procedure), as far as the subjects knew these were real charges, especially since the officers did not answer questions about the connection between the arrest and the experiment. What were the subjects to think? How were they to know that the “arrest” was no arrest; that the police had lent themselves to making these false accusations and to use force just to give more color to the experiment? The uniforms of the “prisoners” were peculiar. They consisted of loosely fitting muslin smocks with an identification number in front and back. No underclothes were work beneath these “dresses.” A light chain and lock were placed around one ankle. On their feet they wore rubber sandals and their hair was covered with a nylon stocking made into a cap. The prisoners’ uniforms were designed not only to deindividuate the prisoner but to be humiliating and serve as symbols of their dependence and subservience. The ankle chain was a constant reminder (even during their sleep when it hit the other ankle) of the oppressiveness of the environment. The stocking cap removed any distinctiveness associated with hair length, color or style (as does shaving of heads in some real prisons and the military). #RandolphHarris 13 of 19

The ill-fitting uniforms made the prisoners feel awkward in their movements; since these dresses were worn without undergarments, the unfirmed forced them to assume unfamiliar postures, more like those of a woman than a man—another part of the emasculating process of becoming a prisoner. What were the reactions of the prisoners and the guards to this situation during the six days of the experiment? The most dramatic evidence of the impact of this situation upon the participants was seen in the gross reactions of five prisoners who had to be released because of extreme emotional depression, crying, rage and acute anxiety. The pattern of symptoms was quite similar in four of the subjects and began as early as the second day of imprisonment. The fifth subject was released after being treated for a psychosomatic rash which covered portions of his body. Of the remaining prisoners, only two said they were not willing to forfeit the money they had earned in return for being “paroled.” When the experiment was terminated prematurely after only six days, all the remaining prisoners were delighted by their unexpected good fortune. In contrast most of the guards seemed to be distressed by the decision to stop the experiment and it appeared to us that they had become sufficiently involved in their roles that they now enjoyed the extreme control and power which they exercised and were reluctant to give up. #RandolphHarris 14 of 19

None of the guards ever failed to come to work on time for their shift, and indeed, on several occasions guards remained on duty voluntarily and complaining for extra hours—without additional pay. The extremely pathological reactions which emerged in both groups of subjects testify to the power of the social forces operating, but still there were individual differences seen in styles of coping with this novel experience and in degrees of successful adaptation to it. Half the prisoners did endure the oppressive atmosphere, and not all the guards resorted to hostility. Some guards were tough but fair (“played by the rules”), some went far beyond their roles to engage in creative cruelty and harassment, while a few were passive and rarely instigated and coercive control over the prisoners. The percentage of actively sadistic guards, quite inventive in their techniques of breaking the spirit of the prisoners is estimated to be about one third. The rest are divided among the two other categories which are described, respectively as being tough but fair or good guards from the prisoner’s point of view since they did them small favors and were friendly; this is a very different characterization from that of being passive and rarely instigating coercive control, as expressed by a later report. It is believed that it proves that the situation alone can within a few days transform normal people into abject, submissive individuals or into ruthless sadists. #RandolphHarris 15 of 19

However, if in spite of the whole spirit of this mock prison which, according to the concept of the experiment was meant to be degrading and humiliating (obviously the guards must have caught on to this immediately), two thirds of the guards did not commit sadistic acts for personal kicks, the experiment seems rather to prove that one can not transform people so easily into sadist by providing them with the proper situation. The difference between behavior and character matters very much in this context. It is one thing to behave according to sadistic rules and another thing to want to be and to enjoy being cruel to people. Still, character traits are often entirely unconscious and, furthermore, cannot be discovered by conventional psychological tests; as far as projective tests are concerned, such as the T.A.T or the Rorschach, only investigators with considerable experience in the study of unconscious process will discover much unconscious material. The data on the guards are open to question for still another reason. These subjects were selected precisely because they represented more or less average, normal men, and they were found to be without sadistic predispositions. This result contradicts empirical evidence which shows that the percentage of unconscious sadists in an average population is not zero. Some studies have shown this, and a skilled observer can detect it without the use of questionnaires or test. #RandolphHarris 16 of 19

However, whatever the percentage of sadistic characters in a normal population may be, the complete absence of this category does not speak well for the aptness of the tests used with regard to this problem. Some of the puzzling results of the experiment are probably to be explained by another factor. The authors state that the subjects had difficulty in distinguishing reality from the role they were playing, and assume this to be a result of the situation; this is indeed true, but the experimenters built this result into the experiment. In the first place the prisoners were confused by several circumstances. The conditions they were told and under which they entered into the contract were drastically different from those they found. They could not possibly have expected to find themselves in a degrading and humiliating atmosphere. More important for the creation of the confusion is the cooperation of the police. Since it is most usual for police authorities to lend themselves to such an experimental game, it was very difficult for the prisoners to appreciate the difference between reality and role-playing. The report shows that they did not even know whether their arrest had anything to do with the experiment, and the officers refused to answer their questions about this connection. Would not any average person be confused and enter the experiment with a sense of puzzlement, of having been tricked, and of helplessness? #RandolphHarris 17 of 19

When some prisoners tried to break out of the mock situation, the guard prevented them by force. It seems that they were given the impression that only the parole board could give them permission to leave. One of the most remarkable incidents of the study occurred during a parole board hearing when each of five prisoners eligible for parole was asked by the senior author where he would be willing to forfeit all the money earned as a prisoner is he were to be paroled (released from the study). Three of the five prisoners said, “yes,” they would be willing to do this. Notice that the original incentive for participating in the study had been the promise of money, and they were, after only four days, prepared to give this up completely. And, more surprisingly when told this possibility would have to be discussed with members of the staff before a decision could be made, each prisoner got up quietly and was escorted by a guard back to his cell. If they regarded themselves simply as subjects participating in an experiment for money, there was no longer any incentive to remain in the study and they could have easily escaped this situation which had so clearly become aversive for them by quitting. #RandolphHarris 18 of 19

 Yet, so powerful was the control which the situation had come to have over them, so much a reality had this simulated environment become, that they were unable to see that their original and singular motive for remaining no longer obtained, and they returned to their cells to await a parole decision by their captors It seems that the prisoners became confused and did not know any longer what was what and who was who. Many people do not understand why anyone would conduct such a study. There is ample evidence of the effects of Hitler’s concentration camps and many credible studied done on prisons. This experiment allowed the researchers and guards to amuse themselves by sadistic behavior, and they did so without fearing any punishment. In real life, people cannot understand why they, who had always obeyed the law without question, were being persecuted. Even as they are unjustly imprisoned, the dared not oppose their oppress even in the thought, though it would have given them a self respect they were badly in need of. All they could do was plead, and many groveled. Since law and police had to remain beyond reproach, they accepted as just whatever the Gestapo did. The SS made fun of them, mistreated them badly, while at the same time enjoying scenes that emphasized their position of superiority. “Salvation is freedom,” reports 2 Nephi 2.4. #RandolphHarris 19 of 19

Cresleigh Homes

Brighton Station at Cresleigh Ranch | Residence 3

Welcome to #BrightonStation Residence 3 at #CresleighRanch located in Rancho Cordova! Join Abbie Johnson as she walks through this beautiful two-story floor plan.

Visit our website to check out its many features and optional add-ons. Click the link: https://cresleigh.com/brighton-station/residence-3/