This is a most exciting time in the history of evolutionary biology. Cells multiply by dividing, which in turn makes it possible for organisms to reproduce as well as to grow and repair their tissues. In the simpler type of cell division, cells divide in a way that ensures that each new cell receives a full set of genetic materials. This is important because a cell cannot function properly without the correct amount of DNA, but for this to happen, the DNA must first replicate. Genes in Space-1 was the first molecular biology investigation ever performed in Space. Tim Peake, European Space Agency astronaut, with miniPCR is performing a genetic investigation currently. More than 2,479,009,700 DNA bases were sequenced by NASA astronauts Kate Rubins and Peggy Whitson during the Biomolecule Sequencer investigation. Being able to use DNA-based diagnostics in space will help keep astronauts safer and healthier on deep space missions. The Genes in Space-3 investigation will identify an unknown microbe in space for the very first time aboard the International Space Station. #RandolphHarris 1 of 12

In recent years, genetic manipulation has become increasingly controversial owing to questions related to product safety, environmental concerns, and animal welfare. For instance, the insertion of bacterial DNA into certain crops has made them toxic to leaf-eating insects, thus reducing the need for pesticide use. And cattle and pigs are commonly treated with antibiotics and genetically engineered growth hormone to increase growth rates. There is no current evidence that humans are hard by the insect-repelling bacterial DNA or by consuming meat from animals treated with growth hormone. However, there are concerns over the unknown effects of long-term exposure. In fact, opposition to genetically modified foods has resulted in greatly increased demand for organically grown produce and hormone-free meats, especially in Europe and Africa. However, in America, we are using all available land to build housing and roads and discouraging farms by limiting the amount of water they can use and taxing the waste that is emitted by farm animals (regulations created by Governor Jerry “Moonshine” Brown). #RandolphHarris 2 of 12

Regardless of how contentious these new techniques may be, nothing has generated as much controversy as cloning. However, successful or common cloning will be has not been determined. Sometimes clones develop health problems because they are weaker than the original. Long-term studies have yet to show whether cloned beings live out their normal life span, but some evidence suggests that they do not. Also, only 3 percent of cloning attempts actually result in a live birth. The goal of the Human Genome Project is to sequence the entire human genome, which consists of some 3 billion bases comprising approximately 25,000 to 30,000 genes. Scientists are still trying to identify the functions of many of the proteins produced by these genes. It is one thing to know a gene’s chemical makeup, but quite another to know what it does. Nevertheless, the magnitude and importance of the achievement cannot be overstated, because it will ultimately transform biomedical and pharmaceutical research and will change forever how many human diseases are diagnosed and treated. #RandolphHarris 3 of 12

Founder effect are seen in many modern populations. Founder effect can occur when a small migrant band of founders colonizes a new region away from its parent group. Over time, a new population will be established, and as long as mates are chosen only from within this population, all of its members will be descended from the founders. In effect, all the genes in the expanding group will have come from the original colonists. In such a case, an allele that was rare in the founders’ parent population but is carried by even one of the founders can eventually become common. Colonization is not the only way founder effect can happen. Small founding groups may simply be a few survivors of a large group ravaged by famine, war, disease, or other disasters. The small founder population (the survivors) possess only a sample of all the alleles that were present in the original group. #RandolphHarris 4 of 12

Just by chance alone, some alleles may be completely removed from the gene pool; other alleles may become the only allele at a locus that previously had two or more. Whatever the cause, the outcome is a reduction of genetic diversity, and the allele frequencies of succeeding generations may be substantially different from those of the original large population. The loss of genetic diversity in this type of situation is called a genetic bottleneck, and the effects can be very detrimental to a species. French Canadians in Quebec, who currently number close to 6 million, are all descended from about 8,500 founders who left France during the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries. Because the genes carried by the initial founders represented only a sample of the gene pool from which they were derived, just by chance a number of alleles now occur in different frequencies from those of the current population of France. #RandolphHarris 5 of 12

Some founder populations can be traced back to 75 A.D. Not to concern anyone, but just be aware that founder effect can lead to an increased presence of several harmful side effects, such as Marfan syndrome in which the eyes and cardiovascular and skeletal systems are affected; symptoms include greater than average height, long arms and legs, eye issues, and enlargement of the aorta; death due to rupture of the aorta is common (President Abraham Lincoln may have had Marfan syndrome.) Another manifestation could be cleft chin, a dimple or depression in the middle of the chin; less prominent in females than males. Cystic fibrosis. Albinism, which is an inability to produce normal amounts of pigment melanin; resulting in very fair skin, light blonde hair, and light eyes. They can also have blood disorders. However, a benefit is founder populations have a resistance to tuberculosis. #RandolphHarris 6 of 12

And if you know someone is part of a founder population, it makes treating their symptoms easy because you know what to expect, what diet and exercise they may need and what tests to perform. This development overthrows all the schools of theology; from inert matter, and given heat and motion, there results the faculty of sensation, life, memory, consciousness, passion, and thought. The importance of hereditary factors causes the development of a moral society, advances in education, law, and purely environmental factors. Organs produce needs, and reciprocally, needs produce organs.  The individual recapitulates the history of the race and certain hereditary factors may crop up after many generations. Parental factors are inherited (cells and genes) of organic development through a network or bundle of threads (or fibers or filaments), which strongly suggested the nervous system can be passed on. #RandolphHarris 7 of 12

Personal identity, the unified self, is thus assured by the nervous system, and the brain plays the role of both organ and organist. Self-awareness, however, depends entirely on the remembering function of the human brain. In an investigation of the physical substrata of memory, brain injuries, vibrating strings and harmonic intervals explain the association of images of the memory, the passage from sense perceptions to comparisons, reflection, judgment, and thought. Memory furnishes the continuity in time, the personal history that is fundamental to self-consciousness and personal identity. Memory is corporeal, and the self has only material reality. “I am inclined to believe that all we have seen, known, perceived, or heard—even the trees of the great forest all known to us.” He could still see in his waking hours the forests of Westphalia, and could review them when dreaming—as brilliantly colored as if they were in a painting. “Moreover, the sound of a voice, the presence of an object…and behold, an object recalled—more than that, a whole stretch of my past—and I am plunged again into pleasure, regret, or affliction.” #RandolphHarris 8 of 12

Our calling is not primarily to be holy men and women, but to be proclaimers of the gospel of God. The one all-important thing is that the gospel of God should be recognized as the abiding reality. Reality is not human goodness or holiness or Heaven or Hell—it is redemption. Personal holiness is an effect of redemption, not the cause of it. If we place our faith in human goodness, we will go under when testing comes. Woe be to the soul who tries to head in any other direction once that call has come to him or her. Satan explains: We walked through a great factory of some sort, were men and women and little children were toiling in heat and dirt and a fog of dust; and they were clothed in rags and dropped at their work, for they were worn and half starved, and weak and drowsy. The boys wondered at the spectacle, and reported: The proprietors are rich and they are very holy; but the wage they pat to these poor brothers and sisters of theirs is only enough to keep them from dropping dead with hunger. The work hours are fourteen per day, Winter and Summer—from six in the morning till eight at night—little children and all. #RandolphHarris 9 of 12

And they walk to and from the pigsties they inhabit—four miles each way, through mud and slush, rain, snow, sleet, and storm, daily, year in and year out. They get four hours of sleep. They kneel together, three families in a room, in unimaginable filth and stench; and disease comes and they die off like files. Have they committed a crime, these mangy things? No. What have they done that they are punished so? Nothing at all, except getting themselves born into your foolish race. You have seen how they treat misdeeds there in jail; now you see how they the innocent and the worthy. If your race logical? They broke him on the wheel and smashed him to rags and pulp after we left, and he is dead now, and free of your precious race; but these poor slaves here—why they have been dying for years and some of them will not escape from life for years to come and they are legal Americans in their own country! #RandolphHarris 10 of 12

A girl named Aaliyah was killed while at work and her body was seized for a debt by a carpenter whom the record label owed money for work done the year before. The carpenter took the corpse to his house and kept it for several days in his cellar, the mother weeping and imploring about his house all the time; then he buried it in his yard without religious ceremonies. It drove the mother mad with grief and pain, and she cried night and day as the courts and official bickered over the daughter’s estate, not caring for the hurt they caused her family. It brought so much hardship on them that the father died shortly after. Satan said that the carpenter and the rest were members of the human race and were acting quite neatly for that species of animal. To be separated to the gospel means being able to hear the call of God. Once someone begins to hear that call, a suffering worthy of the name of Christ is produced. Suddenly, every ambition, every desire of life, and every outlook is completely blotted out and extinguished. #RandolphHarris 11 of 12

Oh, it is true. I know your race. It is made up of followers. It is governed by minorities, seldom or ever by majorities. It suppresses its feelings and its beliefs and flows the handful that make the most noise. The vast majority of the race, whether savage or civilized, are secretly kindhearted and shrink from inflicting pain, but in the presence of the aggressive and pitiless minority, they do not dare assert themselves. Think of it! One kindhearted creature spies upon another and sees to it that he or she loyally helps in inequities which revolt both of them. Speaking as an expert, I know that 99 percent of your race were strongly against the killing of witches when that foolishness was first agitated by a handful of pious lunatics in the long ago….And yet, apparently everybody hates witches and wants them killed. Someday a handful will rise up on the other side and make the most noise—perhaps even a single daring man or woman with a determined front will do it—and in a week all the followers will wheel and follow the leader, and witch-hunting will come to a sudden end. Woe is me if I do not preach the gospel! #RandolphHarris 12 of 12